高考真题中的构词法与巩固练习
英语中常见的构词法有派生法（Derivation）、合成法（Compounding）和转化法（Conversion）三大类。在每年的高考英语试题中，都会出现大量的派生词、合成词和转化词，而这些词很有可能会影响学生的阅读速度和精准度。
一、派生词
全国I卷
ensure (en- + sure) v确保；保证
en-：使（make）
additional (addition + -al) adj额外的
-al：……的（of）
familiarity (familiar + -ity) n熟悉；亲近
-ity：表示具有某种特征的状态（the condition）
transformative (transform + -ive) adj革命性的；变革的
-ive：具有……性质的（having the quality of ~ing）
physically (physical + -ly) adv 身体上
approximately (approximate + -ly) adv大约
uncommon (un- + common) adj不常有的；罕见的
un-：不（not）
employee (employ + -ee) n受雇者；雇员
-ee：被……者（a person who is ~ed）
harmful (harm + -ful) adj有害的
-ful：易于……的（having the tendency of）
treatment (treat + -ment) n处理；治疗
-ment：……的行为（the act of ~ing）
empower (em- + power) v授权；使能够
em- (=en-)：使（make）
apparently (apparent + -ly) adv显然地
merely (mere + -ly) adv仅仅；只不过
absolutely (absolute + -ly) adv绝对地；完全地unreasonable (un- + reasonable) adj不合理的
un-：不（not）
repeatedly (repeated + -ly) adv重复地；再三地temporarily (temporary + -ly) adv暂时地
casually (casual + -ly) adv偶然地；随意地extremely (extreme + -ly) adv极其；非常
全国II卷
inspirational (inspiration + -al) adj启发灵感的
-al：有……性质的（having the nature of）psychologist (psychology + -ist) n心理学家
-ist：从事……的专家
predictor (predict + -or) n有预测作用的事物
-or：……物（a thing that ~s）
developmental (development + -al) adj发展的
-al：……的（of）
environmentalist (environmental + -ist) n环保主义者-ist：……主义者
ecologist (ecology + -ist) n生态学家
ecosystem (eco- + system) n生态系统
eco-：生态（abstracted from “ecology”）
biologist (biology + -ist) n生物学家
risky (risk + -y) adj冒险的
-y：有……特征的（characterized by）wonderment (wonder + -ment) n 惊奇；惊喜
-ment：the state of ~ing（……的状况）
excitement (excite + -ment) n 激动；兴奋
-ment：the state of ~ing（……的状况）
novelist (novel + -ist) n 小说家
announcement (announce + -ment) n 宣布；宣告
-ment：the act of ~ing（……的行为）
uneasy (un- + easy) adj 不自在的；忧虑的
-un：不（not）
soften (soft + -en) v使变温和
-en：使（cause to be）
enable (en- + able) v使能够
en-：使（make）
conversational (conversation + -al) adj交谈的；谈话的-al：……的（of）
certainly (certain + -ly) adv必然；肯定地
renewal (renew + -al) n恢复；更新
-al：……行为（the act of ~ing）
surely (sure + -ly) adv一定；必定；想必
全国III卷
tasty (taste + -y) adj 美味的
-y：有……特征的（characterized by）
enrich (en- + rich) v丰富
en-：使（make）
treasury (treasure + -y) n宝库
exceptional (exception + -al) adj非凡的
multigenerational (multi- + generation + -al) adj多代的
multi-：多的（many）
traditionally (traditional + -ly) adv历来
coastal (coast + -al) adj近海的；沿海的
characteristic (character + -istic) n特征；特色；特点
registry (register + -y) n登记处
unpack (un- + pack) v打开（盒子、包或手提箱等）取出（物品）un-：取走（to remove）
speechless (speech + -less) adj 说不出话的
-less：无（without）
milky (milk + -y) adj 奶制的；像奶的
-y：多……的（full of）
gently (gentle + -ly) adj 温柔地；温和地
effectiveness (effective + -ness) n有效性
-ness：……的性质或状态（the quality or condition of being）guidance (guide + -ance) n指导；引导
-ance：……的行为（the act of ~ing）
popularity (popular + -ity) n受欢迎；普及；流行
-ity：……的状态（the condition of）
浙江卷
meaningful (meaning + -ful) adj有意义的
-ful：充满……的（full of）
widen (wide + -en) v（使）变宽
-en：使（cause to be）
analytical (analytic + -al) adj分析的
managerial (manager + -ial) adj管理的
multitasking (multi- + task + -ing) n同时做几件事情
multi-：多的（many）
environmental (environment + -al) adj环境的；环保的loneliness (lonely + -ness) n孤独
-ness：……的性质或状态（the quality or condition of being）helpful (help + -ful) adj有帮助的；有益的
