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1. The training plan
The development of a football player and the preparation of a team are comparable to building a house. In order to achieve the objectives that have been set, the coaching staff have to follow a series of steps that have been scheduled as part of an overall plan.
This is known in the sporting world as the training plan.
The training plan consists of determining objectives and implementing a set of increasingly detailed procedures with the aim of achieving these objectives.
As with any form of education or teaching, as little as possible should be left to chance with training, even though a fair share of intuition, or “nous” on the part of the coach, also has its role to play in the process.The planning of his team’s training is therefore an essential task for any coach if he is to ensure that the play-ers progress, that their performance abilities develop, and that they are prepared both individually and as a team for competitive action. This is just as much a task for top-level coaches as it is for youth coaches.Why plan?
? To decide, after analysis and re? ection, on the choice of objectives to be achieved, both for the short and the long term.
? To help ensure a better weighting of the elements covered in the training, in terms of quantity, intensity and quality.
? To prevent improvisation in training work.
? To avoid routine and to give the coaching staff and players reassurance.
? To allow better monitoring of training and to facilitate evaluation.
? To allow the coach to respect and monitor the biological, physiological and psychological factors that determine performance.
Planning of training depends to a large extent on the age of the players, their level of development, the category of competition in which they are playing and the ? xture lists for the competitions in which they are involved. However, unlike in individual sports, such planning is not easy to schedule in a team sport like football, where players can be involved in several competitions (domestic league and cup competitions for their club, international club competitions and international competitions with the national team).
High-quality, methodical planning, such as that required by a national team, calls for close co-operation between the coach, the doctor, the dietician and the psychologist.
1.1 The annual training plan for the season
The annual training plan is the basis for all scheduled training activity, and the coach’s ? rst task is to draw
up this plan before a new season gets underway. This plan varies from country to country, either because
of the structure of the ? xture list of the competitions in a given country, or because of cultural, weather and
even ? nancial considerations. The plan does, of course, also vary, according to whether the coach is working
with top-level professional players or with young players who are still being developed. It does, however, rely
on the same methodological principles.
* Periodisation is a technique of planning the process of training and competition so that the annual training
plan is a succession of “periods”, each of which has a different style of activity.
For coaches working with players at the pre-development/pre-training stage or at the development stage,
the annual training plan is based around these same periods as well, but the scheduling of training activities
is not geared solely to team performances.
Irrespective of the results achieved by the team, the training objectives that have been set – regardless of
whether these are technical objectives, combined technical and tactical objectives or psychological and
physical objectives – must remain a priority throughout the season in the planning of training sessions.
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Criteria to be taken into account when drawing up an annual training plan
? Playing level, performance age and training age
? The number of players (squad size) available
? The ? xture list
? The objectives for performance on the pitch for the season
? The infrastructure, equipment and conditions available for training
? The coaching staff available (coaches, medical support, administration manager, sports psychologist)
? Analysis and assessment of past performances
? Additional criteria to be considered:
? Sports medical tests
? Inclusion of preparation or recovery period
? The social environment of the players (family, place of residence, school, work, lifestyle habits, etc.)
The annual training plan is often subdivided into two or three large cycles (macrocycles), lasting four to six
months each, depending on the duration of the annual training plan.
a) The preparation period
? This is the key period for getting the players and the team as a whole in the right physical condition.
? It should last between 4 and 10 weeks (depending on the level of the players and the level of compe-
tition) and must take into account physiological factors. Experience has shown that the ? rst positive
effects of training become apparent after 6 to 10 weeks.
? A preparation period lasting 6 to 8 weeks seems to be the norm nowadays in football.
? The period is divided into two phases:
This period, which is subdivided into 3 or 4 cycles lasting 1 to 3 weeks each, is known as the preparation
mesocycle.
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Table 1: Graph showing the relationship between the quantity and the intensity of training in an annual training plan b) The competition period ? The duration of this period depends on the competition schedule.? It usually lasts between 8 and 10 months (depending on the country and the level of competition).? The period is subdivided into weekly cycles called microcycles.? This is the period when general and speci? c ? tness are transformed into match ? tness: when players reach optimum performance capacity and seek to maintain this for as long as possible.? During this phase, the players’ need for competitive action is aroused and generated, and they are prepared for coping with the emotions and pressures of competing.? As the level of performance during this period depends on the commitment of the players in the various competitions and on their own personal potential, the coach has to bear in mind the need to take indi-vidual requirements into account in training.? To ensure the right emphasis in training and to allow the training to be monitored more easily, several of the microcycles in this period become 3 to 4-week competition mesocycles.In today’s game, given the heavy burden placed on players in terms of the number of matches played (many players are involved in at least two matches per week), it is necessary to programme recovery and regeneration cycles into the mesocycle, especially when working with young players.When players are being developed, learning mesocycles are always programmed into the schedule.Example:Three-week cycle with the main emphasis on technical aspects: receiving the ball, controlling
on the turn and delivering the ? rst pass. Together with the physical and competition-related
objectives ? xed, this emphasis on technical elements remains a priority in the cycle.
c) The transition period
? This is the period when the level of performance drops off and where the player has to be able to reco-
ver physically and mentally from the exertions of playing competitive football.
? The period lasts between 4 to 8 weeks (depending on the country and the level at which the players are
playing).
This phase is scheduled after a period of competitive activity. H owever, bearing in mind that 2 to 3
weeks’ absolute rest can be suf? cient to cause general endurance performance to drop by 20 to 25%,
VO2max by 4 to 6%, as well as causing a decline in overall strength and co-ordination qualities, it is also
possible to arrange a programme that allows the players to maintain their ? tness level with progressive
physical activity.
Example:– Phase 1, lasting between 7 and 14 days
After a few days’ complete break (this will depend on the player), introduce rest and recov-
ery with additional sports and activities (an excursion, cycling, swimming, tennis, etc.).
– Phase 2, lasting between 10 and 20 days
Special, individual programme, concentrating on endurance, suppleness and muscle
strengthening.
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4 sessions each week, lasting 4
5 to 60 minutes at 60–70% of the intensity required
during the training phase.
This phase also allows players who have been out injured for a long period or on reduced training to re-
turn to performance level during the ? nal period of competition.
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Table 2:Graphs showing the distribution in the annual programme of the
different elements that make up football training sessions between top-level, professional players, players at the training/development stage and players at the pre-training/development stage
(Jens Bangsbo, 1994)
1.2 The competition microcycle
The microcycle, which is a short, weekly training cycle, stretches over several days and often a whole week.
