英美文化在英语教学中的应用
摘要：随着全球化趋势的加剧，越来越要求我们克服文化差异，顺利实现跨文化交际，新的《英语课程标准》和近几年的高考试题也明显体现了这方面的要求。如何在日常的高中英语教学中渗透文化教学已成为每位高中英语教师必须解决的课题。本文结合高中英语教学实际，对此进行了有益的探讨，具有较强的可操作性。
关键词：文化交流；英语教学；文化意识
中图分类号：G632.0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1992-7711（2016）03-0035
在英语教学中渗透文化教育是基础教育阶段英语课程的重要任务之一。基础教育阶段，英语课程使用的教材是学生学习和教师教学的重要内容与手段。这套教材将中国文化与英美文化交织在一起，因此，在教学中要充分发掘教材，渗透文化教育，使语言技能的教学和文化意识的培养同步进行，使学生在学习英语的过程中了解英语国家的文化，发展跨文化交际的意识和能力。
一、高中英语教学中渗透文化教学的必要性
众所周知，21世纪是全球化的时代，精神和物质产品的加速流通，将世界各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，国际间政治、经济和文化交往越来越频繁，已经成为各
民族生活中不可或缺的部分。然而，国际交往的顺利实现，除了要求我们具备基本的听、说、读、写这些外语技能外，还要求我们必须要对渗透在外语中的外国文化有较深入的了解。文化差异是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。作为当前英语课程改革实践中的一线教师，要想让今天的受教育者在将来能够顺利完成其交际活动，就必须增强文化思维的观念，将语言教学和文化渗透有机结合起来，否则必然会造成日后交际上的重大失误。
在高中英语教学中导入文化背景知识、培养学生的跨文化交际能力、培养学生文化意识、增强对文化差异的敏感性和鉴赏能力，已成为现代英语教学的重要目的之一。教育部颁布的《英语课程标准》已把“提高对中外文化异同的敏感性和鉴别能力，进而提高跨文化交际能力”列入高中英语课程的内容和目标之中。《英语课程标准》指出，文化主要指英语国家的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范和价值观念等。所以，教师要在课内外着重上述文化内容的渗透。《英语课程标准》也列出了在高中英语学习阶段要达到的七、八级目标，其中七级为必须达到的目标。以下是七级目标描述：1. 理解英语中的常用成语和俗语及其文化内涵；2. 理解英语交际中的常用典故和传说；3. 了解英语国家主要的文学家、艺术家、科学家、
政治家的成就和贡献等。4. 初步了解主要英语国家的政治和经济等方面的情况；5. 了解英语国家中主要大众传播媒体的情况；6. 了解主要英语国家人们与中国人生活方式的异同；7. 了解英语国家人们在行为举止和待人接物等方面与中国人的异同；8. 了解英语国家的主要宗教传统；9. 通过学习英语了解世界文化，培养世界意识；10. 通过中外文化对比，加深对中国文化的理解。
与此相适应，近年的高考英语试题更是在文化背景知识和语言运用实践性方面有了明显的延伸和拓展。试题内容更贴近生活，反映着当前社会包括国际社会的各种新问题和新内容。同时，在语言运用方面提出了更高的要求，在获取信息方面要求阅读原汁原味的英文，这里就既有语言是否地道、标准的问题，也有关于文化氛围和背景的问题。高考命题的走势说明了一个简单的事实，即学习英语不可能仅仅学习语言，它必须与学习文化同步进行。
二、英美文化对高中英语教学的作用
学习英语不能不注意中国和西方的差异文化，否则会引起不必要的误会。在英语教学中，可以常常发现毫元恶意的语言会使对方惊讶或愤怒，简单的一句话会使一方捧腹大笑，而另一方则全然不知其幽默所在。如果了解了这些不同的英美文化背景，就不会产生这些误会了。
英美文化除了对口语教学及交际至关重要外，对英语
UK Unit 1 The COUNTRY 1. Read the following statements carefully and then decide whether they are true or false. Put a “T” if you think the statement is true and an “F” if it is not. United Kingdom and Northern Island is located in northern Europe. ( F )英国和北爱尔兰坐落在北欧。 （注：北爱尔兰是英国的一部分，而英国位于西欧，即Western Europe，是一个岛国） 2.The United Kingdom consists of four political divisions ------ England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. ( F ) 英国包含四个政治分区，分别是英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰。 （注：爱尔兰是西欧的一个国家，此处应为“北爱尔兰”即Norther Island，这才是英国的一个地区。） 