定语从句
复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句，叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。
引导定语从句的关系代词有： that,which, who(宾格 whom,所有格 whose) 和关系副词when, where 和 why。关系代词和关系副词有两个作：一是把主句和从句连接起来；二是在从句中作一个句子成分，关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语，关系副词可作状语。
例如： There are plants which have neither roots nor leaves.（有些植物既无根又无叶。）（句中 which have neither roots nor leaves 定语从句，修饰先行词 plants。关系代词which引出定语从句同时在从句中作主语。）
根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
一、限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句限制或规定先行词的范围，和先行词有着不可分割的关系，对于全句的意义来说是不可缺少的。如果去掉定语从句，全句的意义就不明确、不完整。
如： That is the man who gave us a report yesterday. 那就是昨天给我们作报告的人。
（一）引导限制性定语从句的关系代词
这些词有 who, whom, whose, that, which。关系代词既代表先行词，又在从句中担任一种句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语或定语。关系代词的用法见下表：
1. who 代表人，在从句中作主语
The boy who delivers newspapers is my brother.送报纸的那个男孩是我的弟弟。
you are the only person here who knows me. 你是这里唯一认识我的人。
He was the man who bought my car. 他就是买了我的车那个人。
2 .whom 也代表人，有时可以省略。
Many people (whom) we know are concerned about air pollution. 我们认识的许多人关心空气污染问题。
注：
（1）在口语中，有时可以用who 来代替 whom, 并可以省略。
如： The worker (whom/who) you mentioned has not come. who 来代替 whom, 并可以省略。（2）在介词后．只能用 whom, 不能省略。
如： The boy about whom you talked has gone home.
The boy (whom/who) you talked about has gone home.
（你谈到的那个男孩已经回家了。）
3. whose 代表“某人或某物的 "' 在从句中作定语。
The woman whose bike was stolen is John’s teacher. 自行车被盗的那个妇女是约翰的老师。
I just bought the magazine whose format is similar to that of yours.我刚买了版式和你的相似的杂志。
4.which 代表物，在从句中可作主语，也可作宾语。
We often use the ladder which is made of wood 我们常常使用木头做的梯子。
They like the trees( which) they planted. 他们喜欢他们栽的树。
注：当 which 作宾语时 , 可以省略；但是在介词后，which 不能省略。
This is the book about which I told you last week.
This is the book which I told you about last week. 这就是我上星期告诉你们的那本书。
5.that 既可代表人，又可代表物。
The girls (that) he interviewed were always complaining about their long hours. 他访问的那些姑娘总是抱怨工作时间长。
The directions that were given to John were easy to follow. 给约翰的那些指示很容易执行。that 常常可以代替 who, whom和 whose。
The man that told you the news will come here this afternoon. 告诉你那个消息的人今天下午要
到这里来。
He is the man (that) I saw in your room yesterday afternoon. 他就是昨天下午我在你房间里见
到的那个人。
This is the book (that) I like best. 这是我最喜欢的书。
注：在介词后不能用 that; 当先行词为 everybody,anybody,everyone, anyone 等时要用who, 不能用that; 当先行词前有数词、形容词最高级或all, any, no, only ,little, very ,much 等词时，或先行词本身为all , little, much ,anything, something, nothing等词时，要用that, 不用which.
