摘要
文体分析是建立在语言描写基础之上的。语言描写在特定社会情境中所产生的表达效果和交际功能是通过特定的语音、词汇、句法特征和语义结构予以体现的。演讲作为公众场合的一种活动，其语言的应用决定了一场演讲的成败。演讲的语言风格较为正式，但是为了能使一场演讲成功，其语言风格不能太僵硬也不能太亲密。本文语音、词汇、句法这个方面来分析美国总统尼克松在一场宴会的演讲。旨在通过研究这次演讲的内容总结出演讲的语言特征，从而为各界人士在准备演讲时提供参考。
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Contents
1 Introduction (3)
2 Theoretical Foundation (4)
2.1 The defination of stylistics....................................................... .. (4)
2.2 The linguistic features of stylistic (6)
3 Introduction to Public speaking (8)
3.1 Introduction to Publish speaking (8)
3.2 .The feature of public speaking (8)
4 Stylistic Analysis of public speaking (9)
4.1Analysis of public speaking at the Syntactic Level (9)
4.2Analysis of public speaking at the Lexical Level (11)
4.3Analysis of the poem at the phonological Level (13)
Conclusion (16)
1 Introduction
Public speaking utilizes a variety of language which is directed towards a specific event or topic .In its broad sense , public speaking includes many types such as reli-gious sermons , lectures at universities , political speeches delivered at public meetings , radio and TV talks etc .In its narrow sense , public speaking only refers to the speech made at public meetings .Hereafter , in this essay , public speaking is accordingly discussed in its narrow sense .For the sake of convenience , public speaking and public speech are roughly used interchangeably .
As an example , I will take ” The Speech by Presi-dent Nixon of the United States at the Welcoming Ban-quet” (delivered on Fe b .21 , 1972 on his first visit to China)to study its syntax , vocabulary , phonology and the rhetorical device。
2 Theoretical Foundation
2.1 The defination of stylistics
Stylistic is a branch of linguistics which studies style in a scientific and systematic way concerning manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.
2.2 The linguistic features of stylistic
2.2.1 The Phonological feature
Phonology is used in this book to refer to the system of speech sounds in language, which includes the following aspects: elision, the omission of a sound or sounds in speech; sound symbolism, the symbolic meaning of sounds; sound patterning, the matching of identical or similar sounds between two or more words; rhyme, the repetition of identical end sounds; rhythm, the flow of sounds and their rise and fall, and their accents and pauses;pause, brief interruption of the articulatory process which includes silent pause --- silent breaks between words, and filled pause gaps，which are filled by such expressions as um, er, ah; stress：the pronunciation of a word or syllable with more force than the surrounding words or syllables; tempo, the speed of speaking; intonation patterns, patterns of utterance usually expressed by variations in pitch, loudness, syllable length, and speech rhythm; alliteration, the repetition of an initial sound in two or more words that occur close together; assonance, the repetition of internal vowel sounds in successive words; consonance, partial or total identity of consonants in successive words or syllables whose man vowels differ; onomatopoeia, words containing sounds similar to the noises they describe; pitch, the relative height of speech sounds as perceived by a listener.
2.2.2 The Graphological feature
Graphology is used in this book to refer to the writing forms, and the signs used in a text, which includes the following aspects: punctuation,the use of punctuation marks; capitalization, the use of capital letters; paragraphing, the way in which a text is divided into paragraphs; italics, words leaning to the right; format of printing, the general arrangement of the printing forms; graphic signs, size or shape of letters, tables, pictures, diagrams, drawings, type style, etc; spelling ：normal or deliberate misspelling.
2.2.3 The Lexical feature
Lexis is used in this book to refer to the choice of words, which includes the following aspects: general or specific ( superordinate or subordinate; Anglo-Saxon or Latinate; conceptual or associative (denotative or connotative); monosyllabic or polysyllabic; descriptive or evaluative; formal or informal; standard or non-standard;dynamic or static; vulgar or euphemistic; favorable or unfavorable; Archaic or neologism; common or rare; abstract or concrete.
