文献出处：Fetscherin M, Alon I, Johnson J P. Assessing the export competitiveness of Chinese industries[J]. Asian Business & Management, 2010, 9(3): 401-424.
原文
Assessing the export competitiveness of Chinese industries
Marc; Ilan; Johnson
Introduction
Competitiveness has been assessed and studied at various levels: country (Jones, 1994; Murtha and Lenway, 1994; Enright et al , 1999), region (Uysal et al , 2000), industry (Roth and Morrison, 1992; Mitchell et al, 1993; Contractor et al, 2005; Fetscherin and Alon, 2007) and network/group (Peng et al, 2001). Country-level assessments are provided in The Global Competitiveness Report(World Economic Forum, 2008), the World Competitiveness Yearbook(Institute for Management Development, 2008) and elsewhere (Eckhard, 2006), but are often too general to be applied to a single country (Krugman, 1994). In contrast, individual company cases and studies are too specific and may not be applicable to an entire industry or to all industries from a single country (Peng et al , 2001). Analyzing competitiveness at the industry level, however, provides greater detail and a better understanding of the competitive dynamics of an industry than the country or company level, for several reasons: (i) examining the degree of specialization for a given industry can identify the comparative (dis)advantage of a national industry; (ii) industry-specific analysis permits international comparisons of an industry's degree of specialization and rate of growth; and (iii) an industry-level analysis permits comparisons with other industries.
One dimension of industry competitiveness is export competitiveness. A key indicator of the extent of export competitiveness of an industry is the degree of its participation in international trade. According to data published by the World Trade Organization (WTO, 2007), the volume of world merchandise trade in 2006 grew by 8 per cent to about US$11.8 trillion, compared to world gross domestic product growth of
just 3.5 per cent. In the past two decades, world trade has grown much faster than world GDP, suggesting that the international economy is a source of dynamism and opportunity.
The theory of comparative advantage (Smith, 1776; Ricardo, 1871; Ohlin, 1933; Heckscher, 1949) underscores the importance of specialization and trade in enhancing productivity and consumer well-being. Smith (1776) argued that, under free unregulated trade, each nation should specialize in the production of the goods that it can make most efficiently, and import those goods in which it has a comparative disadvantage. In order to sustain export competitiveness in an industry, companies operating within that industry must understand the concept of revealed comparative advantage, because it allows them to understand and benchmark their position within an industry in terms of, for example, specialization, growth rate and export market share. How to model the export competitiveness of an industry has hitherto remained unresolved, however, particularly when comparing across industries within one country. The purpose of this article is to present a framework that measures, illustrates and compares the export competitiveness of an industry compared to other industries from the same country. Although this framework can also be applied to compare a single industry across various countries, cross-country comparison is not the focus of this article.
China?s globalization has been one of the most dramatic economic evelopments of recent decades (Alon and McIntyre, 2008). During the period 1979–2005, China?s annual growth rate averaged 9.6 per cent, and its integration into the world trading system has been remarkable. Its share in world merchandise trade increased from less than 1 per cent in 1979 to 7.4 per cent in 2005. In the same year, China became the third largest trading nation after the United States and Germany (Greene et al, 2006). The expansion of China?s international trade has been the key to its rising prominence in the world economy, and China?s economy has a strong potential to becom e the world?s top exporter by the beginning of the next decade (Greene et al, 2006). Current
studies investigating and assessing Chinese export competitiveness can be grouped into two main research streams. One stream focuses on the relationship between FDI and China?s trade performance (for example Liu et al, 2001; Khun and Xing, 2007; Xing, 2007). This is an important topic, and most of these studies use the country as the unit of analysis, although some studies use China?s provinces. The other stream focuses on the export performance of industries (for example Greene et al, 2006; Van Assche et al, 2008). As the unit of analysis of this study is the industry, its contribution is to the second stream of research.
Greene et al (2006) provide an overview of C hina?s trade policy environment and examine China?s impact on world prices and the deterioration of its own terms of trade. The study by Van Assche et al (2008) focused on export market share only and concluded that China continues to have a comparative advantage in low-technology activities and a comparative disadvantage in high-technology activities. Our study contributes to this literature by providing a multi-dimensional framework that allows us to measure, identify and compare which Chinese industries have a comparative advantage/disadvantage, which are growing faster or slower than the world average, and their relative importance in international trade.
