自己整理的同济考博词汇300题

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编58(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．To avoid an oil shortage more machines must ______ solar energy.A．developB．introduceC．exerciseD．utilize正确答案：D解析：utilize／-ise vt．利用，使用(如：Can you utilize a computer in your work? to utilize one’s abilities in a suitable job)。

develop vt.开发，研制；发展，形成。

introduce vt．引进，传入；介绍。

exercise vt．运用，行使(权力、影响、耐心、谨慎等)。

2．There was a quick turnover of staff in the department as the manager treated his employees with______contempt.(2005年中国科学院考博试题)A．utterB．soleC．intimateD．corresponding正确答案：A解析：本题空格处是说“经理以完全蔑视的态度来对待他的员工”。

A项“utter 全然的，绝对的”符合题意，如：What he is doing is utter stupidity!(他正在做的是完全愚蠢的事!)其他三项“sole单独的，唯一的：intimate亲密的，隐私的：corresponding相应的，通信的”都不正确。

3．They need to move to new and large apartments. Do you know of any ______ones in this area?(2007年清华大学考博试题)A．evacuatedB．emptyC．vacantD．vacate正确答案：C解析：四个选项的意思分别是：evacuated撤退者的；empty空的，指里面什么东西都没有，如：The ease is empty．(这是个空箱子。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编53(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We all buy things on the______of the moment; this is what the retail trade calls an “impulse buy”.(2007年中国科学院考博试题)A．urgeB．forceC．spurD．rush正确答案：C解析：此题考查的是词语的搭配。

urge项表示“敦促”；force表示“力量，影响力”；spur表示“动力”；rush表示“匆促”。

只有C项有固定用法on the spur of,表示一时冲动，所以答案是C选项。

2．The young nation has not yet attained political ______.A．stabilityB．prosperityC．maturityD．independence正确答案：A解析：stability n.稳定，稳固(如：Nothing is more important than political stability for a country in its economic endeavour．)。

prosperity n.兴旺，繁荣。

maturity n.成熟(阶段)；有经验。

independence n.独立，自主。

3．Even when textbooks are ______ through a school system, methods of teaching may vary greatly.(2011年四川大学考博试题)A．commonplaceB．standardizedC．competitiveD．generalized正确答案：B解析：在给出的选项中：commonplace“平凡的，陈腐的，平庸的”；standardized “标准化的”；competitive“竞争的，有竞争力的”；generalized“广泛的，普遍的”。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编30(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Recent research into aging suggests that the body’s defense mechanisms may lose the ability to distinguish what is alien.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题) A．insaneB．infectiousC．foreignD．poisonous正确答案：C解析：本题中，alien的意思是“外来的，不同的”。

四个选项中，foreign的意思是“外国的，异质的”，如：a foreign object in the eye．(眼睛中的异物)。

insane 的意思是“患精神病的，极度愚蠢的”；infectious的意思是“有传染性的，易感染的”。

只有C项符合题意。

2．It is impossible to ______ whether she’ll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．foreseeB．inferC．fabricateD．inhibit正确答案：A解析：本题意为“很难预见她是否能在下个月出院回家”。

A项的“foresee 预见”符合题意。

其他三项“infer推论、推断；fabricate制作、装配，伪造；inhibit 禁止、约束”都不正确。

3．She said some bad things about me, but I have______her for that.A．releasedB．freedC．forgivenD．regretted正确答案：C解析：forgive vt．原谅，饶恕，宽恕。

