Designation:D1037–99
Standard Test Methods for
Evaluating Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle
Panel Materials1
This standard is issued under the?xed designation D1037;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
The test methods presented herein have been developed and are presented to serve two distinct
purposes.They are divided into two parts,Parts A and B,depending on the purpose for which they
are intended.The choice between a particular test method and its alternative should be made with a
full understanding of the intended purpose of each,because values obtained from tests may,in some
cases,differ.Of the test methods presented in both parts,some have been in generally accepted use
for many years,some are modi?cations and re?nements of previously developed test methods,and
some are more recent developments.Where test methods are suitable for more than one of the
purposes,they are delineated in Part A,but not repeated in Part B.It is the intent that reference to the
appropriate section of the test method shall suffice in speci?cations developed for the different
materials.
Part A.General Test Methods for Evaluating the Basic Properties of Wood-Base Fiber and Particle
Panel Materials—Part A is for use in obtaining basic properties suitable for comparison studies with
other materials of construction.These re?ned test methods are applicable for this purpose to all
materials covered by De?nitions D1554.
Part B.Acceptance and Speci?cation Test Methods for Hardboard—Part B is for speci?c use in
speci?cations for procurement and acceptance testing of hardboard.These test methods are generally
employed for those purposes in the industry.By con?ning their intended use as indicated,it has been
possible to achieve adequate precision of results combined with economy and speed in testing,which
are desirable for speci?cation use.
PART A—GENERAL TEST METHODS FOR EV ALUATING THE BASIC PROPERTIES OF WOOD-BASE
FIBER AND PARTICLE PANEL MATERIALS
1.Scope
1.1These test methods cover the determination of the properties of wood-base?ber and particle panel materials as follows:
Sections Size and Appearance of Boards7-10 Strength Properties:Static Bending11-20 Tensile Strength Parallel to Surface21-27 Tensile Strength Perpendicular to Surface28-33 Compression Strength Parallel to Surface34-40 Fastener Holding Tests:
Lateral Nail Resistance Test41-46 Nail Withdrawal Test47-53 Nail-Head Pull-Through Test54-60 Direct Screw Withdrawal Test61-67 Hardness Test68-73 Hardness Modulus Test74-80 Shear Strength in the Plane of the Board81-86 Glue-Line Shear Test(Block Type)87-90 Falling Ball Impact Test91-95 Abrasion Resistance by the U.S.Navy Wear Tester96-99 Moisture Tests:
Water Absorption and Thickness Swell-
ing100-107 Linear Variation with Change in
Moisture Content108-111 Accelerated Aging112-118 Cupping and Twisting119 Moisture Content and Speci?c Gravity120–121 Interlaminar Shear122-129 Edgewise Shear130-136 Compression-Shear Test137-146
1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-7on
Wood and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D07.03on Panel Products.
Current edition approved April10,1999.Published July1999.Originally
published as D1037–https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb11596043.html,st previous edition D1037–96a.
1
Copyright?ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
1.2There are accepted basic test procedures for various fundamental properties of materials that may be used without modi?cation for evaluating certain properties of wood-based ?ber and particle panel materials.These test methods are included elsewhere in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards.The pertinent ones are listed in Table 1.A few of the test methods referenced are for construction where the wood-base materials often are used.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.4This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:
C 273Test Method for Shear Test in Flatwise Plane of Flat
Sandwich Constructions or Sandwich Cores 2
D 143Methods of Testing Small Clear Specimens of Tim-ber 3
D 905Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading 4
D 1554De?nitions of Terms Relating to Wood-Base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials 3
D 3501Methods of Testing Plywood in Compression 33.Signi?cance and Use
3.1These test methods cover small-specimen tests for wood-base ?ber and particle panel materials that are made to provide:
3.1.1Data for comparing the mechanical and physical properties of various materials,
3.1.2Data for determining the in?uence on the basic prop-erties of such factors as raw material and processing variables,post-treatments of panels,and environmental in?uences,and 3.1.3Data for manufacturing control,product research and development,and speci?cation acceptance.
4.Selection of Test Method
4.1Not all the tests outlined in these test methods may be necessary to evaluate any particular board for any speci?ed use.In each instance,therefore,it will be necessary to determine which tests shall be made.
5.Test Specimens
5.1The number of specimens to be chosen for test and the method of their selection depend on the purpose of the particular tests under consideration,so that no general rule can be given to cover all instances.It is recommended that whenever possible,a sufficient number of tests be made to permit statistical treatment of the test data.In the evaluation of a board material,specimens for test should be obtained from a representative number of boards.In properties re?ecting dif-ferences due to the machine direction of the board,specimens from each board shall be selected both with the long dimension parallel to the long dimension of the sheet,and with the long dimension perpendicular to the long dimension of the sheet.
6.Control of Moisture Content and Temperature
6.1The physical and mechanical properties of building boards depend on the moisture content at time of test.There-fore,material for test in the dry condition shall be conditioned to constant weight and moisture content in a conditioning chamber maintained at a relative humidity of 6561%and a temperature of 2063°C (6866°F)(Note 1and Note 2).If there is any departure from this recommended condition,it shall be so stated in this report.
N OTE 1—In following the recommendation that the temperature be controlled to 2063°C (6866°F),it should be understood that it is desirable to maintain the temperature as nearly constant as possible at some temperature within this range.
2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol 15.03.3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol 04.10.4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards,V ol 15.06.
TABLE 1Basic Test Procedures for Evaluating Properties of
Wood Base-Fiber and Particle Panel Materials
ASTM Designation Test Methods for
C 177
Steady-State Heat-Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus A
C 209Cellulosic Fiber Insulating Board A
C 236Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by
Means of the Guarded Hot Box A
C 384Impedance and Absorption of Acoustical Materials by the Imped-ance Tube Method A
C 423Sound Absorption and Sound Absorption Coefficients by the Re-verberation Room Method A
D 149Dielectric Breakdown Voltage and Dielectric Strength of Solid Elec-trical Insulating Materials at Commercial Power Frequencies B
D 150A-C Loss Characteristics and Permittivity (Dielectric Constant)of
Solid Electrical Insulating Materials B
D 257D-C Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials B
D 495High-Voltage,Low-Current,Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical
Insulation B
D 1666Conducting Machining Tests of Wood and Wood-Base Materials C D 1761Mechanical Fasteners in Wood C
E 72Conducting Strength Tests of Panels for Building Construction D E 84Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials D E 90Laboratory Measurement of Airborne Sound Transmission Loss of
Building Partitions A
E 96Water Vapor Transmission of Materials A E 97Directional Re?ectance Factor,45-deg 0-deg,of Opaque
Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Re?ectometry E
E 119Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials D
E 136Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C D E 152Fire Tests of Door Assemblies D
E 162Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy
Source D
E 661Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof Sheathing
Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads D
E 662Speci?c Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid Materials D E 906Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Prod-ucts D
A
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,Vol 04.06.B
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,Vol 10.01.C
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,Vol 04.10.D
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,Vol 04.07.E
Annual Book of ASTM Standards ,Vol
14.02.
N OTE2—Requirements for relative humidity vary for different materi-als.The condition given above meets the standard for wood and wood-base materials.
SIZE AND APPEARANCE OF BOARDS
7.Size of Finished Boards
7.1When measurements of?nished boards are required,the width of each?nished board shall be obtained by measuring the width at each end and at midlength to an accuracy of not less than60.3%or1?16in.(2mm),whichever is smaller. Likewise,three measurements of length shall be made,one near each edge,and one at midwidth with like accuracy.
8.Variation in Thickness
8.1For the determination of variations in thickness,speci-mens at least6-in.(150-mm)square shall be used.The thickness of each specimen shall be measured at?ve points, near each corner and near the center,and the average thickness and the variation in thickness noted.These measurements shall be made to an accuracy of not less than60.3%,when possible.
9.Speci?c Gravity
9.1Speci?c gravity(or density)and moisture content deter-minations are required on each static bending test specimen. The moisture content shall be determined from a coupon taken from each bending specimen,and the speci?c gravity com-puted from the dimensions and weight of the bending specimen at time of test and the moisture content.The average speci?c gravity of the bending specimens as determined after condi-tioning to equilibrium(Section6)shall be reported as the speci?c gravity of the board.The maximum and minimum values for speci?c gravity(based on volume at test and weight when oven–dry)shall also be noted.
N OTE3—When it is desired to make speci?c gravity determinations independent of any other test,specimens of any convenient size may be selected.These shall be measured,weighed,and dried as outlined in Sections127and128.
10.Surface Finish
10.1The?nish of both surfaces shall be described.A photograph of each surface may be taken to show the texture of the board.This photograph shall show suitable numbering so that the building board may be properly identi?ed.
STATIC BENDING
11.Scope
11.1Static bending tests shall be made both on specimens when conditioned and when soaked.One half of the test specimens shall be prepared with the long dimension parallel and the other half with the long dimension perpendicular to the long dimension of the board in order to evaluate directional properties.
12.Test Specimen
12.1Each test specimen shall be3in.(76mm)in width if the nominal thickness is greater than1?4in.(6mm),and2in. (50mm)in width if the nominal thickness is1?4in.or less.The depth(thickness)shall be the thickness of the material.The length of each specimen shall be2in.(50mm)plus24times the nominal depth(Note4and Note5).The width,length,and thickness of each specimen shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than60.3%.
N OTE4—In cutting specimens to meet the length requirements of2in. (50mm)plus24times the nominal thickness,it is not intended that the length be changed for small variations in thickness.Rather it is the thought that the nominal thickness of the board under test should be used for determining the specimen length.
N OTE5—Long-span specimens are desired for tests in bending so that the effects of de?ections due to shear deformations will be minimized and the values of moduli of elasticity obtained from the bending tests will approximate the true moduli of the materials.
13.Specimens Soaked Before Test
13.1The specimens to be tested in the soaked condition shall be submerged in water at2063°C(6866°F)for24h before the test and shall be tested immediately upon removal from the water.When it is desired to obtain the effect of complete saturation the specimens shall be soaked for such longer period as may be necessary.The time of soaking and the amount of water absorbed shall be reported.
14.Span and Supports
14.1The span for each test shall be24times the nominal thickness(depth)of the specimen(Note6).The supports shall be such that no appreciable crushing of the specimen will occur at these points during the test.The supports either shall be rounded or shall be knife edges provided with rollers and plates under the specimen at these points.When rounded supports, such as those shown in Fig.1,are used,the radius of the rounded portion shall be at least11?2times the thickness of the material being tested.If the material under test deviates from a plane(Note7),laterally adjustable supports5shall be provided. N OTE6—Establishment of a span-depth ratio is required to allow an accurate comparison of test values for materials of different thicknesses.It should be noted that the span is based on the nominal thickness of the material and it is not intended that the spans be changed for small variations in thickness.
N OTE7—The laterally adjustable knife edges may be necessary for the specimens tested in the soaked condition because of warping or twisting that may occur due to soaking.
15.Center Loading
15.1The specimens shall be loaded at the center of span with the load applied to the?nished face at a uniform rate through a loading block rounded as is shown in Fig.1.The bearing blocks shall be at least3in.(76mm)in width and shall have a thickness(parallel to span)equal to twice the radius of curvature of the rounded portion of the loading block.The radius of the rounded portion shall be approximately equal to 11?2times the thickness of the specimen.
16.Speed of Testing
16.1Apply the load continuously throughout the test at a uniform rate of motion of the movable crosshead of the testing 5Details of laterally adjustable supports may be found in Fig.1of Methods D
3501.
machine calculated as follows (Note 8and Note 9):
N 5zL 2/6d
(1)
where:
N =rate of motion of moving head,in./min (mm/min),z =unit rate of ?ber strain,in./in.(mm/mm)of outer ?ber
length per minute (0.005),L =span,in.(mm),and
d =depth (thickness)of specimen,in.(mm).
N OTE 8—The testing machine speed used shall not vary by more than 650%from that speci?ed for a given test.The testing machine speed used shall be recorded on the data sheet.The crossheaded speed shall mean the free-running,or no-load,crosshead speed for testing machines of the mechanical-drive type,and the loaded crosshead speed for testing machines of the hydraulic-loading type.
N OTE 9—The calculated rates of head descent are,therefore,0.12in./min (3mm/min)for specimens 1?4in.(6mm)in thickness,0.24in./min (6mm/min)for specimens 1?2in.(12mm)in thickness,0.36in./min (9mm/min)for specimens 3?4in.(18mm)in thickness and 0.48in./min (12mm/min)for specimens 1in.(25mm)in thickness.