3.England is one of the two large islands in the British Isles. ( F ) 英格兰是不列颠群岛上的两个大岛屿之一。 （注：不列颠群岛包括大不列颠岛、爱尔兰岛、马恩岛及附近的5 500多个小岛； 英国全称为大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，有大不列颠岛上的英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰岛上的北爱尔兰组成。大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛才是不列颠群岛上的两个大岛屿，英格兰是大不列颠岛上的岛屿之一。） 4.The British Isles are made up of three large islands and hundreds of small ones. ( F )不列颠群岛由三个大岛屿和许多小岛屿组成。 （注：由两个大岛屿和其他小岛组成，大岛屿为大不列颠岛和爱尔兰岛） 5.Wales lies on the east coast of the island of Great Britain. ( F ) 威尔士坐落在大不列颠岛的东海岸。
Unit 2 Robots 【导读】《海底两万里》是法国科幻小说家儒勒·凡尔纳的代表作之一，是一部出色的悬念小说，叙述了法国生物学者阿龙纳斯教授在海洋深处旅行的故事。阅读下面选取的有关冒险活动的节选，认真体会他们面对海上危险的态度。 Twenty Thousand Leagues Under The Sea (excerpt) Part One Chapter Five For some while the voyage of the Abraham Lincoln was marked by no incident.But one circumstance arose that displayed Ned Land's marvelous skills and showed just how much confidence we could place in him. Off the Falkland Islands on June 30，the frigate came in contact with a fleet of American whalers，and we learned that they hadn't seen the narwhale.But one of them，the captain of the Monroe，knew that Ned Land had shipped aboard the Abraham Lincoln and asked his help in hunting a baleen whale that was in sight.Anxious to see Ned Land at work，Commander Farragut authorized him to make his way aboard the Monroe.And the Canadian had such good luck that with a right-and-left shot，he harpooned not one whale but two，striking the first straight to the heart and catching the other after a few minutes' chase! Assuredly，if the monster ever had to deal with Ned Land's harpoon，I wouldn't bet on the monster. The frigate sailed along the east coast of South America with prodigious speed.By July 3 we were at the entrance to the Strait of Magellan.But Commander Farragut was unwilling to attempt this tortuous passageway and maneuvered instead to double Cape Horn. The crew sided with him unanimously.Indeed，were we likely to encounter the narwhale in such a cramped strait？Many of our sailors swore that the monster couldn't negotiate this passageway simply because “he's too big for it！” Our course was set for the northwest，and the next day our frigate's propeller finally churned the waters of the Pacific. “Open your eyes！Open your eyes！” repea ted the sailors of the Abraham Lincoln. And they opened amazingly wide.Eyes and spyglasses (a bit dazzled，it is true，by the vista of $2，000.00) didn't remain at rest for an instant.Day and night we observed the surface of the ocean，and those with nyctalopic eyes，whose ability to