Is there anyone who can answer this question? 有人能回答这个问题吗？
He is the tallest man that has ever lived here. 他是在这里住的个子最高的人。
There is nothing that can be done now. 现在没有什么事情可做了。
The first English novel that I read was Atale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens. 我读的第一本英
文小说是狄更斯写的《双城记》。
（二）引导限制性定语从句的关系副词
这些词有where, when,why 。关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上相当于“介词＋关系代词”。l. wbere 修饰表示地点的名词，在从句中充当地点状语，意义上相当于一个介词加Which （或on which , in which 等）
He is going to viisit the city where (= in which) he was born. 他打算去访问他出生的那个城市。The office where (= in which) he works is on the second floor. 他工作的办公室在二楼。
The house where (= in which) I used to live has been pulled down 我过去曾住过的那所房子已
被拆掉了
2.when修饰表示时间的名词，在从句中充当时间状语，意义上相当于一个介词加 Which (=on which, in which 等）
如：The day when (= on which) they moved into their new home was bright and sunny 他们迁
入新居那一天阳光灿烂。
April is the month when(= in which) we have a lot of rain. 四月是个多雨的月份。
3.why 通常修饰名词 reason ( 理由，原因），在从句中充当原因状语，意义上相当于 for Which 。
Th is is the reason why(= for which) I am leaving tomorrow 这就是我明天要离开的原因。
The reason why (= for which) he left the room is quite obvious 他离开房间的原因是很明显的。The reason why (= for which) he committed suicide is unknown他为什么自杀无人知晓。
二、非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句是对先行词作进一步的说明，与先行词的关系比较松散，如果去
掉定语从句，主句仍然成立。在书面语中，通常用逗号把从句和主句隔开。
如： Beijing , which is in the north of China, is the heart of the country. 北京位于华北，是国
家的心脏。
1.引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, 其用法和在限制性
定语从句中相似，但一般不能省略。
(l ) who 代表人，在从句中作主语。
My brother, who works very hard, sets a good examlpe to us. 我哥哥工作很努力，为我们树立了好榜样。
Mr . Smith. who is downstairs, wants to meet you. 在楼下的那位史密斯先生想见你。
( 2 ) whom 也代表人，在从句中作宾语。
My father sometimes drives to work with Jones, whom he has known for years.我父亲有时和琼
斯一起开车去上班。他和琼斯相识多年了。
有时也可以用who 来代替 whom。
Her brother,who you saw in my room is going abroad 她哥哥将要出国，你在我房间里见过他。在介词后，只能用 whom。
He recognized Mary, with whom he had worked for three years. 他认出了玛丽，他曾和她在
一起工作。
(3) Whose代表“某人或某物的” ，在从句中作定语。
Lery, whose works are very popular, wrote some of his novels in this room. 利维的作品很受欢迎，他在这个房间里写了他的一些小说。
This is a pretty flower, whose name I dno ' t know. 这是一种美丽的花，我不知道它的名字。(4) which 代表物，在从句中既可作主语：也可作宾语。
She is very fond of speaking English, which indeeds he speaks well .她很喜欢说英语，她确实
讲得不错。
The meenitg, which lasted three hours, spoiled the fun of all participants. 这次会议持续了三
个小时，把大家的兴致都给破坏了。
which引导的定语从句有时也可以修饰整个主句。
如 They said they were French, which wasn' t true 他们说他们是法国人，这不是真的。
He was surprised at the news, which was natural 那消息使他吃惊，这是很自然的。
2. 引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有where和when。关系副词在从句中作状语。
( I ) where 修饰表示地点的名词，在从句中作地点状语。
He is going to work in Chicago,where his parents live. 他打算在芝加哥工作，他父母亲住在
那里。
That was the room, where I used to do my homework.那就是我过去做功课的那间屋子。
( 2 ) when 修饰表示时间的名词，在从句中作时间状语。
We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把野餐推迟
到下周，到时天气可能变得更好些。
This happened in the early 1950s, when I was still a middle school student. 这件事情发生在五十年代初期，那时我还是一名中学生。
三、as 作关系代词引导定语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语
as 和which 引导非限定性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：
1. as 和which 都可以在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。
He was honest,as/which we know. 我们都知道他很诚实。
2.as 引导非限定性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which引导的非限定性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有”正如……，正像……”的
意思，而which没有。
As is known to all,China is a developing country. 众所周知，中国是一个发展中国家。
He has been to Paris more than several times,which I don't believe他曾经去过巴黎多次，这我不相信。
As was expected, he performed the task with success.正像预料的，他成功地完成了任务。
注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which。
Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry. 汤姆上学总是迟到这使他的老师很生气。
3.当先行词被 such. the same 修饰时，常用as。
1 have never heard such a story as he tells 我从没听过他讲的故事。
This is the same book as I lost last week. 这正是我上周丢的那本书。
习题精选
1. August 15, 1999 was one of the greatest days in his life he was accepted by a university
A. while
B.that
C. which
D. when
2. Our concert turned out to be a great success, they had never expected.
A.what B . that C. when D. which
3.It was a cold winter night, and there wasn' t anyone the boy could tum to for help in the street.
