英国文学18问答(1)

英国文学史p a r a p h r a s e S o n n e t18解释精品资料Sonnet 181. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Could I compare you to the time/days of summer?2. Thou art more lovely and more temperate:You are more lovely and more gentle and mild than the days.3. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,The wild wind shakes the favorite flowers of May.4. And summer's lease hath all too short a dateAnd the duration of summer has a limited period of time.5. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,Sometimes the sun shinning is too hot.6. And often is his gold complexion dimmed,And his gold skin of the face will be dimmed by the clouds.7. And every fair from fair sometime declines,Every beautiful thing and person will decline from previous state of beauty.8. By chance, or nature's changing course untrimmed:(the beauty) will be stripped of by chance or changes of season in the nature.9. But thy eternal summer shall not fade,But your summer exists forever and will not lose color/freshness or vigor. 10. Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,You will never lose your own beauty either.11. Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,The Death can’t boast that you wander in his shadow.12. When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st,You grow as time grows in the undying lines of my verse.13. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long as men can live in the world with sight and breath,14. So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.This poem will exist and you will live in it forever.仅供学习与交流，如有侵权请联系网站删除谢谢2。

英国文学问答题Shakespeare:Questions:I.1. Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.II. 1. What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?2. What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?3. What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their enmity”?Answers for reference:I. 1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep.2.Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us.Maybe bitter sufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…3.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, but doesn’tknow how; 2) He wants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives in despair and wants to commit suicide, 4)however, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of great dilemma.I. 1. Sun.2. They would give up their names for love’s sake.3. Only if you are kind to me, their hatred cannot hurt me.Daniel Defoe:Questions:1.Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tentconvincing? Could you think of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?2.What do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is itimportant for him to keep track of time?3.From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe? Answers for reference:1.Yes.2.1) He doesn’t want to forget time; 2) For a civilized man, time is precious; 3)He wants to remember Sabbath days to show his respect and piety to God. 3.strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious,self-reliant, clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted) Jane Austen:Questions:1. Why do you think of Mrs.Bennet? How can you characterize her?2. What do you known about Jane Austen’s writing style?Answers for reference:1. 1) She is mean, her only care is to marry her daughter to rich young men; 2) She is simple and foolish, even cannot understand her husband’s ironical words. 3)She loves her daughter , though she doesn’t understand them ,but what she do is only for their happiness rather than herself.2. 1) keen observation of society around her , good ear for conversation, use of mild, irony and penetrating analysis.2)Style, clarity, economy, skillful dialogue, tight plotting, simple and clear. 3）Readers can find sth of themselves, comfort, tranquility, escape in her novels.Charlotte Bronte:Questions:1.What’s the theme in Jane Eyre?2.Please show your understanding on the love between Jane Eyre and MrRochester .Answers for reference:1.1) Jane Eyre is not only a love story; 2) it is also a plea for the recognition ofthe individual’s worth and 3) sex equality that Women attempt to assert their own identity within the male-dominated society.2.Though poor and plain, Jane Eyre, who had a strong will of life, tried hard toget her rights of equality. She left the man very much who was about 20 years older than she and richer. She just wanted him to treat her equally. She was great because her love made disillusioned Rochester happy again. Mr.Rochester was a man full of life’s misery, yet he loved Jane truly and respected her very much. That’s why he got her love.Charles Dickens:Questions:1. How do you understand Pip’s so called “Great Expectation”?2. Please explain the reason that Great Expectation is a so-called bildungsroman or growth novel.Answers for reference:1. 1) when he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, his brother in law. 2) H is meeting with Havisham changed his attitude towards life, and he admired he decent way of living like a gentleman. H e met Estella and fell love with her,but he cannot marry her because of his inferior status and his expectations changed:raise his social status and to become a gentleman,get a better education and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovers that his benefactor is in fact a convict, his “great expectation” turns out to be bubble, beautiful but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat is important is love and loyalty. M an's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.(简略版)1.1) W hen he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, his brother inlaw. 2) When he met Havisham and fell in love with Estella, his expectations changed: to raise his social status and become a gentleman,get a bettereducation and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovered that his benefactor was in fact a convict, his “great expectation” turned out to be bubble,beautiful but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat’s important is love and loyalty. M an's truevalue has nothing to do with his money and status.2.It is the novel of the growth and development of the hero Pip. There isabsence of parents for Pip who is raised by his sister and brother-in-law; As a gentleman, Pip condescends people of lower class, losing sight of thegenerous, kind aspect of being a gentleman; He is tested and drawn todestructive love etc.Thomas Hardy:Questions:1.What do you think causes Tess’s tragedy?2.Please comment briefly on the fate of Tess in Tess of the D’Urbervilles. Answers for reference:1.1) Tess was an innocent, pure girl. She was honest and sweet-natured and full oflove for her family and sympathy for others.2) the poverty of her family, the social environment and the collapse of the Agricultural economy; horse killed---claim kin 3) the double moral standard between men and women of that patriarchal society, “chastity =purity” is only for women.4) For such a girl as Tess, her life was something that she couldn’t control, chance of some unknown forces determined everything.2. Tess is actually a victim of her society. Hardy created the heroine Tess just tocriticize the society in his time. Tess is a tragic person simply because she is not accepted by the society in which agriculture is menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. So in a way, Tess’ fate is decided by her society.THANKS !!!致力为企业和个人提供合同协议，策划案计划书，学习课件等等打造全网一站式需求欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。