音乐在英语教学中的应用 热爱音乐是幼儿的天性，幼儿对音乐的敏感程度、接受能力、悟性都比较强。当他们还不能像成人那样懂得理性辨析时，就能靠音乐直接感知这变化莫测的世界。因此，把音乐与英语活动融合起来，借助歌曲和节奏作为英语的载体，就能使幼儿在唱唱、念念、动动中轻松、愉快地学习英语，从而培养对英语活动的兴趣。我们把英语歌曲及数来宝看作是英语相融合的主要结合体。在实际运用中，充分考虑到幼儿的年龄特点及接受能力，选择及运用适宜幼儿的内容及方法，提供幼儿表演、表现的机会，提高幼儿对英语的兴趣及听说能力。 首先，选择的内容要适合幼儿。选择符合幼儿特点及发展水平的歌词，这些歌词琅琅上口，便于幼儿记忆，易学、易唱，使幼儿充满兴趣。例如：在“the wheels on the bus” 中，汽车轮子是幼儿熟悉的，开车又是幼儿喜欢及乐于用动作表现的，边唱边做动作使幼儿很容易学唱这首歌。随着幼儿认知水平、记忆力、模仿力的发展，歌词的选择范围可逐步扩大，又容易用动作表现的扩大至可以用表情语调表现的歌词。另外，数来宝的节奏选择应力求单一、明快，明快的节奏能使幼儿很快地掌握发音、吐字的瑰丽，增强幼儿的英语语感。单一的节奏能使幼儿很快掌握，从而产生表
达、表现的自信心。 其次，选择的方法要吸引幼儿。主要可以通过直接感受法，肢体律动法，听辨操作法，节奏法，创作表现法。直接感受法是指由而直接用视觉、听觉参与活动，获得经验、体验。通过直接听磁带或教师示范唱、念，结合图片、实物、动作、多媒体、影像等，让 幼儿直接感受。幼儿思维具体形象的特点是这些直观教具能深深吸引他们。肢体律动法是指用手势律动和体态律动表现歌词、数来宝的内容，以帮助幼儿理解的教学方法。它包括手势律动及体态动作。使用肢体动作能表达语言讯息，如：在“I am a little teapot” 中，右手插腰做壶柄，左手向上弯曲做茶壶嘴，双腿向外侧弯曲，随着音乐“小茶壶”有节奏的摇摆，仿佛在一次一次地倒水。这样可以帮助幼儿形成生动形象的直接感知，并能易于幼儿进行直接思维。 听辨操作法是在欣赏中引导幼儿仔细听辨歌词、数来宝内容，根据听到的熟悉的内容进行操作、摆玩具的方法。这样不仅培养了幼儿听的习惯，提高了听力，而且手脑并用，促进了幼儿大脑的发展。
About American 1.What is the full name of America? The United States of America 2 How many states are there in the United States? Fifty states 3 What is the capital of the USA Washington D.C. 4 Where is the Stature of Liberty? In New York 5 Where does the American president live ? In the white house About Britain 1 What does UK stand for ? The United Kingdom 2 What us the full name of the UK? The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 3What are the four parts of the UK? England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. 4In which continent is the UK situated? In Europe. 5 By which channel is the UK separated The English Channel About China 1.How many ethnic groups are there in China? 56 2.In which continent is China located In Asia 3. what are the four great inventions in ancient China? Paper-making, printing, gunpowder, and the compass 4. What is the largest island in China? Taiwan Island 5. When was the people’s Republic of China founded?