考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编34.doc－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编34(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Structure and Vocabu(总题数：25，分数：50.00)1.Now researchers are directing more attention to the social and cultural impetus that propelled university graduates into careers in management.(2002年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.implicationB.propagandaC.impulseD.refuted2.Many language teachers are______ to talk too much.（分数：2.00）A.tendB.subjectC.likelyD.inclined3.In fact, a number of recent developments suggest that new media may actually be the salvation of old media; that online newspapers, Webpage, and e-books could preserve and extend the best aspects of the print culture while augmenting it with their various technological advantages.(2004年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.limitingB.maintainingC.distinguishingD.increasing4.The number of stay-at-home fathers reached a record high last year, new figures show, as families saw a______ in female breadwinners. (2013年北京大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.raiseB.riseC.ariseD.increase5.The situation there has become ______ grave in the last few days.（分数：2.00）A.continuouslyB.increasinglyC.inevitablyD.invariably6.For such a tiny woman she had a(n) ______appetite.（分数：2.00）A.potentialB.incredibleC.obviousD.inexhaustible/doc/ef30989fdcccda38376baf1ffc4ffe473268fd42.htmlnguage, culture, and personality may be considered ______ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable infact.(2010年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.indistinctlyB.separatelyC.irrelevantlyD.independently8.The degree of economic growth is an______ of the level of living.(2002年武汉大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.indexC.accessD.aspect9.I asked him where my sister was, and he______the store across the street.（分数：2.00）A.indicatedB.displayedC.pointedD.showed10.Sometimes a dictionary designates a noun as attributive, which means that it can be used to describe another noun or name its attributes.(2003年春季电子科技大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.conveysB.definesC.indicatesD.explains11.Can a novelist remain______to the problems of the world in which he lives?（分数：2.00）A.impartialB.indifferentC.carelessD.detached12.The actress was very______ at the insulting question raised by her opponent at the conference.(2007年清华大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.extraterrestrialB.explicitC.indignantD.innovative13.Mr. Smith became very______ when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.ingeniousB.empiricalC.objectiveD.indignant14.It is well known that knowledge is the______ condition for expansion of mind.（分数：2.00）A.incompatibleB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.indispensable15.She has become quite______to the company.(2004年湖北省考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.influential/doc/ef30989fdcccda38376baf1ffc4ffe473268fd42.htmlpulsoryC.indispensableD.essential16.Every person on the sales team is ______ because they work together well.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.incompatibleB.incredibleC.indefiniteD.indispensable17.Mainstream pro-market economists all agree that competition is an______spur to efficiency and innovation.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）B.exquisiteC.intermittentD.indispensable18.In the Chinese household, grandparents and other relatives play______roles in raising children.(2015年北京航空航天大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.incapableB.indispensableC.insensibleD.infinite19.A teacher cannot give ______ attention to each pupil if his class is large.（分数：2.00）A.individualB.totalC.properD.definite20.The food was divided ______ according to(he age and size of the child.(2007年中国人民大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.equallyB.individuallyC.sufficientlyD.proportionally21.The policeman tried to ______ the teenage driver to obey the traffic laws rather than fine him directly.(2002年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.induceB.abductC.indulgeD.lure22.When he realized he had been ______ to sign the contract by intrigue, he threatened to start legal proceedings to cancel the agreement.(2013年北京航空大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.elicitedB.excitedC.deducedD.induced23.The doctor told the students that a(n)______ disease was one that could be passed from one person to another.(2007 年中国矿业大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.effectiveB.infectiousC.coherentD.inherent24.An argument was______because they disliked each other so intensely.（分数：2.00）A.possibleB.probableC.inevitableD.decisive25.Eighty percent of mothers cradle their ______ in their left arms, holding them against the left side of their bodies.(2013年厦门大学考博试题)（分数：2.00）A.infantsB.hosesC.handkerchiefsD.fences感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编19(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The workers went on strike for ______ working conditions.A．idealB．cleanC．comfortableD．decent正确答案：D解析：decent a.像样的，过得去的，尚可的；合宜的，得体的，正派的(如：We pay a very decent price，She never had decent clothes to wear．I get decent marks at school．I only associate with good decent fellows．)。

ideal a.理想的，完满的。

clean a. 干净的，清洁的。

comfortable a.舒适的，舒服的。

2．They issued a______to the effect that the covenant(违反契约的诉讼)would not have any place in the treaty.A．declarationB．certificateC．proposalD．pronunciation正确答案：A解析：declaration n．宣布，宣告；宣言。

声明(书)(如：The Declaration of Independence was made in America in 1776．Then they drew up their declaration concerning the war．)。

certificate n.证明书。

proposal n．提议，建议；求婚。

pronunciation n．发音，发音方法。

3．He was afraid he would have to ______ her invitation to the party.A．refuteB．refuseC．rejectD．decline正确答案：D解析：decline vt．婉辞，谢绝(邀请)；不愿(做某事)(后面跟不定式)；vi．下降，减少，衰落。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编6(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．It’s a program designed to______ mainly to 16 to 25 year olds.(2014年厦门大学考博试题)A．includeB．appreciateC．appealD．conduct正确答案：C解析：句意为：这是一个为吸引16到25岁年龄段的人而设计的项目。

根据句意，C项appeal“吸引”，其他三项，A项include“包括”、B项appreciate“欣赏”、D项conduct“实施”均不符合句意。

2．In the early 20th century, at the advent of the telephone, it was considered a superfluous instrument which would never be of practical use in the average household.(2003年中国社会科学院考博试题)A．appearanceB．popularityC．dominanceD．consolidation正确答案：A解析：本题中，advent的意思是“出现，到来”。

A项“appearance出现”符合题意，如：His sudden appearance surprised her．(他的突然到来使她很惊讶。

)其他三项“popularity普及，流行；dominance优势，统治；consolidation巩固，合并”都不正确。

3．Don’t eat anything that will spoil your______ for dinner.A．appetiteB．tasteC．interestD．appreciation正确答案：A解析：appetite n．食欲，胃口；欲望(如：She ate slowly，without appetite．At the moment he had no appetite for work／reading．)。