Measuring export competitiveness
The industry is the location where firms win or lose market share and it is the industry level that permits an examination of the dynamic nature of industrial evolution and reformation in the global business environment (Passemard and Kleiner, 2000). In the academic literature, there is still a general paucity of research on industry export competitiveness, with previous studies consisting mostly of examinations of a single domestic industry and the use of subjective measures (Makhija et al , 1997). Multiple measures have been suggested: Mandeng (1991) examined the size or increase of export market share, while others have used export competitiveness (for example Balassa, 1965; Balassa and Bauwens, 1987), price ratios (for example Durand and Giorno, 1987) and cost competitiveness (for example Siggel and Cockburn, 1995). Our conceptualization of export competitiveness attempts to combine appropriate elements
from previous studies and follows the recommendation of Buckley et al (1992) and Porter (1990) for the use of multiple indicators. Specifically, the framework that we present here contributes to existing literature as it not only uses multi-dimensional measures, but also allows an examination of industry export competitiveness using either an intra- or inter-country analysis. The use of multiple dimensions is superior to the use of single measures as it puts into better perspective an industry's export competitiveness (Balassa Index), dynamism (growth rate) and importance (export market share) in comparison with other industries. For example, an industry that is highly specialized but not important in terms of export market share can be compared with one that might be less specialized but has a larger world export market share. Having only one dimension might lead to a wrong assessment and conclusion. The proposed framework tries to address some of those issues.
Industry specialization (IS )
The concept of comparative advantage has been widely accepted as one of the foundations for international trade. A country has a pattern of specialization that is determined by what goods it exports and the volume of each good it exports, both of which change over time (Vernon, 1966; Hoskisson and Yiu, 2003; Kelleher, 2003). Krugman (1994) argues that international trade is not a zero-sum game and that the rise or fall of particular industries and nations reflects changing factor endowments and the need to shift to new areas of competitive advantage. When a nation enjoys a comparative advantage in a particular industry, it is natural that firms make investments in order to profit from this advantage, resulting in a relatively high degree of specialization within that industry (Dunning, 1993). A commonly used measure of industry specialization, based on export data, is revealed comparative advantage, often referred to as the Balassa Index ( BI ) (Balassa, 1965). Richardson and Zhang (1999) used the Balassa Index for the United States to analyze variations in patterns of trade across time, sectors and regions. They found that patterns differed by region and over time and also for different levels of aggregation of the export data.
Industry growth (IG )
Studies of industry competitiveness have tended to take a static rather than dynamic or longitudinal perspective, and have provided little insight into globalization trends. As we want to assess the past, present and future export competitiveness of Chinese industries, an assessment of industry trends can shed light on the manner in which Chinese industry as a whole is globalizing and at what pace (Makhija et al, 1997). Our framework includes industry export growth because, over time, a country may start to specialize more in some industries and less in others, thus changing its pattern of specialization. This also highlights the difference between dynamic and static industries. Some studies (for example Hinloopen and van Marrewijk, 2001; Alessandrini et al, 2007) measure this change of pattern of specialization by using Shorrocks? (1978) mobility index. However, the mobility index does not provide sufficiently detailed information, as it just ranks industries or sectors of a country according to export volume, groups them into quintiles and calculates the net change between quintiles; industries that do not have a net change between quintiles are considered to be static rather than dynamic. Other studies (for example Baldwin and Gu, 2004; Amador et al, 2006; Cooper, 2006) have used a simpler but perhaps more precise measure of changes in specialization by calculating the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of exports in certain sectors over a certain period of time. It can be assumed that export growth in a given industry and country, particularly growth that is higher than the average global industry growth, implies a greater degree of globalization for that industry. However, this measure suffers from the weakness that domestic production and consumption, which are important for competitiveness, are omitted. Nevertheless, given the focus of our framework on export competitiveness, this weakness is not significant. Therefore, we use CAGR as a measure of growth in exports.
Methodology and data collection
We used data from the UNCTAD and the WTO for the years 2001-2005. The 5-year time period in our data allows for an analysis of changing global dynamics, especially important in the case of China. During the period of our investigation, China
undertook many market reforms and joined the WTO in 2001, events which changed the competitive position of its industries.
We first provide a brief overview of the overall pattern of international trade for China compared to other Asian countries. Then, for the 97 Chinese industries, we calculate the degree of industry specialization and the industry growth rate in terms of exports over the selected period of time. Finally, we apply our framework to assess the degree of export competitiveness of the various industries in China.
Results
International trade comparison
Table 1 provides an overview of the total export value in US dollars for various countries from Asia for the years 2001-2005 as well as the corresponding CAGR.