【导读】当演员是多少人孩提时期的梦想。人们通常以为演员代表的是光鲜、美丽与富有，但真的是那样吗？ 【节选】 Pictures Eight o'clock in the morning.Miss Ada Moss lay in her narrow bed，staring up at the ceiling.Her room，which was right at the top of a tall house in Bloomsbury，smelled of wet clothes and face powder and the bag of fried potatoes she had brought in for supper the night before. ‘Oh dear，’thought Miss Moss.‘I am cold.I wonder why I always wake up so cold in the mornings now.My knees and feet and my back—especially my back—are like ice.And I was always so warm in the old days.It isn't because I'm thin.I'm just as well-covered as I always was.No，it's because I don't have a good hot dinner in the evenings.’ She imagined a row of good hot dinners passing across the ceiling，each with a bottle of good strong beer. ‘I'd like to get up now，’she thought，‘and have a big sensible breakfast.’Pictures of big sensible breakfasts followed the good hot dinners across the ceiling.Miss Moss pulled the blanket up over her head and closed her eyes.Suddenly，her landlady burst into the room. ‘There's a letter for you，Miss Moss.’ ‘Oh，’said Miss Moss，in a voice which was much too friendly，‘thank you very much，Mrs Pine.It's very good of you to bring me my letters.’ ‘Oh，it's nothing，’said the landlady.‘I hope it's the letter that you've been waiting for.’ ‘Yes，’said Miss Moss brightly，‘yes，perhaps it is.I wouldn't be surprised.’ ‘Well，I'd be very surprised，’said the landlady.‘That's the truth.And can you open it right now，please？A lot of landladies wouldn't even ask—they'd just open it themselves.Things can't go on like this，Miss Moss，indeed they can't.First you tell me
英美文化在英语教学中的应用 摘要：随着全球化趋势的加剧，越来越要求我们克服文化差异，顺利实现跨文 化交际，新的《英语课程标准》和近几年的高考试题也明显体现了这方面的要求。如何在日常的高中英语教学中渗透文化教学已成为每位高中英语教师必须解决的 课题。本文结合高中英语教学实际，对此进行了有益的探讨，具有较强的可操作性。 关键词：文化交流；英语教学；文化意识 在英语教学中渗透文化教育是基础教育阶段英语课程的重要任务之一。基础教育阶段， 英语课程使用的教材是学生学习和教师教学的重要内容和手段。这套教材将中国文化与英美 文化交织在一起，因此，在教学中要充分发掘教材，渗透文化教育，使语言技能的教学和文 化意识的培养同步进行，使学生在学习英语的过程中了解英语国家的文化，发展跨文化交际 的意识和能力。 一、高中英语教学中渗透文化教学的必要性 众所周知，21世纪是全球化的时代，精神和物质产品的加速流通，将世界各个民族纳入 到一个共同的“地球村”中，国际间的政治、经济和文化交往越来越频繁，已经成为各民族生 活中不可或缺的部分。然而，国际交往的顺利实现，除了要求我们具备基本的听、说、读、 写这些外语技能，还要求我们必须要对渗透在外语中的外国文化有较深入的了解。文化差异 是跨文化交际的障碍，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。作 为当前英语课程改革实践中的一线教师，要想让今天的受教育者在将来能够顺利完成其交际 活动，就必须增强文化思维的观念，将语言教学和文化渗透有机结合起来，否则就必然造成 日后交际上的重大失误。 在高中英语教学中导入文化背景知识、培养学生的跨文化交际能力、培养学生文化意识、增强对文化差异的敏感性和鉴赏能力，已成为现代英语教学的重要目的之一。教育部颁布的《英语课程标准》已把“提高对中外文化异同的敏感性和鉴别能力，进而提高跨文化交际能力”列入高中英语课程的内容和目标之中。《英语课程标准》指出，文化主要指英语国家的历史、地理、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、行为规范和价值观念等。所以教师要在 课内外着重上述文化内容的渗透。《英语课程标准》也列出了在高中英语学习阶段要达到的七、八级目标，其中七级为必须达到的目标。以下是七级目标描述：1.理解英语中的常用成 语和俗语极其文化内涵；2.理解英语交际中的常用典故和传说；3.了解英语国家主要的文学家、艺术家、科学家、政治家的成就、贡献等。4.初步了解主要英语国家的政治和经济等方 面的情况；5.了解英语国家中主要大众传播媒体的情况；6.了解主要英语国家人们与中国人 生活方式的异同；7.了解英语国家人们在行为举止和待人接物等方面与中国人的异同；8.了 解英语国家的主要宗教传统；9.通过学习英语了解世界文化，培养世界意识；10.通过中外文 化对比加深对中国文化的理解。 与此相适应，近年的高考英语试题更是在文化背景知识和语言运用实践性方面有了明显 的延伸和拓展。试题内容更贴近生活，反映着当前社会包括国际社会的各种新问题和新内容。同时，在语言运用方面提出了更高的要求，在获取信息方面要求阅读原汁原味的英文，这里 就既有语言是否地道、标准的问题，也有关于文化氛围和背景的问题。高考命题的走势说明 了一个简单的事实，即学习英语不可能仅仅学习语言，它必须与学习文化同步进行。 二、英美文化对高中教学的作用 学习英语不能不注意中国和西方的差异文化，否则会引起不必要的误会。在英语教学中，可以常常发现毫元恶意的语言会使对方惊讶或愤怒，简单的一句话会使一方捧腹大笑，而另 一方则全然不知其幽默所在。如果了解了这些不同的英美文化背景，就不会产生这些误会了。 英美文化除了对口语教学及交际至关重要外，对英语教学中的其他内容，如听力、阅读 及翻译写作也有影响。在英语听力教学中，常常发现学生在听力训练上花费的工夫不少，但 成果却不如人意。其中一个重要原因就是对英美文化了解太少。如与英美文化有关的材料， 即使内容简单，有时也只是听明白了字面意思不能了解真正的内涵。 英美文化在英语阅斗中也起着重要的作用。如果不了解英美文化背景，在英语学习中同