17.Load-De?ection Curves
17.1Obtain load-de?ection curves to maximum load for all bending tests.Obtain the de?ection of the center of the specimen by measuring the de?ection of the bottom of the specimen at the center by means of an indicating dial (Note 10)attached to the base of the testing jig,with the dial plunger in contact with the bottom of the specimen at the center.This arrangement is shown in Fig.1.Note the load and de?ection at ?rst failure and at maximum load.Take readings of de?ection at least to the nearest 0.005in.(0.10mm).Fig.2shows a typical load-de?ection curve.De?ections also may be mea-sured with transducer-type gages and plotted simultaneously against load.
N OTE 10—The range of standard 0.001-in.(0.02-mm)indicating dials is 1in.(25mm).The total de?ection of some thicknesses of boards may
exceed 1in.at failure.When this happens,either a 2-in.(50-mm)total-travel indicating dial or a suitable 2:1reducing lever in conjunction with a 1-in.travel dial should be used so that maximum de?ections can be obtained.
18.Description of Failure
18.1Note the character of the failure.The report shall include the sequence of failure and note whether or not the initial failure was in compression or tension.Photographs
of
FIG.1Static Bending Test
Assembly
Metric Equivalents
in.0.20.40.60.8 1.0mm 510152025lb 481216202428kg
1.8
3.6
5.47.2
9
10.8
12.6
FIG.2Typical Load-De?ection Curve for Static Bending
Test
typical failures will be helpful.
19.Moisture Content and Speci?c Gravity
19.1Weigh the specimen immediately before the test,and after the test cut a moisture1in.(25mm)by the width of specimen from the body of the specimen.Determine the moisture content and speci?c gravity of each specimen in accordance with Sections9,127,and128.
20.Calculation and Report
20.1Calculate the modulus of rupture for each specimen by the following equation,and include the values determined in the report:
R53PL/2bd2(2) 20.2Calculate the stress at proportional limit for each specimen by the following equation,and include the values determined in the report:
Spl53P1L/2bd2(3) 20.3Calculate the stiffness(apparent modulus of elasticity) for each specimen by the following equation,and include the values determined in the report:
E5P1L3/4bd3y1(4) 20.4Calculate the work-to-maximum load for each speci-men by the following equation,and include the values deter-mined in the report:
Wml5A/bdL(5) where:
A=area under load-de?ection curve to maximum load, lbf·in.(N·m),
b=width of specimen,in.(mm),
d=thickness(depth)of specimen,in.(mm),
E=stiffness(apparent modulus of elasticity),psi (kPa),
L=length of span,in.(mm),
P=maximum load,lbf(N),
P1=load at proportional limit,lbf(N),
R=modulus of rupture,psi(kPa),
Spl=stress at proportional limit,psi(kPa),
Wml=work to maximum load,lbf·in./in.3(N·mm/mm3), and
y1=center de?ection at proportional limit load,in.
(mm).
TENSILE STRENGTH PARALLEL TO SURFACE 21.Scope
21.1The test for tensile strength parallel to the surface shall be made on specimens both in the dry and in the soaked condition.Tests shall be made on specimens both with the long dimension parallel and perpendicular to the long dimension of the board to determine whether or not the material has directional properties.
N OTE11—This test may be applied to material1in.(25mm)or less in thickness.When the materials exceed1in.in thickness,crushing at the grips during test is likely to adversely affect the test values obtained.It is recommended that for material greater than1in.in thickness,the material be resawed to1?2in.(12mm)thickness.Test values obtained from resawed specimens may be only approximate,because strengths of material near the surface may vary from the remainder.
22.Test Specimen
22.1Each test specimen shall be prepared as shown in Fig.
3.The reduced section shall be cut to the size shown with a band saw.The thickness and the minimum width of each specimen at the reduced section shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than60.3%.The minimum width of the reduced section shall be determined to at least the nearest0.01 in.(0.25mm).These two dimensions shall be used to deter-mine the net cross-sectional area for determining maximum stress.
23.Specimens Soaked Before Test
23.1Specimens to be tested in the soaked condition shall be prepared in accordance with Section13.
24.Method of Loading
24.1Use self-aligning,self-tightening grips with serrated gripping surfaces at least2in.(50mm)in width and at least2 in.in length to transmit the load from the testing machine to the specimen.Fig.4shows a typical assembly for the tension test of building boards.
25.Speed of Testing
25.1Apply the load continuously throughout the test at a uniform rate of motion of the movable crosshead of the
testing
Metric Equivalents
in.1?4111?411?2223?4310
mm625.43238517076254 FIG.3Detail of Specimen for Tension Test Parallel to
Surface
machine of 0.15in./min (4mm/min)(see Note 8).
26.Test Data and Report
26.1Obtain maximum loads from which calculate the stress.If the failure is within 1?2in.(12mm)of either grip,
disregard the test value.The report shall include maximum loads and the location and description of the failures.27.Moisture Content
27.1Determine the moisture content of each specimen as speci?ed in Sections 9,14and 15.
TENSILE STRENGTH PERPENDICULAR TO
SURFACE 28.Scope
28.1The test for tensile strength perpendicular to the surface shall be made on specimens in the dry condition to determine cohesion of the ?berboard in the direction perpen-dicular to the plane of the board.
N OTE 12—This test is included because of the increased use of ?berboards,hardboards,and particle boards where wood,plywood,or other materials are glued to the board,or where the internal bond strength of the board is an important property.Tests in the soaked condition shall be made if the material is to be used under severe conditions.
29.Test Specimen
29.1The test specimen shall be 2-in.(50-mm)square and the thickness shall be that of the ?nished board.Loading blocks of steel or aluminum alloy 2-in.square and 1in.(25mm)in thickness shall be effectively bonded with a suitable adhesive (Note 13)to the 2-in.square faces of the specimen as shown in Fig.5,which is a detail of the specimen and loading ?xtures.Cross-sectional dimensions of the specimen shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than 60.3%.The maximum distance from the center of the universal joint or self-aligning head to the glued surface of the specimen shall be 3in.(76mm).
N OTE 13—Any suitable adhesive that provides an adequate bond may be used for bonding the specimen to the loading blocks.Epoxy resins are recommended as a satisfactory bonding agent.The pressure required to bond the blocks to the specimen will depend on the density of the
board
FIG.4Assembly for Tension Test Parallel to
Surface
Metric Equivalents
in.1?4
5?16
3?8
7?16
1?2
3?4
11?419?16221?1629?16mm
6
7.5
9
10.5
12.7
1931.739515264.3
FIG.5Detail of Specimen and Loading Fixture for Tension Test Perpendicular to
Surface
and the adhesive used,and should not be so great as to measurably damage the specimen.The resulting bond shall be at least as strong as the cohesive strength of the material perpendicular to the plane of the panel.
30.Procedure
30.1Engage the loading?xtures,such as are shown in Fig. 5,attached to the heads of the testing machine,with the blocks attached to the specimen.Stress the specimen by separation of the heads of the testing machine until failure occurs.The direction of loading shall be as nearly perpendicular to the faces of the specimen as possible,and the center of load shall pass through the center of the specimen.
31.Speed of Testing
31.1Apply the load continuously throughout the test at a uniform rate of motion of the movable crosshead of the testing machine0.08in./in.(cm/cm)of thickness per min.
N OTE14—It is not intended that the testing machine speed shall be varied for small differences in?berboard thickness,but rather that it shall not vary more than650%from that speci?ed above(see Note8). 32.Test Data and Report
32.1Obtain maximum loads from which calculate the stress at failure.Calculate strength values in pounds per square inch (kilopascals),for which the measured dimensions of the specimen shall be used.Include the location of the line of failure in the report.
33.Moisture Content
33.1Determine the moisture content of each specimen on a separate sample prepared from the same material,as speci?ed in Sections127and128.
COMPRESSION STRENGTH PARALLEL TO
SURFACE
34.Scope
34.1The test for compression strength parallel to the surface shall be made on specimens both in the dry and in the soaked condition.Tests shall be made of specimens both with the load applied parallel and perpendicular to the long dimen-sion of the board to determine whether or not the material has directional properties.
34.2Because of the large variation in character of wood-base?ber and particle panel materials and the differences in manufactured thicknesses,one procedure is not applicable for all materials.One of the three procedures detailed as follows shall be used depending on the character and thickness of the board being evaluated:
34.2.1Procedure A(Laminated Specimen),shall be used for materials3?8in.(10mm)or more but less than1in.(25mm) in nominal thickness,particularly when modulus of elasticity and stress at proportional limit are required.In this procedure when materials less than1in.in thickness are evaluated,two or three thicknesses shall be laminated to provide a nominal thickness of at least1in.but no amount more than that amount than necessary.The nominal size of the specimen shall be1by 4in.(25by101mm)(with the4-in.dimension parallel to the applied force)by the thickness as laminated.
34.2.2Procedure B(Lateral Support),shall be used for materials less than3?8in.in thickness,particularly when modulus of elasticity and stress at proportional limit are required.Specimens shall be1by4in.by the thickness as manufactured and evaluations made in a suitable lateral sup-port device.The4-in.long dimensions shall be parallel to the applied force.
34.2.3Procedure C(Short Column),shall be used when maximum crushing strength only is required or where the thickness of the board material is1in.or more and either maximum crushing strength modulus of elasticity,and stress at proportional limit or only maximum crushing strength is required.When the material being evaluated is1in.or less in thickness,the width of the specimen shall be1in.,the thickness shall be as manufactured,and the length(height as tested)shall be four times the thickness.When the material being evaluated is more than1in.in thickness,the width shall be equal to the nominal thickness and the length(height as loaded)shall be four times the nominal thickness.
35.Test Specimen
35.1The test specimens shall be carefully sawed with surfaces smooth and planes at right angles to the faces of the boards as manufactured.For the laminated specimens(Proce-dure A),pieces of board at least1in.(25mm)larger in length and width than the?nished size of specimen shall be laminated using thin spreads of epoxy resin or other adhesive that does not contain water or other swelling agent(Note15).Pressures shall not exceed50psi(343.2kPa).Specimens shall be sawed from the laminated pieces after at least8h of curing of the resin at room temperature.The width and thickness shall be measured to at least the nearest0.001in.(0.025mm).These two dimensions shall be used to calculate net cross-sectional area for modulus of elasticity,and stress at proportional limit and maximum load.
N OTE15—An adhesive that contains water or other swelling agent might produce initial stresses adjacent to the glue lines.
36.Specimens Soaked Before Test
36.1Specimens to be tested in the soaked condition shall be prepared in accordance with Section13.
37.Procedure
37.1Load the specimens through a spherical loading block, preferably of the suspended self-aligning type.Center them carefully in the testing machine in a vertical plane as shown in Fig.6(unsupported4-in.(101-mm specimen))and Fig.7 (laterally supported pack device).6Apply loading at a uniform rate of head travel of the testing machine of0.005in.(0.12 mm)/in.of length/min.
N OTE16—Speed of test therefore for the4-in.specimen of Test Methods A and B shall be0.020in./min(see Note8for permitted variation in testing speed).
38.Load-Deformation Curves
38.1When required,obtain load-deformation curves for the
6The lateral support device is detailed in Fig.2of Methods D
3501.
full duration of each test.Fig.6shows a Lamb’s Roller Compressometer on an unsupported specimen.Fig.7shows a Marten’s Mirror Compressometer on a laterally supported https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb11596043.html,e these or equally accurate instruments for measuring deformation.Choose increments in loading so that not less than 12and preferably at least 15readings are obtained before proportional limit.Read deformation to the nearest 0.0001in.(0.002mm).Attach compressometers over the central portion of the length;points of attachment (gage points)shall be at least 1in.(25mm)from the ends of specimens.39.Moisture Content and Speci?c Gravity
39.1Use the entire compression parallel to surface speci-men for moisture content determination except when the capacity of the drying oven is too small for convenient drying of the number of specimens being evaluated,when it will be permissible to dry short lengths.Weigh the specimen immedi-ately before test and determine the moisture content and speci?c gravity for each specimen in accordance with Section 9.
40.Calculation and Report
40.1The report shall indicate which procedure (laminated,laterally supported,or short column)was used.Calculate the
values of modulus of elasticity,stress at proportional limit,and maximum crushing strength by using the measured cross-sectional dimensions of each specimen.Describe the type of failure.
LATERAL NAIL RESISTANCE TEST
41.Scope
41.1Nail-holding tests shall be made to measure the resis-tance of a nail to lateral movement through a board.One half of the specimens shall be selected and positioned in test so that the movement of the nail will be perpendicular to the long dimension of the board for evaluation of directional properties.When general information is desired the sixpenny common nail or its equivalent should be used.For special applications,however,this procedure is adaptable to other sizes and types of fasteners.
N OTE 17—If this test is performed on some boards,the nail may bend and pull out of the stirrup.If this happens,the maximum load will be an apparent and not the true resistance of the board,and will only indicate that the resistance is some ?gure higher than the apparent value.When this happens it shall be noted.
N OTE 18—Values obtained from this test are dependent on the thickness of the specimen.Values,however,are not directly proportional to the thickness.For this reason values obtained from tests of different boards can only be compared exactly if the thicknesses are equal.