2006年同济大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Reading Comprehension 3. English-Chinese Translation 4. WritingStructure and V ocabulary1．How can personal income tax be levied to______ as many as possible while at the same time ensuring State finances do not suffer too much?A．interestB．benefitC．profitD．concern正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是interest“使感兴趣”；benefit“使受益”；profit “获利”；concern“影响，涉及”。

句意是：征收个人所得税，怎样能够在惠及更多人的同时，还能保证国家财政不受太大的影响呢?所以正确答案是B选项，如The plants benefited from the rain(植物得益于这场雨)。

2．To fund the______ event and also promote the marketing value of the National Games, the organizing committee set up the Marketing Development Department (MDD).A．beneficentB．expensiveC．costlyD．luxurious正确答案：A解析：四个选项的意思分别是beneficent“行善的，慈善的”；expensive“昂贵的”；costly“昂贵的”；luxurious“奢华的”。

句意是：为了向公益事业提供资金，同时也为了提升全国运动会的市场价值，组委会成立了市场开发部(MDD)。

2000年秋季试题《结构力学》F t作用下，多自由度的动力学方程，并解释方程中每项的含义，试说明该方1.写出外力()程有哪些数值解法。

2.给出两跨连续梁弯桥的计算图式，并说明其受力特性。

3.阻尼都有几种，试定义比例阻尼和非比例阻尼。

4.试给出双塔斜拉桥的计算图式，并说明各部分的受力特点，试比较有背索（backcable）的斜拉桥有何特点。

2001年春季试题《结构力学》1.根据弯矩图写荷载。

2.缆索承重桥梁的计算图式，计算时应注意哪些问题。

3.设计规范中冲击系数是如何规定的，它与哪些因素有关。

4.写出多跨连续梁车辆振动的计算图式及振动方程。

5.考虑桩土相互作用下，桩柱式墩在地震作用下的振动计算图式及振动方程。

2001年秋季试题《结构力学》1.请写出有限元的基本方程，该方程有三种理论可得到，请写出这三种理论并作简要说明及介绍。

2.有限元计算的动力方程为[]{}[]{}[]{}{}M uC u K u R ++=&&& （1）说明方程中各符号的意义；（2）写出非线性动力平衡方程的增量表达式，并解释各符号代表的意义。

（3）该增量方程最常用的数值解法是逐步积分法，其逐步积分法到底包括哪几种方法，2003年秋季试题《结构力学》1.（1）画出图中结构的Q 、M 图，()sinq x q x lπ= （2）两结构跨中挠度相等时，P 与q 的关系。

（3）请给出结构失稳（杆件系统）的例子。

3.在桥梁设计中应考虑哪些动力问题。

2004年试题2004年试题1.试从数学、力学角度分析建筑和桥梁结构上作用荷载的异同。

2.空间静定刚架弯矩、剪力、扭矩图。

3.试用最简洁的语言概述结构动力学的主要内容。

2005年试题1 画A、B截面的影响线。

A BA B2 已知右拱脚水平位移为x ∆，竖向位移为y ∆。

（1）求右侧3,84l l 处拱截面的竖向位移， （2）求水平推力影响线。

3 使1～7点竖向位移为0，8点处水平位移为0，塔底弯矩为0的调索方程。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编33(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．India’s internal structure can never be ______ with Europe’s.A．sameB．similarC．identicalD．equal正确答案：C解析：identical(with)a.同一个：完全相同的(如：That is the identical pen I lost．The fingerprints of no two persons are identical．This copy is identical with the ones you bought last week．)。

same a.相同的，一样的(习惯上与定冠词the连用)。

similar(to)a.相似的，类似的。

equal(to／with)a.相等的，同样的：平等的；胜任的。

2．Louis was asked to ______ the man who stole her purse.A．identifyB．recognizeC．claimD．confirm正确答案：A解析：identify vt．认出，鉴定(身份)；认为……等同于(with)(如：She identified him as her attacker．I cannot identify this signature．Wealth cannot be identified with happiness．)。

recognize vt．认出，识别；承认。

claim vt．声称，主张；说……是自己的，索取。

confirm vt．确定，批准，使巩固，使有效。

3．There was snow everywhere, so that the shape of things was difficult to ______. (2010年四川大学考博试题)A．identifyB．authorizeC．justifyD．rationalize正确答案：A解析：在给出的选项中：identify“识别，鉴定，认明，认同，感同身受”：authorize“授权给，全权委托，允许，认可，批准”；justify“替……辩护，证明合法”：rationalize“使合理化，使有理化”。

同济大学土木工程学院地下建筑工程系考博心得及真题在岩土在线论坛上转悠很长时间了，从这里得到了很多资料。

及时解决了我的很多问题，在此感谢各位兄弟姐妹！我是2009年考的博士。

由于是同济本校的，所以对土木工程学院的博士考试还有一定的了解。

有些人在考后会洋洋洒洒几千言，让后来人看起来那个累啊！在这里我废话不多说了，简简单单列一下心得体会，并附上手头上的历年真题！博士考试原则：同济大学土木工程学院这边，特别注重基本概念的理解，所以考试大纲上列出的课本，一定要买一本好好的看，仔仔细细的看。