A. that
B.which
C. whom
D. what
4.All _ is a continuous supply of fuel.
A.what is needed
B.the thing needed
C.that is needed
D.for their needs
5.Huang Hong, father is a taxt dnver, studies computer sciencem the U.S.
A.her
B.she's
C. whose
D. that
6.Mr. Li is going to visit the university he studied 25 years ago.
A.where
B.which
C. that
D. in where
7.She had three sons, all became doctors.
A.of which
B.which
C. of whom
D. who
8.The only thing really matters to the children is how soon they can return home.
A. that
B.which
C. what
D./
9."Do you know Tom?"
" I think so. Isn' t he smokes incessantly ( 不停地）？”
A.who
B. the man
C. the man who
D. the person which
10.The seventeenth century was one many significant advances were made in both science and philosophy.
A. in that 8. in which C. whose D. of
11.English words are not always spelled .
A. the way they sound
B.he way they to sound
C.the way they' re sounding
D.as they are sounding
12.Angel was the first girl when you got here
A.you talked to whom
B. you talked to
C. whom you talked
D.who talked you
13.He arrived late, was annoying.
A.what
B. that
C.which
D.whom
14.She waS extremely understanding, helped to calm James down.
A.which
B. it
C. that
D. this
15.I’v e never dined with you, sir; and1 see no reason .
A.how should I now
B. how I should now
C.why shoud I now
D. why I should now
16 .The letter I mailed to my sistear a month before Christmas has not yet reached her.
A. that
B. which
C. / D . all of the above
17. is known to the world, Mark Twain was a great American writer.
A.That
B. Which
C. As
D. It
18.They overcame all the difficulties and fulfilled the project seven days ahead of schedule,
was something we had not expected.
A. that
B. this
C. it
D. which
19. In front of the engine is a fan, purpose is to draw air through the radiator to cool the water.
A. which
B. that
C. whose
D. what
20.The painter lived more than a decade in Europe, he could be in close contact with other cubists.
A.which
B. where c. in which D. when
21.Many of the human problems associated with living in the ocean the problems of living in outer space.
A.the same as
B. such that
C. such as
D. just as
22.We had to watch the game standing up because we hadn' t anything we could sit on, and the grass was too wet.
A.which
B.where
C. as
D.that
23.It wasn' t such a good dinner she had promsied us.
A.as
B.like
C.which
D.what
24.This is the actual piano the composer created some of his greatest works.
A.in which
B.to which
C. on which
D. of which
25.The force the earth attracts matter is called gravigty.
A.for which
B. to which
C. in which
D.with which
26.His brother has become a lawyer, he wanted to be.
A.what
B.that
C.who
D. which
27.He invested his money in many companies, went bankrupt within 5 months.
A.three of which
B.that
C. of which
D. three of that
28.There was not a hut in the village he had not brought food and comfort.
A.which
B.to which
C. in which
D.that
29.The documents for they were searching have been recovered.
A.whose
B. which
C. where
D. that
30.The station is crowded with the commuters, people must travel 20 or even 50 miles to the city and back every day.
A.who
B.who
C. which
D. as
31.We moved to the country so that the kids would have a garden to play.
A. With which
B.in which
C.for which D .about which
32.The young man bike was lost put an advertisement in the newspaper.
A.whom
B. t ha t c. whose D. which
33.The science of medicine, progress has been very rapid lately, is perhaps the most important of all the sciences.
