international（国际经济学）课后习题及答案----------------------- Page 1-----------------------
Review Questions and Condensed Answers for
International Trade Theories
Chapter 1 World Trade and the National Economy
Review Questions::
::
1( What features distinguish international from domestic transactions?
2( What can you say about the growth of world trade in both nominal and real terms? Was it
faster than the growth of output?
3( Evaluate the statement,” the United States is a closed economy, hence foreign trade is of
no consequence to it.”
4( Distinguish between export industries, import-competing industries and nontraded goods.
Give examples of each.
5( Using the figure in table 1-3, what can you say about the trade structure of the USA and
Japan.
Condensed Answers to Review Questions::
::
1. The text discusses ways that international transactions differ
from domestic ones.
i. International trade requires that transactions be conducted
between two
currencies mediated by an exchange rate. Domestic transactions are conducted
in a single currency.
ii. Commercial policies that operate to restrict international transactions cannot, in
general, be imposed on domestic trade. Such policies include tariffs, quotas,
voluntary export restraints, export subsidies, and exchange controls.
iii. Countries pursue different domestic macroeconomic policies
which result in
divergent rates of economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.
iv. More statistical data exist on the nature, volume, and value of international
transactions than exist in domestic trade.
v. Factors of production are more mobile domestically than internationally.
vi. Countries exhibit different demand patterns, sales techniques,
and marketing
requirements. Many of these are due to culture and custom. Some
result from
differences in government regulations. Included here are health, safety,
environmental, and technical rules.
2. The real volume of world exports grew at an annual rate of more than 6 percent between
1950 and 2000. Global output grew at an annual rate of 4 percent. Export growth in
excess of output growth reflects the increased openness to trade of many countries.
3. The United States is a relatively closed economy since the share of trade in GDP is
smaller than that of most other industrial nations. In 2000, U.S. exports of goods and
services were 11 percent of GDP. The U.S. economy is less dependent on the foreign
sector than other major economies, but to say that foreign trade is of no consequence is an
exaggeration. The U.S. economy has become increasingly open and, therefore, more
impacted by trade developments over time. This trend is likely to continue. Curtailing
imports would, for example, have a big effect on consumers' ability to buy some goods
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(e.g. tropical products) and would raise the prices of others. The absence of certain key
commodities and material inputs would greatly disrupt areas of U.S. industry.
4. a. Export industries send a substantial share of their output abroad. Ratios of
exports to GDP are much higher than the average ratio for all industries. Net
exporting industries are those for which exports exceed imports. U.S. net
exporting industries include farm products, chemicals, certain types of machinery,
and aerospace products.
b. Import-competing industries are domestic industries that share
the domestic
market with a substantial import presence. These activities have
ratios of
imports to GDP that are much higher than the average ratio for all industries.
U.S. import-competing industries include fuels, automobiles,
clothing, footwear,
and iron and steel.
c. Nontraded goods are those which, because of their nature and characteristics, are
not easily exported or imported. Examples are hair-dressing, movie theaters,
meals, construction activity, and health-care.
5. Table 1.3 contains figures on the trade structure of the U.S. and Japan. The U.S. is a net
exporter of food, certain ores, chemicals, and other machinery and transport equipment,
and is a net importer of raw materials, mining products, fuels, nonferrous metals, iron and
steel, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive products,
textiles and clothing, and other consumer goods. Japan is a net exporter of iron and steel,
chemicals, semimanufactures, office and telecommunications equipment, automotive
products, other machinery and transport equipment, and other consumer goods. Imports
exceed exports in food, raw materials, and textiles and clothing.
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Chapter 2 Why Nations Trade
Review Questions::
::
1( a. In what sense are the cost data of footnote 4 related to the figures of scheme 1?
b. Based on the figures of footnote 4, determine the:
Direction of trade once it develops.
Limits to mutually beneficial trade.
Limits to a sustainable exchange trade.
2. Evaluate the following statements:
a. In international trade, domestic cost ratios determine the limits of mutually beneficial trade,
whereas demand considerations show where, within these limits, the actual exchange ratio will lie.
b. Comparative advantage is a theoretical concept. It cannot be used to explain any real-world
phenomena.
c. The opening up of trade raises the price of export goods; hence trade is inflationary.
d. The concept of absolute advantage offers explainations for East Germany’s high unemployment
rates in the 1990s.
3. a. Use the theory of comparative advantage to explain why it pays for:
The USA to export grains and import oil.
Russia to export oil and import grains.
b. Why does the popular press believe that grain exports are inflnationary? What is wrong
with this porposition?