考题中没有难题，全是考查基本概念。

各门功课的复习心得和要领（我是考的地下建筑工程系）：1、英语课。

英语的题型有四种。

单选、阅读、翻译、作文。

单选、翻译、作文是拉不开分的，大家都差不多。

即便是我这个背过GRE的人，看到单选里的单词，还是有一半以上没见过。

所以，建议做好一本《考博英语100篇》就好了。

阅读50分，能保住30分。

其它三项怎么也能拿个20几分。

这样得分在55分左右，够了。

（按照理念的惯例，英语线在最低43~55分之间）2、弹性力学我不知道别人怎么复习的。

我在同济上研究生上这门课的时候，教授就说“这个地方是重点，考博会考得”。

所以，考试重点我还是抓的住的。

专业课，还是要理解概念，记住一定要概念清晰。

至于课本，推荐江理平的，而不是吴家龙的《弹性力学》。

吴家龙的太晦涩难懂了。

3、土力学除了必选的弹性力学，可以有一些别的选项。

大多数本校的选了〈地下结构〉，我则是选了〈土力学〉。

因为土力学出题的范围每年都是固定的。

我考得时候，有个同门推荐张振莹的〈土力学解题指导〉（大概是这个名字）。

考后，我想说“我操”“丫的，这哥们害苦我了”“复习偏了”。

还好我的土力学功底比较深，ＮＮＤ！关于土力学，只说一句话课本，课本足够。

就买大纲推荐的教材。

甚至题都不用做！关于复试外校的人，都很紧张。

其实你不用紧张，一般复试只是个过场。

教授们坐在一起，看看你不傻不痴呆的，就那么过了。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编55(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Fred is ______ from school for a week for bad conduct.A．expelledB．suspendedC．preventedD．discharged正确答案：B解析：suspend vt.暂停，暂缓；使暂时停止(工作或上学)；悬，挂，吊(如：To suspend a workman is to order him not to carry out his usual duties for the time being．The committee suspended two members of the team．The trial is to be suspended whlie new evidence is considered．They have suspended work until next week)。

expel(from)vt．开除；驱逐；排出。

prevent(from)vt.预防，防止。

discharge(from)vt．释放：排出：允许离开。

2．A UN official said that aid programs would be ______ until there was adequate protection for relief convoy.(2005年电子科技大学考博试题) A．dependedB．suspendedC．postponedD．expended正确答案：B解析：本题空格处是说援助计划将被延缓。

B项“suspended延缓”符合题意，如：We suspended the building work during the rain．(下雨天我们中断了建筑工作。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编48(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．He appeared in the court and supplied the facts______ to the case.A．subjectB．attachedC．relevantD．corresponding正确答案：C解析：relevant(to)a．有关的，切题的；有重大关系的，有意义的；适宜的(如：The evidence was not relevant to the case. His remarks are relevant to the discussion．)。

subject(to)a.易遭……的，受……支配的。

attached(to)a.附属……的，依恋……的。

corresponding a．(一般作定语)相应的，相当的；符合的，一致的。

2．The good news______us, for we had been very anxious.A．freedB．enlightenedC．releasedD．relieved正确答案：D解析：relieve vt.减轻，解除(病痛或紧张气氛)；使松一口气；援救，救济(难民等)。

free vt.使自由，解放。

enlighten(on)vt.开导，启发。

release vt．解放，释放；放开，松开。

3．The fund is for ______ distress among the flood victims in the southern city.(2004年西南财经大学考博试题)A．releasingB．detractingC．relievingD．devolving正确答案：C解析：本题空格处是说这笔基金用于减轻洪灾中灾民们的危难。

C项“relieve 救助，救援，减轻”符合题意，如：This will relieve pressure on the wains to some extent．(这将会在一定程度上减轻对火车的压力。

同济大学考博英语真题词汇复习备考方法与策略考博英语单词记忆方法很多，可是你听说过通过字母记单词的方法吗?下面，育明考博李老师要给考生讲述的是字母的故事。

二十六个字母都有其象形意义，我们可以利用这些字母的象形意义来帮助我们去记忆大量的英语单词。

需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

字母A a——象形人头，指男人，人头,喻向前。

英语中的第一个字母a从外形上看像一个“人头”(head).常用来指(man),所以在man(男人)一词中有a，而man的第一个字母m象山，也代表坚强如山的男人，另外male，男性的，也有m和a这两个字母，而ale意为“麦酒”“浓啤酒”正是男人喜欢喝的酒。

a同时仍保留“人头”的象形意义，如face(脸)，f象形女性的披肩长发。

在bad(坏的)一词中，在b和d左右挤压下只剩下一个a，自然是“很坏的”了。

另外，由于人向前走，头向前，所以表示人头的a又可喻指向前、前面，如advance，ahead。

字母B b-象形上小下大的物品(扫帚、木棒和大肚子等)，喻稳固、牢固。

因此，我们有broom(扫帚)一词，就是一把扫帚(外形象b)放在房间(room)的旁边;bat(球棒);beat(打)更形象地表达出挨打就是“吃(eat)大棒(b)”;b又像大肚子的形状，所以有bear(熊)。