Overall, during the period 2001–2005, all countries in Table 1 registered a positive CAGR in terms of exports, ranging from 10 per cent in the case of Japan to 30 per cent in case of China (with India the next highest, with 4 per cent). In absolute terms, the highest value of exports for the main Asian countries in 2005 was recorded by China with US$762 billion, followed by Japan with US$595 billion and Hong-Kong (SAR) and South Korea with US$292 billion and US$284 billion, respectively. In the same year, India had only US$103 billion worth of exports, positioning it as a relatively weak exporting country.
It also shows that countries from Asia, and specifically China, continue to gain importance in the global market as, for most of these countries, the average growth rate of exported products is higher than the average global export growth rate of 14 per cent between 2001 and 2005. The main product groups exported by China were 'Electrical, electronic equipment' (US$172.3 billion); 'Boilers, machinery, nuclear reactors' (US$149.6 billion); 'Articles of apparel, accessories not knit or crochet' (US$35 billion); 'Articles of apparel, knit and crochet' (US$30.8 billion) and 'Optical, photo, technical, medical apparatus' (US$25.4 billion).
However, understanding international trade data in terms of absolute and relative
values at the country level is necessary (Table 1), it is insufficient for assessing the export competitiveness of industries because it lacks specificity and comparative data at the industry level across multiple indicators. Our proposed framework will take these factors into account and this will be discussed in the next section.
Industry export competitiveness
We calculated values for the three key variables for each of the 97 Chinese industries. Figure 2 - See PDF, provides an overview of the different industries from China and their degree of export competitiveness in terms of industry specialization, growth and size. The reference point for the Balassa Index (horizontal axis) was a threshold value of 1 (which, as mentioned before, has been used in previous studies); while for industry growth (vertical axis), the reference point was the world average export growth of 14 per cent for the period 2001-2005.
One interesting result is that the majority of Chinese industries (73 per cent) are categorized as …dynamic?, either domestic (39 per cent) or global (34 percent), both having a higher than average export growth rate (30 and 28 percent, respectively) compared to the world average of 14 per cent. For the period of the investigation, most Chinese industries grew faster than their world counterparts, not surprisingly, given the higher relative GDP growth of China in general.
In China, the 'global static' category consists of light manufacturing, such as travel goods, clocks, umbrellas, textiles and commodities such as wool, silk, bird skin, and salt, earth and stone. China has established a specialization in international markets for these types of products, thus exhibiting a high Balassa Index, but the growth rate of these industries lags behind the world average.
Conclusions and Future Research
The purpose of this study was to present a novel framework that allows us to measure, illustrate and compare the export competitiveness of industries. The framework is innovative as it takes into account multiple measures: (i) the degree of industry specialization, (ii) the industry export growth rate and (iii) the export market
share. Using these variables, this model provides a basis for intra-country comparisons of industries of various competitive postures. It could also be used for inter-country comparisons of one industry among countries (not shown in this article). The use of multiple variables in the framework provides more meaningful information than the single variable analyses which previous studies have generally used (for example Van Assche et al, 2008). The use of multiple measures, such as specialization, growth rate and export market share of an industry, allows us to put into perspective the competitiveness, dynamism and importance of one industry compared to others. Our framework also allows for a comparative analysis of sub-industries or product groups depending on the data set used
The proposed framework has been applied to China, a leading emerging economy and one of the largest trading nations in the world. Most of China?s industries (73 per cent) are dynamic, showing above-average export growth rates. Many reasons account for this rapid growth, including market liberalization, falling trade barriers and a favorable exchange rate. Our results show that most Chinese industries have increased their specialization over time, which is in line with various OECD studies (for example Greene et al, 2006). However, our study further reveals t hat less than half of these …dynamic? industries are globally competitive, according to the Balassa Index. China therefore still has a long way to go in fortifying its position as a leader in world exports across a spectrum of various industries.
Two important relationships are confirmed by our study. First, there is a positive and significant correlation between degree of specialization and relative market share, and, secondly, there is no significant correlation between degree of specialization and export growth rate. In other words, industry specialization may affect the relative market share of Chinese exports, but not their rate of growth. Overall, 46 per cent of Chinese industries are categorized as …global? in our framework, with a world export market share of between 19 and 24 percent. This finding indicates that these industries are not only strong global players, but are also influencing the international competitive landscape. Over 70 per cent of those industries are also …dynamic?, with
exports growing on average at about 28 per cent annually, compared to the remaining 30 per cent, which are …static? and growing at 11 per cent on average over the period 2001–2005. This result further suggests that the more an industry is specialized, the higher its world market share in terms of exports.