-ful：充满……的（full of）
colorful (color + -ful) adj颜色鲜艳的；五彩缤纷的
-ful：充满……的（full of）
machinery (machine + -ery) n机器；机械
-ery：……的群体或集体（a group of ~s）
山东卷
disqualification (dis- + qualify + -tion) n取消资格
dis-：取消（undo）
warmth (warm + -th) n温暖；热情
-th：……的性质或状态（the quality or condition of being）
architectural (architecture + -al) adj建筑学的；建筑方面的
sadden (sad + -en) v使悲哀；使悲痛
-en：使（cause to be）
reportage (report + -age) n事件报道
-age：……行为（the act or of ~ing）
eventful (event + -ful) adj多事故的；经历丰富的
-ful：充满……的（full of）
viewership (viewer + -ship) n（电视节目或频道的）观众人数；观众类型-ship：……的数量（the number of ~s）
significantly (significant + -ly) adv显著地；明显地
extremely (extreme + -ly) adv非常；极其
overweight (over- + weight) adj超重的
over-：过多（too much）
earthen (earth + -en) adj陶制的
-en：由……制成的（be made of）
二、合成词
全国I卷
timetable (time + table) n时刻表
wheelchair (wheel + chair) n轮椅
workplace (work + place) n工作场所
houseplant (house + plant) n室内盆栽植物
groundwater (ground + water) n地下水
lifetime (life + time) n 一生；终生
daylight (day + light) n日光
highway (high + way) 公路；大道
onboard (on + board) adj在船（或飞机、车）上的
全国II卷
award-winning (award + winning) adj获奖的
parkland (park + land) n（如乡村大宅院周围的）有草木的开阔地fine art (fine + art) n 美术（尤指绘画和雕塑）
math-related (math + related) adj与数学相关的
high-income (high + income) adj高收入的
self-control (self + control) n 自制力
showcase (show + case) v展示
guilt-free (guilt + free) adj没有负罪感的
wetland (wet + land) n湿地；沼泽
outcome (out + come) n结果
全国III卷
footstep (foot + step) n脚步声；足迹
waterway (water + way) n水路；航道
in-depth (in + depth) adj彻底的；渗入详尽的
underground (under + ground) adj地下的
fur-coat-wearing (fur + coat + wearing) adj穿毛皮大衣的
full-body (full + body) adj 全身的
filmmaker (film + maker) n电影制作人
realistic-looking (realistic + looking) adj逼真的
off-set (off + set) adj在拍摄场外的
doorway (door + way) n门口；门道
mother-in-law (mother + in + law) n岳母；婆婆
standpoint (stand + point) n观点；立场
household (house + hold) n一家人；家庭
carefree (care + free) adj 无忧无虑的；无牵挂的；无责任的
highland (high + land) n高地；高原
houseboat (house + boat) n船屋
shellfish (shell + fish) n（尤指可以吃的）水生有壳动物
underwater (under + water) adv 在水下；在水中
housewarming (house + warming) n乔迁聚会
firewood (fire + wood) n柴火；木柴
businesswoman (business + woman) n女商人；女企业家
handbag (hand + bag) n手提包
shopkeeper (shop + keeper) n店主
salesperson (sale + person) n售货员
lifelike (life + like) adj 逼真的；生动的；栩栩如生的
masterpiece (master + piece) n杰作；名著；代表作
waterfall (water + fall) n瀑布
浙江卷
playgoer (play + goer) n经常去戏院看戏的人；爱看戏的人
play-reader (play + reader) n（为出版商、演出人或剧团等阅读并评价剧本的）剧本读评人houselight (house + light) n 剧院灯光
cure-all (cure + all) n 万灵药；灵丹妙药
overall (over + all) adj全面的
teamwork (team + work) n 协作；配合
decision-making (decision + making) n决策
high-level (high + level) adj高级的
babysit (baby + sit) v代人临时照看小孩
cardboard (card + board) n硬纸板
leftover (left + over) adj剩余的
lifelong (life + long) adj终身的；毕生的
motorway (motor + way) n高速公路
山东卷
round-trip (round + trip) adj 来回旅程的
willpower (will + power) n 意志力
first-generation (first + generation) adj第一代的
well-rounded (well + rounded) adj全面的
intake(in + take) n（食物等的）摄取量
undergraduate (under + graduate) n本科生
daytime(day + time) n白天
rainwater (rain + water) n雨水
naturally-grown(naturally + grown) adj 自然生长的
postcard (post + card) n 明信片
三、转化词
全国I卷
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does.