2.2.4 The Syntactic feature
Syntax is used in this book to refer to rules for ordering and connecting words into sentences. The syntactic categories include the following aspects: sentence type simple or multiple, major or minor, periodic or loose, etc; sentence length, in number of words;sentence complexity;coordination/subordination/parataxis;noun phrases;clause types, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVC, SVOO, SVOC, finite/nonfinite, verbless,independent/dependent; phrase types, NP, VP, AdjP, AdvP, PrepP; grammatical constructions, comparative or superlative, coordinative or cataloguing, parenthetical,etc; word order, normal or inverted, etc; tenses, the prevailing tense, simple or complicate, etc; voices, active or passive; grammaticality, grammatical or nongrammatical.
2.2.5 Semantic feature
Semantics is used in this book to refer to the meaning of words, expressions, etc,and by what means the meaning is conveyed from the addresser to the addressee.Here, our concern is mainly the rhetorical devices, especially figures of speech,which can be roughly divided into eight types: figures of comparison, figures of replacement, figures of repetition, figures of contrast/juxtaposition, figures of double meaning, figures of reverse meaning, figures of resemblance, figures of omission.
3.Introduction to Public speaking
3.1 Introduction to Public speaking
Public speaking utilizes a variety of language which is directed towards a specific event or topic .In its broad sense , public speaking includes many types such as reli-gious sermons , lectures at universities , political speeches delivered at public meetings , radio and TV talks etc
3.2 The feature of public speaking
Pubic speaking has syntactic , lexical, phonological and rhetorical features.The stylistic features of public speaking can be summarized as follows:The language used in public speaking is formal .Public speaking requires that the language and style be stan-dard and neither too frozen nor too intimate .The use of rhetoric devices makes a speech effective and convincing .
4.Stylistic Analysis of public speakig
4.1Analysis of public speakig at the Syntactic Level
Compared with other varieties of English , the lan-guage of public speaking is more formal .The seriousness of the speaker' s attitude is revealed in this formality .On the other hand , the language used in public speaking is less formal than that of legal documents and scientific English .Public speaking is a variety that is between spo-ken language and written language .A speech is usually written beforehand and the speaker just recites it from memory or alternatively reads the written speech .Here we can assume that the syntax of public speaking is more complicated than that of conversation and scientific Eng-lish .
Nixon' s speech consists of 11 paragraphs , 32 sen-tences , 607 words .The average number of words in each paragraph is 55 .18 .Additionally , on average , there are 18 .97 words in each sentence .The longest sentence in this speech contains 69 words while the shortest contains only three .According to linguistic statistics , the average number of words in each written English sentence is 17 .6 (Wang Zuoliang 1987 :230).From this we can deduce that in public speeches , the sentences are somewhat longer than the average
standard .In conversation , the av-erage number of words in each sentence is below 10 . Table 1 shows the length of sentences in Nixon' s speech :
Words in each Sentence Number of
Sentence Percentage
Less than 10 9 28 .125%
10-15 8 25%
16-20 3 9.375%
21-30 7 21 .875%
31-40 3 9.375%
More than 40 2 6 .25%
Total 32 100%
Table 1
Sentence structure in public speaking is generally more complex than that in other varieties of
English .In-complete sentences are very common in conversation .But in public speeches sentences are quite complete and grammatical .Among the 32 sentences in Nixon' s speech , 17 of them are complex sentences which make up 53 . 125 %, while compound and complex -compound sen-tences make up 15 .625 %.Simple sentences make up 31 .125 %.Table 2 shows the sentence structure in Nixon' s speech .