英国文学简答题问答题资料英国文学简答题问答题英国文学问答题Shakespeare:Questions:I.1. Why sleep is so frightening, according to Hamlet, since it can “end” the heartache and the thousand natural shocks”?2. Why would people rather hear all the sufferings of the world instead choosing death to get rid of them, according to Hamlet?3. What, after all, makes people lose their determination to take action? Please explain in relation to the so-called hesitation of Hamlet.II. 1. What does Romeo compare Juliet to in the beginning passage of the selection?2. What is Romeo and Juliet’s attitude toward being a Montague or a Capulet?3. What does Romeo mean when he says “Look thou but sweet, /And I am proof against their enmity”?Answers for reference:I. 1. Nobody can predict what he will dream of after he falls asleep.2.Death is so mysterious that nobody knows what death will bring to us. Maybe bittersufferings, great pains, heartbreaking stories…3.1) Conscience and over-considerations. 2) He wants to revenge, but doesn’t know h ow; 2) Hewants to kill his uncle, but find it too risky; 3) He lives indespair and wants to commit suicide,4)however, he knows if he dies, nobody will comfort his father’s ghost. He is in face of greatdilemma.I. 1. Sun.2. They would give up their names for love’s sake.3. Only if you are kind to me, their hatred cannot hurt me.Daniel Defoe:Questions:1.Do you find the description of Crusoe’s setting up the tent convincing? Could youthink of better ways to build a shelter in his situation?2.W hat do you think of Crusoe’s way of marking time? Why is it important for himto keep track of time?3.From this excerpt, what do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe?Answers for reference:1.Yes.2.1) He doesn’t want to forget time ; 2) For a civilized man, time is precious ; 3) Hewants to remember Sabbath days to show his respect and piety to God.3.strong-minded, careful, capable, persevering, optimistic, ambitious, self-reliant,clever, practical, adventurous, patient, rational, sympathetic, hardworking, imaginative, energetic, courageous, amiable (kind-hearted)Jane Austen:Questions:1. Why do you think of Mrs.Bennet? How can you characterize her?2. What do you known about Jane Austen’s writing style?Answers for reference:1. 1) She is mean, her only care is to marry her daughter to rich young men ; 2) She is simple and foolish, even cannot understand her husband’s ironical words. 3) She loves her daughter , though she doesn’t understa nd them ,but what she do is only for their happiness rather than herself.2. 1) keen observation of society around her , good ear for conversation, use of mild, irony and penetrating analysis.2)Style, clarity, economy, skillful dialogue, tight plotting, simple and clear. 3）Readers can find sth of themselves, comfort, tranquility, escape in her novels.Charlotte Bronte:Questions:1.What’s the theme in Jane Eyre?2.Please show your understanding on the love between Jane Eyre and Mr Rochester . Answers for reference:1.1) Jane Eyre is not only a love story; 2) it is also a plea for the recognition of theindividual’s worth and 3) sex equality that Women attempt to assert their own identity within the male-dominated society.2.Though poor and plain, Jane Eyre, who had a strong will of life, tried hard to get herrights of equality. She left the man very much who was about 20 years older than she and richer. She just wanted him to treat her equally. She was great because her love made disillusioned Rochester happ y again. Mr. Rochester was a man full of life’s misery, yet he loved Jan e truly and respected her very much.That’s why he got her love.Charles Dickens:Questions:1. How do you understand Pip’s so called “Great Expectation”?2. Please explain the reason that Great Expectation is a so-called bildungsroman or growth novel.Answers for reference:1. 1) when he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, his brother in law. 2) H is meeting with Havisham changed his attitude towards life, and he admired he decent way of living likea gentleman. H e met Estella and fell love with her,but he cannot marry her because of his inferior status and his expectations changed:raise his social status and to become a gentleman,get a bettereducation and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovers that his benefactor is in fact a convi ct, his “great expectation” turns out to be bubble, beautiful but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat is important is love and loyalty. M an's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.(简略版)1.1) W hen he was young,he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, his brother in law. 2) Whenhe met Havisham and fell in love with Estella, his expectations changed: to raise his socialstatus and become a gentleman,get a better education and then marry Estella. 3) When Pip discovered that his benefactor was in fact a convict, his “great expectation” turned out to bebubble, beautiful but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important thing in life. W hat’s important is love and loyalty. M an's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.2.It is the novel of the growth and development of the hero Pip. There is absence ofparents for Pip who is raised by his sister and brother-in-law; As a gentleman, Pip condescends people of lower class, losing sight of the generous, kind aspect of beinga gentleman; He is tested and drawn to destructive love etc.Thomas Hardy:Questions:1.What do you think causes Tess’s tragedy?2.Please comment briefly on the fa te of Tess in Tess of the D’Urbervilles.Answers for reference:1.1) Tess was an innocent, pure girl. She was honest and sweet-natured and full of love for herfamily and sympathy for others.2) the poverty of her family, the social environment and the collapse of the Agricultural economy; horse killed---claim kin 3) the double moral standard between men and women of that patriarchal society, “chastity =purity” is only for women.4) For such a girl as Tess, her life was something that she couldn’t control, chan ce of some unknown forces determined everything.2. Tess is actually a victim of her society. Hardy created the heroine Tess just to criticize the societyin his time. Tess is a tragic person simply because she is not accepted by the society in which agricul ture is menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. So in a way, Tess’ fate is decidedby her society.。