The microcycle should not be merely a repetition of the previous cycle; it has to have a new foundation, and
this also implies that some of the processes, methods and forms of training have to be revamped as well.
There obviously also has to be a change with the workload in training.
Microcycles that are linked together over a 3 to 4-week period (thereby forming a mesocycle) can differ from
one week to the next. The content of the microcycle is often determined by the team’s result, but also by
other factors, such as the performance level of the team as a whole or of individual players, or the weather,
etc. It is always based on the exertion–recovery process. With young players at the learning stage, the micro-
cycle also has to take into account whatever learning objectives have been ? xed for the cycle.
At professional level, and even with young players who are playing international football, the high number
of matches – often 2 to 3 per week – makes it necessary to have 3 to 4-day microcycles that are essentially
geared to recovery and preparation for the next match.
The structuring of the microcycle – physiological and physical aspects
? Always de? ne the energy pathway that will form the physiological “focal point” of the session.
Example: Technical training with work on aerobic capacity (70–80%).
? Pay attention to the muscles/muscle groups and neuromuscular groups that are being used.
? Begin the cycle, as soon as the match is over, with active recovery based on oxygenation, capillarisation, cardiorespiratory endurance (basic aerobic endurance / aerobic capacity) and muscular endurance (mus-
cle strengthening).
? Work on strength, co-ordination and speed, but with emphasis on rest as well.
? The training “peak” (i.e. the most intensive training) should occur in the middle of the cycle.
? Stimulate muscle toning at the end of the cycle and on the eve of competitive activity (with work on reac-
tive speed, alactic speed and co-ordination).
? Ensure that the emphasis is correctly weighted in the cycle (quantity and intensity).
? Reduce the workload in the second part of the cycle.
? Plan the recovery and energy regeneration phases.
Example of a workout in a microcycle adjusted for football
? Match (it is also possible to hold a brief body and muscle “wake-up session” on the morning of the
match)
? Post-match wind-down, active recovery work (low-impact aerobic work)
? Strength (strengthening / power / plyometric work)
? Football / technical work / speci? c speed work (transformation work)
? Football / technical/tactical work / aerobic-anaerobic work (aerobic power)
? Aerobic endurance (recovery work, e.g. on a bike or another form of exercise)
? Rest period (possibly lasting 1 day and concluding the ? rst half of the microcycle)
? Football / explosive speed and/or speci? c speed work (multi-form)
? Football / technical/tactical work (preparation for the match)
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Examples of annual training plans can be found in the attached tables.
Table 3: Example of an annual training plan
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Table 4: E xample of a competition microcycle
with one match played per week
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Table 5: E xample of a competition microcycle with
two matches being played per week
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Table 6: E xample of a competition microcycle for players
at the learning phase (15-17 years of age)
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Table 7: Example of a recovery microcycle 12
Table 8: E xample of a mesocycle at the pre-development/
pre-training stage, with learning objectives
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1.3The training session
The training session forms part of the microcycle and lies at the heart of the weekly training plan. Each day,
the coach has to structure and plan his session around his objectives for that day, his medium and long-
term learning objectives, as well as taking into account the physiological, physical and mental strains on
the team. The training session has to be varied – not in respect of the objectives, but certainly as far as the
methods and forms of training to be used are concerned. It should last between 80 and 100 minutes in total,
depending on the type of session, the objectives and the training cycle.
The training session comprises three phases
a) The warm-up or limbering-up phase
This is the preparation part of the session. It has to be progressive, with an initial period of running and
varied movement, with or without the ball, and at a slow to moderate tempo to stimulate the body’s or-
gans and systems. This is followed by loosening up and co-ordination exercises; the tempo is then grad-
ually increased with exercises speci? cally adapted for football based on technical skills or on different
game situations. When working with young players, separate co-ordination and integrated co-ordinated
work with the ball must be included in the limbering-up phase.
There is nearly always a link between the content of the warm-up phase and the objectives set for the
performance phase.
This phase lasts between 15 and 20 minutes.
b) The performance phase
This is the main part of the session. During this period, the main emphasis is on training and instruction,
with clearly de? ned objectives. The content (games, drills and learning activities) has to be tailored to
the objectives, but it must come close to the real match situation. Correct emphasis has to placed on the
various training activities, not only as regards volume, but also the duration and intensity of the activi-
ties. Coaches must ensure that during recovery periods, which are usually active, the players use the ball
as often as possible; this is especially the case for young players.
At training/development level, but mainly at pre-training/pre-development level, the football played
must be at the heart of the whole training process. It should take up between 50% and 60% of the total
duration of the session, although the coach must also ensure that the players’ equip themselves with the
necessary technical, tactical and mental skills using progressive, analytical exercises. In training, play
improves when there is a better distribution between practice games on large and reduced-size pitches
and training exercises.
Example: Once the players have completed repeated drills and gone through simulated match situa-tions in a training exercise that focuses on shooting at goal, a small-sided game will help them
to put the ? nishing skills that they have worked on into practice. Shooting on goal should
therefore be included as a topic of emphasis in the practice game, thereby allowing the play-
ers to reproduce real match situations.
It is up to the coach to work out an optimum combination alternating between practice games, analytical
exercises and other forms of playing, or between separate forms of training without the ball and inte-
grated forms of training with the ball.
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In this phase of acquisition and learning, the quality of the coaching (i.e. the commitment shown by the
coach, his ability to intervene in the right place and at the right time, the precision of the corrections that
he makes and his overall dynamism) will ensure active commitment on the part of the players and the
success of the training objectives set.
The duration of this phase varies. It generally lasts 50–60 minutes or up to 70 minutes, depend-
ing on the objectives, the day on which the session is being held, the weather conditions, local
customs, and even how the coach feels.
c) The cooling-down phase
This is the phase of physical and mental relaxation. It usually takes place on the pitch and includes some
light group jogging and limbering down and muscle-stretching exercises. The players then have hydra-
tion or energy drinks as the ? rst step to aid recovery.
This phase serves an educative purpose with young players as well, in that it teaches them about their
own well-being and how to respect their bodies. It is also the moment chosen by the coach to give his
assessment of the session, to ? x new objectives or simply to communicate with his players.
The duration varies between 10 and 15 minutes.
Tables 9 and 10 provide examples of training sessions.