Condensed Answers to Review Questions:
1. a. Scheme 1 is based on labor productivity comparisons, while Footnote 4
presents
per unit cost data. Production cost ratios are inversely related to productivity
measures.
b. i. Textiles will be exported from the U.K. and wheat from the U.S.
ii. The U.S. will trade only if one yard of textiles costs less than
3 bushels of
wheat. The U.K. will trade only if 1 yard of textiles can be exchanged
for more than 2 bushels of wheat.
iii. The value of the ? must be between $1 and $1.50
2. a. Consider Figure 2.2. The domestic cost ratios define limits of mutually beneficial
trade. Within the region of mutually beneficial trade the actual exchange rate will
be determined by the relative intensity of each country's demand for the other
country's product. A full analysis requires an understanding of reciprocal demand
curves, but the following general principle might help heuristically. If the British
are more eager to buy U.S. wheat than the Americans are eager for British textiles,
the exchange ratio falls close to the U.K. domestic cost ratio and the U.S. can be
viewed as capturing a greater share of the gains from trade.
b. Since the real world does not conform to the convenient
two-country, two-good
assumptions, the simple theoretical model is not immediately applicable.
However, we can generalize the model to many goods and many nations. The
fundamental truth remains. Countries export those goods in which their relative
production costs are lower and import those goods for which the relative costs are
higher.
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c. While trade tends to raise the prices of exportables in the domestic economy, the
effect of trade is to lower the average price level of all goods. Trade gives
consumers an opportunity to consume at lower world prices. Many goods will be
cheaper when purchased from foreign supply sources. Trade also conveys
procompetitive effects, stimulates the adoption of new technologies, and allows
firms to achieve efficient scale production levels. Thus, trade is anti-inflationary.
d. The reunification of the Germany economy in 1990 was undertaken on the basis
that a unit of the deutschmark, the West German currency, should be equal in value
to a unit of the ostmark, the East German currency. At this exchange rate, goods
produced in East Germany were almost universally more expensive to produce
than their counterparts in the West. Labor productivity in East German
manufacturing was found to be about 35% of the West German level. Under
these conditions the East German manufacturing sector collapsed. Investors were
reluctant to purchase East German factories and large scale closures and dismissals
resulted.
3. a. The U.S. enjoys a comparative advantage in grains. It also produces oil, but will gain by
specializing in grain production and using proceeds of exported agricultural
products to purchase oil from nations that produce oil relatively more efficiently.
Russia is relatively more efficient in the production of oil and will gain by
purchasing grain from the U.S. in exchange for oil.
b. The popular press asserts that by exporting grain from the U.S. (say to the former U R)
we are lowering the domestic supply of grain and raising the domestic U.S. price of grain. Since
grain is an important ingredient in many food products, grain exports are believed to increase the
price of those products. However, the price of grain is determined in world markets. U.S.
exports alone cannot permanently raise the domestic U.S. price. If the domestic U.S. grain
price
rose above the world price, the U.S. would be a net importer of grains and the domestic price would
fall.
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Chapter 3 The Commodity Composition of Trade
Review Questions::
::
1( Does the factor proportions theory provide a good explanation of intraindustry trade? If
not, can you outline an alternative explaination for the growing phenomenon?
2( Explain the dynamic nature of comparative advantage using Japan’s experience as an
example.
3( Once the United States acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft production it can
be sure of a dominant position in the global market forever. Do you agree with this
statement? Explain.
Condensed Answers to Review Questions
1. The factor proportions theory is better suited to explain interindustry trade, or the exchange
between countries of totally different commodities, than intraindustry trade, which is the
two-way trade of similar commodities. The growth of intraindustry trade is greatest in
imperfectly competitive industries characterized by economies of scale. Here, scale
economies force firms in each industry to specialize in a narrow range of products within
each industry to achieve efficient scale operations. Intraindustry specialization combined
with diverse consumer tastes gives rise to two-way trade within the same industry
classification.
2. Japan's comparative advantage in the immediate post-war period was in labor intensive
goods. The high level of saving and investment transformed Japan into a relatively capital
abundant country. Its advantage in the labor-intensive industries was lost as wages rose.
Moreover, Japan increased its technological capability through high spending on R&D.
Now Japan's advantage lies in the production of high-tech, capital intensive goods similar to
the U.S. This in large part explains the increasing trade friction between the two
countries.
3. Once the U.S. acquires a comparative advantage in jet aircraft, it is likely to enjoy a dominant
position in the global marketplace for years, but not forever. Jet aircraft production is characterized
by huge economies of scale due largely to research and development costs. High capital
requirements and scale economies pose large entry barriers. It is extremely difficult for a country
to enter into aircraft production once the U.S. has the lead. The new firm would initially have a
small market share and would be unable to compete on a cost basis. The new market entrant would
require considerable government support and encouragement. This was the case with the European
Airbus.
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Chapter 4 Protection of Domestic Industries: The Tariff
Review Questions::
::
1( A tariff on textiles is equivalent to a tax on consumers and a subsidy to the textile
producers and workers.
2( Explain the concept of effective rate of protection.
a. What does the effective rate on final goods depend upon and how?
b. In what way does the effective rate analysis help to illuminate these policy issues:
Deepening of production in LDCs
Escalation of tariff rates by degree of processing in industrial countries
3. A tariff lowers the real income of the country, while at the same time it distributes income from
consumers to the governments and to the import-competing industry.
Condensed Answers to Review Questions:
1. The effect of a tariff is comparable to the combined effects of a tax on consumers and a subsidy to
producers. Using Figure 4.3, one can show a tariff results in a transfer of resources from the
consumers (who lose P P fd ) to the producers (who gain P P ec). With a non-prohibitive tariff, the
2 3 2 3
government will also gain revenue efmn. Whether the two schemes are equivalent depends on the
exact nature of the tax and subsidy scheme.