Topic questions：1.Why is the 18th century called the Age of Enlightenment?The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.(1)The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourishedin France and swept through the whole Western Europe. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance in the 15th & 16th centuries.(2) Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical andartistic ideas.(3)English enlighteners believed in the power of reason. They considered that socialproblems could be solved by human intelligence.(4)The Enlighteners criticized different aspects of contemporary England, discussed social lifeaccording to a more reasonable principle.(5)The Enlightener celebrated reason or ration, equality, science and human beings’ abilityto perfect themselves and their society. They called for a reference to order, reason and advocated universal education.(6)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like JohnDryden, Alexander pope and so on.ment on Alexander Pope and his contributions to English poetry.Alexander Pope is the greatest poet of the Augustan age, best known for his satirical verse and for his translation of Homer. His major works are Essay on Criticism, Essay on Man, The Rape of the Lock.He was so perfect in heroic couplets that no one can approach him. And in the field of satiric and didactic verse, he was the undisputed master. He popularized the neo-classical literary tradition. He was one of the early representatives of the Enlightenment who introduced into English culture the spirit of rationalism and greater interest in the human world. He represented the highest glory and authority in matters of literary art and made great contributions to the theory and practice of prosody.3.What do you find admirable in Robinson Crusoe? Discuss briefly some of his traits.Robinson Crusoe developed from a naïve and artless youth into a clever and hardened man, tempered by numerous trials in this eventful life. He successfully struggled alone against the pitiless forces of nature on a lonely island. He is a real hero, and the best qualities of his character are shown to the full: his marvelous capacity for work, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles.4. Analyze the character of Tom Jones in The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.Tom Jones is the pattern of the good-natured unheroic hero of the age. He is a very handsome young man of manly virtues: kind, frank, generous, high-spirited, loyal and courageous, butimpulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits and sensuality. He represents everyman.(He is of manly virtues and yet not without fault.)5. What is the symbolic meaning of the tiger in William Blake’s The Tyger?The tiger initially appears as a strikingly sensuous image. However, as the poem progresses, it takes on a symbolic character, and comes to embody the spiritual and moral problems the poem explores: perfectly beautiful and yet perfectly destructive. Blake's tiger becomes the symbolic center for an investigation into the presence of evil in the world. Since the tiger's remarkable nature exists both in physical and moral terms, the speaker’s questions about its origin also encompass both physical and moral dimensions. The poem's series of questions repeatedly ask what sort of physical creative capacity the "fearful symmetry" of the tiger bespeaks; assumedly only a very strong and powerful being could be capable of such a creation.6. Make a comparison between the two volumes of William Blake: The Songs of Innocence andThe Songs of Experience.The two books hold the similar subject matter, but the tone, emphasis and conclusion differ.(1) Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world,though not without its evils and sufferings.(2) Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war andrepression with a melancholy tone.7. Who are the “Lake Poets” in English literature? To which literary movement do they belong?Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets" because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.They are part of the Poetic Revolution, which was started as a rebellion against the Neoclassical literature.8. Romanticism is a very important literary trend in the history of the English literature. Give yourunderstanding to Romanticism in English literature.Romanticism is a movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and in Western culture during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. Many of the ideas of English Romanticism were first expressed by the poets William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.9. Name three Romantic poets and state their chief characteristics.Wordsworth: the great theme remains the world of simple, natural things, in the countryside or among people.Coleridge: his interest is towards the strange, the exotic, and the mysterious things.Shelley: expresses two main ideas --- the external tyranny is the main enemy; the inherent human goodness will eliminate evil form the world.Byron: example of a personality in tragic revolt against society; prototype of romantic hero.Keats: his poetry is a response to sensuous impressions; cares about beauty.10. In what way is the West Wind both a destroyer and a preserver in Shelley’s Ode to the WestWind?The west wind is both a destroyer and a preserver because it destroys in autumn (blowing the leaves off the trees and bury them beneath the earth) in order to revive in the spring (the seeds grow and bring new life to the Earth). It marks the cycle of the seasons. It is around this image the poem weaves various cycles of death and regeneration.11. What is the “Byronic hero”?Byronic hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules wither in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and conventions. Such a hero appeared in many of his works, for example, Don Juan. The figure is somewhat modeled on the life and personality of Byron himself, and makes Byron famous both at home and abroad.12. How is Romanticism different from Neoclassicism? Provide brief analysis with examples ofliterary works you know best.Neoclassicists upheld that artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature, should be judged in terms of its service to humanity, and thus literary expressions should be of proportion, unity, harmony and grace. Pope's Essay on Criticism advocates grace, wit (usually though satire/ humor), and simplicity in language (and the poem itself is a demonstration of those ideals, too).Romanticists tended to see the individual as the very center of all experience, including art, and thus literary work should be “spontaneous overflow of strong feelings,” and no matter how fragmentary those experiences were (Wordsworth's I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, or The Solitary Reaper).13. What are the strength and weakness of English Critical Realism?The English critical realists of the 19th century not only gave a satirical portrayal of the bourgeoisie and all the ruling classes, but also showed profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works, the greed and hypocrisy of the upper classes are contrasted with the honesty and good-heartedness of the obscure “simple people” of the lower classes. Hence humor and satire abound in the English realistic novels of the 19th century. Humorous scenes set off the actions of the positive characters, and the humor is often tinged with a lyricism which serves to stress the fine qualities of such characters. At the same time, bitter satire and grotesque is used to expose the seamy side of the bourgeois society.Critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of the rule of crash upon human nature. Here lies the essentially democratic and humanistic character of critical realism. But the critical realists did not find a way to eradicate the social evils they knew so well. They did not realize the necessity of changing the bourgeois society through conscious human effort. They were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions. Their works do not point toward revolution but rather evolution or reformism. They often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeois world in their works, but their novels usually have happy endings or an impotent compromise at the end. Here we see the strength and weakness of critical realism.14. How do you understand Pip’s so called “Great Expectation”?(1) When he was young, he wanted to become a blacksmith like Joe, his brother in law.(2) His meeting with Havisham changed his attitude towards life, and he admired his decentway of living like a gentleman. He met Estella and fell love with her, but he cannot marry her because of his inferior status and his expectations changed. He wanted to raise his social status and to become a gentleman, get a better education and then marry Estella.(3) When Pip discovers that his benefactor is in fact a convict, his “great expectation” turns outto be bubble, beautiful but transient. Pip finally realized the money and social status is not the most important things in life. What is important is love and loyalty. Man's true value has nothing to do with his money and status.15. Charles Dickens is one of the greatest Victorian writers in his own unique way. DiscussDickens’s art of novels: the setting, the language, and the characters, etc. based on his novel Oliver Twist.(1) He uses a mixture of the contemporary and recollected past as his fictional settings.(2) With his first sentence, he engages the reader is attention and holds it to the end.(3) His best-depicts characters are those innocent, virtuous, persecuted, helpless childcharacters such as Oliver Twist.(4) The figures that he depicted, marked out by some peculiarity in physical, speech or manner,are both types and individuals.(5)Dickens’s works are also characterized by a mingling of humor and pathos.(6)Adept with the vernacular and large vocabulary, he brings out many a wonderful verbalpicture of man and scene.16. What are the major themes of Pride and Prejudice? List at least two and elaborate them in afew sentences.The major themes can include marriage and women’s fate, self-acknowledge, manners, virtue and sense of responsibility17. Discuss briefly the character of Elizabeth, the heroine in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice.Elizabeth is a beautiful young lady in the Bennets. She is intelligent, contrasting her empty-headed, snobbish and vulgar mother. She is a woman of distinct character. She is not passive, but pursues her true love bravely. She turns down the marriage proposal of the servile Mr.Collins’s and seeks her happiness with Darcy, the one she possesses true affection for. She is also courageous. When Darcy’s aunt lady de Bourgh comes to force her into a promise of never consenting to marry Darcy, she boldly challenges her authority, contempt and arrogance. On the whole, Elizabeth is a typical image of the good, attractive lady in the 19th century.18. Comment briefly on the theme of Jane Eyre. Please show your understanding on the lovebetween Jane Eyre and Mr. Rochester.Jane Eyre is not only a love story. It is also a plea for the recognition of the individual’s worth and sex equality that Women attempt to assert their own identity within the male-dominated society.Though poor and plain, Jane Eyre, who had a strong will of life, tried hard to get her rights of equality. She loved the man who was about 20 years older than she and richer. She just wanted him to treat her equally. She was great because her love made disillusioned Rochester happy again. Mr. Rochester was a man full of life’s misery, yet he loved Jane truly and respected her very much. That’s why he got her love.19. (1) What do you think causes Tess’s tragedy?(2) Please comment briefly on the fate of Tess in Tess of the D’Urbervilles.(1) Tess was an innocent, pure girl. She was honest and sweet-natured and full of love for herfamily and sympathy for others. Her tragedy can be attributed to the poverty of her family, the social environment and the collapse of the Agricultural economy. For a girl as Tess, her life was something that she couldn’t control. Chance of some unknown forces determined everything.(2) Tess is actually a victim of her society. Hardy created the heroine Tess just to criticize thesociety in his time. Tess is a tragic person simply because she is not accepted by the society in which agriculture is menaced by the forces of invading capitalism. So in a way, Tess’ fate is decided by her society.20. The sub-title of Tess of the D’Urbervilles is “A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented”. What isyour opinion about the heroine?Tess is a pure woman, although society and other people believed otherwise. She has done nothing wrong. She is seduced, but does not have sex of her own accord with Alec. She is sacrificed to society, yet she has no evil intensions when she goes across the threshold of her parents’ and enters the world. She is a victim.21. Make a comment on Modernism, including the historical background and the characteristicsAround the two world wars, many writers and artists began to suspect and be discontent with the capitalism. They tried to find new ways to express their understanding of the world. It wasa movement of experiments in techniques in writing. It flourished in the 20s and 30s in Englishliterature. They turned their interest to describing what was happening in the minds of their characters. Because of their emphasis on the psychological activities of the characters, their writings are also called psychological novels. The Representatives are W.B. Yeats and T.S. Eliot,D.H. Lawrence,E.M. Foster, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.It is marked by a strong and conscious break with the traditional form and techniques of expression, being richly experimental; It employs a distinctive kind of imagination, one that insists on having its general frame of reference within itself; It implies a historical discontinuity,a sense of alienation, loss and despair and rejects traditional values, assumptions as well asrhetoric; It also elevates the individual and the inner being over the social being and prefers the subconscious, unconscious to the self-conscious.22. Make a comparison between James Joyce and D. H. Lawrence.Both are modernist novelists. James Joyce is interested in technical innovation. He introduced three new techniques into English literature: the use of myth, stream-of-consciousness and epiphany. Lawrence is interested in the tracing of the psychological development of his major characters and the criticism of the dehumanizing effect of industrialization on human nature.。