高中英语Unit3Backtothepast英美文化欣赏教案（含解析）牛津 译林版必修3 【导读】海伦·凯勒，美国著名的盲聋女作家、教育家。她幼时患病，两耳失聪，双目失明。她以一颗不屈不挠的心灵坦然接受生命的挑战，以惊人的毅力面对生活的困难，在黑暗中寻找着人生的光明，然后又把生命的全部奉献给残疾人慈善事业。 The Story of My Life (Excerpt) In October，1896，I entered the Cambridge School for Young Ladies，to be prepared for Radcliffe. When I was a little girl，I visited Wellesley and surprised my friends by the announcement，“Some day I shall go to college —but I shall go to Harvard！”When asked why I would not go to Wellesley，I replied that there were only girls there.The thought of going to college took root in my heart and became an earnest desire，which impelled me to enter into competition for a degree with seeing and hearing girls，in the face of the strong opposition of many true and wise friends.When I left New York the idea had become a fixed purpose；and it was decided that I should go to Cambridge.This was the nearest approach I could get to Harvard and to the fulfillment of my childish declaration. At the Cambridge School the plan was to have Miss Sullivan attend the classes with me and interpret to me the instruction given. Of course my instructors had no experience in teaching any but normal pupils, and my only means of conversing with them was reading their lips.My studies for the first year were English history, English literature，German，Latin，arithmetic，Latin composition and occasional themes. 我的生活(节选) 1896年10月，我进入剑桥女子学院学习，这也是为迈入拉德克利夫学院做准备。 当我还是个小姑娘的时候，曾去韦尔斯利参观。当时，我的宣言令我的朋友们为之一惊：“将来我也会上大学——但是要上就上哈佛大学！”于是他们问我为什么不选择韦尔斯利学院，而我却回答说那所学院里只有女生。上大学的念头在我心里扎下了根，进而变为一种坚定不移的愿望。可以说，这种愿望激励着我迈入学位争夺战的行列，而我的对手是一些耳目俱全的女孩子。当然，我也要面对身边那些现实而明智的朋友们的强烈反对。在我离开纽约
信息化教育在英语教学中的运用 互助县红崖子沟上寨中学蔡进平 初中英语教学大纲的前言中提到：“当今世界，以信息技术为主要标志的科技进步日新月异。社会生活的信息化和经济活动的全球化使外语，特别是英语，日益成为我国对外开放和与各国交往的重要工具。”在信息化突飞猛进的今天，如何使学生学好和运用好英语这一对外交流的工具，是摆在我们英语教师面前的一个重要课题。。 我国教育工作长期以来受传统模式的影响，改革创新步伐不快，如何跟上世界潮流，培养符合时代要求的人才的教育之路，摆在我们面前要求我们必须运用现代教育信息技术，改革传统教育模式，针对教学对象，科学的进行教学设计。近几年来，在素质教育的大前提下，我国在信息技术教育方面制订了一系列的方针政策，中学信息技术教育也从无到有、从小到大，蓬勃发展起来了。加快教育改革步伐，不断探索有效的教学方法，利用现代化的教学手段，提高学生的计算机知识水平和实践动手能力，以提高未来建设者的科学文化素质、能力和科技意识，是中学信息技术教育的根本任务。过去说“学好数理化，走遍天下都不怕”，现在恐怕不行了。社会向前发展了，跨世纪人才的科学素质应有五大支柱：数学、物理、化学、生命科学和信息科学。近年来国家强调了计算机在中小学的地位和作用，这是十分重要和正确的，也真正体现了小平同志曾说的“计算机要从娃娃抓起”的重要性。现在教育体制改革正大力推行，信息技术教育改革也势在必行。 在全面推进素质教育的今天，英语课程要我们强调学生各种能力的培养，其中使用计算机获取信息、处理信息、展示信息和负责任地使用信息技术是信息时代中学生必须具有的信息素养和能力，而培养学生具有这种素养和能力是我们教师要运用好信息技术课程教学作好启蒙。为实现这一光荣而艰巨的任务，我们必须研究如何搞好信息技术课程的教学，提高信息技术课教学的质量与效益。下面我浅谈一下在英语教学中如何搞好信息技术课程教学，提高信息技术课程教学质量。 一、加强中学英语信息技术课程教学重要性的宣传 由于信息技术课程目前还不太普及，也不是必考科目。这在一定