2. a. The effective rate of protection measures the percentage increase in domestic
value added per unit of output made possible by tariffs on the output and on
material inputs. Determinants of the effective rate include the
tariff on the final
product, tariffs on the imported material inputs, and the free trade value added per
unit of output which is influenced by intermediate input coefficients. Effective
rates are positively related to the tariff on the final product and negatively related to
both tariffs on imported inputs and the free trade value added. A derivation of
the formula appears in footnote 10, and footnote 12 interprets that formula.
b. "Deepening" of production in LDCs involves import substitution industrialization
policy. A final assembly plant is given a protective tariff and imported inputs are
accorded duty free treatment. As a second stage, the LDC begins to deepen
production by manufacturing inputs and according them protection. By imposing
tariffs on imported inputs, the LDC is reducing effective protection for the final
good.
Because of relatively high rates of protection on finished goods and low protection
on unfinished goods and raw materials, effective tariff rates in developed countries
may be as much as double their nominal counterparts. Developing countries
maintain that such tariff structures fatally harm their efforts to increase exports of
finished manufactures.
3. Again using Figure
4.3, the loss in real income is shown by triangles cen and mfd.
Redistribution has been given in 8a.
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Chapter 5 Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) to Trade
Review Question::
::
Suppose the USA steel industry is seeking protection from foreign imports. Compare and
contrast the following measures of restricting steel industries: a tariff, a quota, and voluntary
export restraints.
Condensed Answers to Review Question:
There are a variety of ways in which a tariff may be considered to be less harmful than an equivalent
quota:
i. The revenue effect. Tariffs provide revenue. Quotas do not automatically provide
revenue. Under a quota, revenue accrues to holders of import licenses.
Depending on the quota scheme, licenses may be held by domestic importers, foreign exporters, foreign governments, or domestic officials
who may use them to encourage bribery. Only through auctioning or selling licenses can the government capture quota rents.
ii. Performance under demand and supply changes. Any amount of imports can enter
under a tariff, but with a quota import volumes are fixed. When demand
grows, or there is a shortfall in supply, the quota does not permit a quantity
adjustment. The domestic price can depart significantly from the world
price. Under a tariff, the domestic price cannot rise above the world
price by more than the tariff rate. Thus, a tariff is less harmful than a
quota.
iii. Impact on Exporters. When a tariff is levied on an imported good it is usually rebated
when the good is exported. The same is not true for a quota. Quotas may
therefore be more harmful to export performance.
iv. Curbing monopoly power. Quotas curtail monopoly power less than an equivalent tariff.
v. Terms of Trade Effects. Quotas provide no incentive for exporting nations to absorb part
of the price increase; tariffs do if the exporting nation wishes to retain
market share.
vi. Quality Upgrading. Quotas give an incentive for the exporting country to engage in quality
upgrading. Ad valorem tariffs do not provide an incentive for this behavior but specific duties do.
VERs share all of the undesirable effects of quotas. When the exporter does the restricting, there is
no opportunity to sell import licenses. Quota rents accrue to
foreign exporters or
governments under a VER. Therefore, VERs are more costly to society than an
equivalent quota with licenses sold or a tariff. Quantitative restrictions like VERs
are discriminatory. VERs are also hard to monitor. Since shipments from third
party countries are unrestricted, transshipment through
nonrestricted countries is a
major problem. One advantage of VERs is they do not invite retaliation since
they are profitable to foreign exporters and governments.
Tariffs, quotas and VERs may be equivalent in terms of effects on the domestic price and the
volume
of imports. This may be shown using diagram 5-1. However, there are important differences
discussed in 1a. above.
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Chapter 6 International and Regional Trade Organizations Among Developed Countries
Review Questions::
::
1. Explain the following terms:
Trade creation of a customs union.
Trade diversion of a customs union.
2.What are the conflicts between the WTO and the environmental movement?
Condensed Answers to Review Questions:
1. Trade creation refers to the replacement of high cost production in each member by imports
from another member. This effect is favorable to world welfare. Trade
diversion is the diversion of trade from a nonmember to a higher cost member.
This is unfavorable because it reduces worldwide resource allocative efficiency
(See Figure 4-8).