简明英国文学史问题及答案Quiz (1)1.The first settlers of the British Isles were Celt, and Britain got its name from a branch of thispeople called Briton. But later they were driven to live in Scotland, Wales and Ireland.不列颠群岛的第一批定居者是凯尔特人，Britain的叫法则就是来源于他们的一个叫做Briton（不列颠人）的分支。

但后来他们被驱赶到苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰居住。

2.The Angles, Saxons and Jutes were Germanic tribes originally living on the Continent. Theymoved to the British Isles and became the ancestors of the English people.盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人是最初居住在大陆的日耳曼部落。

他们搬到不列颠群岛，成为英国人的祖先。

3.The most important event of the Old English Period was Norman Conquest, which tookplace in the year 1066.古英语时期最重要的事件是1006年发生的诺尔曼征服。

4.The Roman Catholic Church sent St. Augustine to England in 597 to convert the Englishpeople to Catholicism.罗马天主教会于597年将圣奥古斯丁派遣到英格兰，使英国人皈依天主教。

/doc/f77344205.htmltwo poems of this period apart from Beowulf: Widsith, and The Seafarer.请列出这段时期的除了《贝奥武夫》两首诗：Widsith(威德西斯)和The Seafarer(水手) 6.Beowulf is an epic of Alliterative lines, andit tells the events that took place on theContinent before they moved to the British Isles.贝奥武甫（Beowulf）是一首头韵体裁的史诗，它讲述了在大陆迁移到不列颠群岛之前发生的事件。