42.Test Specimen
42.1Each specimen shall be 3in.(76mm)in width and of convenient length,and shall have a nail 0.113in.(2.80mm)in diameter (or as near thereto as possible)(Note 19)driven at right angles to the face of the board so that about an equal length of nail projects from each face.The nail shall be centered on the width and located 1?4,3?8,1?2,or 3?4in.(6,9,12,or 18mm)(Note 20)from one end.Tests shall be made for all three edge distances for each material tested.The thickness of each specimen shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than 60.3%.
N OTE 19—A sixpenny common wire nail meets this requirement.In certain instances it may be more desirable to use a pointed steel pin of known hardness than the nail.The type of nail or pin used shall be described in the report.
N OTE 20—The edge distance is the distance from the center of the nail or other fastener to the edge of the board.
43.Specimens Soaked Before Test
43.1Specimens to be tested in the soaked condition shall be prepared in accordance with Section 13,and the nails shall be driven before the specimens are soaked.
44.Method of Loading
44.1Clamp the end of the specimen opposite to the end with the nail in a position parallel to the movement of the testing machine.Grip such as are suitable for tension tests parallel to the plane of the board are suitable.Engage the nail by the stirrup,and connect in turn to one platen of the testing machine by a rod.A typical test assembly for measuring the resistance of a nail in the lateral direction is shown in Fig.8.The stirrup and connections are detailed in Fig.9.For other types of fasteners,such as staples,modi?cation of the stirrup may be
necessary.
FIG.6Assembly for Compression Parallel to Surface Test of
Unsupported
Specimen
FIG.7Assembly for Compression Parallel to Surface Test of a
Laterally Supported
Specimen
45.Speed of Testing
45.1Load the specimen continuously throughout the test by separation of the heads of the testing machine at a uniform rate of crosshead speed of 0.25in./min (6mm/min)(see Note 8).46.Test Data and Report
46.1The load required to move the nail to the edge of the specimen shall be the measure of the lateral resistance.The maximum load and the nature of failure shall be included in the report.
NAIL WITHDRAWAL TEST
47.Scope
47.1Nail-holding tests shall be made on nails driven through the specimen from face to face to measure the resistance to withdrawal in a plane normal to the face.When general information is desired the sixpenny common nail or its equivalent should be used.For special applications,however,this procedure is adaptable to other sizes and types of fasteners.48.Test Specimen
48.1The test specimen shall be of convenient size (at least 3in.(76mm)in width and 6in.(152mm)in length).Nails 0.113in.(2.80mm)in diameter shall be driven through the board at right angles to the face,and at least 1?2in.(12mm)of the shank portion shall project above the surface of the material.The thickness of each specimen shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than 60.3%.
N OTE 21—A sixpenny common wire nail meets this requirement.In certain instances it may be more desirable to use a pointed steel pin of known hardness than the nail.A head or other suitable end shall then be provided to engage the load-applying ?xture and the nail or pin used shall be described in the report.
N OTE 22—Where the use of a particular nail or fastener requires less than 1?2in.of shank projecting above the surface,then only sufficient length shall be left to permit engagement in the testing assembly.
49.Specimens Tested in the Dry Condition
49.1When the tests are made in the dry state,the withdraw-als shall be made immediately after the nails have been driven.50.Specimens Soaked Before Test
50.1Specimens to be tested in the soaked conditions shall be prepared in accordance with Section 13,and the nails shall be driven before the specimens are soaked.
51.Method of Loading
51.1The assembly for the direct-withdrawal test is shown in Fig.10.Attach the specimen-holding ?xture to the lower platen of the testing machine.Insert the specimen in the ?xture with the heads of the nails up,as shown.Engage the heads of the nails by the load-applying ?xture equipped with a slot for easy attachment.This loading ?xture shall be attached to the upper platen of the testing machine.Loads shall be applied by separation of the platens of the testing machine.The ?tting is detailed in Fig.11.For other types of fasteners,such as staples,modi?cation of the loading ?xture may be necessary.52.Speed of Testing
52.1Apply the load to the specimen throughout the test by a uniform motion of the movable head of the testing machine at a rate of 0.06in./min (1.5mm/min)(see Note 8).53.Test Data and Report
53.1The maximum load required to withdraw the nail shall be the measure of resistance of the material to direct nail withdrawal,and shall be included in the report.
NAIL-HEAD PULL-THROUGH TEST
54.Scope
54.1Nail-head pull-through tests shall be made to measure the resistance of a panel to having the head of a nail or other fastener pulled through the board.This test is to simulate the condition encountered with forces that tend to pull paneling or sheathing from a wall.
55.Test Specimen
55.1The test specimen shall be of convenient size (at least 3in.(76mm)in width by 6in.(152mm)in length).Common wire nails 0.113in.(2.80mm)in diameter shall be driven through the board at right angles to the face with the nail head ?ush with the surface of the board (Note 23and Note 24).The thickness of each specimen shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than 60.3%.
N OTE 23—A sixpenny common wire nail meets this requirement.N OTE 24—For interior applications,the resistance to pull-through of a ?nishing nail may be preferred.For other applications,some
special
FIG.8Test Assembly for Measuring the Resistance of Nails to
Lateral
Movement
fastener like a staple or roo?ng nail may be desired instead of a common nail.If for any reason a different fastener than the common nail is used,the report of the test shall describe the fastener actually used.
56.Specimens Tested in the Dry Conditions
56.1When the tests are made in the dry state,the pullth-rough shall be made immediately after the nails have been driven.
57.Specimens Soaked Before Test
57.1Specimens to be tested in the soaked condition shall be prepared in accordance with Section 13,and the nails shall be driven before the specimens are soaked.
58.Method of Loading
58.1Modify the assembly for the direct withdrawal test
detailed in Fig.11by replacing the top pair of angles in the specimen-holding ?xture with a 6-in.(152-mm)length of 6by 21?4-in.(152by 57-mm)American standard channel.The web of the channel shall have a 3-in.(76-mm)diameter opening centered in the web.The edge of this opening provides the support to the specimen during test.Center the specimen-holding ?xture and attach it to the lower platen of the testing machine.Insert the specimen in the holding ?xture with the point of the nail up.Grip the pointed end of the nail with a tension grip or “Jacob’s-type drill chuck”which is attached to the upper platen of the testing machine with a universal joint or toggle linkage,to provide for automatic aligning.Apply loads by separation of the platens of the testing machine.For other types of fasteners than nails,it may be necessary to modify the chuck or tension-grip type of loading
?xture.
Metric Equivalents
in.1?16
1?8
3?163?8
1?25?83?47?8111?811?421?4mm
1.5
3
4.5
9
12.7
15
19
21
25.4283257
FIG.9Detail of Stirrups and Connections for Measuring the Resistance of Nails to Lateral
Movement
FIG.10Test Assembly for Measuring the Resistance of Nails to
Direct
Withdrawal
N OTE 1—1in.=25.4mm.
FIG.11Details of Testing Equipment for Measuring the
Resistance of Nails to Direct
Withdrawal
59.Speed of Testing
59.1Apply the load to the specimen throughout the test by
a uniform motion of the movable head of the testing machine at a rate of0.06in./min(1.5mm/min)(see Note8).
60.Test Data and Report
60.1The maximum load required to pull the head of the nail or other fastener through the board shall be the measure of resistance of the material to nail-head pull-through,and shall be included in the report.The report shall describe the type of fastener used and the failure.
DIRECT SCREW WITHDRAWAL TEST
61.Scope
61.1Screw-holding tests shall be made on screws threaded into the board to measure the resistance to withdrawal in a plane normal to the face.For numerous applications,the withdrawal resistance of screws from the edge of the board is desired.When that value is required the screw withdrawal resistance in the plane parallel to the face shall be determined. When general information is desired for comparing the screw withdrawal resistance of a board with another board or material,the No.10,1-in.(25-mm)Type AB sheet metal screw (Note25)shall be used.For special applications,however,this procedure is adaptable to other sizes and types of screws. 62.Test Specimen
62.1Withdrawal Perpendicular to the Plane of the Board—The test specimen shall be at least3in.(76mm)in width by 4in.(102mm)in length.The thickness of the specimen shall be at least1in.(25mm)unless other considerations make it desirable to test with the thickness as manufactured because local bending of the board at withdrawal may affect test results. If necessary,glue up two or more thicknesses of the board to arrive at the1-in.minimum thickness.One-inch,No.10Type AB sheet metal screws(Note25)shall be threaded into the specimen2?3in.(17mm).Lead holes shall be predrilled using
a drill0.125in.(3.2mm)in diameter(Note27).
62.2Withdrawal from the Edge of the Board—The test specimen shall be3in.(76mm)in width by at least6in.(152 mm)in length and the thickness of the board as manufactured (Note26).One half of the test specimens shall be prepared with the long dimension parallel and the other half with the long dimension perpendicular to the long dimension of the board in order to evaluate directional properties.A1-in.,No.10 Type AB sheet metal screw(Note25)shall be threaded into the edge of the board at midthickness2?3in.(17mm).Lead holes shall be predrilled using a drill0.125in.(3.2mm)in diameter (Note27).
N OTE25—Number10Type AB screws should have a root diameter 0.13860.003in.(3.5160.1mm)and a pitch of16threads per inch. N OTE26—In some applications where several thicknesses of hardboard or the thinner particle board are laminated together,it may be desirable to obtain the edge withdrawal resistance of a laminated board.When this is done,the specimen shall be laminated from an odd number of thicknesses and the screws shall be located at the midthickness of the center laminate. N OTE27—It is recognized that some other lead hole diameter may give higher withdrawal resistance values for some densities and kinds of board. Departures from this size of lead hole are permitted,but diameter used shall be reported.63.Specimens Tested in the Dry Condition
63.1When the tests are made in the dry state,the withdraw-als shall be made immediately after the screws have been embedded.
64.Specimens Soaked Before Test
64.1Specimens to be tested in the soaked condition shall be prepared in accordance with Section13,and the screws shall be embedded before the specimens are soaked.
65.Method of Loading
65.1The assembly for the direct screw withdrawal is the same as shown for direct nail withdrawal in Fig.10.Attach the specimen-holding?xture to the lower platen of the test machine.Insert the specimen in the?xture with the heads of the screws up as shown.Engage the heads of the screws by the load-applying?xture equipped with a slot for easy attachment. Attach this loading?xture to the upper platen of the testing machine.Apply loads by separation of the platens of the testing machine.
66.Speed of Testing
66.1Apply the load to the specimen throughout the test by
a uniform motion of the movable head of the testing machine at a rate of0.6in./min(15mm/min)(see Note8).
67.Report
67.1The report shall include the following:
67.1.1Diameter of lead hole actually used,indicating both type and size of screw,
67.1.2Any departures for other size of fastener,
67.1.3Type of withdrawal,differentiated as surface(with-drawal perpendicular to the plane of the board)or edge (withdrawal parallel to the plane of the board)resistance, 67.1.4Thickness of the board as actually tested,and 67.1.5If the screw is broken rather than withdrawn,it shall be noted and the test value shall not be included in those values presented in the reports as values of withdrawal.
HARDNESS TEST
68.Scope
68.1The modi?ed Janka ball test shall be used for deter-mining hardness.
69.Test Specimen
69.1Each specimen shall be nominally3in.(75mm)in width and6in.(150mm)in length and at least1in.(25mm) thick.Because most boards are manufactured in thicknesses of less than1in.(25mm),the specimen for test shall be made by bonding together several layers of the panel to make the required thickness.A rubber cement or other suitable?exible adhesive shall be used.The?nished specimen shall be trimmed after bonding so that edges are smooth.The dimensions of the specimens as tested shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than60.3%.
70.Procedure
70.1Use of modi?ed ball test with a“ball”0.444in.(11.28 mm)in diameter(100mm2projected area)for
determining
hardness.Record as the measure of hardness the load at which the “ball”has penetrated to one half its diameter,as determined by an electric circuit indicator or by the tightening of the collar against the specimen.The test assembly with a tool of the tightening collar type is shown in Fig.12.
71.Number of Penetrations
71.1Make two penetrations on each of the two ?at faces of the board.Where one face is different than the other,as for example the smooth face and wire-textured back of most hardboards,report the data obtained from the two faces separately.The locations of the points of penetration shall be at least 1in.(25mm)from the edges and ends of the specimen and far enough apart so that one penetration will not affect another one.
72.Speed of Testing
72.1Apply the load continuously throughout the test at a uniform rate of motion of the movable crosshead of the testing machine of 0.25in./min (6mm/min)(see Note 8).
73.Test Data and Report
73.1The maximum load required to embed the “ball”to one half its diameter shall be the measure of hardness,and shall be included in the report.