The basic approach to calculating welfare effects associated with customs union formation is to
construct hypothetical estimates of what member country trade patterns would
have been in the absence of integration, comparing these with actual trade flows,
and attributing any difference to integration. Effects of
integration can be isolated
by using trade flow data pertaining to nonmember "normalizer" countries over the
same period to suggest what trade patterns would have been expected for members
without integration. Assume, in the absence of integration, both total (internal
plus external) and external member imports would have grown at the same rates as
the corresponding imports in the normalizer. The normalizer's external imports
第一章绪论 1、列举出体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，他们为什么重要？他们都是怎么影响中国与欧、美、日的经济和政治关系的？当前的国际金融危机最能体现国际经济学问题，其深刻地影响了世界各国的金融、实体经济、政治等领域，也影响了各国之间的关系因此显得尤为重要；其对中国与欧、美、日的政治和经济关系的影响为：减少中国对上述国家的出口，影响中国外汇储备，贸易摩擦加剧，经济联系加强，因而也会导致中国与上述国家在政治上的对话与合作。 2、我们如何评价一国与他国之间的相互依赖程度？我们可以通过一国的对外贸易依存度来评价该国与他国之间的相互依赖程度，也可以通过其他方式来评价比如一国政府政策的溢出效应和回震效应以及对外贸易对国民生活水平的影响。 3、国际贸易理论及国际贸易政策研究的内容是什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的微观方面?国际贸易理论分析贸易的基础和所得，国际贸易政策考察贸易限制和新保护主义的原因和效果。国际贸易理论和政策是国际经济学的微观方面，因为他们把国家看作基本单位，并研究单个商品的（相对）价格。 4、什么是外汇交易市场及国际收支平衡表？调节国际收支平衡意味着什么？为什么说他们是国际经济学的宏观方面？什么是宏观开放经济学及国际金融？外汇交易市场描述一国货币与他国货币交换的框架，国际收支平衡表测度了一国与外部世界交易的总收入与总支出的情况。调节国际收支平衡意味着调节一国与外部世界交易出现的不均衡（赤字或盈余）；由于国际收支平衡表涉及总收入和总支出，调节政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，因而他们是国际经济学的宏观方面；外汇交易及国际收支平衡调节涉及总收入和总支出，调整政策影响国家收入水平和价格总指数，这些内容被称为宏观开放经济学或国际金融。 5、浏览报刊并做下列题目：（1）找出5条有关国际经济学的新闻（2）每条新闻对中国经济的重要性或影响（3）每条新闻对你个人有何影响 A (1) 国际金融危机: 影响中国整体经济,降低出口、增加失业、经济减速等 (2) 美国大选：影响中美未来经济政治关系 (3) 石油价格持续下跌：影响中国的能源价格及相关产业 (4) 可口可乐收购汇源被商务部否决：《反垄断法》的第一次实施，加强经济法治 (5) 各国政府经济刺激方案：对中国经济产生外部性效应B 以上5条新闻对个人影响为：影响个人消费水平和就业前景 第二章比较优势理论 1、重商主义者的贸易观点如何？他们的国家财富概念与现在有何不同？重商主义者主张政府应当竭尽所能孤立出口，不主张甚至限制商品（尤其是奢侈类消费品）。重商主义者认为国家富强的方法是尽量使出口大于进口，而出超的结果是金银等贵重金属流入，而一个国家拥有越多的金银，就越富有越强大。现在认为一个国家生产力即生产商品的能力越高则一国越富强 2、亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础和贸易模式分别是什么？贸易所得是如何产生的？斯密倡导什么样的国际贸易基础？他认为政府在经济生活中的适当功能是什么？亚当.斯密主张的贸易基础是绝对优势；贸易模式为两国通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的产品并用其中一部分来交换器有绝对劣势的商品。通过生产绝对优势商品并交换，资源可以被最有效的使用，而且两种商品的产出会有很大的增长，通过交换就会消费比以前更多的商品从而产生了贸易所得；斯密倡导自由贸易，主张自由放任也就是政府尽可能少干涉经济
【国际经济学】英文题库 Chapter 1: Introduction Multiple-Choice Questions 1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States? *A. Coffee, tea, cocoa B. steel, copper, aluminum C. petroleum, coal, natural gas D. typewriters, computers, airplanes 2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of: A. the United States *B. Switzerland C. Germany D. England 3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has: *A. grown B. diminished C. remained unchanged D. cannot say 4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by: A. the size of the nations' population B. the percentage of its population to its GDP *C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDP D. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for: *A. small nations
Home's PPF 200400600800200400600800 Q apple Q banana Foreign's PPF 200400600800100080160240320400 Q*apple Q*banana Chapter 2 1a.画出本国的生产可能性边界： b. 用香蕉衡量的苹果的机会成本是， 5.1=Lb La a a c ．劳动力的自由流动使两部门的工资率相等，自由竞争使得他们生产两种产品的机会成本相同。相对价格等于相对成本，后者可以表示为(*)/(*)a a b b w a w a ，由于两部门间的工资率相等，a b w w ∴=，只有在Lb La b a /a a /P P =，两种商品才都会被生产。所以 1.5 /P P b a = 2a. b. 3 a. a b b a /P P /D D =∵当市场达到均衡时, 1b a ) (D D -**=++=b a b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD 是一条双曲线 x y 1 =
b.苹果的均衡相对价格由RD 和RS 的交点决定: RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0) 5.0,0[=∈=??? ??+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴x=0.5, y=2 ∴2/=b P a P e e c. ∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴只有两个国家的时候，本国专门生产苹果，出口苹果并进口香蕉：外国则正好相反。 d ． 国际贸易允许本国和外国在阴影区内任何一点消费，专门生产某种产品然后和另一个国家进行贸易的间接方式，要比直接生产该商品的方式更有效率。在没有贸易时，本国要生产3单位的香蕉必须放弃2单位的苹果，外国要生产1单位的苹果要放弃5单位的香蕉。贸易允许两国以两单位香蕉交换一单位苹果。通过出让2单位苹果，本国可以获得四单位的香蕉；而外国可以用2单位向交换得1单位苹果。所以两个国家都从贸易中获利。 4. RD: y x 1 = RS: 5 ]5,5.1[5 .1] ,1(1)1,0[=∈=?? ???+∞∈=∈y y y x x x →5.13 2==y x →5.1/=b P a P e e 在这种情况下，外国将专门生产并出口香蕉，进口苹果。但本国将同时生产香蕉和苹果，并且香蕉相对于苹果的机会成本在本国是相同的。所以本国既没有得益也没有受损，但外国从贸易中获益了。 5.在这种情况下，劳动力总量加倍了而劳动生产率减半，所以有效劳动力总量仍是相同的。答案类似于第三小题，两国都从贸易中获益了。但是，相对于第四小题，外国的获益减少了。 6.实际上，相对工资率由相应的劳动生产率和对产品的相对需求决定。韩国的低工资率反映了韩国大部分行业的劳动生产率比美国低。和低劳动生产率，低工资率的国家进行贸易可以提高像美国那样高劳动生产率国家的福利和生活水平。所以这种贫民劳动论是错误的。