译文
中国产业的出口竞争力评估
马克；伊兰；约翰逊
引言
专家学者们对竞争力已经进行了多方面的研究：有国家层次的竞争力评估(琼斯，1994；恩莱特等，1999)，有地区层次竞争力的评估(索尔等，2000)、也有对行业竞争力的评估(罗斯和莫里森，1992；米切尔等，1993；菲斯坦因和艾伦，2007)等。对国家层面竞争力的评估形成了全球竞争力报告(2008年世界经济论坛),世界竞争力年鉴》(管理发展研究所,2008年)，但国家层面的竞争力报告往往过于空泛，仅仅适用于某一个国家(克鲁格曼，1994)。相比之下，公司竞争力方面的研究则太具体，也不是很适用于整个行业或从一个国家的所有行业的竞争力分析。相比于国家或公司层面的竞争力分析，产业面竞争力的分析，则为我们提供了一个更详细的竞争动态，主要是因为以下几个原因:(1) 通过研究某一个国家的产业的专业化程度，就可以判断这个国家的工业的优势和劣势；(2)通过对特定产业的分析，就可以知道这一行业的专业化程度和增长率；(3) 产业层次的竞争力分析许，可与其他产业进行对比分析。
产业竞争力的组成部分之一就是出口竞争力。一个产业的出口竞争力的关键指标，反映了了其参与国际贸易的程度。根据世界贸易组织(WTO，2007)公布的数据显示，2006年全球商品贸易的数量增长了8%，达到了约11.8万亿美元，而全球国内生产总值(GDP)增长仅为3.5%。在过去的二十年里，世界贸易的增长速度超过了世界GDP的增长速度，这表明国际贸易经济，是活力和机会的源泉。
比较优势理论(史密斯,1776;里卡多,1776;欧林,1933;赫克舍，1949)强调了专业化和贸易对于提高产量和消费者福利的重要性。史密斯(1776)认为，在自由不
受监管的贸易环境中，每个国家都应该生产专门的货物，它可以最有效地顺利出口，并且低价进口别的商品，这样就带来了一个比较劣势。为了保持行业的出口竞争力，该行业的公司必须要很好地理解比较优势的概念，因为它能够让他们理解如何做去保持在行业中的优势竞争地位。例如：专业化、增长率和出口市场份额。那么如何去做才能保证行业的出口竞争力呢，迄今为止，这一问题仍然没有得到解决，特别是当一个国家跨产业化经营的时候。本文的目的是提供一个框架，以及为保持行业出口竞争力提出了一些措施。将一个产业的出口竞争力与来自同一个国家的其他行业，进行一个比较分析。虽然这个框架主要适用于比较单一的产业，不过，对不同国家的比较不是本文分析的重点。
近几十年来，中国的经济发展，及其全球化一直是最引人注目的(艾伦和麦金太尔，2008)。1979 - 2005年期间，中国的年增长率平均为9.6%，以及其融入世界贸易体系的成效也是显著的。其进出口贸易占世界商品贸易的比重从1979年的不到1%增长到2005年的7.4%。同年，中国成为世界上第三大贸易国，仅次于美国和德国(格林等人，2006)。中国的国际贸易的不断扩大，也是其世界经济的地位不断提升的关键所在,中国的经济发展有很强的潜力，在下一个十年的开始，有可能会成为世界最大的出口国(格林等人，2006)。目前学术界对中国出口竞争力的研究调查和评估可以分为两个主要流派：一个是主要关注FDI和中国的贸易表现之间的关系(例如刘等,2001;坤兴,2007;兴,2007年)。这是一个重要的话题，尽管一些研究将中国的一些省份作为分析对象，但是大多数的这些研究都使用国家作为分析单元。另一种流派的研究重点，则是关注行业的出口表现(例如：格林等人，2006; 凡阿彻等额人，2008)。本文的研究，即属于第二个流派。
格林等人(2006)对中国的贸易政策环境，对中国进行审查对世界贸易造成的影响，以及对自己国家的贸易条件恶化情况，做了一个概述。凡阿彻等人(2008)的研究，仅集中在出口市场份额上，其得出的结论是，中国的出口继续集中在技术含量低的出口贸易活动上，再者上面有比较优势，但是在的高科技出口活动商处于劣势。我们的研究结果对该领域的研究是很有助益的，通过提供一个多维的框架，使我们能够评估、识别和比较中国的产业出口比较优势/劣势，增长速度是高于还是低于世界平均水平，以及在国际贸易中，中国出口贸易活动对国际贸易整体来说，是否是相对重要的。
出口竞争力的评估
产业是公司赢得或失去市场份额的地方。在当前的学术界缺乏产业出口竞争力方面的研究，以往的研究大多是单一的国内产业。曼德(1991)年的研究，他建议:要多研究出口的规模或市场份额的增加，而其他人主要研究的是出口竞争力(例如：巴拉撒，1965; 鲍文斯，1987)；价格比率(例如：杜兰德和焦尔诺，1987)以及成本竞争力(例如：西格尔，1995)。我们关于出口竞争力的概念，具体地说，这里提供的分析框架，都是有助于现有的研究工作的。因为它允许对产业的出口竞争力进行内部或跨国的分析。使用多个维度的分析模型优于单一的分析方法，因为它将能从更好的角度来看一个行业的出口竞争力(巴拉撒指数)、活力(增长率)和重要性(出口市场份额)。
产业专业化
比较优势的概念已被广泛接受，它是国际贸易的基础之一。一个国家有其自己特色的产业专业化模式。克鲁格曼(1994)认为，国际贸易并不是一个零和游戏，特定行业的上升或下降反映了竞争优势的变化。当一个国家拥有一个专业化程度很高的产业，享有竞争力方面的比较优势是很自然的，而公司为了保持这一比较优势会进一步投资，这又导致一个相对高度的专业化。常用的衡量产业专业化的方法，主要是基于出口数据，通常被称为Balassa指数(BI)。理查森和张(1999)使用Balassa指数来分析美国贸易模式随时间,行业和地区而发生的变化。他们发现不同的地区和随着时间的推移会呈现出不同层次的出口数据聚合。
行业增长(IG)
对产业竞争力的研究大多数都倾向于静态的而非动态的或纵向的研究，这样一来，就难以提供全面的信息，以了解全球化的趋势。我们要评估过去，现在和未来中国的产业出口竞争力，对行业发展趋势的评估是很很重要的，它可以揭示中国行业的发展方式，作为一个整体来进行全球化以及以什么速度来发展(马西加等,1997)。我们的分析框架包括对行业出口增长的分析，因为随着时间的推移，一个国家可能会更多的开始关注某些行业的具体情况，并适时地改变其专业化的模式。这也突出了动态和静态产业之间的区别。一些研究(例如西诺和马西加,2001;亚历山大里克等,2007)，（完整译文请到百度文库）通过夏洛克斯”(1978)流动性
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