一．A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning （告别辞：莫悲伤） Whilst some of their sad friends do say , The breath goes now , and some say, no: (ABAB) Moving of th'earth brings harms and fears, earthquake--caused by God's anger Men reckon what it did and meant, calculate/count up But trepidation of the spheres, trembling (Whose soul is sense) cannot admit Absence, because it doth remove Those things which elemented it. composed physical love (DFDF)
But we by a love, so much refin'd, purified That our selves know not what it is, Inter-assured of the mind, mutually assured Our two souls therefore, which are one, Though I must go, endure not yet, yet not to suffer If they be two, they are two so As stiff twin compasses are two, To move, but doth, if th'other do. (JKJK) And though it in the center sit, fixed foot Yet when the other far doth roam, does move far It leans, and hearkens after it, And grows erect, as that comes home.the foot that draws the circumference (LFLF) Such wilt thou be to me, who must Like th'other foot, obliquely run; And makes me end, where I begun (MNMN) 主题：The poet and his lover is going to separate. The poet would like to comfort his lover that their love is sacred and they will never be inseparable as the soul will never be inseparable from the body so that she shouldn’t show grief to his leaving. 主人公：The poet loves his lover very much. Although they are going to separate, he still knows clearly that no matter where he goes, their souls will always be together and their love will always be pure as well as sacred.
Unit 19 Language 【导读】《小王子》是法国作家安托万·德·圣·埃克苏佩里于1942年写成的著名儿童文学短篇小说。本书的主人公是来自外星球的小王子。书中以一位飞行员作为故事叙述者，讲述了小王子从自己星球出发前往地球的过程中，所经历的各种历险。作者以小王子的孩子式的眼光，透视出成人的空虚、盲目，愚妄和死板教条，用浅显天真的语言写出了人类的孤独寂寞、没有根基随风流浪的命运。同时，也表达出作者对金钱关系的批判，对真善美的讴歌。 Prince(Excerpt) It was then that the fox appeared. “Good morning，”said the fox. “Good morning，”the little prince responded politely, although when he turned around he saw nothing. “I am right here，” the voice said, “under the apple tree.” “Who are you？” asked the little prince, and added, “You are very pretty to look at.” “I am a fox，”said the fox. “Come and play with me，”proposed the little prince. “I am so unhappy.” “I cannot play with you，”the fox said. “I am not tamed.” “Ah! Please excuse me，” said the little prince. But, after some thought, he added: “What does that mean—‘tame’？” “You do not live here，” said the fox. “What is it that you are looking for？” “I am looking for men，” said the little prince. “What does that mean—‘tame’？” “Men，” said the fox. “They have guns, and they hunt. It is very disturbing. They also raise chickens. These are their only interests. Are you looking for chickens？” “No，”said the little prince. “I am looking for friends. What does that mean —‘tame’？” “It is an act too often neglected，”said the fox.“It means to establish ties.” “To establish ties？” “Just that，” said the fox. “To me, you are still nothing more than a little boy who is just like a hundred thousand other little boys. And I have no need of you. And you, on your part, have no need of me. To you, I am nothing more than a