第3章课后题答案、 1、商品的相对要素强度：不同商品的资本/劳动比率的不同，通过比较可判断该商品是资本密集型商品还是劳动力密集型商品。 国家的相对要素丰裕：要素丰裕度是指一国要素拥有的相对状况。 贸易的商品构成：即使技术水平相同，生产要素禀赋不同也可以产生贸易。一国终将出口密集的使用其相对丰裕(便宜的生产要素)生产的商品，进口那些密集使用其相对稀缺(昂贵的要素)生产的商品。 商品流动和要素流动的相互替代：如果加拿大或者欧洲国家对美国的资本密集型商品设立保护性贸易壁垒，那么，美国企业就可以向这些国家进行投资，建立工厂，在这些国家之内进行生产，绕过贸易壁垒。（P37） 里昂剔夫悖论是否证实了这种解释？如果不是，那又是什么？ 里昂惕夫利用计算结果表明得出了与要素禀赋理论完全相悖的结论。 人力资本说、贸易壁垒说、自然资源稀缺说、需求逆转说可以解释这种现象。 2、要素比例理论不是产业内贸易的一个良好的解释。规模经济理论可以更好的解释。 6、区别产业间贸易与产业内贸易，并分别举例。请提供有关产业间贸易和产业内贸易的解释。 ?产业间贸易：是国家之间完全不同商品的贸易，可以用要素禀赋理论来解释。 ?产业内贸易：是国家之间高度相似的商品的贸易，可以用规模经济来解释。例子：略 7、根据垄断竞争和规模经济理论，产业内贸易的利益包括： ?对于生产者：规模经济效应，降低了每个种类商品的生产成本 ?对于消费者：更低的价格和更多的商品种类 ?生产要素所有者：所有的生产要素都从贸易中获得利益。 第４章课后题答案 2：有效保护率是指关税使被保护行业每单位产出的附加值提高的百分率。 a.对最终商品的有效保护率取决于 ?最终产品的名义税率和投入品的名义税率。 ?取决于商品国内附加值占商品价格的比例。 为了保护本国的出口企业，提高有效保护率，对进口原材料免税或者低的关税。 ｂ用有效保护率的分析方法解释下列政策问题： 发展中国家的生产深化： 第一阶段，发展中国家实行保护性的高关税，并对投入品进口免征关税，进而开始建立起总装配厂。 第二阶段，发展中国家在国内生产投入品，并给予他们高保护，进而开始深化国内加工程度。工业化国家根据商品加工程度的关税率升级： ?关税升级：工业化国家根据商品加工程度而实施逐渐上升的有效保护率，鼓励了发 达国家进口原材料和半加工商品，阻碍了发展中国家的工业化进程。 第５章课后题答案 ２、关税、配额和自愿出口限制都使美国的钢铁进口量减少 区别： （１）进口关税和进口配额： 实行进口关税时，美国政府获得了关税
计算题及答案 1. 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为，而B国为，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。假定生 600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 时各国生产计算机和Array 小麦的产量。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平） 思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20 （2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。 （3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。 加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小 麦本国要用3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口 一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了 3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需要出口22单位小麦，相当于 用22*4=88小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品，节省了100-88=12小时的劳 动时间。 如果世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，则相当于用60/24小时的劳动换回本 国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/24=1/2小时的劳动时间。中国进口一单位计算机需 要出口24单位小麦，相当于用24*4=96小时的劳动换回本国需用100小时生产的产品， 节省了100-96=4小时的劳动时间。 （4）在自由贸易的情况下，加拿大应专业生产计算机，数量为600/60=10单位；中国应专业 生产小麦，数量为800/4=200单位。
For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use 第一章 1.为什么说在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示:当生产处于生产边界线上,资源则得到了充分利用,这时,要想增加某一产品的生产,必须降低另一产品的生产,也就就是说,增加某一产品的生产就是有机会机本(或社会成本)的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率与充分就业得以实现,但究竟选择哪一点,则还要瞧两个商品的相对价格,即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时,生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以,在决定生产与消费时,相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2.仿效图1—6与图1—7,试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线与国民需求曲线。 答:参见教材第一章第二节内容,将图1－6a中,以横坐标表示y商品的供给,以纵坐标表示x商品供给,得出相应生产可能性边界线,然后将图1－6b中,以横坐标表示y商品供给,以纵坐标表示y的相对价格,通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线,国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下,当一个商品达到均衡时,另外一个商品就是否也同时达到均衡？ 答:两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时,由其相对价格,机会成本,需求可知另一种商品得相对价格,机会成本与需求。 4.如果生产可能性边界就是一条直线,试确定过剩供给(或需求)曲线。 答案提示:略,参见书上 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线(B国)与过剩需求曲线(A国)来确定国际均衡价格,那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果就是否一致？ 答案提示:国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6.说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示:一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品,有利于此国贸易利益的获得,不过,出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加,有损于出口国的贸易利益;与此类似,出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加,但就是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进
第一章 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要? 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答：参见教材第一章第二节内容，将图1－6a中，以横坐标表示y商品的供给，以纵坐标表示x商品供给，得出相应生产可能性边界线，然后将图1－6b中，以横坐标表示y商品供给，以纵坐标表示y的相对价格，通过类似推导可得出国民供给曲线，国民需求曲线作类似推导可得。 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡? 答：两种商品同时达到均衡。一种商品均衡时，由其相对价格，机会成本，需求可知另一种商品得相对价格，机会成本和需求。 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示：略，参见书上 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致? 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平?
《国际经济学》选择题汇总版（附答案） Ch1-Ch3 1.The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources. B) the United States is a “Superpower.” C)the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. 2. Because the Constitution forbids restraints on interstate trade, A) the U.S. may not impose tariffs on imports from NAFTA countries. B) the U.S. may not affect the international value of the $ U.S. C) the U.S. may not put restraints on foreign investments in California if it involves a financial intermediary in New York State. D) the U.S. may not impose export duties. E) the U.S. may not disrupt commerce between Florida and Hawaii. 