A. to which
B. in which
C. which
D. with which
34. In the nuclear power station we use the same generator, is used in the common steam power station.
A. as
B. which
C. that
D. who
35. My g lasses, I was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke.
A. without which
B. on which
C. with which
D. in which
参考答案
1-5 DDCCC 6-10 ACACB 11-15 ABCAD 16-20 DCDCB
21-25 ADACD 26-30 DABBA 31-35 BCBAA
定语从句 一、that引导的定语从句 1. that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。 在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。 He is the man that/who lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 Where is the man(that/whom) I saw this morning? 我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？The person (that/whom) you introduced to me is very kind. 你介绍给我的那个人很友好。The season that/which comes after spring is summer.春天之后的季节是夏季。 I don’t like stories that/which have unhappy endings. 我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。 The dress(that/which) Ann bought doesn’t fit her very well.安买的衣服不太合身。 2.限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况 （1）当先行词为all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, few, some, the one等词时。 Everything that he said was true. 他所说的一切都是真的。 There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。 Is there anything that I can do for you? 有我能为你效劳的事吗？ That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这么多。 （2）当先行词被the very（恰恰,正好）the only, any, few, little, no, all修饰时。 This is the very grammar book (that) I want to buy. 这正是我要买的语法书。 The only thing that is constant is change. 唯一不变的是变化。 There was little that we could do to help her. 我们没有什么能帮助她的。 （3）当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 This is the best that has been used against pollution.这是曾经用过的最好的抗污染的办法。This is the most interesting film that I've ever seen. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。 （4）当先行词是first，last，next等序数词或被序数词修饰时。 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben. 在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。 What is the first American film that you have seen? 你看过的第一部美国电影是什么？（5）当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时。 Who that has common sense will believe such nonsense? 有常识的人谁会相信这种无聊的
定语从句翻译技巧公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-
定语从句翻译技巧 在英语中, 定语从句很常见, 翻译时如不进行仔细分析就会出现误译。通过实例对定语从句的翻译技巧做一探讨, 并将这些翻译技巧赋予理论概念, 即定语从句定语化, 定语从句谓语化, 定语从句状语化。在把汉语翻译成带有定语从句的英语时，中国学生常常会受到母语的影响会出现误译。因此我们要对比英汉两种语言，以便避免汉语的负迁移。 一英译汉时定语从句翻译中的易错点 英语中的定语从句是在句中起形容词作用的结构, 通常分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。进行英译汉翻译时如不进行仔细分析，就会造成误译。比如，下面两个句子仅有一个逗号之差，含义却不同： His brother who is a soldier is eighteen years old now. His brother, who is a soldier, is eighteen years old now. 第一句应译为：他那个当兵的哥哥今年十八岁了。（含义为：他不止一个哥哥。句中的限制性定语从句起到限定的作用。） 第二句应译为：他的哥哥今年十八岁了，他在当兵。（含义为：他只有一个哥哥。句中的非限制性定语从句起到补充说明的作用。） 定语从句在英语中大量出现, 它有长有短, 结构有简有繁, 对先行词的限制有强有弱, 定语从句有时起着补充说明和分层叙述的作用, 或在逻辑上表示原因、目的、条件, 让步和结果等意义。在语序上, 英文定语从句置于先行词之后.。所以汉译时必须正确体会原文的逻辑概念, 合理安排译文的语序。 二英译汉时定语从句的翻译方法 英语定语从句虽然种类繁多, 变化复杂, 但一般均可以用以下三种方法翻译。
关于which引导从句的小结： 关系代词which 一般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语，既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。 1. 引导限制性定语从句 A shop should keep a stock of those goods which sell best. [ stock存货] 商店应存有最畅销的货物。 This is the family which is planning to move to the city 这是要搬进城里的一家。 2. 引导非限制性定语从句。 （1 ）用来指代一个句子。 Internet is so interesting, which makes all possible happen. 因特网是如此有趣，它使任何事都有可能发生。 （2 ）用来指代句子的一部分。 When deep in thought, which he often was, he would forget all around him. 他常常陷入沉思，这时他就会忘掉周围的一切。 （3 ）如果要引导两个非限制性定语从句，第二个which 前要加and. He bought a book, which was written by LuXun, and which he decided to give to his friend. 他买了本鲁迅写的书，他决定送给朋友。