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Table 9: O rganisation of a training session at
pre-training/pre-development level 16
Table 10: Example of a technical training session at the pre-training/
development stage (13-15 years of age)
Objectives: Improving passing and control on the turn after receiving the ball Duration: 90’
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Objectives: Working on ball control, passing and ? nishing Duration: 90’ - 95’
Table 11: Example of a combined technical training session at the training/development stage (16-18 years of age)
1.4 Getting the emphasis right in training
Volume:All the efforts made by the players in training under exertion; the total quantity/duration of work done.
(e.g.: Volume of aerobic endurance work: 40 minutes)
Duration: Time taken for an action of physical exertion to be carried out at the required intensity with-
out rest.
(e.g.: Duration of the exercise: 15 minutes)
Intensity:The extent of the physical exertion, the tempo to be applied, the resistance to be overcome.
(e.g.: 80% of a maximum weight, 90% of maximum speed, 80% of MHR)
Repetition:The number of times that a physical exertion, an exercise or a learning activity is repeated.
(e.g.: 5 repetitions of 30m, 20 x abdominals, 10 x attacking play drills)
Set: Total number of repetitions performed at the same tempo.
Several repetitions form one set.
(e.g.: 5 (? ve) 30 metre-repetitions, 3 sets. 100% intensity; total distance: 450 metres
Muscular strength with squats, ten 80-kg repetitions, 5 sets)
Recovery: Time allocated for the recovery period.
Rest period taken between repetitions.
Rest period taken between sets (longer than that between repetitions).
The recovery phase is often an active period; it is dictated by the intensity,
the volume and the duration of the physical exertions undertaken.
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无线收发模块的设计 一、设计方案 为了能实现数据通过无线方式进行传输的目的，采用hopeRF公司的无线单片收发IC RF12完成无线收发功能。为了能对RF12进行控制，采用ATMEL公司单片机A VRMEGA48对RF12进行控制，为了与PC机连接方便，采用了沁恒公司的USB转串口电路CH340与单片机相连。系统结构示意图如下： 二、电路设计 2.1 RF12电路设计 2.1.1 RF12功能简介 RF12是通用ISM频段的FSK发送接收集成单片电路，低功耗，多通道，可以工作在免许可的433,868和915MHz频段。RF12首发电路为需要外部很少器件的集成电路，具有低成本，柔韧性好的高度集成的解决方案。芯片集成所有射频要求功能，完整的模拟射频部分和数字基带收发部分，多频段PLL频率合成器，射频功率放大器PA，低噪声放大器LNA。正交(I/Q)下变频混频器，基带滤波器和基带放大器，和正交（I/Q）解调器。唯一需要的外部器件就是外部晶振和带同滤波器。 RF12具有一个全集成的PLL，便于射频设计，它的快速设定时间可以用于快速调频，对于多路径衰落信道可以获得强健的无线连接。PLL的高分辨率允许在任一频段进行多信道应用。接收部分的基带滤波带宽（BW）是可编程的，以可以包纳各种偏差，数据速率和晶振偏差的要求。接收部分应用了零中频方法，该方法采用了正交解调技术。同样在大多数应用中不需要外部器件（除了晶振和耦合电路）。 RF12通过集成的数字信号处理特性：数字滤波，时钟恢复，数字判决，集成的FIFO 和发送数据寄存器（TX data register），显著的减小了微处理器的负担。自动频率控制特性允许使用低精度（低成本）晶振。 对于低功耗应用，RF12支持基于内部唤醒定时器的小占空比的周期工作模式。
标号:GD 1.0 密级: 版本:V 1.0 编号: 《×××》 方案设计报告 GD 1.0 共1册第1册 南京天祥智能设备科技有限公司 20××年×月
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XXX 研制方案 拟制： 校核： 审查： 标准化： 审定： 批准：
目录 1适应范围 (1) 2研制依据 (1) 3系统组成与工作原理 (1) 3.1系统组成 (1) 3.2系统工作原理 (1) 4主要战术技术指标及使用要求 (1) 4.1主要战术指标 (1) 4.2主要技术指标 (1) 4.3主要使用要求 (1) 5总体技术方案 (2) 5.1总体设计思路 (2) 5.2结构方案 (2) 5.3硬件方案 (2) 5.4软件方案（适应时） (2) 5.5电源方案（适应时） (2) 5.6接口方案 (2) 5.7环境适应性设计措施 (2) 5.8可靠性设计措施 (3) 5.9维修性设计措施 (3) 5.10测试性设计措施 (3) 5.11保障性设计措施 (3) 5.12安全性设计措施 (3) 5.13电磁兼容性设计措施 (3) 5.14人机工程设计措施（适应时） (3) 6试验验证初步考虑 (3) 7质量和标准化控制措施 (4) 7.1质量控制措施 (4) 7.2标准化控制措施 (4) 8研制进度安排 (4) 8.1项目周期 (4) 8.2进度安排 (4) 9研制风险分析 (4) 9.1技术风险 (4) 9.2进度风险 (5) 9.3经费风险 (5) 10任务分工 (6) 11研制经费概算（可视情省略） (6) 11.1科研经费概算 (6) 11.2生产经费概算 (6)