HARDNESS MODULUS TEST
74.Scope
74.1The hardness modulus method of determining “equiva-lent Janka ball hardness”may be used for determining hardness of building ?berboards and particle boards.
75.Signi?cance and Use
75.1The hardness modulus (in pounds per inch of penetra-
tion)divided by 5.4gives the equivalent Janka ball hardness in pounds.7The thinness of most wood-base panel materials precludes the use of the regular Janka ball procedure (see Methods D 143)unless several thicknesses are laminated together to provide a thickness of about 1in.(25mm)or more.75.2This procedure is applicable for materials greater in thickness than 1?8in.(3mm).For thicknesses 1?8in.or less,stacks of material may be used,but extreme care must be used to select the proper slope for hardness modulus.
76.Test Specimen
76.1Each specimen shall be nominally 3in.(75mm)in width and 6in.(150mm)in length by the thickness of the material.When materials are 1?4in.(6mm)or less in thickness,an extra specimen shall be prepared as a backing material during the test.The ?nished specimen shall be sawed square with smooth edges.The dimensions of the specimens as tested shall be measured to an accuracy of not less than 60.3%.77.Procedure
77.1The rate of penetration of the modi?ed Janka ball,0.444in.(11.3mm)in diameter (100mm 2projected area),shall be used for determining hardness modulus.Suitable modi?cations of the Janka ball hardness apparatus to measure penetration are shown in Fig.13and Fig.14.Fig.13shows the modi?cation manual measurements of penetration and Fig.14shows a cone unit with microformer for autographic recording.Fig.15shows the kind of load-penetration data obtained from tests.Each test shall be continued until the penetration is about 0.1in.(2.5mm).The slope of the straight-line portion of the load penetration curve in pounds per inch shall be the hardness modulus.The equivalent Janka ball hardness value in pounds is obtained dividing this hardness modulus by the factor 5.4.78.Number of Penetrations
78.1At least two penetrations shall be made on each of the two ?at faces of each specimen.Where one face is different from the other as,for example,the smooth face and wire-textured back of most hardboards,the data obtained from the two faces shall be reported separately.The locations of the points of penetration shall be at least 1in.(25mm)from the edges and ends of specimens and far enough apart so that one penetration will not affect another one.
79.Speeding of Testing
79.1The load shall be applied continuously throughout the test at a uniform rate of motion of the movable crosshead of the testing machine of 0.05in./min (1.3mm/min)(see 1.3).80.Test Data and Report
80.1The hardness modulus as determined from the load-penetration curve and the calculated equivalent Janka ball hardness value shall be included in the report.When moisture
7
For further information on this relationship consult “Hardness Modulus as an Alternate Measure of Hardness to the Janka Ball for Wood and Wood-Base Materials,”by W.C.Lewis,U.S.Forest Service,research note FPL-0189,March 1968.Available from Forest Products Laboratory,One Gifford Pinchot Dr.,Madison,WI
53705-2398.
FIG.12Janka Ball Test Apparatus for Hardness of
Fiberboards
content or speci?c gravity,or both,are required,this shall be determined as speci?ed in Sections 127and 128and included in the report.
SHEAR STRENGTH IN THE PLANE OF THE
BOARD 81.Scope
81.1Shear strength tests shall be made on specimens prepared by laminating each specimen so that the plane of the shear failure will be in the board proper and not in the glue lines.This test,except for the method of preparing the specimen,follows the procedure described in Section 90to 94of Methods D 143.
82.Test Specimen
82.1The shear-parallel-to-plane of board tests shall be
made on 2by 2by 21?2-in.(50by 50by 63-mm)specimens notched as illustrated in Fig.16.It is the intent in this test to have the plane of shear parallel to the surfaces of the board and to have the failure approximately midway between the two surfaces of the board.The specimen shall be glued up by laminating sufficient thicknesses (Note 28)of the board to-gether to produce the desired 2-in.(50-mm)thickness of specimen as shown in Fig.16.The actual area of the shear surface shall be measured.
N OTE 28—When the shear strength of a thin board like hardboard is desired,it will be permissible to use a thicker material such as plywood for outer laminations to reduce the total amount of gluing.When that procedure is used,at least the center lamination and preferably the three center laminations shall be of the board under
test.
FIG.13Janka-Ball Hardness Tool Equipped with a Micrometer Dial for Measuring
Penetration
83.Procedure
83.1Use a shear tool similar to that illustrated in Fig.18of Methods D 143,providing a 1?8-in.(3-mm)offset between the inner edge of the supporting surface and the plane,along which failure occurs.Apply the load to,and support the specimen on,the ends of the specimens as indicated by the large arrow in Fig.16.Take care in placing the specimens in the shear tool to see that the crossbar is adjusted so that the edges of the specimen are vertical and the end rests evenly on the support over the contact area.Observe the maximum load only.84.Speed of Testing
84.1Apply the load continuously throughout the test at a uniform rate of motion of the movable crosshead of the testing machine of 0.024in./min (0.61mm/min)(see Note 8).
85.Test Failures
85.1Record the character and type of failure.In all cases where the failure at the base of the specimen extends back onto the supporting surface,the test shall be culled.
86.Moisture Content
86.1Use the portion of the specimen that is sheared off as a moisture specimen.
GLUE-LINE SHEAR TEST (BLOCK TYPE)87.Scope
87.1The block-type glue-line shear test shall be used to evaluate glued board constructions such as are obtained when thicknesses are laminated together to provide a greater thick-ness than when manufactured.When desired,the
specimens
FIG.14Janka-Ball Hardness Tool Adapted with Cone and Microformer Unit for Direct Autographic Recording of Load-Penetration
Data
may be modi?ed to evaluate glue lines between the test material and solid wood or veneer by laminating the specimen so that the glue line to be evaluated is so oriented in the specimen that it coincides with the plane of shear in the specimen.This test procedure is adopted from Test Method D 905,except for the rate of loading (see 89.1).
88.Test Specimen
88.1The test specimen shall be 2in.(50mm)in width and 2in.in height,and shall be fabricated as shown in Fig.17.The specimen shall be from 1to 2in.(25to 50mm)thick,as necessary,depending on the thickness of the board (Note 29).Specimens shall be sawed from panels glued up in sizes of at least 6-in.(152-mm)square.Care shall be taken in preparing test specimens to make the loaded surfaces smooth and parallel
to each other and perpendicular to the glue line in the shear plane.Care shall be exercised in reducing the lengths of the laminations to 13?4in.(44mm)to ensure that the saw cuts extend to,but not beyond the glue line.The width and height of the specimen at the glue line shall be measured to at least the nearest 0.01in.(0.25mm).These measurements shall deter-mine the shear area.
N OTE 29—When the glue-line shear strength of a thin board like hardboard is desired,it will be permissible to use a thicker material such as plywood for outer laminations to reduce the total amount of gluing.The material on either side of the glue line in the plane of shear shall be the board under test unless the test involves a glue line of board and another
material.
FIG.15Typical Load-Indentation Lines Obtained with Autographic Equipment for Wood and Wood-Base Panel Materials.Values Shown
on Triangles Were Ones Used to Compute the Hardness Modulus
Values
Metric Equivalents
in.1?2
3?4
11?4221?2mm
12.7
1931.75163.5
FIG.16Shear Parallel to Surface Test
Specimen
Metric Equivalents
in.1?4
113?42mm
6
25.44451
FIG.17Block-Type Glue-Line Shear Test
Specimen
89.Loading Procedure
89.1Apply the load through a self-aligning seat to ensure uniform lateral distribution of load.Apply the load with a continuous motion of the movable head of the testing machine at 0.024in.(0.6mm)/https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb11596043.html,e the loading tool required for the shear in the plane of the board test,adjusted so that failure will occur along or adjacent to the glue line (no offset),to load the specimen.The shear tool is shown in detail in Fig.1of Test Method D 905.
90.Test Failures
90.1Report the shear stress at failure,based on the maxi-mum load,the overlap area between the two laminations,and the percentage of ?ber failure,for each specimen.
FALLING BALL IMPACT TEST
91.Scope
91.1The falling ball impact test shall be used to measure the impact resistance of boards from the kind of damage that occurs in service when struck by moving objects.In this test a 2-in.(50-mm)diameter steel ball is dropped on a supported panel of board from increasing heights,each drop being made at the same point,the center,in the panel,until the panel fails.The height of drop in inches that produces a visible failure on the opposite face of the one receiving the impact is recorded as the index of resistance to impact.
92.Apparatus
92.1A suitable assembly for making the falling ball impact test is shown in Fig.18.Two frames of 11?2-in.(38-mm)thick plywood,9by 10-in.(228by 254-mm)outside dimension with a 6-in.(152-mm)central square shall be provided with eight
3?8
-in.(9-mm)carriage bolts for clamping the specimen be-tween the frames.The eight bolts shall be spaced equidistant on and 85?8-in.(218-mm)diameter circle.A 2-in.(50-mm)diam-eter steel ball (weighing 1.18lb,536g)and a suitable means of holding and releasing it from predetermined heights shall be provided.During the test the frame and specimen shall be supported solidly on a suitable base.
93.Test Specimen
93.1The impact test specimens shall be 9by 10in.(228by 254mm)by the thickness of the material.No facing material other than that which is a regular part of the board shall be applied to the board prior to test.
94.Procedure
94.1Before the test,clamp the specimen securely between the frames.Drop the steel ball with an initial drop of 1in.(25mm)so that it strikes approximately at the center of the specimen.Make repeated drops from increasing heights until a visible fracture is produced on the top surface and on the bottom surface of the specimen.Increments of drop shall be 1in.(25mm),measuring the distance from the bottom of the ball to the top surface of the specimen.Record the heights of drop that produce the visible fractures on the two surfaces.Catch the ball after each drop so that there will be only one impact for each drop.
95.Report
95.1The report shall include the following:95.1.1Description of the failure,
95.1.2Heights of drop that produced failures on each face,and
95.1.3The measured thickness of each test specimen.
ABRASION RESISTANCE BY THE U.S.NA VY
WEAR TESTER 96.Scope
96.1Abrasion resistance tests shall be made on the board to determine the wear under simulated conditions of uniform abrasion.
N OTE 30—Other test methods have been used to measure abrasion resistance of other materials.The test method delineated here has been used extensively for measuring the resistance of wood and other wood-base materials like plywood to surface abrasion,so values are available for comparing the resistance of wood-base ?ber and particle panel materials with the materials most commonly used alternately to them.8
97.Test Specimen
97.1The area of the test specimen to be abraded shall be 2by 3in.(50by 76mm),and the specimen shall be fabricated from a piece of the board 2by 4in.(50by 101mm)by the thickness of the material (Note 31)as shown in Fig.19.The specimens shall be conditioned before test (see Section 6)and the test made in the same conditioned atmosphere.The actual dimensions of the abrading area of the specimen shall be
8
U.S.Forest Products Laboratory Report R1732,“The Abrasion Resistance of Wood as Determined with the U.S.Navy Wear Test
Machine.”
FIG.18Test Assembly for Falling Ball Impact
Test
measured to the nearest 0.01in.(0.2mm).The thickness of the test specimen shall be measured to at least the nearest 0.001in.(0.02mm)near each corner and the center.
N OTE 31—When the board tested is less than 1?2in.(12mm)thick,either sufficient thicknesses shall be laminated together to provide the 1?2-in.thickness or the specimen shall be backed by a thickness of wood or plywood sufficient to provide the 1?2-in.total thickness of specimen required.
98.Procedure
98.1Conduct the test on the Navy-type abrasion machine 9as shown in Fig.20,using as the abrading medium new No.80-grit aluminum oxide,or equivalent.Apply the grit continu-ously (Note 32)to the 14-in.(355-mm)diameter steel disk,which serves as a platform supporting the specimen and rotates at the rate of 231?2r/min.Rotate the specimen in the same direction as the steel disk at the rate of 321?2r/min.Superim-
pose a load of 10lb (4.5kg)on the test specimen.The machine is designed so that twice each revolution the specimen is raised 1?16in.(1.6mm)above the steel disk and immediately lowered.Determine the decrease in the thickness of the specimen at the end of each 100revolutions of the steel disk by measuring the thickness of the specimen to the nearest 0.001in.(0.02mm)near each corner and at the center,after brushing to remove any dust or abrading material adhering to the surface of the specimen.The mean of the ?ve recordings shall be taken as the loss in thickness.Repeat this procedure until the specimen has 500revolutions of wear or as required (Note 33).
N OTE 32—The Navy wear tester is designed so that there is an excess of grit on the abrading disk at all times.During all parts of the abrading action,except when the specimen is in the raised position,the specimen is pushing a small amount of grit ahead of it.
N OTE 33—When values of accumulated wear are plotted as ordinates against revolutions,the slope of the curve is a straight line for wear through uniform materials.When the rate of wear per 100revolutions of the abrading disk is not uniform after the ?rst 200revolutions,it is probably due to a change in abrasion resistance with depth from the original surface of the material being tested.