数据库管理系统的介绍 Raghu Ramakrishnan1 数据库（database,有时拼作data base）又称为电子数据库，是专门组织起来的一组数据或信息，其目的是为了便于计算机快速查询及检索。数据库的结构是专门设计的，在各种数据处理操作命令的支持下，可以简化数据的存储，检索，修改和删除。数据库可以存储在磁盘，磁带，光盘或其他辅助存储设备上。 数据库由一个或一套文件组成，其中的信息可以分解为记录，每一记录又包含一个或多个字段（或称为域）。字段是数据存取的基本单位。数据库用于描述实体，其中的一个字段通常表示与实体的某一属性相关的信息。通过关键字以及各种分类（排序）命令，用户可以对多条记录的字段进行查询，重新整理，分组或选择，以实体对某一类数据的检索，也可以生成报表。 所有数据库（最简单的除外）中都有复杂的数据关系及其链接。处理与创建，访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库与其用户间建立接口。（这些用户可以是应用程序员，管理员及其他需要信息的人员和各种操作系统程序）。 DBMS可组织，处理和表示从数据库中选出的数据元。该功能使决策者能搜索，探查和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正规报告中没有的，不再出现的且无法预料的问题做出回答。这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且（或者）是定义不恰当的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得所需的信息。简言之，DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答非程序员的询问。 DBMS由3个主要部分组成：（1）存储子系统，用来存储和检索文件中的数据；（2）建模和操作子系统，提供组织数据以及添加，删除，维护，更新数据的方法；（3）用户和DBMS之间的接口。在提高数据库管理系统的价值和有效性方面正在展现以下一些重要发展趋势； 1.管理人员需要最新的信息以做出有效的决策。 2.客户需要越来越复杂的信息服务以及更多的有关其订单，发票和账号的当前信息。 3.用户发现他们可以使用传统的程序设计语言，在很短的一段时间内用数据1Database Management Systems( 3th Edition ),Wiley ,2004, 5-12
外文翻译原文--目的地竞争力：可持续发展目标的战略 规划和愿景 Destination Competitiveness Meeting Sustainability Objectives Through Strategic Planning and Visioning Lisa Ruhanen The University of Queensland The School of Tourism and Leisure Management 11 Salisbury Road Ipswich QLD 4305 Australia lruhanencom 1 Introduction Destinations whether national state or local are
increasingly taking their role as tourist destinations very seriously as evidenced by the al- location of considerable funds towards tourism promotion and market- ing Much of this funding is being directed towards the enhancement and development of their touristic image and attractiveness Ritchie Crouch 2000 With so many destinations competing for the tourist dollar both on an international and domestic level competition is erce and destinations are looking to capitalize on all of their assets to dier- entiate themselves from their competitors This increasing level of com-
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to
管理信息系统外文翻译-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
英文文献翻译 二〇年月日
科技文章摘译 Definition of a Management Information System There is no consensus of the definition of the term "management information system". Some writers prefer alternative terminology such as "information processing system", "information and decision system", "organizational information system", or simply "information system" to refer to the computer-based information processing system which supports the operations, management, and decision-making functions of an organization. This text uses “MIS” because it is descriptive and generally understood; it also frequently uses “information system” instead of “MIS” to refer to an organizational information system. A definition of a management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user-machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision-making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design. The elements of the definition are highlighted below. 1 Computer-based user-machine system Conceptually, management information can exist without computer, but it is the power of the computer which makes MIS feasible. The question is not whether computers should be used in management information system, but the extent to which information use should be computerized. The concept of a user-machine system implies that some tasks are best performed by humans, while others are best done by machine. The user of an MIS is any person responsible for entering