通信以交换信息。ＢＧＷ２１１和ＡＲＭ９的 连接图如图１所示。 ４．驱动程序编写 ４．１ ＢＧＷ２１１驱动程序的主要结构 ＢＧＷ２１１的驱动程序包括ＴＡＧＥＲＴ 和ＨＯＳＴ两部分，ＴＡＧＥＲＴ部分是启动 时下载并运行在ＢＧＷ２１１芯片上的ＭＡＣ 层固件程序。ＨＯＳＴ部分是使用交叉编译 工具编译生成的运行在Ｌｉｎｕｘ内核态驱动 程序目标文件。ＨＯＳＴ由３部分组成，分 别为内核驱动接口层Ｃｌｉｅｎｔ Ｄｒｉｖｅｒ、与 硬件无关的主机硬件抽象层ＨＨＡＬ Ｃｏｍｍｏｎ、与硬件相关的主机硬件抽象层 ＨＨＡＬ Ｐｌａｔｆｏｒｍ［３］。驱动模块结构图如图 ２所示，Ｃｌｉｅｎｔ Ｄｒｉｖｅｒ是我们需要开发的 部分，其中的重点是设备的初始化和注 册、收据的发送与接受，对于无线局域 网设备来说，还包括设备与ＡＰ之间建立 连接。 ４．２ 初始化与注册程序 Ｌｉｎｕｘ操作系统下驱动程序一般都编 译成模块的形式，在模块加载时调用其 初始化函数ＢＧＷ２１１＿ｉｎｉｔ。ＢＧＷ２１１＿ｉｎｉｔ 的初始化过程如下： （１）ＳＰＩ初始化： ｒＧＰＥＣＯＮ｜＝０ｘ０ａ８０００００； ｒＧＰＥＣＯＮ＆＝（￣０ｘ０５４０００００） ｒＧＰＥＵＰ｜＝０ｘ３８００ ｒＳＰＰＲＥ０ ＝ ０ｘＦＦ； ｒＳＰＣＯＮ０ ＝ （ ＳＰＣＯＮ＿ＳＭＯＤ＿ＰＯＬＬ ｜ ＳＰＣＯＮ＿ＥＮＳＣＫ ｜ ＳＰＣＯＮ＿ＭＳＴＲ ｜ 基于ＷＬＡＮ的 无线通信模块的设计 肖岗 冯恩信 西安交通大学电子与信息工程学院 ７１００４９ １．引言 当前，手机、掌上电脑等嵌入式手 持设备进行无线数据传输的主要方式是蓝 牙。但是蓝牙的通信距离很短，而且最 大传输速度只有３Ｍ ｂｐｓ，随着视频语音 等多媒体业务的发展，蓝牙技术已经不能满 足人们的需求。 基于此，本文提出了一种在嵌入式 手持设备中集成无线局域网模块ＢＧＷ２１１ 进行数据传输的方案，ＩＥＥＥ８０２．１１ｇ的速 率达到了５４Ｍ ｂｐｓ，可以有效传输多媒体 数据［１］。文中选用基于嵌入式微处理器 ＡＲＭ９的开发平台及其外围设备作为嵌入 式手持设备样机，详细说明了模块的硬 件开发过程以及Ｌｉｎｕｘ操作系统下如何进 行通信程序设计的两个问题。 ２．ＢＧＷ２１１芯片简介 ＢＧＷ２１１是Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ公司推出的支持 ８０２．１１ｇ的系统级芯片，有最低的待机功 耗和工作功耗，使消费者能通过ＷＬＡＮ 访问语音，数据和多媒体内容，为了与 其他手持嵌入式设备兼容，特别设计和 Ｐｈｉｌｉｐｓ的蓝牙解决方案共存，使得两种 无线技术能在同一设备同时工作［２］。 ３．系统硬件设计 ＢＧＷ２１１的所有数据和控制命令均通 过ＳＰＩ（ｓｅｒｉａｌ ｐｅｒｉｐｈｅｒａｌ ｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ）总 线接口实现，ＳＰＩ总线是Ｍｏｔｏｒｏｌａ公司提 出的一种同步串行外设接口协议，可以 使ＭＣＵ与各种外围设备以串行方式进行 ＳＰＣＯＮ＿ＣＰＯＬ＿ＨＩＧＨ ｜ ＳＰＣＯＮ＿ＣＰＨＡ＿ＦＭＴＡ ）； （２）ＢＧＷ２１１复位： 调用ＡＰＩ函数ＰｈｇＨｈａｌＲｅｓｅｔＮＩＣ （ｐｖＨｈａＣｔｘ） （３）内核函数调用ｒｅｇｉｓｔｅｒ＿ｎｅｔｄｅｖ （＆ｄｅｖ＿ＢＧＷ２１１）网络设备注册函数，并 创建一个新的网络设备。ｎｅｔ＿ｄｅｖｉｃｅ结构 体的部分设置如下： ｍｅｍｃｐｙ（ｄｅｖ＿ＢＧＷ２１１－＞ｎａｍｅ， ａｃＮａｍｅ， ｓｉｚｅｏｆ（ａｃＮａｍｅ））； ｄｅｖ＿ＢＧＷ２１１－＞ｏｐｅｎ ＝ ＢＧＷ２１１＿Ｏｐｅｎ； ｄｅｖ＿ＢＧＷ２１１－＞ｓｔｏｐ ＝ ＢＧＷ２１１＿Ｓｔｏｐ； ｄｅｖ＿ＢＧＷ２１１－＞ｇｅｔ＿ｗｉｒｅｌｅｓｓ＿ｓｔａｔｓ ＝ ＢＧＷ２１１＿ＧｅｔＷｉｒｅｌｅｓｓＳｔａｔｓ； ｄｅｖ＿ＢＧＷ２１１－＞ｄｏ＿ｉｏｃｔｌ ＝ ＢＧＷ２１１＿Ｉｏｃｔｌ； ｄｅｖ＿ＢＧＷ２１１－＞ｈａｒｄ＿ｓｔａｒｔ＿ｘｍｉｔ ＝ ＢＧＷ２１１＿Ｓｅｎｄ； （４）中断和ＤＭＡ的请求注册分别由 ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔ＿ｉｒｑ和ｓ３ｃ２４１０＿ｒｅｑｕｅｓｔ＿ｄｍａ函数 来完成。 ４．３ 数据发送与接收 Ｓ３Ｃ２４１０与ＢＧＷ２１１之间采用ＳＰＩ接 图２ ＢＧＷ２１１驱动模块结构图 图１ ＡＲＭ９与ＢＧＷ２１１的物理连接图
《×××》 方案设计报告 GD 1.0 共1册 第1册 南京天祥智能设备科技有限公司 20 ××年×月 标号:GD 1.0 版本:V 1.0 密级: 编号:
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拟制： 校核： 查：标准化：审定： 批准： XXX 研制方案
目录 1 适应范围 (1) 2 研制依据 (1) 3 系统组成与工作原理.............................................. 1... 3.1 系统组成 .................................................... 1... 3.2 系统工作原理 ................................................ 1... 4 主要战术技术指标及使用要求...................................... 1.. 4.1 主要战术指标 ................................................ 1... 4.2 主要技术指标 ................................................ 1... 4.3 主要使用要求 ................................................ 1... 5 总体技术方案.................................................... 2... 5.1 总体设计思路 ................................................ 2... 5.2 结构方案 .................................................... 2... 5.3 硬件方案 .................................................... 2... 5.4 软件方案（适应时） .......................................... 2... 5.5 电源方案（适应时） .......................................... 2... 5.6 接口方案 .................................................... 2... 5.7 环境适应性设计措施 .......................................... 2... 5.8 可靠性设计措施 .............................................. 3... 5.9 维修性设计措施 .............................................. 3... 5.10 测试性设计措施 .............................................. 3... 5.11 保障性设计措施 .............................................. 3... 5.12 安全性设计措施 .............................................. 3... 5.13 电磁兼容性设计措施 .......................................... 3... 5.14 人机工程设计措施（适应时） .................................. 3.. 6 试验验证初步考虑................................................ 3... 7 质量和标准化控制措施............................................ 4... 7.1 质量控制措施 ................................................ 4... 7.2 标准化控制措施 .............................................. 4... 8 研制进度安排.................................................... 4... 8.1 项目周期 .................................................... 4... 8.2 进度安排 .................................................... 4... 9 研制风险分析.................................................... 4... 9.1 技术风险 .................................................... 4... 9.2 进度风险 .................................................... 5... 9.3 经费风险 .................................................... 5... 10 任务分工 (6) 11 研制经费概算（可视情省略）...................................... 6.. 11.1 科研经费概算 ................................................ 6... 11.2 生产经费概算 ................................................ 6...