3. International economics can be divided into two broad sub-fields A) macro and micro. B) developed and less developed. C) monetary and barter. D) international trade and international money. E) static and dynamic. 4. International monetary analysis focuses on A) the real side of the international economy. B) the international trade side of the international economy. C) the international investment side of the international economy. D) the issues of international cooperation between Central Banks. E) the monetary side of the international economy, such as currency exchange. 5. The gravity model offers a logical explanation for the fact that A)trade between Asia and the U.S. has grown faster than NAFTA trade. B) trade in services has grown faster than trade in goods. C) trade in manufactures has grown faster than in agricultural products. D) Intra-European Union trade exceeds international trade by the European Union. E) the U.S. trades more with Western Europe than it does with Canada. 6. The gravity model explains why A)trade between Sweden and Germany exceeds that between Sweden and Spain. B)countries with oil reserves tend to export oil. C)capital rich countries export capital intensive products. D) intra-industry trade is relatively more important than other forms of trade between neighboring
克鲁格曼国际经济学课 后答案英语版 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
C H A P T E R 2 LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AN D COMPARATIV E ADVANTAGE: THE RICARDIAN MODEL ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS 1. a. The production possibility curve is a straight line that intercepts the apple axis at 400 (1200/3) and the banana axis at 600 (1200/2). b. The opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas is 3/2. It takes three units of labor to harvest an apple but only two units of labor to harvest a banana. If one foregoes harvesting an apple, this frees up three units of labor. These 3 units of labor could then be used to harvest bananas. c. Labor mobility ensures a common wage in each sector and competition ensures the price of goods equals their cost of production. Thus, the relative price equals the relative costs, which equals the wage times the unit labor requirement for apples divided by the wage times the unit labor requirement for bananas. Since wages are equal across sectors, the price ratio equals the ratio of the unit labor requirement, which is 3 apples per 2 bananas. 2. a. The production possibility curve is linear, with the intercept on the apple axis equal to 160 (800/5) and the intercept on the banana axis equal to 800 (800/1). b. The world relative supply curve is constructed by determining the supply of apples relative to the supply of bananas at each relative price. The lowest relative price at which apples are harvested is 3 apples per 2 bananas. The relative supply curve is flat at this price. The maximum number of apples supplied at the price of 3/2 is 400 supplied by Home while, at this price, Foreign harvests 800 bananas and no apples, giving a maximum relative supply at this price of 1/2. This relative supply holds for any price between 3/2 and 5. At the price of 5, both countries would harvest apples. The relative supply curve is again flat at 5. Thus, the relative supply curve is step shaped, flat at the price 3/2 from the relative supply of 0 to 1/2, vertical at the relative quantity 1/2 rising from 3/2 to 5, and then flat again from 1/2 to infinity. 3. a. The relative demand curve includes the points (1/5, 5), (1/2, 2), (1,1), (2,1/2). b. The equilibrium relative price of apples is found at the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves. This is the point (1/2, 2), where the relative demand curve intersects the vertical section of the relative supply curve. Thus the equilibrium relative price is 2. c. Home produces only apples, Foreign produces only bananas, and each country trades some of its product for the product of the other country. d. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one apple foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. Each country is better off with trade. 4. The increase in the number of workers at Home shifts out the relative supply schedule such that the corner points are at (1, 3/2) and (1, 5) instead of (1/2, 3/2) and (1/2, 5). The intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves is now in the lower horizontal section, at the point (2/3, 3/2). In this case, Foreign still gains from trade but the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home is the same whether or not there is trade, so Home neither gains nor loses from trade.