练习1. [1. board董事会 2. data资料,数据 3. shareholder 【英】股东 4. on behalf of代表 5. guard保护] The ability to guard customer data is the key to market value, which the board is responsible for on behalf of shareholders. which的先行词是谁？ 译文：保护客户资料的能力是市场价值的关键，董事会代表股东对市场价值负有责任。 【难点小结：1.介词短语 2.which 的先行词 3. 非限制性定语从句有时要翻译成一句话】 例2. 【1.semiconductor半导体 2. casualty伤亡，灭亡，覆灭 3.< A sit at the heart of B> A是B的核心】
高考英语最新定语从句知识点单元汇编 一、选择题 1．You were really between a rock and a hard place ______ you had to choose between your career and your relationship. A．when B．where C．before D．until 2．You'll find taxis waiting at the bus station ________ you can hire to reach your host family. A．which B．where C．when D．as 3．Many nurses, ______ were retired, headed for affected areas to help. A．most of which B．most of whom C．most of them D．most of who 4．The past decades have witnessed China’s many scientific achievements, _____ the development of Shenwei supercomputers is a typical example. A．to which B．for which C．at which D．of which 5．In the darkness we felt our way forward, trying to cross the stream _______ it was shallowest. A．in which B．that C．as D．where 6．The background music is such wonderful music _______ is played in the background to put you in a particular mood. A．what B．that C．as D．which 7．The president of Harvard pioneered the elective system______ students were able to choose their own courses of study. A．on which B．about which C．to which D．by which 8．Claims, if any, must be made within 30 days, _____ no claims will be accepted. A．without which B．for which C．during which D．after which 9．We all have times of insecurity in life, _____ there is nothing to do but bravely face the feelings of doubt. A．which B．when C．where D．that 10．My brother bought a telescope, ______ he could study the star in the night sky. A．of which B．through which C．in which D．on which 11．We came to a place ______ they had never paid a visit before. A．in which B．to which C．what D．which 12．Try to be a responsible school by not allowing anyone to attend class, ________ has had a fever. A．who B．which C．as D．that 13．He pointed out such a crucial detail about the experiment ______ we could never neglect. A．as B．that C．where D．when 14．We won’t forget the heroes ________ lost their lives while fighting against a forest fire. A．who B．whose C．when D．why 15．Mr. Smith owned this oil painting until the early 1990 s, ____________he gave it to his grandson. A．which B．when C．where D．who
高中英语定语从句详解 Ⅰ、概念: (１) 定语从句:在主从复合句中用作定语得从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧接在先行词（antｅcedｅｎt)后面。 (2) 先行词:被定语从句修饰得成份。先行词可以为一个词,短语，或整个主句。 (3)引导定语从句得词叫关系词,分为关系代词与关系副词。 关系词得作用: 1) 引导定语从句，连接主句与从句,相当于一个连词; ２) 必在从句中作某个句子成份(可以做主语,宾语,表语,定语，状语) 常用得关系代词: ｔhat、wｈｉcｈ、wｈo、whom、wｈosｅ,当关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时，关系代词可以省略。 常用得关系副词(在从句中只作状语): when(时间状语）、why(原因状语)、wｈe ｒｅ（地点状语） 可以修饰人得关系代词:thａt, ｗho，wｈｏｍ,whosｅ 可以修饰事得关系代词:tｈat, whｉcｈ, as，whose, The studeｎt who answerｅd ｔhe ｑuestion was John、 Ｉkｎow thｅｒeasoｎwhy he wａｓso angｒy、 The bｏy （wｈom) ｙou are taｌkｉnｇｔo is myｂrotｈｅｒ、 Ｉ'd likｅ a ｒoｏｍwhose window fａｃesｔｈe sea、 定语从句三步： 第一找出先行词; 第二瞧先行词在定语从句中得语法功能（做主语、宾语、表语或状语); 第三选择合适得关系词。 Ⅱ、几个关系代词得基本用法: ●tｈat:可指人或物；在定语从句中作主语,宾语,表语。(指人时,相当于whｏ或wｈｏｍ;指物时,相当于whiｃh)（一般不用于非限制性定语从句；不可置于介词后作宾语) 如: 1、A lｅtteｒthaｔ／which is wrｉtｔen in peｎcｉl is diffiｃult ｔo ｒead、（主语) 2、Do yｏu kｎｏw tｈe gentleman ｔhａｔ/ｗｈｏspoke just ｎｏw? 3、Ｙou can takｅａnything ( ｔhat)you like、(宾语) 4、Whaｔｉs thｅquestiｏｎ(ｔhat/whｉｃh) they aｒｅｔalｋing about? 5、Hｅreｉs theｍan （wｈo／whom/ｔhat) yｏu want tｏsee、 6、Ｓhe＇s no longeｒthe girl( that) sｈeｕsｅd to ｂe befｏre、（表语） 7、Ｏuｒhometｏwn iｓno ｌonger ｔhｅoｎe (thａt)it usｅｄto ｂe、(=Ｏｕr homeｔｏｗn iｓｎot tｈe sａｍe as it uｓed tｏｂe、 = Our hｏmｅtｏwn is diffeｒenｔfrom what iｔｕｓｅｄtｏｂe。 =Ouｒhometｏｗn ｉs notｗhａt it uｓed to ｂe、) ●which：指物;在定语从句中作主语,宾语。如： 1、Thｅboｏk which/thａｔwas ｏn the ｄeｓkｗａsｂought bｙｍy fatｈer、(主语) 2、Tｈｅboｏk(whiｃh/tｈaｔ) Ｉｂｏught yesteｒdaｙｉs very
Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表 示地点 1、We will discuss a number of cases __ beginners of English fail to use the language preperly、A、which B、as C、why D、where 2、He was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation ___he is likely to lose the control over his car、 A、which B、as C、why D、where 两道题都选where ,但就是case, situation都不就是地点,如何理解？ 在“先行词不就是表示地点的名词”的前提下,如何判断就是否使用关系副词where来引导定语从句的问题就是一个高频考点。就就是说,关系副词where 所指代的先行词不只就是表示地点的名词。
用Where引导定语从句,先行词不一定都表示地点按照通常的理解,当where 引导定语从句时,它的先行词就就是表示地点的名词,但事实并不就是我们想象的那么简单。很多情况下,where所指代的先行词并不表示地点。请瞧以下几个例句: Other research, where siblings have been asked to say who their mother and father favor, suggests that mothers do tend to show a preference for their first-born son, but fathers often show great affection for their youngest daughters、 1、Remember that the best relationship is one where your love for each other is greater than your need for each other、请记住,最深的感情关系表现为彼此间的爱超过彼此间的需要。
定语从句专项知识点总结汇总 - 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。 被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。 关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as。 关系副词有：when, where, why, how。 关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。 定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 1 关系代词引导的定语从句 1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
Is he the man who/that wants to see you? (who/that在从句中作主语) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. (whom/that在从句中作宾语) 2) whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同of which互换). 例如： Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green. 3) which, that 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等. 例如： A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. (which / that在句中作宾语) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. (which / that在句中作宾语) 关系代词that和which 都可以指物，that 和Who 都可以指人，其用法区别：
一、选择题 1．The foreigner teaches English in our school is from England. A．what B．which C．who 2．Do you know the girl_______ is drawing a picture? A．when B．whose C．which D．who 3．-- Class, you should be thankful to those people _______ helped and supported you. -- We will. Miss Chen. A．which B．whom C．who D．whose 4．The TV play is about a true story_______ happened in a small village a few years ago. A．what B．when C．where D．that 5．After retiring, my teacher Mr. Dai moved to the village he was born sixty years ago. A．when B．which C．where D．what 6．Mrs. Green is proud of her daughter, a nurse ______________is hard-working and looks after patients well. A．who B．whose C．whom 7．The film _____________ I like best is Frozen. A．who B．where C．which 8．Yuan Longping is a Chinese scientist __________ is leading a research to develop sea rice. A．whose B．which C．who 9．— Have you heard of the famous Huawei company? —Sure. It’s one of the greatest companies ________ make us Chinese proud. A．which B．that C．what D．who 10．A detective is someone ____________looks for clues to something important. A．whom B．who C．what D．which 11．Yang Liwei is the first Chinese astronaut ___________went into space. A．which B．who C．whose D．whom 12．—Yesterday was my birthday. My father sent me a CD _____was made by TF Boys. —You must be very happy to receive it. A．who B．whom C．which D．what 13．-Linda, can you tell me something about Mo Yan? -Sure. He is the writer _____________won the Nobel Literature Prize. A．which B．whose C．who D．whom 14．That ________ does not kill us makes us stronger. A．that B．what C．who D．which 15．Please remember to bring the clothes_________you bought yesterday.