无线发射接收系统设计与实现 摘要: 此系统采用了无线发射和接受实现双向的全双工无线通信。通过使用C51单片机实现对系统的数据采集、信号收发进行控制。用硅光片进行对阳光是否照射的采集，DS18B20进行温度信息采集。该系统是一个独立系统，能够在一定范围内进行数据采集并且将数据通过无线传输到数据接收模块。 关键词:无线传输；单片机；数据采集 1 引言 对于环境信息采集是很普遍的，但是将采集的信息如何传输就是关键，传统的系统都是用有线的方法，不仅要铺设线路，而且不方便，可移植性差。随着无线技术的不断发展，无线在各个领域中的应用也不断增加，通过嵌入式系统，用无线的方式实现数据的采集和传输是最好的解决方法，不仅简化了实施的难度，而且成本相对较低。 本文主要是以C51单片机为控制核心，用无线接收发射装置来实现环境数据采集系统。 2 系统目的 设计并制作一个无线环境监测模拟装置，实现对周边温度和光照信息的探测。该装置由1个监测终端和不多于255个探测节点组成(实际制作2个)。监测终端和探测节点均含一套无线收发电路，要求具有无线传输数据功能，收发共用一个天线。 探测节点有编号预置功能，编码预置范围为00000001B～B。探测节点能够探测其环境温度和光照信息。温度测量范围为0℃～100℃，绝对误差小于2℃;光照信息仅要求测量光的有无。探测节点采用三节干电池串联，单电源供电。 监测终端用外接单电源供电。探测节点分布示意图如图1所示。监测终端可以分别与各探测节点直接通信，并能显示当前能够通信的探测节点编号及其探测到的环境温度和光照信息。 每个探测节点增加信息的转发功能，节点转发功能示意图如图2所示。即探测节点B的探测信息，能自动通过探测节点A转发，以增加监测终端与节点B之间的探测距离D+D1。该转发功能应自动识别完成，无需手动设置，且探测节点A、B可以互换位置。
失败乃成功之母，黑暗之后就是光明！ 标号:GD 1.0 密级: 版本:V 1.0 编号: 《×××》 方案设计报告 GD 1.0 共1册第1册 南京天祥智能设备科技有限公司 20××年×月
文档修改记录
XXX 研制方案 拟制： 校核： 审查： 标准化： 审定： 批准：
目录 1适应范围 (1) 2研制依据 (1) 3系统组成与工作原理 (1) 3.1系统组成 (1) 3.2系统工作原理 (1) 4主要战术技术指标及使用要求 (1) 4.1主要战术指标 (1) 4.2主要技术指标 (1) 4.3主要使用要求 (1) 5总体技术方案 (2) 5.1总体设计思路 (2) 5.2结构方案 (2) 5.3硬件方案 (2) 5.4软件方案（适应时） (2) 5.5电源方案（适应时） (2) 5.6接口方案 (2) 5.7环境适应性设计措施 (2) 5.8可靠性设计措施 (3) 5.9维修性设计措施 (3) 5.10测试性设计措施 (3)
5.11保障性设计措施 (3) 5.12安全性设计措施 (3) 5.13电磁兼容性设计措施 (3) 5.14人机工程设计措施（适应时） (3) 6试验验证初步考虑 (3) 7质量和标准化控制措施 (4) 7.1质量控制措施 (4) 7.2标准化控制措施 (4) 8研制进度安排 (4) 8.1项目周期 (4) 8.2进度安排 (4) 9研制风险分析 (4) 9.1技术风险 (4) 9.2进度风险 (5) 9.3经费风险 (5) 10任务分工 (6) 11研制经费概算（可视情省略） (6) 11.1科研经费概算 (6) 11.2生产经费概算 (6)
无线收发系统设计 摘要 在有线数据传输方式之中，数据的传输载体是双绞线、光纤或同轴电缆。其实，数据传输也可以用无线传输方式进行传输，即通过空气或真空实现数据传送。与传统的有线数据传输方式比较，无线传输方式不用担心传输线缆的安装问题，从而节省了很多线缆，降低施工难度和系统成本。 伴随着数字通信技术和超大规模集成电路的迅速发展，无线收发系统已经成为了一种发展趋势在各个领域当中已经得到广泛应用，无线收发系统具有成本很低、不需要电缆、应用环境不受限制、组态灵活等优点，这就使无线收发技术得到了很大的发展空间。把数字通信技术和高性能、高集成度的集成电路应用到无线收发技术中，使无线收发技术的性能更加完善，更加可靠。本次设计介绍了一种用三态编解码芯片MC145026/MC145027和无线收/发模块来实现的无线收发系统的构成原理和实现方法，给出了单片机AT89C51与编/解码器之间的无线收发问题的解决方案等，叙述了系统的总体组成原理及仿真。 关键词:无线收发单片机AT98C51 芯片MC145026/MC145027
Design of wireless transceiver system Abstract Among the wired data transmission, data transmission carrier is twisted pair, optical fiber or coaxial cable. In fact, the data transmission can also be transmitted by wireless transmission, i.e. data transmitted through air or vacuum. Compared with the traditional wired data transmission, wireless transmission without worrying about transmission cable installation, which saves a lot of cables, reducing system cost and difficulty of construction. With the rapid development of digital communications technology and ultra large scale integrated circuits, wireless transceiver system has become a trend in which has been widely used in various fields, with a very low cost wireless transceiver system, no cable, unrestricted application environment flexible configuration, etc., which makes wireless transceiver technology has much room for development. Digital communications technology and high-performance, highly integrated radio transceiver IC application technologies to enable the performance of the wireless transceiver technology better and more reliable. The constitution describes the design principles and implementation of a three-state codec chip MC145026/MC145027 and wireless transmit / receive modules used to implement wireless transceiver system, gives the wireless transceiver and microcontroller AT89C51 encoder / decoder between solutions to problems, and describes the overall composition theory and simulation system. Keywords: wireless transceiver SCM AT98C51 Chip MC145026/MC145027