另外，由于b上小下大，显得十分稳定，故又用来比喻稳固、牢固。

如boy(男孩)，brave(勇敢)，boss(老板)中的b都带有此意。

另外大写字母B象形人的后背，所以有back(后背、背后)。

字母C c-象形半圆形，指开口、弯腰状、手抓状，喻覆盖、变化、控制。

如cow(母牛)是母牛张口吃草状;又如call(叫)，就是张口(c)叫大家(all)来;同时c又象形手抓状，故有catch(抓)，cat(猫)，control(控制)等词。

同济大学博士研究生入学考试模拟试题一Part ⅠListening Comprehension(略)Part ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 1Old people are always saying that the young are not what they were. The same comment is made from generation to generation and it is always true. It has never been truer than it is today. The young are better educated. They have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. They grow up more quickly and are not so dependent on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideals of their elders. Events which the older generation remembers vividly are nothing more than past history. This is as it should be. Every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. Today the difference is very marked indeed.The old always assume that they know best for the simple reason that they have been around a bit longer. They don't like to feel that their values are being questioned or threatened. And this is precisely what the young are doing. They are questioning the assumptions of their elders and disturbing their complacency. They take leave to doubt that the older generation has created the best of all possible worlds. What they reject more than anything is conformity. office hours, for instance, are nothing more than enforced slavery. Wouldn't people work best if they were given complete freedom and responsibility? And what about clothing? Who said that all the men in the world should wear drab gray suits and convict haircuts? If we turn our minds to more serious matters, who said that human differences can best be solved through conventional politics or by violent means? Why have the older generation so often used violence to solve their problems? Why are they so unhappy and guilt-ridden in their personal lives, so obsessed with mean ambitions and the desire to amass more and more material possessions? Can: anything be right with the rat-race? Haven't the old lost touch with all that is important in life?These are not questions the older generation can shrug off lightly. Their record over the past forty years or so hash't been exactly spotless. Traditionally, the young have turned to their elders for guidance. Today, the situation might he reversed, The old--if they are prepared to admit it--could earn a thing or two from their children. one of the biggest lessons they could learn is that enjoyment is not "sinful". Enjoyment is a principle one could apply to all aspects of life. It is surely not wrong to enjoy your work and enjoy your leisure; to shed restricting inhibitions, It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past or future. This emphasis on the present is only to be expected because the young have grown up under the shadow of the bomb: the continual threat of complete annihilation. This is their glorious heritage. Can we be surprised that they should so often question the sanity of the generation that bequeathed it?1. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?A. Enjoyment will be the only Pursuit in our Life.B. The Older Generation is Constantly Under Fire.C. Violence Cannot Apply to All Aspects of Life.D. The Younger Generation Knows Not the Less.2. What does the author intend to demonstrate with "office hours" adopted by the old (Paragraph 2) ?A. A type of enforced systems.B. A symbol for human initiatives.C. A sort of freedom deprivation.D. A token for the old' obsoleteness.3. It is evident that the author illustrates his point mainly by______A. exemplifying the misdeeds of the old.B. refuting general assumptions.C. quoting famous sayings and proverbs.D. resorting to statistical evidence.4. When mentioning "the rat-race" (Paragraph 2), the author is pouring scorn on the old for their______A. undignified competition for social status.B. failure to solve human conflicts by violence.C. guilty for not learning the art of enjoymentD. adherence only to their challenged values.Passage 2Euthanasia is clearly a deliberate and intentional aspect of a killing. Taking a human life, even with subtle rites and consent of the party involved is barbaric. No one can justly kill another human being. Just as it is wrongfor a serial killer to murder, it is wrong for a physician to do so as well, no matter what the motive for doing so may be.Many thinkers, including almost all orthodox Catholics, believe that euthanasia is immoral. They oppose killing patients in any circumstances whatever. However, they think it is all right, in some special circumstances, to allow patients to die by withholding treatment The American Medical Association's policy statement on mercy killing supports this traditional view. In my paper "Active and Passive Euthanasia" I argue, against the traditional view, that there is in fact no normal difference between killing and letting die --if one is permissible, then so is the other.Professor Sullivan does not dispute my argument; instead he dismisses it as irrelevant The traditional doctrine, he says, does not appeal to or depend on the distinction between killing and letting die. Therefore, arguments against that distinction "leave the traditional position untouched".Is my argument really irrelevant? I don' t see how it can be. As Sullivan himself points out, nearly everyone holds that it is sometimes meaningless to prolong the process of dying and that in those cases it is morally permissible to let a patient die even though a few more hours or days could be saved by procedures that would also increase the agonies of the dying. But if' it is impossible to defend a general distinction between letting people die and acting to terminate their lives directly, then it would seem that active euthanasia also may be morally permissible.But traditionalists like professor Sullivan hold that active euthanasia--the direct killing of patients--is not morally permissible; so, if thy argument is sound, their view must ,be mistaken. I can not agree, then, that my argument "leave the traditional position untouched".However, I shall not press this point. Instead I shall present some further arguments against the traditional position, concentrating on those elements of the position which professor Sullivan himself thinks most important. According to him, what is important is, first, that we should never intentionally terminate the life of a patient, either by action or omission, and second, that we may cease or omit treatment of a patient, knowing that this will result in death, only if the means of treatment involved are extraordinary.5. The author's purpose in writing this passage is______A. to air his opinions on Sullivan's fallacies.B. to attack the traditional view on euthanasia.C. to explain why his argument is relevant.D. to draw a line between killing and letting die.6. According to the author, the views held by traditional orthodox Catholics on euthanasia is______A. rather confusing.B. partially true.C. quite convincing.D. totally groundless.7. Which of the following best defines the word "omission" (Paragraph 6) ?A. InvolvementB. Sympathy.C. Suspension.D. Appraisal.8. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?A. orthodox Catholics accept some kinds of killing in some circumstances.B. Sullivan contends that there is difference between killing and letting die.C. Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.D. The author doesn't agree that he left the traditional position untouched.Passage 3Science writer Tom Standage draws apt parallels between the telegraph and the gem of late 20th-century technology, the Internet. Both systems grew out of the cutting edge science of their time. The telegraph's land lines, underwater cables, and clicking gadgets reflected the 19th century's research in electromagnetism. The Internet's computers and high-speed connections reflect 20th-century computer science, information theory, and materials technology.But, while gizmos make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happen. Standage's insight in this regard adds depth to his technological history. It underscores the relevance to our own time of the struggles of Samuel Morse in America, William Cooke in England, and other telegraph pioneers. They made thetechnology work efficiently, sold it to a skeptical public, and overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles. The solutions they found smooth the Internet's way today.Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet data is sent from one server computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners.Then there is the social impact. The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individuals scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the Start report quickly without the Internet. In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers that had focused on local affairs. A provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever.Some prophets naively hailed this as a force for world peace. They predicted that tensions over cultural and ethnic differences would relax as people interacted in real time. Visionaries say the same about the Internet. While communications can smooth this process, they don't automatically make it happen. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, peace takes the will to make it work and sustained effort by all parties.9. In the opening paragraph, Tom Standage takes advantage of the strategy of______A. making a comparison.B. posing a contrast.C. drawing an analogy.D. enumerating details.10. The word "gizmos" (Paragraph 2) most probably means______A. scientists.B. devices.C. pioneers.D. institutions.11. Why is it that the global telegraph network truly revolutionary?A. It renders virtual communities worldwide feasible.B. It facilitated the breakup of pervasive provincialism.C. It makes real time global news service possible.D. It accelerated the liberalization of world trade.12. As used in the context, the denotation of "provincialism" (Paragraph 4) is closely associated with______A. rigidity in thinking.B. interests in global affairs.C. limitedness in outlook.D. residence in the provinces.13. It can be concluded front the text that the contribution of technological progresses to world peace will ultimately depend upon______A. smooth applications.B. universal access.C. global news services.D. human factors.Passage 4In an effort to alleviate America's increasing dependence on foreign oil and mitigate the worst effects of the current power crisis, Sens Frank Murkowski and John Breaux recently introduced the National Security Energy Act of 2001.While the bill contains a wide array of provisions, including everything from $ 1 billion for the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program to the promotion of alternative fuel vehicles, the most controversial measure calls for opening a small portion of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for oil and gas exploration.Liberals have already gone to war over the measure, charging that the potential resources in ANWR are negligible, that drilling in ANWR will have calamitous effects on the environment, and that any oil and gas that does come out of the area will arrive too late to solve any of the energy challenges consumers currently face.Yet such arguments simply don' t stand up to the evidence. In the first place, no one actually knows howmuch oil is available. A 1998 survey by the U. S. Geological Survey estimated that there are between 4. 3 and 11.8 billion barrels of oil within the area that could be recovered. Even using the low estimate, this would still be enough to supply all of the energy needs of the United States for nearly two-thirds of a year, more than enough to merit further exploration into the ANWR environment.Moreover, there is little evidence that the environment will be harmed by such activity. The New York Times Science Section recently pointed out that innovations in technology and technique have greatly reduced the environmental "footprint" left by oil exploration in general, and Mr. Murkowski estimates that the development resulting from even a large ANWR oil field would cover only about three square miles. Since drilling began in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, the herds of nearby caribou have greatly increased in size. Populations of nesting migratory birds have also gotten larger, "Over the past 20 years, the population of polar bears has remained exceedingly healthy," according to Mr. Murkowski.Helping the public is the primary reason for such drilling, even if the oil won't reach the market for months after the first well is capped. In the long-term, oil from ANWR will help lower energy prices, alleviate long-term energy shortages and reduce America's dependence on foreign oil.Currently, about 55 percent of America's dally oil consumption of almost 20 million barrels comes from foreign sources--700, 000 from Iraq. According to the Department of Energy, this dependence could grow to 64 percent by 2020. By then, the Center for Strategic and International Studies suggests, "fully 50 percent of estimated total global oil demand will be met from countries that pose a high risk of internal instability."America