国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章 集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]
第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？ 答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。 2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。 答案提示： 3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案提示： 4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。 6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。 答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。 7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？
《国际经济学》复习题及参考答案 K135班 一、名词解释 1、国际经济学：是研究经济资源或稀缺资源在世界范围内的最优分配，以及在此过程中发生的经济活动和经济关系的科学。 2、倾销：海外的货物以低于同样货物的销售价格在同一时候在国内市场类似条件下的出售。 3、国际收支（广义）：在特定的时期（一般为一年）内，一个经济体与世界其他地方的各项经济交易。 4、提供曲线：就是相互需求曲线，表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品的交换比率。 5、关税同盟：它是指两个或两个以上的国家通过签订条约或协定取消区域内关税或其他进口限制，并对非同盟国家实行统一的关税率而缔结的同盟。 6、贸易条件：即商品的国际交换比率。也就是单位出口能够换回的进口，用出口价格指数比进口价格指数。 7、外汇管制：一国政府通过法令对本国对外的国际结算和外汇买卖实行管制，用以实现国际收支平衡与本国货币汇率稳定的一种制度。 8、汇率：又称为汇价。是不同货币在外汇买卖过程中形成的交换比率。 9、开放经济：一个经济与其外部存在着经济往来关系，如对外贸易、资金流动、劳动力流动等对外经济关系。 10、资本国际流动：指资本从一个国家、地区或经济体，转移到另一个国家、地区和经济体的过程。 二、判断题 1、如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失小于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。× 如果小国对进口商征收关税，那么关税造成的消费者损失大于国内生产商收益与政府关税收入之和。 2、李嘉图的比较优势理论指出，即使其中一个国家在所有产品上郡具有绝对成本优势，各国也可以根据比较优势进行专业化生产，然后通过贸易获益。√ 3、贫穷化增长适用于长期以来人口增长快于国内生产总值增长的国家。× 贫穷化增长适用于经济是典型的单一经济，离开单一产品的的生产和出口，该国就会陷入困境的发展中国家。 4、社会无差异曲线用来表示能够为社会成员提供相同满意感的商品消费组合。√ 5、产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品将在该国经历整个生命周期。× 产品生命周期理论认为，若任何国家首先成功推广了一种新产品，则这种新产品不会在该国经历整个生命周期。 6、幼稚产业是指那些处于成长阶段尚未成熟，但具有潜在优势的产业。√ 7、跨国企业是指向六个以上不同国家出口的企业。× 跨国企业是指在数个国家设有生产工厂的企业。 8、在实施布雷顿森林体系时期，美元是关键货币。√ 9、区分发展中国家和发达国家的最常用但并不完善的指标是人均GDP。√ 10、若美国经济增长速度高于英国，美元相对于英磅升值。× 若美国的通货膨胀速度低于英国，则美元相对于英磅升值。 11、斯密的绝对优势理论指出在贸易中两个国家均能通过出口其比另一国劳动生产率更高的产品获益。√ 12、共同市场是经济一体化的最高阶段。× 完全的经济一体化是经济一体化的最高阶段。 13、战略性贸易政策常常用来支持处于竞争激烈产业中的企业。× 战略性贸易政策常常包括对高技术企业的补贴和其他支持。 14、布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取浮动汇率制度。× 布雷顿森林体系要求成员国采取以美元为中心的固定汇率制度。 15、货币分析法认为，国际收支赤字的根本原因是国内货币供给大于国内货币需求。√ 16、在金本位制下，一国的高利率和资本流入将有助于该国自动调整国际收支赤字。√ 17、一价定律认为关税不能影响进口产品价格。× 一价定律认为关税能影响进口产品价格。 18、如果德国的利率高于美国，则马克将在远期市场上贴水卖出。√ 19、从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的贷方。× 从日本进口汽车应记入美国国际收支经常账户的借方。 20、若美国通货膨胀高于英国，美元相对于英磅贬值。√ 三、选择题 1、设一年前美元对人民币的汇率是1美元等于8.2345元人民币，假设美国的物价比前一年上升8%，而中国的物价水平上升10%，则美元与人民币之间理论上的汇率为( A ) A.8.3870 B.8.085 C.10.2931 D.6.5876 2、列昂惕夫反论包括以下解释，除了( B )。 A美国对劳动密集型进口产品征收高额关税 B美国实际上比其贸易伙伴拥有更多的劳动力 C美国的出口产品密集使用了熟练劳动力 D美国倾向于出口需要大量科学和工程技术投入的高技术产品 3．根据相对购买力平价理论，如果英国的通货膨胀率为10％，美国为4%，那么（ C ） A 美元相对于英镑升值4％ B美元相对于英镑贬值4％ C美元相对于英镑升值6％ D美元相对于英镑贬值6％ 4、不能解释产业内贸易现象的理论有（ C ） A. 垄断竞争理论 B. 规模经济理论