名词解释：1, Humanism: a variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God. It focuses on human values and concerns, attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.2, Renaissance: the period of European history at the close of the Middle Ages and the rise of the modern world; a cultural rebirth from the 14th through the middle of the17th centuries.The renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry. Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.3, Spenserian stanza: a fixed verse form invented by Edmund Spenser for his epic poem The Faerie Queene. Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."4, Metaphysical poets: The metaphysical poets is a term coined by the poet and critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of British lyric poets of the 17th century, whose work was characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by speculation about topics such as love or religion.5, Lake Poets: The Lake Poets are a group of English poets who all lived in the Lake District of England at the turn of the nineteenth century. The three main figures of what has become known as the Lakes School are William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey6, Beowulf: It is the oldest poem in the English language and the most important specimen of Anglo-Saxon literature. The main stories are based on the folk legends of the primitive northern tribes. It is a pagan poem, which presents us an all-round picture of the tribal society.7, Byronic hero: The Byronic hero is a variant of the Romantic hero as a type of character, named after the English Romantic poet Lord Byron. a man proud, moody, cynical, with defiance on his brow, and misery in his heart, a scorner of his kind, implacable in revenge, yet capable of deep and strong affection8, Romanticism: Romanticism is a literary and artistic movement, which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1832. It is concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions and stressed strong emotion as a resource of aesthetic experience.9, Ode: a lyrical verse written in praise of, or dedicated to someone or something which captures the poet's interest or serves as an inspiration for the ode.10, University Wits: The University Wits were a group of late 16th century English playwrights who were educated at the universities and who became playwrights and popular secular writers. Prominent members of this group were Christopher Marlowe, Robert Greene, and Thomas Nashe from Cambridge, and John Lyly, Thomas Lodge, George Peele from Oxford.11, Sentimentalism: Sentimentalism stresses on material senses as being spiritual and/or considers soul to be material, thus anything done on sentimental level is more or less materialistic rather than spiritual/transcendental.12, Alliteration: Alliteration refers to the repetition of a particular sound in the first syllables of a series of words or phrases. Alliteration has developed largely through poetry, in which it more narrowly refers to the repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to the poem's meter, are stressed. Alliteration is commonly used in many languages, especially in poetry.13,Glorious Revolution: the name of the overthrow of King James II of England (James VII of Scotland and James II of Ireland) by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau (William of Orange). William's successful invasion of England with a Dutch fleet and army led to his ascending the English throne as William III of England jointly with his wife Mary II of England. in 1688, William of orange landed at torbay and marched upon London. This takeover was smooth, with neither bloodshed, nor any execution of the King, which became known as the glorious revolution.14, Norman Conquest: the invasion and conquest of England by an army of Normans and French led by Duke William II of Normandy. William, who defeated King Harold II of England on 14 October 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066. He then consolidated his control over England and settled many of his followers in England, introducing a number of governmental and societal changes to medieval England.15, Ballad: A ballad is a form of verse, often a narrative set to music. Ballads were particularly characteristic of the popular poetry and song of the British Isles from the later medieval period until the 19th century and used extensively across Europe and later the Americas, Australia and North Africa. Many ballads were written and sold as single sheet broadsides. The form was often used by poets and composers from the 18th century onwards to produce lyrical ballads. In the later 19th century it took on the meaning of a slow form of popular love song and the term is now often used as synonymous with any love song, particularly the pop or rock power ballad.问答题：1. Humanism was a study first done in the renaissance. instead of learning only about god and religion, people, for the first time, started to just think about ourselves as people characteristics of humanism include anatomy, classicism, nature, realism, reason and learning, religion, individualism, youth, and perspective.2, Sonnet 18 theme of man and the natural world. On one level, Sonnet 18 is clearly concerned with the relationship between man and the eventual, inescapable death he’ll encounter in nature. On another level, the poet also seems fascinated by the relationship between seasonal weather and personal, internal "weather" and balance. Sonnet 18 Theme of Literature and Writing Like much of Shakespeare’s work, Sonnet 18 is all about writing and expressing one’s self through language. This is, at its clearest, a poem about the power of the written word over death, fate, and possibly even love. Sonnet 18 Theme of Time The speaker of Sonnet 18 is absolutely fixated on fate and mortality, but believes he’s come up with an effective time machine: poetry. Sonnet 18 is addressed to a friend, not to a woman Shakespeare compares his friendship to a summer's day. Friendship is unlike summer not changing and it is everlasting. Friendship is like a mild and eternal summer.3 The historical issues and developments of the time played a major role in provoking and shaping the new literary movement of Romanticism. The Industrial Revolution, its urbanization of English life, and its abuses against the working class called for a change in literary concerns and style. The basis aims of romanticism were various: a return to nature and to belief in the goodness of man; the rediscovery of the artist as a supremely individual creator; the exaltation of senses and emotions over reason and intellect.4，In this novel, Charlotte Bronte pours a great deal of her own experiences, such as the life at Lowood School and life as a governess. One of the central themes of the book is the criticism of the bourgeois system of education. Another problem raised by Charlotte in the novel is the position of woman in society. Jane Eyre is an orphan child with a fiery spirit and a longing to love and be loved. She is poor and plain but she dares to love her master, a man superior to her in many ways. As a little governess, she is brave enough to declare to the man her love for him. She cuts a completely new women image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being.5，metaphysical poetry——complex, highly intellectual verse filled with intricate and far-fetched metaphors. John Donne is considered the greatest of the metaphysical poets.6 Another important feature of Swift's prose is that he uses the common touch. In other words, everybody can understand his language that is why even children can read his books with so much enjoyment. Also, Swift addresses people as rational and political beings, making them his equals. Swift wrote in a very plain and downrightstyle. He didn't use any embellishment. At times, when Swift was writing serious stuff this same plain style appears dry but when writing humorously, this same plainness gives his wit a singular edge. Swift didn't use ornate or rhetorical language.7 After the Norman Conquest, the general relation of Normans and Saxons was that of master and servant. One of the most striking manifestations of the supremacy of the conquerors was to be seen in the language. The Norman lords spoke French, while their English subjects retained their old tongue. For a long time the scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. There was almost no written literature in English for a time. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin. Romances, the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period, were at first all in French. By the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country. But now it became something different from the old Anglo-Saxon. The structure of the language remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into the English language.8 The character Shylock, in Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, is portrayed as a beastly monstrosity, with a lust for Antonio's life. Shylock is clearly a villain in the sense that he takes repeatedly takes advantage of people in vulnerable economic situations and makes a handsome living in this way. He is not an inherently likable character throughout “The Merchant of Venice” by Shakespeare;he avoids friendships, he is cranky, and he is steadfast in his beliefs to the point of being rigid. Shylock is also a man who is unreasonable and self-thinking, demanding Shylock is a man who is hardly likable in all aspects throughout “The Merchant of Venice”.9 Robinson Crusoe is one of the protagonists drawn most successfully in English novels. Through his characterization of Crusoe, Defoe describes him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate with an indomitable will, and highly praises his creative labor, physical and mental, an allusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in the initial stage of its historical development.10 In Shakespeare's Hamlet, a ghost tells Hamlet that his uncle, Claudius, is responsible for the death of his father. Hamlet is driven to reveal the truth of his father's death and seeks to avenge his murder to achieve justice. In his quest to right the wrongdoing, Hamlet delays acting toward justice for many reasons. The main factor for Hamlet's hesitation is attributed to his self-discipline. He lacks of ability to act on his emotions. Hamlet is an intelligent, moral, and reserved character. He restrains himself to act rationally and not on emotion. This hesitation is a tragic flaw for Hamlet, but in order to resolve the truth, it is necessary. Hamlet has doubts about the validity of the ghost; he is too rational a character to seek revenge on Claudius based on a conversation with a supernatural spirit. He is unsure whether it was his father's ghost, or some evil deity trying to trick him.。