99.Report
99.1The report shall include the following:
99.1.1Loss in thickness in inches per 100revolutions of wear if uniform,and
99.1.2If the amount of wear changes with depth from the original,surface values for each 100revolutions.
WATER ABSORPTION AND THICKNESS
SWELLING 100.Scope
100.1A test shall be made to determine the water-absorption characteristics of building boards.For Method A (see Section 104)the water absorption and thickness swelling are expressed as a percent for the specimen after a 2plus 22–h submersion.For Method B (see Section 105)the water absorption and thickness swelling are expressed as a percent for the specimen after a single continuous submersion time of 24–h.Method A,with its initial 2–h submersion period,provides information on the short term and longer term (2plus 22–h)water absorption and thickness swelling performance.Because Method A calls for a short removal period after 2h,the values from Method A and Method B are not necessarily compatible.
101.Test Specimen
101.1The test specimen shall be 12by 12in.(305by 305mm)in size,or 6by 6in.(152by 152mm)in size with all four edges smoothly and squarely trimmed.
102.Conditioning Prior to Test
102.1The test specimen shall be conditioned as nearly as deemed practical to constant weight and moisture content in a conditioning chamber maintained at a relative humidity of 6561%and a temperature of 6866°F (2063°C)(Note 34).The moisture content after conditioning shall be reported.
N OTE 34—Conditioning prior to testing is not a common practice for quality control testing and some other circumstances.If the specimen is
9
The Navy-type wear tester may be constructed from drawings obtainable from the U.S.Navy or the Forest Products Laboratory.It is manufactured commercially by the Tinius Olsen Testing Machine Co.,Willow Grove,
PA.
Metric Equivalents
in.3?165?161?2234mm
4.5
7.5
12.7
51
76
101.6
FIG.19Test Specimen for Abrasion Resistance
Test
FIG.20Navy-Type Wear Machine for Abrasion Resistance
Test
not conditioned to the de?ned parameters in Section102,the deviation from the conditioning requirement shall be reported.
103.Weight,Thickness,and Volume of Test Specimen 103.1After conditioning,weigh the specimen to an accu-racy of not less than60.2%and measure the width,length, and thickness to an accuracy of not less than60.3%.Compute the volume of the specimen from these measurements.Mea-sure the thickness to an accuracy of60.3%at four points midway along each side1in.(25mm)in from the edge of the specimen and average for the thickness swelling determination (Note35).
N OTE35—Where a common practice or special consideration requires edge thickness determinations at the edge or another distance from the edge,the edge distance used shall be reported.For textured surfaces,the surface area of the measuring device shall be of sufficient diameter as not to penetrate localized indentations of the surface texture.
METHOD A2PLUS22–h SUBMERSION PERIOD
104.2Plus22–h Submersion in Water
104.1Submerge the specimen horizontally under1in.(25 mm)of distilled water maintained at a temperature of6862°F (2061°C)(Note36).Fresh water shall be used for each test. As an alternative to the above method of submersion,speci-mens may be submerged vertically(Note37).After a2-h submersion,suspend the specimen to drain for1062min,at the end of which time remove the excess surface water and immediately weigh the specimen and determine the thickness according to Section103.Submerge the specimen for an additional period of22–h and repeat the above weighing and measuring procedure.
N OTE36—When tap water has been proven sufficiently pure so that results of test are not affected,it may be used as an alternative to distilled water.
N OTE37—The amounts of water absorbed for tests of this duration are not the same for the two methods of submersion.Specimens suspended vertically will absorb considerably more water than those suspended horizontally.Therefore,values obtained from the horizontal and vertical methods are not comparable.
METHOD B SINGLE CONTINUOUS24–h
SUBMERSION PERIOD
105.Single Continuous24–h Submersion in Water 105.1The procedure for determining water absorption after a24–h submersion shall be the same as that provided in Sections100through104and Sections106through107, except that only two sets of measurements are required,initial and after the24–h submersion period.
106.Drying After Submersion
106.1After submersion dry the specimen in an oven at217 64°F(10362°C)as outlined in Sections120and121. 107.Calculation and Report
107.1Calculate the moisture content(based on oven-dry weight)from the weights after conditioning and after the2plus 22–h or single continuous24–h submersion period.Report which submersion period,Method A or Method B,was followed.Calculate the amount of water absorbed from the increase in weight of the specimen during the submersion,and express the water absorption both as the percentage by volume and by weight based on the volume and the weight,respec-tively,after conditioning.Assume the speci?c gravity of the water to be 1.00for this purpose.Express the thickness swelling as a percentage of the original thickness.When any other size of specimen than the12-in.(305-mm)square one is used,the report shall include the size used.In addition,give the method of submersion if other than horizontal.
LINEAR V ARIATION WITH CHANGE IN MOISTURE
CONTENT
108.Scope
108.1Tests of linear variation with changes in moisture content shall be made to measure the dimensional stability of a board with change in moisture content.
109.Test Specimen
109.1The test specimens,when possible shall be3in.(76 mm)in width and at least12in.(305mm)in length.Two specimens shall be provided,one cut parallel with the long dimension of each board and one from the same board cut at right angles to the long dimension.When a board does not permit obtaining a12-in.(305-mm)specimen,the maximum length possible shall be used,but it shall be at least6in.(152 mm).
110.Procedure
110.1Follow the following or any equally or more accurate method for measuring specimens:Condition to practical equi-librium(Note38)specimens carefully sawed square and smooth at a relative humidity of5062%and a temperature of2063°C(6866°F).Measure the length of each specimen to the nearest0.001in.(0.02mm)in a comparator like or similar to the one shown in Fig.21and Fig.22using a standard bar of the same nominal length as the specimen for reference. For each measurement orient the specimen in the same way in the comparator,for example,numbered surface up with num-bers reading from the side toward the operator.Then condition the specimens to practical equilibrium(Note39and Note40) at a relative humidity of9065%and a temperature of206 3°C(6866°F),place in the comparator oriented as before, and measure the length again to the nearest0.001in.(0.02
mm).
FIG.21Dial Gage Comparator for Determining Linear Variation
with Change in Moisture
Content
N OTE 38—Practical equilibrium is de?ned as the state of time-change in weight where for practical purposes the specimen is neither gaining nor losing moisture content more than 0.05weight percent in a 24-h period.It is helpful in determining the end point in conditioning to plot weight change against time.When the curve becomes asymptotic to a horizontal line,practical equilibrium is indicated.
N OTE 39—Where values of linear change with change in moisture content associated with exposure to a greater humidity change are desired,equilibrium at a relative humidity of 3061%may be used for the lower humidity condition rather than the 50%speci?ed in this section.The report shall state the actual humidity conditions used.When the change between 30and 90%relative humidity is desired,it is suggested the specimens be prepared in pairs,conditioned at 50%relative humidity,and then one specimen of each pair be conditioned at 90%relative humidity and the other one at 30%relative humidity.
N OTE 40—Certain wood products experience difficulty reaching an equilibrium moisture content when exposed to 90%relative humidity,making the standard 50to 90%relative humidity test method unreliable for those products.As an alternative to the standard 90%upper relative humidity level,equilibrium at 8063%may be used.The coefficient of variability for linear variation tested with an 80%upper relative humidity should be less than that of the 90%relative humidity test because of the smaller allowable range in endpoint relative humidity and the possible differences in hygroexpansivity of a given material between 80and 90%relative humidity.
111.Calculation and Report
111.1Report the linear variation with change in moisture content as the percentage change in length based on the length at 50%relative humidity.Report the conditions used.When change in length from 30to 90%relative humidity is desired,this may be estimated with sufficient accuracy by adding the changes in length between 50and 90%and 50and 30%relative humidity.
ACCELERATED AGING
112.Scope and Signi?cance
112.1The accelerated aging test shall be used to obtain a measure of the inherent ability of a material to withstand severe exposure conditions.The cycling exposure to which the material shall be subjected is a simulated condition developed to determine relatively how a material will stand up under aging conditions.All of the tests listed below may not be required for any speci?c investigation or speci?cation.When a property is required,the test shall be made in accordance with the test methods outlined as follows:
Test
Sections (1)Static Bending
11-20(2)Lateral Nail Resistance 41-46(3)Nail Withdrawal
47-53(4)Nail Head Pull-Through 54-60(5)
Water Absorption
100-107
112.2The above tests are usually sufficient to evaluate the resistance of a wood-base panel material to aging.In some instances it may be desirable to evaluate the effect of acceler-ated aging on some other property.When this is so,appropriate specimens shall be prepared and subjected to the six cycles of accelerated aging before the property is determined.113.Test Specimens
113.1The test specimens shall be cut to size for testing as speci?ed in the pertinent sections listed in 113.1before being subjected to the cyclic exposure listed in 114.1.When tests involving nails are made,the nails shall be driven prior to the aging exposure (Note
41).
N OTE 1—1in.=25.4mm.
FIG.22Details of Dial Gage Comparator for Measuring Linear Variation with Change in Moisture
Content
N OTE 41—Corrosion-resistant nails shall be used because extractives or other materials present will corrode ordinary steel fasteners.
114.Accelerated Aging Cycles
114.1Subject each specimen to six complete cycles of accelerated aging.Each cycle shall consist of the following:114.1.1Immerse in water at 12063°F (4962°C)for 1h.114.1.2Expose to steam and water vapor at 20065°F (9363°C)for 3h.
114.1.3Store at 1065°F (?1263°C)for 20h.
114.1.4Heat at 21063°F (9962°C)in dry air for 3h.114.1.5Expose again to steam and water vapor at 20065°F (99.363°C)for 3h.
114.1.6Heat in dry air at 21063°F (9962°C)for 18h.
N OTE 42—If the cycle is to be broken,as for a weekend,the break is to be made during the freezing portion of the cycle.
114.2After the completion of the six cycles of exposure,further condition the material for test at a temperature of 2063°C (6866°F)and a relative humidity of 6561%for at least 48h before test.
115.Handling and Support of Specimens During
Exposure
115.1The specimens shall be supported vertically in racks during accelerated aging.One example is shown in Fig.23.Specimens shall ?t in the racks loosely with at least 1-in.(25-mm)separation between specimens so that swelling either parallel or perpendicular to the plane of the board will not produce undesirable forces on the specimens.Racks shall not appreciably shield specimens nor prevent draining after soak-ing.Further,when in the tank during the exposure to steam and water vapor,specimens shall be placed so that jets of steam and vapor will not erode the specimens.
116.Apparatus
116.1Tank and Controls for Soaking and Steaming :
116.1.1Tank or Vat —A tank or vat such as shown in Fig.24shall be provided for performing 114.1.1,114.1.2,and 114.1.5of the accelerated aging test.A unit of the size shown is adequate for specimens of the size required in this standard.For tests of larger components,units as long as 9ft (2.7m)have proven to be satisfactory.The essential features of the tank are as follows:
116.1.1.1That it be corrosion-resistant because of extrac-tives developed during these cycles and present in wood-base materials,
116.1.1.2A pipe to the bottom with a diffuser (perforated T-pipe),
116.1.1.3A drain,although for larger tanks a pump has proven to be advantageous,and
116.1.1.4A loose-?tting cover that will permit some steam to escape during steam and water vapor phase.The tank may be insulated or uninsulated;but if insulated,the cover is to be left open during steaming portion of the cycle.Heat loss during the 120°F (48.9°C)soaking cycle (114.1.1)requires addition of heat by steam or the equivalent.This provides for circulation around the specimens being soaked and aids in maintaining the desired temperature with greater uniformity.Heat loss during the exposure to steam and water vapor (114.1.2and 114.1.5)along with the escaping steam aids in providing a dynamic condition.During those steps the drain should be open to permit condensate to drain;or as an alternative method,the water level in the tank should be about 2in.(51mm)above the perforated pipes so that the steam percolates through it.Supports should be provided in the bottom of the tank to keep the specimens from direct contact with the water.