定语从句 定语从句及相关术语 1.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 2.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, whi ch, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。 注：关系代词有主语.宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。 4.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 先行词：被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 （一）限定性定语从句 一、关系代词（在句中作主语、宾语或定语） 1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is the book （which）you want。]而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anyt hing, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, muc h等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语 5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 二、关系副词（在句中作状语） 关系副词=介词+关系代词 why=for which where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。 2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remembe r the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessiti es, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。
2016-2020高考英语试题分类汇总-定语从句（解析 版） 【2020年】 1.（2020·江苏卷）Many lessons are now available online, from __________ students can choose for free. A. whose B. which C. when D. whom 【答案】B 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：许多课程现在都可以在网上找到，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中做介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which 引导。故选B。 3.（2020·天津卷）Dr. Rowan, __________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing. A. whose B. of whom C. of which D. which 【答案】A 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。______ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，表示“Dr. Rowan’s ”，表示“……的” ，应用关系代词whose引导该从句，故选A。 3.（2020·新课标Ⅲ卷）In ancient China lived an artist61 paintings were almost lifelike. 【答案】whose 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。 【2019年】 1.【2019·江苏卷】We have entered into an age _______ dreams have the best chance of coming true. A. which B. what C. when D. that 【答案】C 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我们已经进入到了一个时代，在这个时代梦想实现的机会最大。句中先行词为an age（一个时代），且先行词在从句中做时间状语，所以关系词用when。故选C。 2.【2019·天津卷】Their child is at the stage__________ she can say individual words but not full sentences. A. why B. where C. which D. what 【答案】B 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他们的孩子正处于能说单个单词而不能说完整句子的阶段。句中she can
定语从句的“并列套用” 中文里“本位词”和“外位语”如何翻译成英文 英文短句的翻译方法 中英文事实和评论的关系 英文中四种句子的翻译方法 中英文关联词的使用和英文中人名地名的翻译 中英文的一个重要差异：中文是动态性语言，善于用动词；英文是静态性语言，善于用名词 定语从句的翻译二 This assumption rests on the fallacy of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually, aside from abnormally lazy people, there would be very few who would not want to earn more than the minimum, and who would prefer to do nothing rather than work. 这种假设基于人性中内在懒惰的谬论，实际上，除了不正常懒惰的人以外，很少有人不愿意挣只比最低生活费多的钱，也很少有人愿意无所事事，而不去工作。
第一步：断句 This assumption rests on the fallacy/ of the inherent laziness in human nature; actually,/ aside from abnormally lazy people,/ there would be very few/ who would not want to earn more than the minimum,/ and who would prefer to do nothing/ rather than work. 并列套用： 中心词+ 定语1 + 定语2 + 定语3 + 。。。European’s today, like Americans 200 years ago, seek a world where strength does not matter so much, where unilateral action by nations is forbidden and where all nations regardless of their strength are protected by commonly agreed rules of behavior. 当今的欧洲人，就和两百年前的美国人一样，寻找这样一个世界，在那里，武力并不是最重要的，禁止由国家发起的单边运动，所有国家不论其实力，都受到普遍公认的行为准则的保护。 第二步：翻译 假设是基于这样一种谬论：人性中存在着天生的懒惰。
when 和 where 引导定语从句的用法 定语从句既是英语语法的一个重点，同时又是一个难点。说它是难点，主要难在两点上：一点是如何正确判断什么样的汉语句子要译为英语的带定语从句的复合句；另一点是定语从句的引导词较多(包括关系代词who, that, which, as 和关系副词when, where, why)，而且其用法也较复杂。那么到底什么情况下用when和where来引导定语从句呢？它们又该怎么用呢？下面就举例说明： 一、when：当主句中的先行词(即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语，则要改用关系代词that或which来引导。例如： The days when we used foreign oil are gone. 我们用洋油的日子一去不复返了。 I'll never forget the day when I was born. (=I'll never forget my birthday.) 我永远不会忘记我出生的日子。 It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold. 这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。 In the years that (which) followed, Marx kept on studying English and using it. 在这之后的几年中，马克思继续学习和使用英语。(that作定语从句"that followed"的主语) The day (that) I always remember in all my life is my birthday. 我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。(that作定语从句"that I always remember in all my life"的宾语，that可以省略)