Sentence Type Number Percentage
Simple Sentence 10 31.25%
Complex Sentence 17 53 .125 %
Complex -Compound
Sentence 3 9 .375%
Compound 2 6 .25%
Total 32 100%
Table 2
Various tenses are used in public speaking .Gener-ally , the present tense is the most common form .The use of other tenses depends on what the speaker is talking about .That is to say , whether he speaks about the past , present or future .In Nixon' s speech , there are 68 verb forms (excluding infinitives), of which 53 are in simple present tense .Other tenses are used less often than the simple present tense .Table 3 shows the tenses used in Nixon' s speech .
Tenses Number Percentage
Simple Present
Tense 53 77.94%
Simple Past Tense 4 5 .88%
Present Perfect
Tense 5 7 .35%
Present Continuous
Tense 1 1 .47%
Future Tense 5 7 .35%
Total 68 100%
Table3
In public speaking , the use of nominal groups is very complicated .The determiners are put both before and after the head words .But in the majority of cases the determiners are put after the head words .This increases the complexity of nominal groups .For example , 13 at-tributive clauses are used in Nixon' s speech .
In public speaking , declarative sentences are often employed .This is because the speaker aims at impressing the audience and persuading them to do what he advo-cates .Declarative sentences are quite effective for this purpose .Of course , other sentence types are also used , such as imperative sentences , interrogative sentences and inverted sentences etc .Take Nixon' s speech as an exam-ple , he used several imperative sentence s .Such as “So , let us , in these next five days , start a long march togeth-er , not in lockstep , but on different roads leading to the same goal ...”
Interrogative sentences are also used in Nixon' s speech .For example , “What is the world ?” “What l ega-cy shall we leave for our children ?”Inversion is also used in this speech .For example , “Never have I heard Ameri-can music played better in a foreign land .”
4.2 Analysis of public speakig at the Lexical Level
Vocabulary used in public speaking is quite formal . The length of words also increases .Consequently , in public speaking , “big words” are used extensively .For example , in Nixon' s speech there are 147 words that con-tain more than six letters .This constitutes 24 .21 %of the total number of words .There are 91 words that contain more than seven letters .This makes up 14 .99 % of the total .In conversation , commentary and
advertisement , words of more than 6 letters only make up less than 20 % of the total ..(Wang Zuoliang 1987 :235)Obviously the ratio of long words in public speaking is higher than that of other varieties mentioned previously .The longest word in this speech contains 18 letters .A number of very for-mal words that seldom appear in daily conversation are employed in public specking .Just cite a few as an exam-ple , Nixon used the following words in his speech “distin-guished , incomparable , hospitality , legacy , magnificent , immeasurably , transcend , compromise , lockstep , plague etc .”The use of these words contribut es significantly to the formality of the style .It gives the audience an impres-sion that the speaker is serious about the topic .The use of formal words also makes the speaker sound more con-vincing .
Another tendency in the diction of public speaking is the replacement of verbs with nouns and the substitution of adjectives for nouns .For instance ,the sentence “ …At this very moment through the wonder of telecommunica-tions …” ,The noun phrase “the wonder of telecommunica-tions ,is a replacement of the adjectival phrase “ wonderful telecommunications” .
It is obvious that abstract words are frequently used in Nixon' s speech .For example , “ hospitality , frank-ness , difference , greatness” , etc .The use of abstract words is due to the fact that the speaker often talks about some abstract doctrines or ideals .The use of abstract words increases the formality of the speech and makes the speech sound lofty and convincing .
Another feature of public speaking is the frequent use of personal pronouns .The first person , both singular form and plural form , is extensively used .The second person is also very often used .But the third person sel-dom appears in public speaking .During the course of the speech , the speaker has to mention himself from time to time .It is only natural for him to use “ I” and “me” . “We” or “us” are very helpful words in public speaking . As “we” includes both the speaker and the listeners and the use of “we” and “us” indicates that the speaker puts himself “in the same boat”with t he listeners .To be more exact , the use of “we” and “us” shows clearly that the speaker is on the side of his
audience .This shortens the distance between the speaker and the audience so that it arouses the audience' s affirmative feelings and sympathet-ic responses .Further more , “we” is a mild way of re-questing and commanding .The speaker calls upon his lis-teners by using “we” .In Nixon' s speech , 40 personal pronouns are used .“I (me)” , “we (us)” are used 34 times .The use of “we” and “us” makes up 60 % of the total .