前言 无线方案适用于布线繁杂或者不允许布线的场合，目前在遥控遥测、门禁系统、无线抄表、小区传呼、工业数据采集、无线遥控系统、无线鼠标键盘等应用领域，都采用了无线方式进行远距离数据传输。目前，蓝牙技术和技术已经较为成熟的应用在无线数据传输领域，形成了相应的标准。然而，这些芯片相对昂贵，同时在应用中，需要做很多设计和测试工作来确保与标准的兼容性，如果目标应用是点到点的专用链路，如无线鼠标到键盘，这个代价就显得毫无必要。 本无线数据传输系统采用挪威公司推出的工作于2.4频段的24L01射频芯片。与蓝牙和相比，24L01射频芯片没有复杂的通信协议，它完全对用户透明，同种产品之间可以自由通信。更重要的是，24L01射频芯片比蓝牙和所用芯片更便宜。系统由单片机32F103控制无线数字传输芯片24L01,通过无线方式进行数据双向远程传输,两端采用全双工方式通信，该系统具有成本低，功耗低，软件设计简单以及通信可靠等优点。
1. 总体设计方案 无线通信技术迅速发展，有多种通讯方案可供选择，这里从实用，经济和实现等方面进行综合的考虑分析，选出合适的设计方案。 1.1 无线通信方式的比较和选择 方案一：采用模块进行通信，模块需要借助移动卫星或者手机卡，虽说能够远距离传输，但是其成本较大、且需要内置卡，通信过程中需要收费，后期成本较高。 方案二：采用公司2430无线通信模块，此模块采用总线模式，传输速率可达250，且内部集成高性能8051内核。但是此模块价格较贵，且协议相对较为复杂。 方案三：采用24L01无线射频模块进行通信，24L01是一款高速低功耗的无线通信模块。他能传输上千米的距离（加），而且价格较便宜，采用总线通信模式电路简单，操作方便。 考虑到系统的复杂性和程序的复杂度，我们采用方案三作为本系统的通信模块。 1.2 微控制器的比较和选择 方案一：采用传统的89S52单片机作为主控芯片。此芯片价格便宜、操作简便，低功耗，比较经济实惠,但是应用很局限，且要求较高时传统的89S52单片机达不到要求。 方案二：采用公司生产的430F149系列单片机作为主控芯片。此单片机是一款高性能的低功耗的16位单片机，具有非常强大的功能，且内置高速12位。但其价格比较昂贵，而且是贴片封装，不利于焊接，需要制板，大大增加了成本和开发周期。 方案三：基于公司3内核的32F103系列处理器，采用串行单线调试和，通过调试器你可以直接从获取调试信息，从而使产品设计大大简化，主要应用于要求高性能、低成本、低功耗的产品。 根据系统需要，从性能和价格上综合考虑我们选择方案三，即用32F103作为本系统的主控芯片。 1.3 串行通信方式比较和选择 485串行通信：该接口是采用平衡驱动器和差分接收器的组合，抗噪声干扰性好。具有多机通信能力，这样用户可以利用单一的485接口方便地建立起设备网络。接口组成的半双工网络，一般只需二根信号线，所以它的接口均采用屏蔽双绞线传输，数据信
版面设置：页边距左2.5cm，右2.5cm，上2.2cm，下2.2cm，页眉1.5cm，页脚1.5cm，行间距1.5倍，页码显示第**页共**页。
目录 1 概述 (1) 2 引用文件 (1) 3 **
****设计方案（三号字体，加粗） 1 概述（大标体四号，加粗） 主要介绍下本设备的主要用途（小四）。 2 引用文件 引用***文件（任务书） 3 使用环境 此处内容来自任务书。 4 主要技术指标及技术要求 此处内容来自任务书。 5 任务分析 主要是对本任务的可行性分析，对第4项中提到的主要技术指标及技术要求进行逐一分析，对我们认为不合理的技术要求或达不到的技术条件要提出，并提出替代方案。 任务分析也可以将技术指标等分成几大项进行分类分项分析，按小标题5.1、5.2依次作出详细分析，并得出可行性结论。 6 系统原理及及工作流程 6.1 系统原理 系统原理如图**所示： 此处插入原理图 图** 系统原理图（五号黑体） 6.2 工作流程 根据原理图简单介绍系统的工作流程。
7 方案设计 7.1 整体设计 7.1.1 系统组成 主要介绍一下本设备所需要的部件名称，如：该系统主要由真空泵、真空计、电磁阀、压力传感器、测控系统等等组成。 设备主要配套表如表**所示： 表** 设备主要配套表 7.1.2 系统整体结构 该设备框架采用铝型材结构，***************（此处主要介绍一下设备的外形结构、外形尺寸、面板等等）。 系统整体结构如图**所示： 7.2 详细设计 7.2.1 标准产品选型 7.2.1.1 真空泵 介绍真空泵的选型依据、所选真空泵的主要技术指标。
基于zigbee无线数据收发的设计和实现
1.总的设计方案 图 1.上位机与平板电脑之间无线数据传送模块的总体设计 注释： （1）射频模块采用cc2530该模块是现成的，可以直接利用； （2）工作流程：下位机发送指令通过RS232传给连接下位机的射频模块，该模块经过处理后将信息传给连接在平板电脑上的射频模块，该模块通过USB接口将信息传给平板电脑；而平板电脑传送给下位机的信息传递方式与上述的类似。 2 .硬件原理框图
图2.zigbee无线收发模块的硬件工作原理框图 注释： （1）串口转换电路：实现RS232 串口数据转换. 因此,可以实现无线模块与PC 机之间的串口数据通信 （2）无线收发模块：采用zigbee射频部分； 工作原理：CC2430的接收器是基于低-中频结构之上的，从天线接收的RF信号经低噪声放大器放大并经下变频变为2MHz的中频信号。中频信号经滤波、放大，在通过A/D转换器变为数字信号。自动增益控制，信道过滤，解调在数字域完成以获得高精确度及空间利用率。集成的模拟通道滤波器可以使工作在2.4GHz ISM波段的不同系统良好的共存。 在发射模式下，位映射和调制是根据IEEE 802.15.4的规范来完成的。调制(和扩频)通过数字方式完成。被调制的基带信号经过D/A转换器再由单边带调制器进行低通滤波和直接上变频变为射频信号。最终，高频信号经过片内功率放大器放大以达到可设计的水平。 （3）JTAG接口电路：在线编程，实现对常常
cc2430的编程和测试。引脚定义： TCK——测试时钟输入； TDI——测试数据输入，数据通过TDI 输入JTAG口； TDO——测试数据输出，数据通过TDO从JTAG口输出； TMS——测试模式选择，TMS用来设置JTAG口处于某种特定的测试模式。 可选引脚TRST——测试复位，输入引脚，低电平有效。 （4）电源模块：选用了AH805 升压稳压器,这样就可以将干电池提供的3V 电压变压至5V ,满足MAX232 电路的供电. 而3V 电压为CC2430 模块和J TAG模块提供稳定电压.。小注：MAX232是专为RS-232标准串口设计的单电源电平转换芯片。 3.硬件设计电路图 （1）cc2430的典型应用 电路使用一个非平衡天线,连接非平衡变压器可使天线性能更好。电路中的非平衡变压 器由电容C341和电感L341、L321、L331以及