英国18世纪文学I. Choose the right answer.1.The masterpiece of Alexander Pope is____.A.Essay on CriticismB.The Rape of the LockC.Essay on ManD.The Dunciad2.____was an intellectual movement in the first half of the18th century.A.The Enclosure MovementB.The Industrial RevolutionB. C.The Religious Reform D.The Enlightenment3.The literature of the Enlightenment in England mainly appealed to the__readers.A.aristocraticB.middle classC.low classD.intellectual4.The main literary stream of the18th century was____.What the writersdescribed in their works were mainly social realities.A.romanticismB.classicismC.realismD.sentimentalism5.The18th century was the golden age of the English___.A.dramaB.poetryC.essayD.novel6.In1704,Jonathan Swift published his first notable work,____________,whichmade him well-known as a satirist.A.A Tale of TubB.Bickerstaff AlmanacC.Gulliver’s TravelsD.Battle of the Books7.In a series of pamphlets Jonathan Swift denounced the cruel and unjust treatmentof Ireland by the English government.One of the most famous is____.A.Essays on CriticismB.A Modest ProposalC.Gulliver’s TravelsD.The Battle of the Books8.Henry Fielding’s first novel____was written in connection with Pamela ofSamuel Richardson.But after the first10chapters,Henry Fielding became so interested and absor bed in his own hovel as to forget his original plan of ridiculing Pamela.A.Tom JonesB.Joseph AndrewsC.Jonathan WildD.Amelia9.From the character Mr.Malaprop,in___by Richard Brinsley Sheridan,isderived the term“malapropism”which means a ridiculous misusage of big words.A.The RivalsB.The School for ScandalC.The Beggar’s OperaD.The London Merchant10.Which of the following works are not written by Oliver Goldsmith?____.A.The TravellerB.The Deserted VillageC.The Vicar of WakefieldD.The School for Scandal11.The sentence of“The plowman homeward plods his weary way,/And leaves theworld to darkness and to me”is written by____.A.William CowperB.George CrabbeC.Thomas GrayD.William Blake12.______is not written by William Blake.A.The Marriage of Heaven and HellB.Songs of ExperienceC.Auld Lang SyneD.Poetical Sketches13.The18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two political parties,______,which were satirized by Jonathan Swift in his Gulliver’s Travels.A.the Whigs and the ToriesB.the senate and the House of RepresentativesC.The upper House and lower HouseD.the House of Lords and the House of Commons14.____found its representative writers in the field of poetry,such as Edward Youngand Thomas Gray,but it manifested itself chiefly in the novels of Lawrence Sterne and Oliver Gol dsmith.A.Pre-romanticismB.RomanticismC.SentimentalismD.Naturalism15._____compiled the A Dictionary of the English Language which became thefoundation of all the subsequent English dictionaries.A.Ben JohnsonB.Samuel JohnsonC.Alexander PopeD.John DrydenII. True or False.1.The18th century was an age of poetry.A group of excellent prose writers,such as Jonathan Swift,Samuel Richardson,Henry Fielding,were produced.2.Novel writing made a big advance in the18th century.The main characters in the novels were no longer common people,but the kings and nobles.3.The19th century produced the first English novelists,who fall into two groups:the sentimentalist novelists and the realist novelist.4.In the poems of Edward Young and Thomas Gray,sentimentalism found its fine expression.5.A Tale of a Tub is mainly an attack on pedantry in the literary world of the time,in which the reader is told the story of the Bee and the Spider.6.Classicism turned to the countryside for its material,so is in striking contrast to sentimentalism,which had confined itself to the clubs and drawing-rooms,and to the social and political life of London.7.Robert Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the English dialect on a variety of subjects.8.My Heart’s in the Highlands is one of the best known poems written by Robert Burns in which he pored his unshakable love for his homeland.18.Racial discrimination is expressed in Blake’s “The Little Black”.9.Many of Goldsmith’s poems were put to music.10.Pre-romanticism is ushered by Burns and Blake and represented by Percy,Macpherson and Chatterton.III. Matching.1.William Blake A. Gulliver’s Travels2.Robert Burns B. Robinson Crusoe3.Sophia C. Songs of Innocence4.Yahoo D. Tom Jones5.Enlightenment Movement E. Pamela6.Jonathan Swift F. A Red, Red Rose7.Thomas Gray G. Elegy8.The Chimney Sweeper H. A Little Black Thing in the Snow9.Friday I. Reason10.Samuel Richardson J. A Modest ProposalIV. Appreciation of Literature Works.1. The Chimney SweeperA little black thing among the snow,Crying "w eep! 'weep!"in notes of woe!"W here are thy father and mother? say?""T hey are both gone up to the church to pray.Because I was happy upon the heath,And smil'd among the winter's snow,They clothed me in the clothes of death,And taught me to sing the notes of woe.And because I am happy and dance and sing,They think they have done me no injury,And are gone to praise God and his Priest and King,Who make up a heaven of our misery."Question: what kind of social reality has been reflected in this poem?2.A Modest Proposal[1]It is a melancholly Object to those,who walk through this great Town,or travel in the country,when they see the Streets,the Roads,and Cabbin-Doors,crowded with Beggars of the female Sex,followed by three,four,or six Children,all in Rags,and importuning every Passenger for an Alms.These Mothers instead of being able to work for their honest livelyhood,are forced to employ all their time in Stroling,to beg Sustenance for their helpless Infants,who,as they grow up either turn Thieves for want of work,or leave their dear native Country to fight for the Pretender in Spain,or sell themselves to the Barbadoes.Question: What is Swift’s argument in this essay?V. Topic Discussion.Illustrate the theme of Robinson Crusoe.单选题BDB DDDB BA DCC ACB正误判断FFFTFFFTFF连线题CFDAI JGHBE简答题Theme of this story:This story tells us the hero’s struggle against nature and human fate with his indomitable will and hand,through which the author eulogies creative labor,both physical and mental,an illusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energetic class in its initial struggle of his historical development. From an individual laborer to a master and colonists,Crusoe seems to have gone through various phases of human civilization,creating a visual picture to manifest how man’s history has developed from the primitive to the feudal,and then to the capitalistic one in the eighteenth century.The novel can be read in different ways. Most simply it is a story of sea adventures.Besides,it is a story as an artistic projection of colonial expansion.Furthermore,it is a song of“the dignity of labor”.It also expresses a desire to go back to a more economic and basic life style.It is a middle class work,a Puritan Tale,a success story.By depicting Ordeals at Sea the novel conveys the idea of the ambivalence of Mastery, the necessity of repentance and the importance of self-awareness.。