定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 关系词 引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，绝对没有WHAT；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用： ①连接作用，引导定语从句。 ②代替主句中的先行词，甚至可能是主句中的一部分或者整个主句。 ③在定语从句中充当一句子成分。 注：关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等，关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。 定语 定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语（动词不定式短语、动名词短语和分词短语）或句子，汉语中常用‘……的’表示。主要由形容词担任，此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。 先行词 被定语从句修饰的名词、代词称为先行词。 关系代词 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
who指人在从句中做主语 (1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One. 在踢足球的男孩们是一班的. (2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way. 昨天，我帮助了一个迷路的老人. whom指人 在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略。（注：who和whom已无太大区别，基本可以通用。唯一区别是who可以做主语而whom不可以。） (1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked with on the bus. 刘先生就是在公交车上和你聊天的那个人. (2) Mr. Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see. 凌先生恰巧就是我想见的那个男孩. (3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend. 你刚刚见到的那个人就是我的朋友. 注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。 如果在从句中做宾语,就用whom或who.比如: He is the man whom/who I talk to. 他就是那个和我聊天的男人. 如果是在从句中作主语就只能用who.比如: He is the man who has an English book. 他就是那个有英语书的男人. whose通常指人也可指物 在定语从句中做定语。 (1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替 (3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. (4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired. (5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow? (6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow? which指物 在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。 (1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. 足球是大多数男孩都喜欢的游戏. (2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.
定语从句的翻译 英语中，定语从句分成限制性从句与非限制性从句两种。他们在英语中的位置一般是在其所修饰的先行词后面。 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的其别只是在于限制意义的强弱。而汉语中定语作为修饰语通常在其所修饰的词前面，并且没有限制意义的强弱之分，因此，限制与非限制在翻译中并不起十分重要的作用。 英语中多用结构复杂的定语从句，而汉语中修饰语则不宜臃肿。所以，在翻译定语从句时，一定要考虑到汉语的表达习惯。 从结构上分析，常见的定语从句翻译方法： 一、前置法：把定语从句翻译到所修饰的先行词前面，可以用“的”来连接。 既然定语从句的意义是作定语修饰语，所以在翻译的时候，通常把较短的定语从句译成带“的”的前置定语，翻译在定语从句的先行词前面。 He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。 Space and oceans are the new world which scientists are trying to explore. 太空和海洋是科学家们努力探索的新领域。 His laughter, which was infectious, broke the silence. 他那富有感染力的笑声打破了沉寂。 Harmonious interpersonal relationship is the primary reason why I enjoy working here. 同事之间关系融洽是我喜欢在这工作的主要原因。 二、后置法：把定语从句翻译在所修饰的先行词后面，翻译为并列分句。 英语的英语从句结构常常比较复杂，如果翻译在其修饰的先行词前面的话，会显得定语太臃肿，而无法叙述清楚。这时，可以把定语从句翻译在先行词后面，译成并列分句。翻译时可以用两种方法来处理： （一）重复先行词 由于定语从句的先行词通常在定语从句中充当句子成分，如果单独把定语从句翻译出来的话，常常需要重复先行词，还可以用代词代替先行词来重复。
as引导定语从句的用法 as 引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思 (1) As is known to all, China is a developing country. (2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent. (3) John, as you know, is a famous writer. (4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t believe. ================================ As 的用法例 1. the same…as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语； 例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 一、“as / which”特殊定语从句的先行成分 1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分，如： My grandmother’s house was a lways of great importance to me, as my own is. 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who / whom. 2. 动词短语先行成分。 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as / which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。 3. 句子作先行成分。 这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子，有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：1. 形容词做先行成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。 2. 动词短语作先行成分时：动词短语作先行成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。 3. 句子作先行成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。