XXXXXX产品 设计方案论证报告 拟制： 审核： 批准： XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX有限公司 年月日
（型号名称 3号黑体） 设计方案论证报告 1 线路设计（5号黑体） 1.1 引言（5号黑体） 瞬时中频频率（IIFM）测量组件是频率探测系统的关键部件之一，该组件完成对前端混频后的中频信号的频率的测量，直接决定了频率探测系统理论上的测频速度，精度和测量噪声指标。 1.2 项目来源及开发的意义（5号黑体） （含用途和使用范围。示例如下。格式要求，5号宋体，1.25倍行距） ××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。 1.3 国内外同类产品大发展动向及技术水平（5号黑体） （示例如下。格式要求，5号宋体，1.25倍行距） 考察瞬时中频测频（IIFM）组件技术在最近二十年间发展动向，传统的模拟电路鉴频器和各种比较、积分式测频电路由于受线性度较差，响应较慢，受温度漂移、噪声干扰等外部影响较难消除等固有问题的困扰，已经被逐渐淘汰，同时，随着高速数字技术的发展，多种基于现代数字系统的频率测量方法速度已经大大提高，远超过了模拟方式提供的响应速度，而且线性度高，温漂、噪声干扰小，已成为当今IIFM技术的主流。 国外IIFM的报道具体指标多数比较模糊，代表性的有美国《Journal of Electronic Defense》 2002年报道的使用IIFM技术的IFM接收机，中频DC～30MHz，分辨率1KHz，测频时间约100nS。《Microwave Division》杂志2007年的报道，中频工作频段2～18GHz，测频时间最大400nS。国内相关研究近年较多，如2002年航天科工25所的报道，中频24～25MHz，测频时间1us，精度0.1Hz。2006年《电子测量技术》的报道，中频50～950MHz，测频时间最小400nS，误差约 0.3MHz。 1.4 项目合同的技术指标要求（5号黑体） 1．工作频率70MHz±4MHz ，10.2M±1MHz 2．测频精度 2KHz，1KHz 3．测频速度 200nS 4．工作温度范围－40o C～85o C 1.5 样品解剖情况（5号黑体） （使用于仿制产品，正向设计产品略。示例如下。格式要求，5号宋体，1.25倍行距）a）样品电路原理图、基本工作原理及关键元器件的主要参数指标； b）样品主要技术指标（规范值，实测数据）；
基于TDA5210的868MHz 无线接收模块设计 陈良琳 （厦门大学计算机系，福建厦门361005） 摘要：为解决采用315MHz 或433MHz 频段无线接收模块的系统，干扰源多，接收灵敏度低，设计调试复杂等问题，提出了一种868MHz 无线接收模块的设计方案。方案中采用英飞凌低功耗单芯片FSK/ASK 超外差无线接收器 TDA5210，以及少量的外围分立器件。通过改善接收模块PCB 中铜箔天线走向，提高接收灵敏度；在接收模块的电源 和地的输入端串入磁珠，以减少来自应用系统中晶振等高频器件的噪声干扰。实验结果表明，基于TDA5210的无线接收模块，设计调试简单，干扰源少，抑制噪声能力强，接收灵敏度高，工作稳定。关键词：TDA5210；英飞凌；868MHz ；无线接收中图分类号：TN492 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674－6236（2011）05-0162-03 868MHz wireless receive module design based on TDA5210 CHEN Liang -lin （Department of Computer ，Xiamen University ，Xiamen 361005，China ） Abstract ：The appliance system of wireless receive module which works in 315MHz or 433MHz has some problems such as many interference sources ，low receive sensitivity ，complex design and debugging.To solve the problems ，a design of 868MHz wireless receive module was proposed in the 868MHz receive module ，the Infineon low power consumption single chip FSK/ASK superheterodyne receiver TDA5210and few peripheral discrete components were used.The receive sensitivity was increased by improving the layout of PCB antenna.The noise from the crystal in the appliance system was decreased by using the magnetic bead in input terminal of the power and ground.The results indicate that the wireless receive module based on TDA5210is easy to design and debugging ，and has advantages such as few inferference sources ，strong ability of noise reduction ，high receive sensitivity ，and works steadily.Key words ：TDA5210；Infineon ；868MHz ；wireless receive 随着无线技术的发展，无线控制应用已经深入各行各业，安防、汽车电子、玩具等随处可见无线遥控的应用。目前市面上无线遥控产品比较多工作在315MHz 和433MHz 的频段，主要采用ASK 调制方式。与此同时，在这两个频段上的干扰源也比较多。特殊行业的产品由于关系到人身安全，对系统的稳定性要求苛刻，需要尽可能地减少同频干扰，比如医疗监控，无线温度采集系统[1]，汽车胎压监测等应用[2]，因此采用 868MHz 频段比采用315MHz 和433MHz 频段具有更少的 干扰源。目前市面上能够提供868MHz 无线接收芯片的芯片厂家非常少，英飞凌（Infineon ）公司是少数能够提供868MHz 单芯片接收芯片的厂家。本设计采用英飞凌TDA5210接收芯片，采用ASK （振幅键控）调制方式，设计简单，易于调试，接收灵敏度高，抗干扰性能强。 1TDA5210接收芯片简介 TDA5210是一款低功耗，单芯片FSK/ASK 超外差接无 线收芯片，其工作频段为810～870MHz 和400～440MHz ，该芯片集成度高，只需要少量外围器件就可以完成应用，其引脚与英飞凌公司的ASK 接收器TDA5200兼容。