这是我在网上找的，大多数题目都有，朋友们可以参考一下！有一点不确定的是G—L指数，大家再上网查看看，是乘100还是乘1？希望可以给你们帮助，预祝大家顺利通过！ 第二章古典国际贸易理论 在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？ 思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。 从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。 1.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。 假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。 （1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机的机会成本。 （2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？ （3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？ （4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路： （1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20
国际经济学作业 一、名词解释 幼稚产业：所谓幼稚产业是指某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 倾销：是指一国（地区）的生产商或出口商以低于其国内市场价格或低于成本价格将其商品抛售到另一国（地区）市场的行为。 提供曲线：也称相互需求曲线，是由马歇尔和艾奇沃斯提出的，它表明一个国家为了进口一定量的商品，必须向其他国家出口一定量的商品，因此提供曲线即对应某一进口量愿意提供的出口量的轨迹。两个国家的提供曲线的交汇点所决定的价格，就是国际商品交换价格（交换比率）。 国际收支：国际收支分为狭义的国际收支和广义的国际收支。狭义的国际收支指一个国家或地区与世界其他国家或地区之间由于贸易、非贸易和资本往来而引起的国际间资金收支流动的行为。包括两种具体形式:直接的货币收支和以货币表示的资产的转移。反映了以货币为媒介的国际间的债权、债务关系。广义的国际收支为系统记载的、在特定时期内(通常为一年)一个国家或经济体的居民与世界其他地方居民的全部各项经济交易，不仅包括外汇收支的国际借贷关系，还包括一定时期全部经济交易与往来。 二、简答题 试画出出口贫困化增长的图形并作出分析 答：出口贫困化增长，是指某国的传统出口产品的出口规模极大地增长，但结果不仅使该国的贸易条件严重恶化，而且该国的国民福利水平也出现下降，这种现象一般出现在发展中国家。
贸易条件变化前，该国生产均衡点为A，消费点为C；由于该国传统出口产品X 的出口规模极大增长，使得该国贸易条件恶化，此时，生产点变为A’，消费点变为C’。由图中的无差异曲线可以看出，该国贸易条件的变化使得它的福利水平低于增长前。这种情形就成为“出口贫困化增长”。 产生出口贫困化增长的原因主要有：（1）该国在该种出口产品的出口量中占到相当大的比重，这样，当其出口大幅度增加时，会导致世界市场上出现供大于求的情况，导致价格大幅下跌。（2）该种产品的需求国的需求弹性很低，当产品价格降低时，需求是并不会相应大幅增长。（3）该国经济结构十分单一，依赖该种产品的出口来促进经济的发展，因此在贸易条件恶化的时候也不能压缩出口，而是进一步扩大出口量从而保持一定的出口收入。 试说明国际贸易中要素密集度逆转的情况 答：这是解释列昂惕夫反论的观点之一，它认为，某种商品在资本丰富的国家属于资本密集型产品，而在劳动力相对丰富的国家则属于劳动密集型产品，如小麦在非洲是劳动密集生产过程的产品，而在美国则是资本密集型的产品，也就是大机器和高效化肥生产的产品。所以，同一种产品是劳动密集型产品还是资本密集型产品并没有绝对的界限。在国外属于劳动密集型的产品，也有可能在国内属于资本密集型的产品。 即如果两种要素在行业间的替代弹性差异很大，以至于两种等产量曲线相交两次，那么，可能产生生产要素密集度逆转的现象。即一种产品在A国是劳动密集型产品在B国是资本密集型产品。可能就无法根据H-O的模式预测贸易模式了。
第一章练习与答案 1．为什么说生产和消费只取决于相对价格？ 答：经济主体的经济行为考虑的是所有商品的价格，而不是单一价格因素。 3.在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。 答案：是 4.如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。 答案提示： 5.如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？ 答案提示：不一定一致，x商品的价格是Px/Py，而y商品的价格是Py/Px. 7.如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？ 答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。 8.根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？ 答案提示：小国。 第二章答案 1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。 表1 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入
A B X Y 6 2 15 12 表2 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 10 4 5 5 答案提示：首先将劳动投入转化为劳动生产率，然后应用与本章正文中一样的方法进行比较。（表2-2（a）和表2-2（b）部分的内容） 2．假设A、B两国的生产技术条件如下所示，那么两国还有进行贸易的动机吗？解释原因。 表3 X、Y的单位产出所需的劳动投入 A B X Y 4 2 8 4 答案提示：从绝对优势来看，两国当中A国在两种产品中都有绝对优势；从比较优势来看，两国不存在相对技术差异。所以，两国没有进行国际贸易的动机。 3．如果一国在某一商品上具有绝对优势，那么也必具有比较优势吗？ 答案提示：不一定，比较优势的确定原则是两优取最优，两劣取最劣。