英国18世纪文学习题I. 选择题1.In the 18th century, ________ found its expression chiefly in poetry, especially that of WilliamBlake and Rober Burns.A.Neo-classicismB. realismC. sentimentalismD. pre-romanticism2.Friday is a character in the novel written by ________.A.Charles DickensB. Thomas WoolfC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding3._______ is widely regarded as the first English novelist.A.Daniel DefoeB. Jonathan SwiftC. John BunyanD. Jane Austen4.In literature, the 18th century was the age of the Enlightenment. ________ was the dominantspirit.A.HumanismB. RationalismC. RevolutionD. Evolution5.As a literay trend in Britain, ________ came as a result of discount of certain enlighteners insocial reality in the middle of the 18th century.A.SentimentalismB. ImagismC. Social CriticismD. Modernism6.Which of the following is NOT true about Robison Crusoe?A.It is written in the autobiographical form.B.It is a record of Defoe’s own experience.C.Robison spends 28 years of isolated life on the island.D.It is set in the middle of the 17th century.7.Modern English novel arose in the _______ century.A.16thB. 17thC. 18thD. 19th8.In his novel, Robison Defoe, Defoe eulogizes the hero of the _______.A.Aristocratic classB. enterprising landlordsC. Rising bourgeoisieD. hard-working people9.The novel ________ launched Daniel Defoe on a new career as a novelist.A.The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robison CrusoeB.Captian SingletonC.Moll FlandersD.The life and Adventures of Mr. Duncan Campbell10.Which of the following works is generally regarded as the best model of satire, not only of the18th century but also in the whole English literay history?A. A Modest ProposalB. The History of Tom JonesC. An Essay on CriticismD. Robison Crusoe11. Jonathan Swift wrote all the following works EXCEPT _________.A. The Battle of BooksB. The Pilgrim’s ProgressC. Gulliver’s TravelsD. A Tale of the Tub12. The following statement about neo-classicism are all true EXCEPT ______.A. elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferredB. it results in the rise of novels as a dominat literary genreC. it is unsympathetic towards the “rude” masters of old literature—towards Chaucer, Spenser,and even Shakespeare.D. it is almost exclusively a “town” poetry, catering to the interests of the society in greatcities.13. _________ is remembered mainly for his songs written in Scottish dialect. .A. William BlakeB. John KeatsC. Thomas GrayD. Robert Burns14. Among the pioneers of the 18th century novelists were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson,Henry Fielding and ________.A. Laurence SterneB. John DrydenC. Charles DickensD.Alexander Pope15. _______ compiled The Dictionary of the English Language which became the foundation ofall the subsequent English dictionaries.A. Ben JohnsonB. Samuel JohnsonC. Alexander PopeD. John Dryden16. Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele are famous English essayists. They developed a newtype of English writing, periodic essays. They often publish their writings in a journal which is called ________.A. The GuardianB. The AtlanticC. New YorkerD. The Spectator17. The 18th century witnessed that in England there appeared two policital parties, ________, which were satirized by Swift in his “Gulliver’s Travels”.A. The Whigs and The ToriesB. the senate and the House of RepresentativesC. the upper House and the Lower HouseD. the House of Lords and the House of Commons.18. In the 18th century English literature, the representative writer of neo-classicism is _______.A. PopeB. SwiftC. DefoeD. Milton19. __________ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century.A. The RenaissanceB. The EnlightenmentC. The Religious ReformationD. The Chartist Movement20. _________ found its representative writers in the field of poetry, such as Yourg and Gray, but it manifested itself chiefly in the novels of Sterne and Goldsmith.A. preromanticismB. RomanticisimC. SentimentalismD. NaturalismII. 判断题1.( ) In the 18th centruy English literature, satire in much used in writing. English literature ofthis age produced a distinguished satirist Defoe.2.( ) The 19th century produced the first English novelists, who fall into two groups—thesentimentalist novelists and the realist novelists.3.( ) the 18th century was an age of poetry. A group of excellent prose writers, such as Swift,Richardson, Fielding, were produced.4.( ) Towards the end of 18th century , there were two best preromantic poets in Englishliterature. They were William Blake and Thomas Gray.5.( ) Robert Burns is the greatest poet scotland has ever produced. His “Poems Chiefly in theScottish Dialect” is of great significance in English literature.6.( ) Defoe’s masterpiece is “Gulliver’s Travels”, which containes four parts.7.( ) In the first part of Robinson Crusoe, the hero is cast upon the shore of the island ofLilliput.8.( ) The novel “Tom Jones” is Henry Fielding’s masterpiece.9.( ) There were two groups of English enlighteners, one is the moderate group, the other isthe radical group.10.( ) The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europein 18th century.11.The chief representatives of radical enlighteners are Swift, Fielding, Smollett, and Sheridan.12.Novel writing made a big advance in the 18th century. The main characters in the novels wereno longer common people, but the kings and nobles.13.Daniel Defoe’s masterpiece is Robinson Crusoe, which containes four parts.14.“My Heart’s in the Highlands” is one of the best known poems written by Robert Burns inwhich he poured his unshakable love his homeland.15.The play “Tom Jones” is Henry Fielding’s best-known work.16.“She Stoops to Conquer” or “The Mistakes of the Night” is Goldsmith’s best known comedy.17.The main literary stream of the 18th century was realism. What the writers described in theirworks were mainly social realities.18.An Essay on Criticism is one of Pope’s works.19.Two periodicals “The Rambler” and “The Spectator” are Steele and Addison’s chiefcontribution to English literature.20.John Dryden compiled the “Dictionary of the English language” which became the foundationof all the subsequent English dictionaries.III. 连线题1.Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism2.Alexander Pope An Essay on Man3.Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock4.Alexander Pope The Dunciad5.William Blake Songs of Innocence6.William Blake Songs of Experience7.Robert Burns Auld Lang Syne8.Robert Burns Red, Red Rose9.Robert Burns Farewell to Scotland10.Richardson Steele The Tatler11.Joseph Addison The Spectator12.Jonathan Swift A Tale of a Tub13.Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travel14.Jonathan Swift The Battle of the Books15.Samuel Richardson Pamela16.Henry Fielding Joseph Andrews17.Henry Fielding Tom Jones18.Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe19.Daniel Defoe Moll Flanders20.Oliver Goldsmith The Vicar of WakefieldIV. 赏析题1.O, my love’s like a red, red rose.That’s newly sprung in June;O, my love’s like the melodieThat’s sweetly played in tune.As fair art thou, my bonnie lass.So deep in love am I;And I will love thee still, my dear.Till a’ the seas gone dry.Questions:1.Who wrote this poem?2.What is the title of the poem?3.The odd-numbered lines are iambic tetrameters, what about the even-numbered lines?4.What do you know about the poem?2.All nature is but Art, unknown to thee;All Chance, Direction, which thou canst not see;All discord, Harmony not understood;All partial Evil, universal Good;And , spite of Pride, in erring Reason’s spite,One truth is clear, whatever is, is right.Questions:1.What idea do these lines indicate that the poet has?2.What philosophy do these lines express? Do you agree with the writer’s idea that “whatever is,is right”? Why or why not?V. 论述题As a pioneering novelist of England, Daniel Defoe is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel. Does he deserve that honor? What is the title of his great work? When was the book published, and what real experience is it based upon? What is the significance of the novel? What are some of the author’s biases revealed in the novel if we examine it from a modern critic’s point of view英国18世纪文学习题I. 选择题1-5: DCAAA 6-10: BCBAA 11-15: BBDAB 16-20: DAABCII. 判断题1-5: FFFFT 6-10: FFTTT 11-15: TFFTF 16-20: TTTFFIII. 连线题21.Alexander Pope An Essay on Criticism22.Alexander Pope An Essay on Man23.Alexander Pope The Rape of the Lock24.Alexander Pope The Dunciad25.William Blake Songs of Innocence26.William Blake Songs of Experience27.Robert Burns Auld Lang Syne28.Robert Burns Red, Red Rose29.Robert Burns Farewell to Scotland30.Richardson Steele The Tatler31.Joseph Addison The Spectator32.Jonathan Swift A Tale of a Tub33.Jonathan Swift Gulliver’s Travel34.Jonathan Swift The Battle of the Books35.Samuel Richardson Pamela36.Henry Fielding Joseph Andrews37.Henry Fielding Tom Jones38.Daniel Defoe Robinson Crusoe39.Daniel Defoe Moll Flanders40.Oliver Goldsmith The Vicar of WakefieldIV. 赏析题1.Answers:1)Robert Burns2)Red, Red Rose3)Iambic trimeter4)This is one of the love poems of Robert Burns, which describes the poet’s own emotions withgreat vivdness and simplicity. They carry with them a new spirit of romanaticism.2. Answers:1) Theses lines are taken from Pope’s famous work The Essay on Man, in which Pope gives his political and philosophical views on human nature, man’s relations with the universe, the society and himself.2)Nature almost becomes God, the creator of the universe, who, omnipotent, influences andcontrols man’s conduct in the world. What the Creator has created must be good, so humans in their turn must strive to know, see and understand creation.V. 论述题Answers:1.Yes, for his novel Robinson Crusoe generally heads the list of modern fiction.2.Robinson Crusoe.3.This book was published in 1719, based on the adventures of a seaman, Alexander Selkirk,who had been marooned on one of the Juan Fernadez Islands off the coast of Chile.4.The book is rich enough to contain a number of overlapping meanings. If it is an adventurestory, it is also a moral tale, a commerical account and a Puritan fable. It is one of the great myths of modern civilization. It celebrates the 18th century Western civilization’s material triumph and the strength of human rational will to conquer the natural environment.5.This novel relaed the author’s colonialism and Negro-slavery thought. Also the individualismand material-profit-upmost thought is indicated.。