TDA5210芯片内置低噪声放大器（LNA ）、双平衡混合器、压控振荡器（VCO ）、锁相环（PLL ）、晶振、限幅器、锁相环FSK 解调器（PLL FSK demodulator ）、数据滤波器（data filter ）、数据限幅器（data slicer ）、峰值检波器（peak detector ）等电路[3]，同时它还具有自 动休眠功能，可以减少电池消耗，适用于对功耗要求比较高的场合。图1为TDA5210内部框图。 2原理图设计 接收模块原理图如图2所示。由C 1，C 2，L 1，C 3组成的滤波 网络，对天线端的无线信号进行匹配，将带宽频率范围内的微弱信号送至LIN 引脚；信号经过芯片内部的LNA （低噪声放大器）放大后，进入MI 引脚与VCO 产生的信号进行混频，将高频信号中的数据信号分离出来，然后经过一个10.7MHz 的陶瓷中频滤波器，再经过内部限幅器LIMITER ，最后信号被一个比较器分离，产生最终的数据电平信号。 收稿日期：2010-11-16 稿件编号：201011048 作者简介：陈良琳（1980—），男，福建三明人，硕士研究生，工程师。研究方向：嵌入式系统应用。 电子设计工程 Electronic Design Engineering 第19卷Vol.19第5期No.52011年3月Mar.2011 －162－
基于RF收发器Si4432A的无线射频收发系统设计 本文设计了一种基于无线收发芯片Si4432和C8051F930单片机的无线射频收发系统。该系统由发送模块和接收模块组成。发送模块主要将要发送的数据经C8051F930处理后，通过Si4432发送出去；在接收模块中，Si4432则将数据正确接收后通过液晶显示出来，从而实现短距离的无线通信。该系统实现了低功耗、小体积、高灵敏度条件下的高质量无线数据传输。 1 无线收发芯片Si443 2 Si4432芯片是Silicon Labs公司推出的一款高集成度、低功耗、多频段的EZRadioPRO系列无线收发芯片。其工作电压为1.9～3.6 V，20引脚QFN封装(4 mm4 mm)，可工作在315／433／868／915 MHz四个频段；内部集成分集式天线、功率放大器、唤醒定时器、数字调制解调器、64字节的发送和接收数据FIFO，以及可配置的GPIO 等。Si4432在使用时所需的外部元件很少，1个30 MHz的晶振、几个电容和电感就可组成一个高可靠性的收发系统，设计简单，且成本低。Si4432的接收灵敏度达到-117 dB，可提供极佳的链路质量，在扩大传输范围的同时将功耗降至最低；最小滤波带宽达8 kHz，具有极佳的频道选择性；在240～960 MHz频段内，不加功率放大器时的最大输出功率就可达+20dBm，设计良好时收发距离最远可达2 km。Si4432可适用于无线数据通信、无线遥控系统、小型无线网络、小型无线数据终端、无线抄表、门禁系统、无线遥感监测、水文气象监控、机器人控制、无线RS485／RS232数据通信等诸多领域。 2 无线射频收发系统设计2.1 系统总体方案无线射频收发系统的结构框图如图1所示，由C8051F930单片机控制Si4432实现无线数据的收发。发送模块中的C8051F930将数据传送给Si4432进行编码处理，并以特定的格式经天线发送给接收模块。接收模块对接收到的射频信号放大、解调之后，再将数据送给主控制器C8051F930进行相应的处理，如送液晶显示等。系统提供了按键和液晶(OCM12864-9)等人机交互界面，还留有RS232接口可以实现与PC机通信。 2.2 系统硬件设计主控芯片选用Silicon Labs公司推出的单片机C8051F930。C8051F930
nRF24L01无线通信系统设计 学院：电子信息学院 专业：电子信息工程 姓名： 学号： 指导老师：
摘要 本文介绍了一套基于STM32微处理器，结合nRF24L01无线通信模块的无线数据传输系统。nRF24L01无线通信系统是基于nRF24L01无线收发芯片，以STM32F103单片机为核心的半双工无线通信系统，文中详细阐述了该无线通信系统的硬件和软件设计。该系统主要由一个nRF24L01无线通信模块组成，在硬件基础上，结合nRF24L01的特点，实现了两个nRF24L01无线通信模块之间的通信。 关键字：nRF24L0l；STM32；无线通信 Abstract This paper introduces a wireless communication system , a system based on STM32 microprocessor, combined with nRF24L01 wireless communication module . nRF24L01 wireless communication system is based on nRF2L01 wireless transceiver chip, half duplex wireless communication system with a control core of STM32F103 MCU.This paper describes the hardware and software design of the wireless communication system. The system mainly consists of a nRF24L01 wireless communication module, basing on the hardware and combining with the characteristics of nRF24L01, and realize the implementation of communication between two nRF24L01 wireless communication modules . Key words：nRF24L01；STM32；Wireless Communication
武汉中心工程施工组织设计大纲（总册）目录 标号:GD 1.0 密级: 版本:V 1.0 编号: 《×××》 方案设计报告 GD 1.0 共1册第1册 南京天祥智能设备科技有限公司 20××年×月
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XXX 研制方案 拟制： 校核： 审查： 标准化： 审定： 批准：
目录 1适应范围 (1) 2研制依据 (1) 3系统组成与工作原理 (1) 3.1系统组成 (1) 3.2系统工作原理 (1) 4主要战术技术指标及使用要求 (1) 4.1主要战术指标 (1) 4.2主要技术指标 (1) 4.3主要使用要求 (1) 5总体技术方案 (2) 5.1总体设计思路 (2) 5.2结构方案 (2) 5.3硬件方案 (2) 5.4软件方案（适应时） (2) 5.5电源方案（适应时） (2) 5.6接口方案 (2) 5.7环境适应性设计措施 (2) 5.8可靠性设计措施 (3) 5.9维修性设计措施 (3) 5.10测试性设计措施 (3)
5.11保障性设计措施 (3) 5.12安全性设计措施 (3) 5.13电磁兼容性设计措施 (3) 5.14人机工程设计措施（适应时） (3) 6试验验证初步考虑 (3) 7质量和标准化控制措施 (4) 7.1质量控制措施 (4) 7.2标准化控制措施 (4) 8研制进度安排 (4) 8.1项目周期 (4) 8.2进度安排 (4) 9研制风险分析 (4) 9.1技术风险 (4) 9.2进度风险 (5) 9.3经费风险 (5) 10任务分工 (6) 11研制经费概算（可视情省略） (6) 11.1科研经费概算 (6) 11.2生产经费概算 (6)