英美文化欣赏 [导读] 《大卫·科波菲尔》是著名作家狄更斯的代表作之一。阅读下面选取的有关成长中的烦恼的节选，对比中外文化中对成长烦恼态度的异同。 David was sent to school In Yarmouth I was put on the long-distance coach to London，and travelled all through the night.At the coach station in London，I was collected by a teacher，Mr.Mell，and taken to Salem House，the school which the Murdstones had chosen for me. The school was a large old building with a dusty playground，surrounded by a high brick wall.It looked strangely deserted.I was very surprised to find that none of the boys were there，and was told that they were all on holiday，and that I had been sent there during the holidays as a punishment for my wickedness①.The headmaster and teachers were on holiday too，all except for Mr.Mell，who had to look after me. I spent a whole month in that miserable② place，doing my lessons in the dirty，empty classroom，which smelt of old food and unwashed boys.Every evening I had to eat my supper with Mr.Mell，and then go straight to bed.The worst thing was the sign I had to wear round my neck.It said：BE CAREFUL！HE BITES.I was only allowed to take it off when I went to bed. Although I was extremely lonely and unhappy at this time，I was not looking forward to meeting all the other boys.I felt sure they would laugh at me and especially at the sign I was forced to wear.But one day Mr.Mell told me that the headmaster，Mr.Creakle，had returned，and wanted to see me.So I went，trembling③，to his part of the house. I realized at once that Mr.Creakle lived much more comfortably than the boys or the teachers.He was a small，fat man with a purple nose，who was sitting in an armchair with a bottle of wine and a glass in front of him. “So，this is the boy who bites，is it？”he asked unpleasantly.“I know your stepfather，boy.He's a man of strong character，he is.He knows me，and I know him.Do you know me？Answer me，boy！”He pulled violently④ at my ear. “Not yet，sir，”I answered，tears of pain in my eyes. “Ah，but you soon will！Oh yes，I have a strong character too，you'll see！”He banged⑤ his hand hard on the table. I was very frightened，but I made myself ask the question I had been considering for a whole month.“Please，sir，I'm very sorry for what I did to Mr.Murdstone.Could
PPT在英语教学中的应用 随着现代化教学技术的发展，电脑、投影仪等在课堂教学中起到了非常重要的作用。而在录像、动画、投影等现代教学手段中, PowerPoint的使用最为普遍频繁，也是最为师生接受与欢迎的手段之一。这是由其自身特点决定的，与录像、动画相比, PowerPoint具有以下优点：(1)与传统的粉笔黑板教学方法最为相似，可以很好地衔接与结合。(2)对教师而言，易学好用，在教学中根据学生的反馈信息，可以及时调整翻页速度而控制教学节奏，并可适时穿插结合其他教学手段。(3)对学生而言，减少了板书时间，使课堂更为紧凑，效率提高；并且由于易学好用，自己也能制作，为学生主动参与课堂教学创造了有利的条件。同时，PowerPoint作为目前流行的演示图形创作工具软件，它集动画和声音于一体，能制作出各种极具感染力的幻灯片，能使用计算机配合大屏幕投影仪直接进行教学演示。 在英语教学中，利用PowerPoint，我们能把教材中的素材以动画、演示图片等形式展示给学生，增加学生的视觉感官效果，较生动形象地展示教材中的语言素材，学生的视听效果得到强化，从而优化英语教学效果。以下将通过教学中的实例，从英语词汇、对话两方面说明如何将PowerPoint充分运用到英语教学中去： 一、利用PowerPoint放飞英语词汇教学 词汇是语言的三大要素之一，是语言的建筑材料。如何教学生掌握一定数量的词汇，是中学英语教学的重要任务之一。PowerPoint能很容易地把词汇教学融入到具体的情景之中，在具体情景中教单词、学单词，不但可以克服孤立记单词容易遗忘的缺陷，而且能培养学生灵活运用单词的能力。 例如：牛津初中英语7B Unit 4 Amathing Things之中有很多动物的新单词。笔者在教这一课的时候，充分利用PowerPoint，制作了比较适合本班学生的课件，取得了不错的效果。 首先，笔者从网上下载并剪辑了动画片狮子王的片段(笔者精心选择了气势磅礴并不断出现各种动物的一个片段），并利用PowerPoint中的插入影片这一项，把这一片段放入幻灯片中。然后，再上网搜索了一些这一课中所教动物的精美图片，比如长颈鹿和乌龟等等，同样放入幻灯片进行编辑。