116.1.2Controls and Source for Soaking and Steaming —A suitable unit for providing heat for soaking and exposure to steam and water vapor is shown diagrammatically in Fig.25.In this instance,an air-operated dry kiln controller provides the temperature control required for either the 120°F (48.9°C)soaking (Step 1)or the exposure to steam and water
vapor
FIG.23Specimens Supported Vertically in
Rack
1) With the rapid improvement in.../growing awareness of..., more and more.../sth.... 1 随着…的飞速发展/越来越多的关注，越来越… (e.g. With the considerable improvement in building industry, more and more structures are being erected to set the people's minds at ease.) 例：随着建筑业的大力推进，人们对建立越来越多的房屋建筑感到宽心。 2) Recently, sth./the problem of...has been brought to popular attention/ has become the focus of public concern. 2 近来，某事/某问题引起了人们的普遍关注/成了公众关注的焦点。 (e.g. Recently, the problem of unemployment has been brought to such popular attention that governments at all levels place it on the agenda as the first matter.) 例：近来失业问题引起了人们的普遍关注，各级政府已把它列为首要议程。 3) One of the universal issues we are faced with/that cause increasing concern is that... 3 我们面临的一个普遍问题是… /一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题 是… (e.g. One of the universal issues that draw (cause) growing concern is whether it is wise of man to have invented the automobile.) 例：一个越来越引人关注的普遍问题是，发明汽车是否为人 4) In the past few years, there has been a boom/sharp growth/decline in.. . 4 在过去的几年里，…经历了突飞猛进/迅猛增长/下降。 (e.g. In the past ten years, there has been a sharp decline in the number of species.) 例：在过去的几年里，物种数量骤然下降。 5) Nowadays, more/most important/dangerous for our society is... 5 如今对我们社会更（最）为重要的（危险的）事情是… (e.g. Nowadays, most dangerous for our society is the tendency to take advantage of each other in political circles.) 例：对我们社会最为危险的事情是政界倾向于互相利用。 6) According to the information given in the table/graph, we can find that... 6 根据图表资料，我们可以发现… 7) As can be seen from the table/graph/figure, there is a marked increase /decline/favorable (an unfavorable) change in... 7 根据图表（数字）显示，…明显增长（下降）/发生了有利（不利）变化。 8) As we can see from the table/graph/figure above, drastic/considerable/ great changes have taken place in...over the period of time from...(年份)to...( 年份) 8 据上面图表（数字）所示，从某年到某年某方面发生了剧烈的（相当大的；巨大的）变化。
密室逃脱计划书 一、项目介绍 真人密室逃脱，打破了电脑游戏的局限和束缚，原汁原味的展现了密室的精髓，让玩家能过通过自己的双眼和双手，经过逻辑思考和观察力，不断的发现线索和提示，最重要的是团队的合作，能够顺利的逃脱。整个过程充满了未知性和不确定性，在紧张的场景氛围中，真正的融入到故事背景中去，这是电脑游戏所无法提供的乐趣。 真人密室也是在2011年才在国内正式起步，相较于国外已经成熟的体系，还未完全被大众所接受。2011年9月20日，第一家主营真人密室逃脱的俱乐部，在杭州正式成立。据可靠统计，全国目前已经有超过500家以上真人密室逃脱俱乐部，其中以北上广三地发展最为迅速。福州地区2013年3月左右，开始出现第一家真人密室逃脱俱乐部。我们的密室逃脱俱乐部名为八度空间，于2013年5月开始经营，属于福州地区比较早的密室商家。 二、市场分析 1.市场前景分析： 我们都是生活在平静生活中的普通人，每天重复着相同的事情，毫无生机。即便有着看电影、唱K、泡吧等种种休闲活动，但是对于追求新鲜的年轻人来说，闲暇时间还是显得越来越乏味。而要脱离这种提不起劲的困境，逐渐兴起的真人主题密室逃脱无疑会是一个最好的选择。密室逃脱实体游戏项目，既好玩刺激，又可以让每个体验者在游戏中充分调用智慧和体力，享受酐畅淋漓的畅快感觉。 据调查，福州2010年人口711万，现在福州的密室逃脱有6家（有实力），一年的订单数为22100个，票价35左右。和福州的土地面积差不多大小的洛阳和北京，与之比较，洛阳和北京的密室逃脱比福州早一年开始，2010年洛阳人口680万，现在洛阳一年的订单数为27200个，但是只有一家的密室逃脱（有实力），为寡头市场。2012年北京人口2069万，现在北京一年的订单数为49000个，票价70元，11家密室逃脱。福州与洛阳比较：店铺越多，接收客源面积越大，订单数越多。所以福州的未来市场的需求量为增幅状态。福州与北京比较：价钱越贵，订单数越少。所以福州的未来市场的需求量为增幅状态。 注：以上数据来源于美团网和中国知网，店铺收入不单单来源于网络的团购，还有其他收入，所以这只是代表部分的收入，所以当做消极悲观者的眼光来看待市场的需求量也是为增幅状态。 作为一个新兴行业，它的市场是还没有饱和的，你的质量比别家的好，有吸引力，客源量就会增加。结论：2014年起，至少一年，市场的需求量为增幅状态。 2.与传统娱乐项目对比的优势 ①体验刺激 或许过山车的尖叫只是生理上的一种释放，但是主题密室逃脱却能够从心理上让体验者感受刺激。各种精心布置的主题场景，暗含玄机的种种物品，还有与场景相配的音乐，这些都能够让体验者产生一种身临其境的感觉，从而可以更快地融入密室逃脱当中。当然，情节悬疑也是好玩的密室逃脱中一个重要影响因素。只有环环相扣的故事情节以及层层迭进的线索，才能够带动体验者更充分地享受推理和逃脱的过程。 ②高科技力挺 密室逃脱要做得好仅仅依靠故事情节和环境布置就太单薄了，高科技产品的使用也是使密室逃脱更加真实的一个诀窍。运用高科技物理机械和电子幻灯制造悬疑的场景气氛，炫酷的室内特技效果让场景显得更加逼真，而红外线、夜视仪等道具的使用也充分调动了体验者的紧张感和积极性。这些高科技的使用让密室逃脱不仅仅只是一个游戏项目，还成为一场科技产品展示的体验与经历。 ③价值无限 如果只将其当作是一个娱乐项目未免有点太低看真人密室逃脱了，因为在整个的逃脱过程当中，除了让体验者感受刺激和悬疑以外，还考验了每个体验者的智力、耐性以及良好的团队协作力。只有将团队中每个人找到的线索结合起来，才能够找到正确的出路。当然，这中间也需要有人指挥，有人配合，一旦团
北语14秋《高级英语I》导学资料一 Unit1, Unit2& Unit3 一、本阶段学习内容概述 各位同学，大家好，本课程第一阶段学习的主要内容为Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence中包括课前练习（Warm-up）、单词和词组（New words and phrases）、课文（Text）、课后练习（Exercises）及补充阅读（Supplementary readings）中的指定内容。 课前练习：大家应先了解课前练习的要求，根据已有的知识思考其中问题，或者利用网络与同学开展一些讨论，争取在阅读课文前了解文章主要论述的问题，有利于更好的了解作者的思想观点和思维过程，从而了解文章所反映的思想文化，这样既能提高阅读理解能力又能获取知识和信息。 单词和词组:名词、动词和形容词是词汇练习和记忆中的重要部分。Unit 1、2、3中所列出的新单词绝大部分都是这三类，因此，大家一定要掌握好新单词。要开发利用多种方法记单词，如联想法、音节法、构词法等。单词和词组基本上给出了英语直接释义，可以培养大家英语思维的习惯。如果在阅读释义后还有疑问，一定要查阅英语词典，寻找一些相关的解释来加深对单词的理解和记忆。许多词的释义中给出了若干同义词或近义词，能帮助大家迅速扩大词汇量，同时，课后练习的词汇（Vocabulary Study）部分又给出了一些相关的练习，大家可以在学习完单词和词组后，乘热打铁，立即做词汇练习的第一小题（选择填空）和第二小题（找出意义相近的替代词）这样可以及时巩固所学单词，大概了解这些词的用法，为正确阅读课文打下基础，也能使得练习题做起来不是那么难。 （特别说明：高级英语阶段的学习，提高词汇量和词汇运用能力是一个很大，并且很重要，同时又是比较难的问题，这是我们必须面对的问题，所以，请大家务必花时间多熟悉单词。所谓的磨刀不误砍材功，先熟悉单词和短语，才能流畅的阅读文章。更关键的是，单词和短语在考试中所占比例不少！） 课文：每单元有一篇课文（Unit1：Party Politics, Unit2：The New Singles, Unit3：教材课文：Doctor’s Dilemma: Treat or Let Die? 网络课件课文：Computer Violence）。在掌握单词和词组之后，阅读课后注释，学习课文的背景资料、作者介绍和相关内容，如人物、事件、地点等的解释，这能帮助大家准确快速的理解文章的内容。在课件资源的帮助下，认真学习课文，包括课文中常用词语和句型的用法。文章比较长，大家一定要有耐心和毅力，坚持就是胜利。在学习完整篇文章后，及时完成课文理解（Comprehension Check）的练习。其中第一小题是根据课文内容选择最佳答案，第二小题是将部分文中的句子用英语注释。只要认真学习了课件资料，相信能很快准确地完成。同时也考察大家对课文理解的程度，督促大家很好的阅读课文。 课后练习：共有四个大题。 1.课文理解（Comprehension Check）：有两个题型。在借助课件学习完课文之后，大家可以先自己做这一部分的练习，然后再看课件，对正答案的同时，再重温课文的大意。 2.词汇（Vocabulary Study）：有两个题型。在学完课文和单词后，大家可以自己先做这一部分的词汇练习，不会做得可以看课件，并牢固掌握，对于补充的单词也要掌握。这样有利于快速扩充词汇量。 3.翻译（Translation）：有的单元是汉译英，有的单元是英译汉。都是一段与课文内容相近的短文。先认真思考，仔细看文章，如果有一定的难度，可以参考课件的解说，然后再组织语言完成翻译练习。
活动名称：大班数学探索活动----密室逃脱 设计思路： 偶然的机会听孩子们分享自己玩游戏的经验，发现他们对比较有挑战性的游戏如密室逃脱闯关等非常感兴趣，于是，我就想：能不能用游戏这样一个载体，将数学这一学科的某些知识呈现在里面？于是，我就按照自己的理解，把生活中常见的物品分成几个层次：将游戏材料有的散点状放置，有的向不同方向有序排列，有的重叠排列等，投放到科学探索区内，观察幼儿的游戏情况。在幼儿操作材料过程中，我发现他们数数时的方法、速度、能力等都有异同，因此，我梳理了幼儿的一些数数经验，结合大班幼儿的年龄特点，生成了本次活动。 活动目标：1、在幼儿观察、比较、推理中，尝试通过操作材料，探索可以将物品数正确的方法。 2、仔细倾听同伴的想法，乐意分享观察方式。 活动准备：幼儿操作卡（每人2张）、PPT4张、笔、夹子、照片。 活动过程： 1、呈现密室，激发幼儿兴趣：了解幼儿数数的能力。 出示PPT1，谈话引出课题 1、讲解密室逃脱游戏规则。 师：今天，老师带你们玩密室逃脱，你知道这个游戏怎么玩吗？师讲解游戏规则：密室逃脱就是我们进入房间，通过数房间里各种物品的数量来推算出房门的密码，从而打开房门，逃出密室。 2、报数游戏：让幼儿数数接龙。 师：清点人数完毕，请你们摆一个最漂亮、最帅气的姿势跟老师们打个招呼，不然，待会出不来可能没有人来救你。 3、谈话：你能数到几？ 师：刚才集体报数完全正确，现在，我问问小朋友，你最多能数到几？我说一个数字，你接着往下数，往下数（）个数。（教师一方面关注幼儿数数是否正确，另一方面关注幼儿从十位数数到百位数数的能力，同时，观察其他幼儿，聆听每个幼儿的数数情况。）师：小朋友们都能数到很大的数，真了不起！但你们数数的正确性怎么样呢？老师会在游戏中检查你们的本领。 2、进入密室：探索正确数数的方法。 第一环节：来到密室一：出示PPT2 师：我们已经进入密室，现在，赶紧来找找怎打开房门的密码。（引导幼儿找到门上的密码锁，通过寻找密码打开锁从而逃出密室。）密码锁提示我们找哪些物品？ 1、幼儿完成相应操作卡，正确数出PPT上相框、靠枕、猫及红花的数量。 师：密码锁提示我们：要仔细找找密室里有几幅相框？靠枕有几个?猫有几只？红花有几朵？把你观察到的结果记录在对应的空格里，不会写数字的用圆点代替。（教师重点关注猫和红花的记录情况） 2、幼儿交流自己的观察结果。教师及时提升幼儿表达的数数要领： A、一起告诉我，相框有几幅？靠枕有几个？师总结：东西比较少，数起来很方便； B、数猫可就不简单了，请您告诉我，你数到有几只猫？你在哪里找到了第×只猫？师总结：要把东西数清楚是需要讲究方法，要从上到下、从左到右、从前到后，只要按照一定的顺序就能数清楚。（教师要重点关注幼儿的表达，如方位是否正确，语句是否完整，还要关注幼儿数猫的方法） C、这里的花特别多，你是怎么数的？你是怎么数的？黄花能不能数进去？引导幼儿说出2个2个一起数的规律。师总结：数东西的时候，不但要讲究顺序，而且要仔细看清楚题目，