4.3Analysis of public speakig at the Phonological Level
Many phonological devices such as prosody , intona-tion , rhyming , assonance , alliteration etc .are employed in public speaking to intensify the effect .Though a speech is delivered orally , it differs greatly from conversa-tion .All the words are spelt and said in their complete forms .Abbreviations of words and elisions of sounds rarely appear in public speaking .Take Nixon' s speech as an example , such words as “we have , we will , cannot , let us , there is” are not spelt and said as “we' ve , we' ll , can' t , let' s , there' s ” .The absence of abbreviations and elisions maintains the formality of style .
Alliteration is employed in Nixon ' s speech to achieve the beauty of sound .For instance , “Mr .Prime Minister , I wish to thank you for your very gracious and
eloquent remarks .At this very moment through the won-der of telecommunications , more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other such occasion in the whole history of the world .Yet , what we say here will not be long remembered .What we do here can change the world .”In this short paragraph , the sound /w/ is repeat-ed 11 times .
When reading the speech we find that it is very rhythmical .Rhythmic speech is easy to read and pleasing to the ears .This can be easily recognized in Nixon' s speech .Take the third paragraph as an example , “As you said in your toast , the Chinese people are a great people , the American people are a great people .If our two peo-ples are enemies the future of this world we share together is dark indeed .But if we can find common
ground to work together , the chance for world peace is immeasur-ably increased .”There is a pleasant rhythm in it .The au-thor of the speech has arranged stressed syllables and un-stressed syllables at regular intervals .This adds phonolog-ical beauty to the speech and makes the speech sound very pleasing to the audience .
Conclusion
In summary , public speaking is a variety of language which is used on various occasions .Compared with con-versation and unscripted commentary , the language used in public speaking is more formal and solemn .The sen-tence structure of a public speech is complicated but still easy to understand .A variety of rhetorical devices such as alliteration, assonance , simile , metaphor , rhetorical questions , inversion , parallelism , repetition , antithesis , allusion are employed in public speaking to intensify the effect of a speech .The use of rhetoric devices makes a speech effective and convincing .Full preparation and lit-tle external interference enable the language used in pub-lic speaking to be complete in structure and correct in grammar .The mode of delivering a public speech has both the characteristics of oral English and written Eng-lish .It is because of all these features that public speak-ing recognizes itself as an important variety of the English language .
References
秦秀白. 2002. 英语语体和文体要略. 上海：上海外语教育出版社.
徐有志. 2005.英语文体学教程. 北京：高等教育出版社.
董启明. 2008. 新编英语文体学教程. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社.
张德禄. 2015. 英语文体学重点问题研究.北京：外语教学与研究出版社.