上课时，笔者是这样运用此课件的： T：Did you watch the film “The Lion King”？ Ss: Yes! T: Would you want to enjoy one period of it now？ Ss: Of course! T: Please tell me the names of the animals in this film as much as you can after you watch it. 通过一小段影片的放映，有效地调动了学生的兴趣和注意力。同时，抛出的问题又把被动的观看和主动的思考结合在了一起。从学生的回答来看，他们观看得很仔细，基本达到了预期的目的。 如果希望学生回答得更全面一些，还可以设计一个brainstorming：Can you tell me more？可以用PowerPoint的配合使这一个步骤更具趣味性：在幻灯片中插入具有动画效果的小男孩和小女孩。如果男同学回答了一种动物，那么小男孩后出现一颗会发光的五角星，同时有鼓掌的声音发出。女同学也是如此。PowerPoint的使用会使这一类小游戏达到最佳的教学效果。 接着，笔者就可以自然地引出要学的动物生词了。幻灯片展示了动物的图片及标识图片的新单词tortoise, giraffe等。学生看到画面之后，自然想知道这个单词的发音。假如所教单词中相同的字母有相同的发音。教师可以把这个字母变成红色并且闪烁两次，以引起学
The Cold War （冷战） By the end of WWⅡ, the United States, which had not suffered as much as other allied countries, because the strongest country in the world. As the possessor of atomic tombs and much of the world’s gold reserve and industrial production in its hand, the policy-makers of the US wanted a world order dominated by the US, a world market free and open to American goods and services. In pursuing this goal, the US encountered determined resistance from the Soviet Union. Gradually the two wartime allies fell apart and the Cold War began. Mrs. Thatcher （撤切尔主义） Thatcherism referred to the policies put forward by Margaret Thatcher, the first woman prime minister in England in 1979. The main contents of her policies included the return to private ownership of state-owned industries, the use of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weakening of trade unions the strengthening of the role of market forces in the economy, and an emphasis on law and order. To some extent her program was successful and she led one of the most remarkable periods in the British economy. Service industries （服务业） They are industries that sell a service rather than make a product，which now dominate the economy. Service industries range from banking to telecommunications to the provision of meals in restaurants. As more and more people are employed in service industries in the US, it is sometimes said the US has moved into a “post-industrial era”. Regionalism (地方主义) As pioneers settled new territories in the West, writers now focused on the differences between the various regions of the United States rather than on a single vision of the expanding country. Stock （股票） When starting or expanding business, corporations need to borrow money. They may issue stocks for people to buy. When people buy stock, they become part owner of the company. If the company makes a profit, they receive a share of it. Likewise, if the company loses money, the stockholders will not make a profit or the value of their shares will drop—they lose money. Therefore buying stock is a risk. Three Faiths in the US （三大信仰） By the 1950s, the three faiths model of American religion had developed. Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish. In terms of numbers, the Protestants are the strongest, the Catholics are next to the Protestants and Jewish are the smallest among