高级英语写作1-10课翻译
The Delicate Art of the Forest 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚印是再也没法找到了。无论你还是我，都猜不出，怎么会
英语专业(高级翻译)简介 ·日期：2007-06-07 ·点击次数： 1446 培养目标：本专业培养具有扎实的英语语言基础，较强的语言交际能力和跨文化交际能力，掌握多方面的翻译知识和技巧，能熟练地运用英、汉语在外事、外交、经贸、文化、科技等部门从事口译、笔译的专门人才。 知识能力 要求：1．语音、语调准确，清楚自然。 2．词法、句法、章法(包括遣词造句与谋篇布局)规范、表达得体。 3．认知词汇10000~12000，且能正确而熟练地使用其中的5000~6000个单词及其最常用的搭配。 4．听、说、读、写、译技能熟练，具有较强的英语综合运用能力。毕业时达到英语专业八级水平。 听的能力：听懂真实交际场合中各种英语会话；听懂英 语国家广播电台以及电视台(如VOA, BBC, CNN)有关政治、经济、文化、教育、科技 等方面的新闻、现场报道、专题报道、综合 评述以及与此类题材相关的演讲和演讲后 的问答；听懂电视时事报道和电视短剧中的 对话。语速为每分钟150~180个单词，理解 准确率不低于60%。 说的能力：能就国内外重大问题与外宾进行流利而得体 的交流；能系统、深入、连贯地发表自己的 见解。 读的能力：能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、 英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和 文学作品；能分析上述题材文章的思想观 点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。能在
5分钟内速读1600词左右的文章，掌握文章 的主旨和大意，理解事实和细节。 写的能力：能写各类体裁的文章，做到内容充实，语言 通顺，用词恰当，表达得体。写作速度为30 分钟300~400个单词。能撰写长度为 5000~6000个单词的毕业论文，要求思路清 晰、内容充实、语言通顺。 译的能力：1)笔译：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报 刊上的文章、文学、科技、文化、经贸方面 的原文译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的 文章、一般文学作品、科技、文化、经贸方 面的原文译成英语，速度为每小时250~300 个单词。译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅。 2)口译：掌握连续或同步口译所需的技巧及基 本要求，能担任外经外贸、外事、外交、国 际文化、科技交流活动的口译和国际会议的 同声传译任务。 5．具有宽广的英语专业知识和相关学科知识。英语专业知识包括文学、语言学和对象国社会与文化的知识。相关学科的知识涉及教育学、教育心理学、语言习得理论、英语教学法、英语测试理论与实践、课程设置等领域。6．具有获取知识的能力、运用知识的能力、分析问题的能力、独立提出见解的能力和创新的能力。 7．熟悉中、英两种文字计算机基本技术并能实际应用。 主干课程：基础英语、高级英语、散文选读、英语泛读、英语口语、基础英语写作、高级英语写作、英汉/汉英口译、英汉笔译、英语视听说、英语报刊选读、英美文学，同声传译、连续传译、经贸法律翻译等。 修业年4年
Q1:别人做密室逃脱 从大二时，开始接触密室逃脱游戏，到今年寒假一天能玩上三、四次，“既然大家都喜欢，干嘛不自己也开一个呢？”黄皓月介绍，决定开一个“密室逃脱”店，很偶然，也很仓促。5个爱玩密室的女孩当即一拍即合，其中有两个女生已经工作，三个在校生中，黄皓月也即将本科毕业，她还“跨界”选修了金融专业的双学位。 三月份，考察江汉路所有密室逃脱店、玩遍40多个主题，敲定店址； 四月份，店面装修，自己设计主题、自己安装机关、自己制作装置……； “五一”，新店开张，首日客流量过百，不大的客厅里，挤满了前来“尝鲜”的同龄人。 开业的前一天，女孩们都在店里通宵加班，“创业比考研费精力多了，四月份的时候，天天熬夜。”黄皓月告诉记者，开店，比想象中的复杂、琐碎。对于“学霸”的称号，她觉得那是上高中以前的事了，从高二起，一直到现在，她更愿意把自己定义为“学霸班上的玩货”。 中考前，黄皓月因成绩优秀，提前保送到当地最好的学校——新洲一中“火箭班”。然而高一的第一次月考，成绩仅排在班上十几名，随后几次月考，更是滑落到二十几名。“我已经很努力了，学习成绩就是上不去。”家长的不理解，老师的不重视，让曾经的“神童公主”的骄傲光环瞬间破碎，从台上最闪亮的“明星”，跌落成台下普通观众，巨大的落差，让她一度“放松”自己，按照自己的意愿学习、生活，成为学霸班上的“另类”。 “其实二十几名已经很好了，至少可以考上武大华科，但那个时候没有人告诉我，我以为自己真的很差。”说到这里的时候，黄皓月的眼中有一丝伤感和落寞，虽然之后成绩时常徘徊在班上倒数几名，但高考总分依然超过一本分数线，考入湖北大学生物科学专业。
北京理工大学翻硕(MTI)考研应用文写 作复习方法及指导 有无目标是成功者与平庸者的根本差别。凯程北京理工大学翻译硕士老师给大家详细讲解所遇到的问题。特别申明，以下信息绝对准确，凯程就是王牌的北京理工大学翻译硕士考研机构！ 一、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研复习指导 1．基础英语： 基础英语选择题考的特别细致，没有专门的教材，还是重在平时积累，凯程老师在讲课过程中特别重视对于考生基础知识的积累。凯程老师会对考生的阅读理解进行系统的训练。阅读理解也是偏政治，凯程老师会重点训练同学的答题速度，培养同学们阅读答题技巧，针对作文这方面，凯程老师也会对考生进行一系列的训练，让同学们勤加练习，多做模拟作文。 2．翻译英语： 翻译硕士基础这门课是需要下功夫的，英汉词条互译的部分完全需要你的积累，主要是词汇量和分析抓取能力。凯程老师会对学生的这两个方面进行很完善的训练。 凯程老师总结了以下提升翻译技巧的方法，供考研学子参考。 词组互译：大多考的都很常见，所以多看看中英文的报纸还是有好处的。 英汉：对文章的背景有一定的了解是最好的，如果没有，就需要体现出自身的翻译素养。翻译也要注意文风，语气之类的，要符合原文的风格。 凯程老师也很重视答题技巧，在此凯程名师友情提示大家，最好在开头就能让老师看到你的亮点，不管怎样至少留下个好印象。不管风格怎么变，翻译功底扎实，成绩都不会太差。所以还是提高自己翻译水平，才能以不变应万变。 3．百科： 先说说名词解释。这道题考得知识面很全，可能涉及到天文、地理、历史、法律、政治、中外文学、中外文化、音乐、翻译专有名词等，准备起来比较棘手，但是凯程老师会给学生准备好知识库，方便学生复习。百科的准备，一要广泛，二要抓重点，尤其要重视学校的参考书目，同时凯程也会提供凯程自己的教材及讲义来帮助大家。 接下来是应用文写作。其实这个根本不用担心，常出的无非是那几个：倡议书、广告、感谢信、求职信、计划书、说明书等，到12月份再看也不晚。但要注意一点，防止眼高手低，貌似很简单，真到写的时候却写不出来，所以还是需要练习的，凯程老师会在学生复习过程中对应用文的写作进行系统的训练。另外，考试的时候也要注意格式、合理性，如果再加上点文采，无异于锦上添花。 最后说说大作文。这个让很多同学担心，害怕到考场上无素材可写，或者语言生硬，拼凑一篇，毕竟大学四年，写作文的机会很少，早没有手感了。所以，凯程老师会针对这种情况，让考生从复习开始时，就进行写作训练，同时也会为考生准备好素材。 最后，注意考场上字体工整，不要乱涂乱画，最好打上横线，因为答题纸一般是白纸。 二、北京理工大学翻译硕士考研的复习方法解读 （一）、参考书的阅读方法 （1）目录法：先通读各本参考书的目录，对于知识体系有着初步了解，了解书的内在逻辑结构，然后再去深入研读书的内容。 （2）体系法：为自己所学的知识建立起框架，否则知识内容浩繁，容易遗忘，最好能
T h e D e l i c a t e A r t o f t h e F o r e s t 库珀的创造天分并不怎么样；但是他似乎热衷于此并沾沾自喜。确实，他做了一些令人感到愉快的事情。在小小的道具箱内，他为笔下的森林猎人和土人准备了七八种诡计或圈套，这些人以此诱骗对方。利用这些幼稚的技巧达到了预期的效果，没有什么更让他高兴得了。其中一个就是他最喜欢的，就是让一个穿着鹿皮靴的人踩着穿着鹿皮靴敌人的脚印，借以隐藏了自己行踪。这么做使库珀磨烂不知多少桶鹿皮靴。他常用的另一个道具是断树枝。他认为断树枝效果最好，因此不遗余力地使用。在他的小说中，如果哪章中没有人踩到断树枝惊着两百码外的印第安人和白人，那么这一节则非常平静/那就谢天谢地了。每次库珀笔下的人物陷入危险，每分钟绝对安静的价格是4美元/一分静一分金，这个人肯定会踩到断树枝。尽管附近有上百种东西可以踩，但这都不足以使库珀称心。他会让这个人找一根干树枝；如果找不到，就去借一根。事实上，《皮袜子故事系列丛书》应该叫做《断树枝故事集》。 很遗憾，我没有足够的篇幅，写上几十个例子，看看奈迪·班波和其他库伯专家们是怎样运用他的森林中的高招。大概我们可以试着斗胆举它两三个例子。库伯曾经航过海—当过海军军官。但是他却一本正经/煞有介事地告诉我们，一条被风刮向海岸遇险的船，被船长驶向一个有离岸暗流的地点而得救。因为暗流顶着风，把船冲了回来。看看这森林术，这行船术，或者叫别的什么术，很高明吧？库珀在炮兵部队里待过几年，他应该注意到炮弹落到地上时，要么爆炸，要么弹起来，跳起百英尺，再弹再跳，直到跳不动了滚几下。现在某个地方他让几个女性—他总是这么称呼女的—在一个迷雾重重的夜晚，迷失在平原附近一片树林边上—目的是让班波有机会向读者展示他在森林中的本事。这些迷路的人正在寻找一个城堡。他们听到一声炮响，接着一发炮弹就滚进树林，停在他们脚下。对女性，这毫无价值。但对可敬的班波就完全不同了。我想，如果班波要是不马上冲出来，跟着弹痕，穿过浓雾，跨过平原，找到要塞，我就再也不知道什么是“和平”了。是不是非常聪明？如果库伯不是对自然规律一无所知，他就是故意隐瞒事实。比方说，他的精明的印地安专家之一，名叫芝稼哥（我想，该读作芝加哥）的，跟踪一个人，在穿过树林的时候，脚印就找不到了。很明显，脚
活动名称： 大班数学探索活动----密室逃脱 设计思路： 偶然的机会听孩子们分享自己玩游戏的经验，发现他们对比较有挑战性的游戏如密室逃脱闯关等非常感兴趣，于是，我就想： 能不能用游戏这样一个载体，将数学这一学科的某些知识呈现在里面？于是，我就按照自己的理解，把生活中常见的物品分成几个层次： 将游戏材料有的散点状放置，有的向不同方向有序排列，有的重叠排列等，投放到科学探索区内，观察幼儿的游戏情况。在幼儿操作材料过程中，我发现他们数数时的方法、速度、能力等都有异同，因此，我梳理了幼儿的一些数数经验，结合大班幼儿的年龄特点，生成了本次活动。 活动目标： 1、在幼儿观察、比较、推理中，尝试通过操作材料，探索可以将物品数正确的方法。 2、仔细倾听同伴的想法，乐意分享观察方式。 活动准备： 幼儿操作卡（每人2张）、PPT4张、笔、夹子、照片。 活动过程： 1、呈现密室，激发幼儿兴趣： 了解幼儿数数的能力。 出示PPT1，谈话引出课题 1、讲解密室逃脱游戏规则。 师：
今天，老师带你们玩密室逃脱，你知道这个游戏怎么玩吗？师讲解游戏规则： 密室逃脱就是我们进入房间，通过数房间里各种物品的数量来推算出房门的密码，从而打开房门，逃出密室。 2、报数游戏： 让幼儿数数接龙。 师： 清点人数完毕，请你们摆一个最漂亮、最帅气的姿势跟老师们打个招呼，不然，待会出不来可能没有人来救你。 3、谈话： 你能数到几？ 师： 刚才集体报数完全正确，现在，我问问小朋友，你最多能数到几？我说一个数字，你接着往下数，往下数（）个数。（教师一方面关注幼儿数数是否正确，另一方面关注幼儿从十位数数到百位数数的能力，同时，观察其他幼儿，聆听每个幼儿的数数情况。）师： 小朋友们都能数到很大的数，真了不起！但你们数数的正确性怎么样呢？老师会在游戏中检查你们的本领。 2、进入密室： 探索正确数数的方法。 第一环节： 来到密室一： 出示PPT2
In return作为（对某物）的付款或回报What do we give them in return. Conceive of 想像、认为 I laughed to myself at the men and the ladies. Who never conceived of us billion-dollar Babies（俚语：人）。 对于那些认为我们从不会成为腰缠万贯的巨富的先生和女士们，我们总是暗自嘲笑他们。 Scores of很多 Scores of young people. Strike sb. as … 给某人留下印象 These conclusion strike me as reasonable. 我认为他们的话是合情合理的 Drop out 脱离传统社会 Ever since自从 In hopes of 怀着…希望 Every since civilization began，certain individuals（人）have tried to run away from it in hopes of finding a simpler，more pastoral，and more peaceful life Support oneself自食其力 Run out of没有，用完，耗尽 Our planet is running out of noble savages and unsullied landscapes. 我们地球上高尚的野蛮人和未玷污的地方越来越少 the other way （round）相反 come off 成功 These are the ones whose revolutions did not come off. In need of 需要 It dawns on a familiar，workaday place，still in need of groceries and sewage disposal. 它洒在一个司空见惯，平凡庸碌的地方，一个仍然无法摆脱食品杂货，污水处理的地方。 In short supply供应不足，短缺 Break down瓦解，崩溃 Broke down our resolve. 丧失了我们的决心 Out of work失业 dawn on sb. 逐渐明白 It dawned on us rather suddenly that the number of passengers on the small spaceship we inhabit is doubling about every forty years. Come down （from…）（to…）从一处来到另一处 Eat sth. up 吃光 In profusion 大量地 She had magnificent blonde hair，in profusion. Take a shot猜测 As a point of departure 起点 As doctors often do I take a trial shot at it as a point of departure. 作为医生我经常根据猜测可能出现的总是进行提问 as yet到现在为止 As yet,no man has set foot on Mars. 到目前为止还没有人登上火星。 Get somewhere 有进展，取得一些成就 If only 只要 If only they wouldn‘t use the word “hurt” I might be able to get somewhere. Up to sb.取决于某人