input data, instructing the system, or utilizing the information output of the system. For many problems, the user and the computer form a combined system with results obtained through a set of interactions between the computer and the user. User-machine interaction is facilitated by operation in which the user’s input-output device (usually a visual display terminal) is connected to the computer. The computer can be a personal computer serving only one user or a large computer that
外文翻译 原文 EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIAN TEXTILEAND GARMENT INDUSTRY Material Source: Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations Author:Samar Verma The international trade in textile and clothing sectors has been a egregious exception to the most favoured nation principle of GATT and, since the early 1960s, has been a case of managed trade through forced consensus. However, the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) marked a significant turnaround. According to the ATC, beginning 1st January 1995, all textiles and clothing products that had been hitherto subjected to MFA-quota, are scheduled to be integrated into WTO over a period of ten years. “The dismantling of the quota regime represents both an opportunity as well as a threat. An opportunity because markets will no longer be restricted; a threat because markets will no longer be guaranteed by quotas, and even the domestic market will be open to competition”. From 1st January 2005, therefore, all textile and clothing products would be traded internationally without quota-restrictions. And this impending reality brings the issue of competitiveness to the fore for all firms in the textile and clothing sectors, including those in India. It is imperative to understand the true competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing firms in order to make an assessment of what lies ahead in 2005 and beyond. Owing to its significant contribution, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a unique place in the Indian economy. It contributes about 4% of GDP and 14% of industrial output. Second largest employer after agriculture, the industry provides direct employment to 35 million people including substantial segments of weaker sections of society. With a very low import-intensity of about 1.5% only, it is the largest net foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchange. This is the only industry that is self-sufficient and complete in cotton value chain- producing everything from fibres to the highest value added finished
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
外文文献及其翻译电子政务信息 1.政府信息化的含义？ 政府信息化是指：政府有效利用现代信息和通信技术，通过不同的信息服务设施，对政府的业务流程、组织结构、人员素质等诸方面进行优化、改造的过程。 2.广义和狭义的电子政务的定义？ 广义的电子政务是指：运用信息技术和通信技术实现党委、人大、政协、政府、司法机关、军队系统和企事业单位的行政管理活动。（电子党务、电子人大、电子政协） 狭义的电子政务是指：政府在其管理和服务职能中运用现代信息和通信技术，实现政府组织结构和工作流程的重组优化，超越时间、空间和部门分隔的制约，全方位的向社会提供优质规范、透明的服务，是政府管理手段的变革。 3.电子政务的组成部分？ ①：政府部门内部办公职能的电子化和网络化； ②：政府职能部门之间通过计算机网络实现有权限的实时互通的信息共享； ③：政府部门通过网络与公众和企业间开展双向的信息交流与策； 4．理解电子政务的发展动力？ ①：信息技术的快速发展； ②：政府自身改革与发展的需要； ③：信息化、民主化的社会需求的推动； 5.电子政务的应用模式？
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