pound v [名词动词化] 连续重击
We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day.
engineer v [名词动词化] 改变（动植物等的）基因结构
The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms.
light v [名词动词化] 照亮
全国II卷
It was a special time to bond with my children.
bond v [名词动词化]（与某人）培养一种特殊的关系
Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
frequent v [形容词动词化] 常去；常到
The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting.
flower v [名词动词化] 开花
全国III卷
Discover the China of “past ages,” its walled cities, temples and mountain scenery with Prof. Robert Thorp.
wall v [名词动词化] 用墙把……围住
The creative team ... and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image（图像）.
process v [名词动词化] 处理
And there are questions about the films ... are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
film v [名词动词化]（把……）拍成电影
The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.
number v [名词动词化] 总计
They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.
harvest v [名词动词化] 捕猎（动物、鱼等）
浙江卷
To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage.
picture v [名词动词化] 想象；设想
Challenging work that requires ... might help your brain stay sharp as you age.
age v [名词动词化] 变老
My brother, of course, raced off to be with his friends, while I had plenty to do myself.
race v [名词动词化] 快速移动
They’re all memories I treasure today.
treasure v [名词动词化] 珍惜；珍视
I’ve been farming sheep on a hillside for 54 years.
farm v [名词动词化] 饲养
山东卷
Watering young plants in the dry season was tough for a lone boy.
water v [名词动词化] 给（植物）浇水
如果你还不满足于只学不练，别着急，小编为你量身打造了检测小卷，希望你能小试身手，一气呵成。
构词法检测小卷
一、根据所给提示填空。
1. en-（使）+ sure → ensure v确保；保证
2. addition + -al（……的）→ additional adj
3. familiar + -ity（表示具有某种特征的状态）→ familiarity n
4. transform + -ive（具有……性质的）→ transformative adj
5. physical + -ly → physically adv
6. un-（）+ common → uncommon adj不常有的；罕见的
7. employ + -ee（被……者）→ employee n
8. harm + -ful（易于……的）→ harmful adj
9. treat + -ment（……的行为）→ treatment n
10. em-（）+ power → empower v授权；使能够
11. psychology + -ist（从事……的专家）→ psychologist n
12. predict + -or（……物）→ predictor n
13. environmental + -ist（……主义者）→ environmentalist n
14. eco-（生态）+ system → ecosystem n
15. risk + -y（有……特征的）→ risky adj
16. wonder + -ment（……的状况）→ wonderment n
17. soft + -en（）→ soften v使变温和
18. renew + -al（……行为）→ renewal n
19. taste + -y（有……特征的）→ tasty adj
20. multi-（）+ generation + -al → multigenerational adj多代的
21. un-（）+ pack → unpack v打开（盒子、包或手提箱等）取出（物品）
22. speech + -less（无）→ speechless adj
23. milk + -y（多……的）→ milky adj
24. effective + -ness（……的性质或状态）→ effectiveness n
25. guide + -ance（……的行为）→ guidance n
26. popular + -ity（……的状态）→ popularity n
27. meaning + -ful（充满……的）→ meaningful adj
28. machine + -ery（……的群体或集体）→ machinery n
29. dis-（取消）+ qualify + -tion → disqualification n
30. warm + -th（……的性质或状态）→ warmth n
31. report + -age（……行为）→ reportage n
32. viewer + -ship（……的数量）→ viewership n ；观众类型
33. over-（过多）+ weight → overweight adj
34. earth + -en（由……制成的）→ earthen adj