needs long-term solutions to its domestic energy needs and a smart start would be by exploring the resources at ANWR.14. According to the text, drilling in ANWR should be started______A. in the wake of a power crisis.B. despite its harmful effects.C. in the interests of the publicD. in the light of solid evidence.15. The word "mitigate" (Paragraph 1) most probably means______A. lessen.B. augment.C. migrate.D. modify.16. Which of the following is NOT true according to the text?A. It is no easy job to solve the problem of energy shortages in the US.B. Oppositions to the resources exploitations at ANSR are far-fetched.C. Drilling at ANWR will alleviate US dependence on foreign oil supplies.D. Evidence shows up that the ANSR program will harm the environment.Passage 5Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan laid forth the intellectual basis for the likely continued aggressive easing in monetary policy in the weeks ahead in his semi-annual monetary policy report to Congress.The broader point in his prepared testimony is that the improved information and production controls evident in the new economyinduce companies to respond more quickly and in tandem to changes in their business. Mistakes are still made as is evidenced by the unwanted buildup of inventories at the end of last year, but any mistakes are more aggressively addressed than in the past, as is evidenced by manufacturers' recent slashing of production. Moreover, the increasingly dramatic shifts in economic activity are particularly hard on confidence. Consumers and businesses literally freeze up due to the heightened uncertainty, and run from any perceived risks and curtail their spending and investment. If confidence deflates by enough, then a recession will ensue.Confidence has also been under extraordinary pressure in recent months due to surging energy prices and weaker stock prices. Higher energy bills have acted much like a tax increase, save the checks are largely being written to foreign energy producers. The lower stock prices are having a magnified impact due to the dramatic increase in stock wealth since the mid-1990s.The conduct of monetary policy must adjust to all of this, and thus respond more quickly and aggressivelythan in the past in an effort to shore up confidence. This explains the dramatic and unprecedented action (at least by a Greenspan-led Federal Reserve) to cut the federal funds rate target by 100 basis points in January: This also suggests that substantially more easing is on the way in the weeks ahead. Just when and by how much will depend on whether confidence continues to fall.The chairman made a point to note that policymakers have significant latitude to ease policy aggressively since inflation remains low and tame. Despite surging energy prices, inflation and inflation expectations remain contained.The Federal Reserve's economic projections for this year provided as part of the testimony support this non-recessionary view. Real GDP is expected to grow by between 2% and 2. 5% between the fourth quarter of 2000 and the fourth quarter of this year. Since this is below the economy's potential growth, the jobless rate will rise to approximately 4. 5% by year's end. Inflation will moderate somewhat in response.Recession risks are rising and as high as they have been since the last downturn almost a decade ago. The key buffer between a soft economy and a recessionary one is confidence, and today's testimony by the Federal Reserve chairman clearly indicates that policymakers will be as aggressive as they need to be to ensure that confidence erodes no further. With just a bit of luck they will succeed.17. The best title for this passage may be______A. Greenspan's Testimony.B. A New Economy.C. New Monetary Policy.D. A Confidence Builder.18. Which of the following can best be applied to the Fed Reserve's conduct of monetary policy?A. Boldness.B. Confidence.C. Caution.D. Moderateness.19. According to the passage, the new economy is characterized by______A. aggressive investment in stock markets.B. swift response of the chairman to recessions.C. wider latitude to ease monetary policy.D. better information and production controls.20. All of the following may contribute to the deflation of confidence EXCEPT______A. Lower stock markets.B. Less production controls.C. Surging energy prices.D. More risk perceptions.Part ⅢTranslation from English into ChineseA few years ago, the rich world's worry about economic interaction with developing countries was that the poor could not profit from it. So unbalanced were the terms of exchange between the North's mighty industries and the South's weakling sweatshops that trade between the two could be nothing more than exploitation of the one by the other; far from helping the poor countries, global integration would actually deepen their poverty. This fear has now given way to a pessimism that is equal and opposite--namely, that trade with the developing world will impoverish today's rich countries.This new fear is more dangerous than-the old one. The earlier scare tacitly affirmed that the, industrial countries would suffer if they cut heir links with the third world. Starting from there, campaigning in the North to restrict trade with developing countries was going to be an uphill struggle. Those who oppose deeper economic integration now have a better platform. Vital interests oblige the rich countries to protect their industries from the new competition. Unlike its predecessor, this idea may sell.The new fear, like the old one, expresses the conviction that growth in one part of the world must somehow come at the expense of another. This is a deeply rooted prejudice, and plainly wrong. Very nearly all of the world is more prosperous now than it was 30 years ago. Growth has been a story of mutual advance.Lending useful support to this first error is a second--the idea that there is only so much work to go round. If new technologies make some jobs obsolete, or if an increase in the supply of cheap imports makes other jobs uneconomic ,the result must be a permanent rise in unemployment. Again, on a moment's reflection, this is wrong.At the core of both errors is blindness to the adaptive power of a market economy.Part ⅣWritingDirections: According to some Western media, with the rise of Chinese population, Chinese government will not produce sufficient food to feed its people. Write an essay of about 250-300 words to criticize their ideas.Your essay must be based on the instructions as follows:1. Criticize their views2. Justify your point of view参考答案与解析1．D [解析] 题干问：“下面哪项是这篇文章的最佳标题?”正确选项为D“其实年轻人知道的并不少”，这个思想贯穿于文章的段落之间，而“know”是文章重复最多的概念。