1. In Shakespeare's Sonnet 18,what makes the poet think that " thou " can be morebeautiful than summer and immortal?The poem starts with a flattering question to the beloved—"Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" The beloved is both "more lovely and more temperate" than a summer's day. The speaker lists some negative things about summer: it is short—"summer's lease hath all too short a date"—and sometimes the sun is too hot—"Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines." However, the beloved has beauty that will last forever, unlike the fleeting beauty of a summer's day. By putting his love's beauty into the form of poetry, the poet is preserving it forever. "So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee." The lover's beauty will live on, through the poem which will last as long as it can be read.2. Choose one of Shakespeare's tragedies and comment briefly and logically on the core reasons that lead to the hero's death. -----Hamlet’s CharacterAt the start of the play, Hamlet’s character leaves a lot to be desired. For one, he is weak. Hamlet is not a commanding figure. As a matter of fact, he is depicted as weak and vacillating person. This may not be the best description of the leading character but Hamlet does appear to be confused in the beginning.Hamlet is also a loner, bitter, and distrustful. He hates his uncle because he is aware of what his uncle did to his father. He dislikes his mother intensely because of her decision to marry his uncle right after his father passed away. Hamlet is actually an introspective young man who studied at the University of Wittenberg. He is indecisive and hesitant but sometimes can be impulsive in his decisions too.His indecisiveness becomes apparent when his father’s ghost appeared before him to tell him that Claudius poisoned him. Hamlet was at first passive after being told of the truth of the death by the ghost of his father. Hamlet, instead of acting on what he knew for certain, spends his time laboring on how to prove that his uncle is guilty before taking actions.This irrational impulse causes him to stab Polonius through the curtain without even knowing who it is. Although Hamlet is contemplative by nature, he is also insane and acts on this obsessive impulse. He is entirely to blame for the reckless death of Polonius. This is the first death that acts as a catalyst for the other two deaths that can be considered tragic in Hamlet.He contemplates “To be, or not to be: that is the question” so many times in his head that he misses his opportunities.3．In Wordsworth's I wanderd Lonely as a Cloud, what is the relation between the poet and the nature as described in the poem?Do you think nature can have healing effect on mind?We come to realize the great power of nature that may influence our life deeply as revealed in the poem.在诗的开头，诗人将自己比喻为一朵孤独的流云，孤单地在高高的天空飘荡。

Sonnet 18 p151.How does the poet answer the question he puts forth in the first line? (Page 14)The poet opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This question is comparing ―thee‖ to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally considered as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summer's day: she is "more lovely and more temperate." (Line 2) Summer days are sometimes shaken by "rough winds" (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the poet gives the feeling again that the summer months are often too short by saying, "And summer lease hath too short a date." In the summer days, the sun, "the eye of heaven" (line 5), often shines "too hot," or too dim, "his gold complexion dimmed" (line 6) as "every fair from fair sometime declines." (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various aspects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, "Thy eternal summer shall not fade." (Line 9), and never end or die.At last two lines, the poet explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike summer days. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see." (Line 13) the poem is outwardly a simple statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer.At last, the poet starts to praise that the beloved is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, "So long as men breathe, or eyes can see, so long lives this and this gives life to thee.‖(line 13、14) that the beloved is deserving to live on forever.2.What makes the poet think that “thou” can be more beautiful than summer and immortal?At the very beginning, the poet puts forth a question: ―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖ Then he gives an answer: ―Thou art more lovely and more temperate.‖ On the one hand, ―Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, and summer’s lease hath all too short a date;‖ on the other hand, ―Sometime too hot the heaven shines, and often is his gold complexion dimmed.‖ So from the above two aspects the poet thinks that ―thou‖ can be more beautiful than summer. In addition, ―And every fair from fair sometime declines, by chance, or nature’s changing course untrimmed.‖ Compared with immortal, ―But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st, nor shall death brag thou wand’rest in his shade, when in eternal lines to times thou grow’st.‖ Therefore, the poet draws a conclusion: ―So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖ In this poem, the poet makes ―thou‖ more beautiful than summer and immortal because of his beautiful lines. So in this case, ―thou‖ in the poem can be regarded as female because love can beauty eternal. Or ―thou‖ can be referred to male, for friendship can m ake beauty everlasting. Even ―thou‖ can be abstract ―love‖ or ―beauty‖ which will become eternal in the wonderful poem.Of Marriage and Single Life P191.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?In the easy Of Marriage and Single life, Bacon prefers marriage to single life. He thinks ―unmarried men are best friends; best masters; best servants; but not always best subjects; for they are light to run away; and almost all fugitives are of that condition‖, ―Wives are young men’s mistresses; companions for middle age; and old men’s nurses‖.I have to say his words can still be true today; I’m at his back, though many young people now choose to remain single no mater male or female. But since ―3S ladies‖ or ―overleft ladies‖ become the catch word, the female seems more terrible. Maybe because women are easier to get old but to men 30 is the gold ages of career development. For the main reasons of 3S ladies, some are high standard for husband; some are the further studying. For men, maybe they are fighting in business; maybe they are too bad to find a wife.Then we can see all the state of present marriage. Even though some say ―marriage is the tomb of love‖, I yet support marriage. Marriage and family make people more responsible and loving, make deeper love between spouses and make life more colorful.The ability to love and be loved is the most precious of gifts given to man, which should be highly treasured. Family let a man learn to care the whole unit. He has to take good care of his wife and son, love them, be responsible for them, all of which are the same to women. All these qualities are vital to anyone’s career. When you work back home, wife or husband is always the listener to you, son the warm heart to you. Spouses help each other and support each other; family is the harbor for soul. Thus it is help to one’s career development.2.Certainly, wife and children are “a kind of discipline of humanity”。