35. time + table → timetable n
36. ground + water → groundwater n
37. life + time → lifetime n
38. on + board → onboard adj
39. fine + art → fine art n
40. high + income → high-income adj
41. self + control → self-control n
42. show + case → showcase v
43. out + come → outcome n
44. foot + step → footstep n
45. in + depth → in-depth adj
46. off + set → off-set adj
47. door + way → doorway n
48. stand + point → standpoint n
49. care + free → carefree adj ；无牵挂的；无责任的
50. house + warming → housewarming n
51. hand + bag → handbag n
52. shop + keeper → shopkeeper n
53. life + like → lifelike adj ；生动的；栩栩如生的
54. master + piece → masterpiece n ；名著；代表作
55. water + fall → waterfall n
56. cure + all → cure-all n万灵药；
57. baby + sit → babysit v
58. left + over → leftover adj
59. life + long → lifelong adj终身的；
60. round + trip → round-trip adj
61. will + power → willpower n
62. well + rounded → well-rounded adj
63. in + take → intake n
64. under + graduate → undergraduate n
65. day + time → daytime n
二、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。
1. He began pounding the keyboard of his computer.____________________
2. We can’t genetically engineer humans. ____________________
3. The room was lit by one large, central light.____________________
4. Mothers who are depressed sometimes fail to bond with their children.
____________________
5. We met in a local bar much frequented by students. ____________________
6. When does this plant flower? ____________________
7. Why not visit the beautiful walled city of York? ____________________
8. All university applications are processed through this system.
____________________
9. Most of the scenes were filmed in a studio. ____________________
10. After the hurricane the homeless numbered over 200,000.
____________________
11. We found it hard to picture him as the father of teenage sons.
____________________
12. As he aged, his memory got worse. ____________________
13. He raced into the village on his bike. ____________________
14. Jim treasured the gold pocket watch that his grandfather had given him.
____________________
15. They farm dairy cattle. ____________________
16. Will you water my houseplants while I’m away?____________________
构词法检测小卷答案
一、
1. 使
2. 额外的
3. 熟悉；亲近
4. 革命性的；变革的
5. 身体上
6. 不
7. 受雇者；雇员
8. 有害的
9. 处理；治疗10. 使11. 心理学家12. 有预测作用的事物13. 环保主义者14. 生态系统15. 冒险的16. 惊奇；惊喜17. 使18. 恢复；更新19. 美味的20. 多的21. 取走22. 说不出话的23. 奶制的；像奶的24. 有效性25. 指导；引导26. 受欢迎；普及；流行27. 有意义的28. 机器；机械29. 取消资格30. 温暖；热情31. 事件报道32. 观众人数33. 超重的34. 陶制的35. 时刻表36. 地下水37. 一生；终生38. 在船（或飞机、车）上的39. 美术（尤指绘画和雕塑）40. 高收入的41. 自制力42. 展示43. 结果44. 脚步声；足迹45. 彻底的；渗入详尽的46. 在拍摄场外的47. 门口；门道48. 观点；立场49. 无忧无虑的50. 乔迁聚会51. 手提包52. 店主53. 逼真的54. 杰作55. 瀑布56. 灵丹妙药57. 代人临时照看小孩58. 剩余的59. 毕生的60. 来回旅程的61. 意志力62. 全面的63.（食物等的）摄取量64. 本科生65. 白天
二、
1. 猛敲
2. 改变（动植物等的）基因结构
3. 照亮
4.（与某人）培养一种特殊的关系
5. 常去；常到
6. 开花
7. 有城墙的城市
8. 处理
9.（把……）拍成电影10. 总计11. 想象；设想12. 变老13. 快速移动14. 珍惜；珍视15. 饲养16. 给（植物）浇水