《密室逃脱》碧绿色房间闯关攻略详解 继博士的家之后，小编接下来要为大家介绍密室逃脱碧绿色房间闯关攻略。密室逃脱，又 叫TAKAGISM ，是一款密室闯关游戏，游戏需要玩游戏者在游戏中寻找线索，一步一步地走出 密室。《密室逃脱》游戏的玩法很简单，只需用鼠标即可。整个游戏过程都是在一间房子里进行的，游戏的主人公不知道为什么被困在这里(每集都交待了不同的原因，但这些原因都是相当的 离奇)T akagism的逃离房间系列是非常经典的解迷小游戏，自从作者推出第一个版本Crimson Room后便深受世界各地网友的喜爱，并因此掀起了一股“逃离房间热”。本文将详细介绍密室逃脱碧绿色房间如何闯关。 1、开灯，左转(点画面的左下角,右转同理)在鞋橱的鞋下边发现“若”字图片;鞋橱底发现镜框。 2、左转，在土黄色的垫子底下发现“般”字图片。 3、左转，在壁橱的最上一格中左右边分别发现“多”字图片和一束香。二格的红笔记本有锁打 不开，在最下面的小橱里发现黄影集里两张照片。 4、点地上的红毯子，发现骷髅！点击靠近，在左手手腕处发现钥匙,右手发现药瓶，点小腿处的红绳物体可以把毯子叠起，并发现脚上有密码锁(暂时不开)，点物品栏中的红毯，再点下边的“查看物体”(即"About Item")，可放大，点大图的红毯子得到十字架状物体。 百度攻略&口袋巴士提供 1
5、左转，在斜对着蓝门处，（就是那个有窟窿的蓝门，不是一开始的那个门）。点头顶的 灯罩，在灯罩上发现“罗”字图片（小红块，仔细点），在墙上发现“ 蜜”字图片（小白块）。 6、左转，在小冰箱里发现“ 波”字图片和一罐啤酒（啤酒先不要拿，因为骷髅要冰冻的）。在旁边的红桶里发现张纸，打开是些黑头发。记住：点装黑头发的纸，然后点击查看物体，放大纸，多点几下纸，然后就可以在红桶底下得到打火机。 7、用钥匙开红笔记本打开，在日记中可以找到女孩的生日，那就是开骷髅脚上的密码。(通常会是在日记的第四页，里面有一句话“The day after tomorrow is her birthday”，这一天的简单写法 就是密码。你先看你所翻到的那页日记上是几月几号，再在那个日期后加两天，就是小女孩子的 生日，那一天的简写就是密码。（如9月10日，简写就是0910，这就是密码），记下密码。继续翻日记，翻到最后得到一张CD。 8、放大装有头发的纸，点打火机，再点纸，可以烧出东西来，放大药瓶，里面有两粒药，一 张写有箴言的纸。放大绿十字，按照箴言的顺序位置和烧出来得数字相对应（形位相同），把字（ 6张图片）填在十字架状物体上（位置随机的），放对会变成个四方体，放下暂不用。 9、在壁橱的第3格，有香炉和磬（旁边红的是槌），把装有CD的CD盒放在香炉后面,把香放香炉左，罐啤放香左（要冰镇的啊，冰一两分钟就可以拿出来了，先把啤酒从冰箱拿出来，点显 百度攻略&口袋巴士提供 2
《高级英语》课程教学大纲 一、课程说明 1．课程的性质与目的 《高级英语》是一门训练学生综合英语技能尤其是阅读理解、语法修辞与写作能力的课程。课程通过阅读和分析内容广泛的材料，包括涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，培养学生对名篇的分析和欣赏能力、逻辑思维与独立思考的能力，拓宽学生的人文学科知识和科技知识，增强学生对文化差异的敏感性，加深学生对社会和人生的理解，帮助学生继续打好语言基本功，牢固掌握英语专业知识，巩固和提高学生的英语语言技能以及综合运用英语进行交际的能力。 2．教学要求和任务 1）要求学生能读懂难度相当于美国Times 或New York Times的社论和政论文；能读懂难度相当于The Great Gatsby的文学原著，难度相当于The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich 的历史传记；语言能力较高的学生要求能读懂一般英美报刊杂志上的社论和书评、英语国家出版的有一定难度的历史传记和文学作品。要求在理解的基础上分析文章的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。 2）选材涉及政治、经济、社会、语言、文学、教育、哲学等方面的名家作品，体裁多样。学生阅读后能够进行说、写、译方面的表达：能够比较系统地口头描述所阅读材料的概要，能够比较流畅和准确地跟同学交流自己的思想和观点；能够写出故事梗概、读书报告等，还能够撰写课程论文以及正式的书信等，要求内容充实、语言正确，表达得体，具有一定的思想深度；能够运用翻译理论和技巧对所阅读的材料进行英汉互译，译文忠实原文，语言通顺。 3）学生能够熟练使用各种英英词典、大型百科全书，独立解决语言问题和部分知识方面的疑难问题，能够有效地通过计算机网络查阅资料，获取知识，独立从事某些简单课题研究。 4）学生能够加深对当代英语的不同侧面，西方社会和文化等的认识，能够在扩大知识面的同时习得语言，提高文化素养。 二、学生在选读本课程之前应具有的语言知识和能力 1) 具有比较扎实的语言基本知识，掌握一定的听、说、读、写、译技能以及各项技能的综合运用能力； 2）大量阅读英语简易读物，基本看懂英语原著，具有较好的语言理解能力、分析能力、综合能力与概括能力；具有一定的思维能力和语言学习过程中的发现问题和解决问题等创新能力； 3）具有课外自主收集相关阅读材料进行拓展性学习的能力； 4）具有英汉语言和英汉文化差异的敏感性，掌握一定的跨文化交际能力。 三、采用的教材和学生应读的参考书 目前使用的教材是李观仪主编的A New English Cours e Book 5 — 6 (revised edition) {《新编英语教程》5、6册。学生在修读本课程期间还须完成以下读物的学习： A、词汇类
现在，非常流行真人密室逃脱的游戏，让你进入密室里面，想尽一切办法逃出来。很多人不明白这个怎么玩，小编今日以自己的经验为你介绍。 方法/步骤 1首先，你在网上查一下在你所在的地方，有什么真人的密室。最好去的人比较多，年龄是不受限制的，但是尽量不要带16岁以下的，带去了没用，而且又花费了一张票钱。 2真人密室有很多主题。比如，诅咒；医院；梦游等等。还有很多电影的，比如，生化危机；电锯惊魂；盗墓，都是很火热的主题。所谓，主题，就是说密室里面的道具、背景、风格是哪种。 3选好主题之后。价格方面，其实所以密室都是差不多的价格，除非它的规模很大。价格基本在40到65一人，团购价，如果是选择在网上团购，那么要先打电话预约时间。注意：如果你明天要去，最好是提前半天打电话。这种真人游戏需要预约。 4打电话联系，会定下你们的时间，要求是提前15分钟到她们店里。如果你不选择网上团购，那么就到现场再付费，但是也是需要预约的。因为，真人密室非常受人追捧。而且，每场游戏时间都是一个小时。 5一定要提前去。去了之后，店内都有桌游可以随便玩，有饮料供应。所以也不必担心无聊。去之前最好少带随身物品，女士包包，都要少带。进去之前，工作人员会让你交出手机（有干扰），放在保险箱里。大可放心。 6进去之后，会有纸张写密室的故事背景。进去之后，一定要注意看周围的东西。一般来说，密室里面大多都是机械化的东西，像空调就不用找了，有纸张会提示你们什么东西不用去找。然后你们就要去找东西，也就是线索。手能够得到的地方都去摸一摸。 7但是这个也不是完全凭找东西就可以通关的。要靠线索去联想怎么回事。而且，如果没有用到的东西一定要把它带在身上，很多没用到的下一关就有可能用。工作人员会发给你传呼器，是给你提示用的，你们想不出来，就可以问问他。 选择加盟魔魔岛密室逃脱的5大理由 理由1：逼真代入感，如侦探小说一般，抽丝剥茧，环环相扣的逻辑，挑战你的IQ与思维。理由2：中型线索类密室最为考验玩家的逻辑推理能力，你不仅要具有当代福尔摩斯般敏锐的观察力和想象力，还要能勇敢的探索和决断。团队配合，将会是您胜出的关键！ 理由3：体验过PC密室逃脱类游戏的玩家在体会找东西和解密快感的同时，还能体会到真实场景角色扮演的快乐。 理由4：各种梦幻场景，给玩家创造一个个惊喜。让玩家体会设计者的用心。 理由5：大型主题剧情机关解谜场景相结合，完美结合所有环节，更精致，更专业。
高级英语句子例句品读 句子的分类概要 ▲简单句 ●简单句的五种基本句型 ★1.主语+系动词+表语（s+v+p） I’m a teacher ./ This shirt is mine ./ It sounds like a song . / The cake tastes delicious . My wish is to become a doctor . / She is eighty . / Mary’s face turned red . The weather is becoming warmer and warmer . ★2.主语+不及物动词（s+vi.） They are talking . / You must go now . / The bus stopped . / I am eating . ★3.主语+及物动词+宾语（s+vt.+o） She is watching TV. / I’ve found my key to the bike . He wants a cup of tea . / She missed us very much . ★4.主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语（s+vt.+o+c） His father asked him to go to bed at once . / We found the book on the table . Let him out . / We called him Xiao Liu . / I’ll have my hair cut after school . I’ll set you free. / I saw him go into the room . / Let’s sing an English song . Don’t make him laugh any longer . ★5.主语+及物动词+双宾语(直接宾语/间接宾语) Pass me that book , please . / He teaches us English . He gave his new book to me . / She is writing a letter to her boy friend . She showed her new shirt to us . / My father bought a new pen for me . Our teacher is singing an English song for us . / Get some chalk for me , please . He often asks me questions . / He often asks questions of me . ●陈述句 She is a nurse . / He is very happy . / I have been to Beijing . They are planting trees near the river . / He is not a nurse . / I have not a dog . / They cannot speak Japanese . / We will not go skating with him . He will not go there . / They don’t live here . / He doesn’t go home now . She didn’t meet her mother at the gate . / I have never been to Guangzhou . I know nothing about it . / He has no brothers or sisters . He can hardly speak an English word . / I could hardly believe him . No one knows what they talked about . / Nothing is in this bottle . 另外：（翻译下列句子） Neither of them knows French . / Neither John nor Mary is here . Both of them didn’t attend the meeting . None of these answers is / are right . / Nobody agrees with what you said . Not many people like music . / Not every girl likes singing and dancing . All these books are not mine . / All that gliters is not gold . I don’t think it will be very cold today . / We don’t believe that he can do it . He cannot read and write .= He can read but he cannot write . He is not rich and kind . = He is rich but he is not kind .