Xu Meihua. Stylistic Analysis of “40-Love” Written by McGough［J］.Asian Social Science ,2009(6):118-120
Appendix
40—Love
middle aged
couple playing
ten nis
when the
game ends
and they
go home
the net
will still
be be
tween them
①
40—Love middle aged couple playing tennis
when the game ends and they
go home the net
will still
be between them
②
《英语文体学》1~7章小结 一．关于文体学 本章主要是介绍了骨水泥与文体学的一些基本知识。简单的来说，文体学就是学习如何使用语言和使用语言方式的一种规则。在现代文体学中包括普通文体学和文学文体学。 这本书主要涉及普通文体学。普通文体学在很多方面都有体现，本书主要讨论一种特定体裁的总体特征。接着，课文简单介绍语言在不同时期的不同定义和在不同领域人民对语言的不同观点。并且，文章的上下文决定这语言的意思。语言在使用过程中表现出以下功能：概念功能、人际功能、指称功能和语篇功能，它们不可分割，相互影响。接下来是风格的介绍有四种：集体语言使用特点、个人独特写作风格、表达模式效果、“好”或“漂亮的”文学写作。本书倾向于了解第一种。即问题学的研究限制在特定场合。现代文体学一直在发展，我们得出定义：它是一门研究文体体裁特征的本质及规律。 二．学习文体学的需要 本章主要涉及学习文体学的重要性。 （一）学习问题学能培养人们对语言的敏感性即应该能分清在不同场合应该采取不同的说话方式，以避免不必要的尴尬。 （二）对我们理解外国文学作品有很大作用。因为文学创作中，作者往往采用违反常规的写作方法：背离与重复。这就牵扯到文学批评，对其“描述——解释——评估”，以此突出其作品的鲜明特点。这在文体学上被称为“前景化”。 （三）帮助达到适应翻译外国文学作品的效果。翻译时不可能直译过来，这是由各国文化差异决定的。 三．语(言)[义]的变体 根据语言的使用方式可以把语言分为两种：方言和变体。人们所处的背景和地位决定了他们的语言——方言。方言可以分为个人方言（如海明威用语方法）、时间方言（如古今英语用法不同）和社会方言（如男女用法不同）。而语域的变体可以分为几种：社会经济地位变体（不同阶层）、种族变体（美国社会黑白人不通用法）性别变体和年龄变体。 语域是一个语言使用者的语言反映，它是一种社会活动，即告知别人话里所包含的信息。语域有话语范围：特定场合（命令、法律等）与非特定场合（例如应酬性谈话）。有话语方式：口语和书面语。有话语基调：人及际基调（人们使用语言的规范程度）和功能语旨（说话人意欲）。总之方言和语域是相互依靠的，不可能有单独使用的情况出现。 四．语言的描述 先介绍文体学特点的三个层次： ●音系学和字系学。英语在音系学上有音段（包括拟声词、象声词、语音同化和重复） 和超音段（包括重音、韵律、语调停顿和语速）。这些特征的不同表达式包含了说 话人的不同心情。 ●有语法和词汇。语法方面体现在句子类型（省略句、圆周句、松散句和对偶句）、 从句类型、词组类型（名词、动词词组）和词语类型（合成词）。词汇方面有：用 词倾向（如抽象、具体、普遍、专有等）、内涵意义（与之关联的词）和词的搭配 （固定搭配）。 ●语义单元和语义角色。语义单元包括连贯（互指、成段、语篇模式、修辞手段）和 语义角色（增强语言丰富性） ●接下来介绍语言描写四步骤：（一）系统阅读文章写下认为重要的风格；（二）确定 语言特点的使用频率；（三）估计风格特点的重要性；（四）陈述语言使用模式，判 断该模式在文中的重要性。
哈尔滨师范大学 文体学论文 题目情景喜剧《老友记》中的文体分析 学生李宏悦 指导教师王静 年级 2010级 6 班 专业英语教育 系别英语教育系 学院西语学院 哈尔滨师范大学 2013年12月
TERM PAPER ENGLISH DEPARTMENT HARBIN NORMAL UNIERSITY TITLE: A Stylistic Analysis of the Sitcom Friends STUDENT: Li Hongyue TUTOR: Wang Jing GRADE: Grade 2010 MAJOR: English Education DEPARTMENT: English Department COLLEGE: Faculty of Western Languages and Literatures December, 2013 HARBIN NORMAL UNIVERSITY
Abstract In recent years, there exists a great number of research of different varieties of English, such as novels, news broadcast, scientific readings, etc. Nevertheless, what c annot bear any of our negligence is that stylistics on sitcoms---a new type of language material, is in great scarcity. Hence,the author of this thesis intends to investigate Frie nds, a popularly shown English language sitcom from the perspective of general stylis tics in terms of linguistic description, textual analysis and contextual analysis respecti vely. This thesis examines three randomly selected episodes by means of qualitative r