各大名校神外考博试题(天坛、山大、湘雅、301、中山大学、协和、同济、珠江医院、)华中同济2007 博神外一名解(4×5')1. 弥散性轴索损伤2. 迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3. 先天性脑积水4. 颅内压增高二问答1. 颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2. 听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3. 垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007 博神外名词解释1. Gradinego syndrome2. 功能神经外科3. Nelson‘s syndrome4. GCS5. Von－Hippol－Lindau简答题1. CCF的临床表现2. 延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3. 急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4. 脑死亡的标准论述题1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山2009博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山2008 博神外24、垂体源性Cushing‘s dise ase 内分泌学检查的临床意义。

25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。

中山2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出Langfitt容积/压力曲线，试述Langfitt试验的过程及临床意义湘雅2005 博神经外科1、癌基因？RAS基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DA VF的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT及MRI表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004 博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005 博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004 博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2003 博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题5分，共10分）1．Lucid interval2．Brown-Sequard’s syndrome二、问答题（共60分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编26(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．We are going to ______ our house by building another room on to it.A．developB．enlargeC．spreadD．stretch正确答案：B解析：enlarge vt．扩大；放大。

develop v. 发展；成长，发育；开发，研制；逐渐显现出。

spread v.摊开，伸开；散布，传播。

stretch v.拉长，延，伸。

2．My students found the book ______: it provided them with an abundance of information on the subject.(2006年财政部财政研究所考博试题)A．enlighteningB．confusingC．distractingD．amusing正确答案：A解析：enlightened意为“令人受启发的，启迪人的”；confusing意为“令人迷惑的”。

distracting意为“使人分散注意力的”；amusing意为“有趣的，令人发笑的”。

所以正确答案选A。

3．We must______that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.A．assureB．secureC．ensureD．issue正确答案：C解析：ensure vt.保证，担保。

4．It is true that Matviyenko’s heading of the campaign would ______ certain staffing shuffles in the leadership, and now only a few members of the company were in the know. (2004年厦门大学考博试题)A．concurB．convokeC．entailD．alternate正确答案：C解析：本题空格处是说Matviyenko领导这场战役将会需要一定的人员变动。

考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编54(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．Mr. White______ for the teacher who was in hospital.A．servedB．substitutedC．placedD．replaced正确答案：B解析：substitute(for)v.用……代替；代替，取代(如：Her brother substituted as host while her husband was away．He substituted for the worker who was ill．)。

serve(as)vi．用作，当作，权当……用。

place vt．放。

replace vt．替换，取代；把……放回原处(replace A by／with B)。

2．I think I’m safe in saying that he will ______me as full Director.A．succeedB．followC．inheritD．pursue正确答案：A解析：succeed vt．接替，接……之后(如：John Adams succeeded Washington as president．Elizabeth succeeded Mary／to the throne．)。

follow vt．跟在……后面。

inherit vt．继承(注：inherit以人作主语，以遗产、官衔、父母的品质或特点等名词作宾语)。

pursue vt．追赶，追踪；追求，从事。

3．They have had a good harvest for three years in______.A．lineB．endC．rowD．succession正确答案：D解析：succession n．连续，接续：接替，继任(in succession—连，一个接一个；have a succession of misfortunes：in succession to[the throne]继承[王位]：have succession to继承)。