esearch unfolding their stylistic features, namely some similarities as well as disparitie s among them in terms of stylistics. Through this research, the author has the followin g findings:At the phonological level, the swift tempo throughout the episodes and the frequent use of nitial stress play a vital role. At the graphological level, the frequent e mployment of commas, uniqueness in spelling and emotion and action markers phrase d in brackets are the most distinct stylistic features. At the lexical level, the employment of monosyllabic, informal, dynamic, collo quial, concrete and fluff words is typical of the selected episodes. At the grammatical/ syntactic level, the overwhelming employment of simple sentences and active voice is the most distinct feature of the selected episodes.So far as textual analysis is concerne d, this thesis has penetrated mainly into the lay-out of the selected episodes, discoveri ng that all the three episodes share the same text lay-out, namely the prelude, the body as well as the ending scene. Contextual factors analysis is also conducted in this research. We have discovere d that the field of discourse, the tenor of discourse and the mode of discourse are close ly associated with the stylistic features found in linguistic description. In addition, the author has also explored the selected episodes by emplong two speech theories of vita l importance---Speech Act Theory and Cooperative Principle respectively, finding that the conversations in the selected episodes are in light with the former while always vi olating the latter. Key Words: stylistics sitcom linguistic description textual description textual analys is contextual factors analysis
分析《祝福》节选的语篇含义 外国语学院08级本科2班***（********） 摘要：此短文节选自鲁迅《祝福》一文，主要描写“祥林嫂”被鲁家赶出流落街头与“我”相遇并且向我咨询“灵魂”有无的问题。本文旨在以文体学的角度和语言行为分析在本短文中“我”与“祥林嫂”的会话含义。 关键字：我祥林嫂会话含义理论 材料：《祝福》节选 况且，一直到昨天遇见祥林嫂的事，也就使我不能安住。那是下午，我到镇的东头访过一个朋友，走出来，就在河边遇见她；而且见她瞪着的眼睛的视线，就知道明明是向我走来的。我这回在鲁镇所见的人们中，改变之大，可以说无过于她的了：五年前的花白的头发，即今已经全白，会不像四十上下的人；脸上瘦削丕堪，黄中带黑，而且消尽了先前悲哀的神色，仿佛是木刻似的；只有那眼珠间或一轮，还可以表示她是一个活物。她一手提着竹篮。内中一个破碗，空的；一手技着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂：她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。 我就站住，豫备她来讨钱。 “你回来了？”她先这样问。 “是的。” “这正好。你是识字的，又是出门人，见识得多。我正要问你一件事——”她那没有精采的眼睛忽然发光了。 我万料不到她却说出这样的话来，诧异的站着。 “就是——”她走近两步，放低了声音，极秘密似的切切的说，“一个人死了之后，究竟有没有魂灵的？” 我很悚然，一见她的眼钉着我的，背上也就遭了芒刺一般，比在学校里遇到不及豫防的临时考，教师又偏是站在身旁的时候，惶急得多了。对于魂灵的有无，我自己是向来毫不介意的；但在此刻，怎样回答她好呢？我在极短期的踌躇中，想，这里的人照例相信鬼，“然而她，却疑惑了，——或者不如说希望：希望其有，又希望其无……，人何必增添末路的人的苦恼，一为她起见，不如说有罢。 “也许有罢，——我想。”我于是吞吞吐虹的说。 “那么，也就有地狱了？” “啊！地狱？”我很吃惊，只得支吾者，“地狱？——论理，就该也有。——然而也未必，……谁来管这等事……。” “那么，死掉的一家的人，都能见面的？” “唉唉，见面不见面呢？……”这时我已知道自己也还是完全一个愚人，什么踌躇，什么计画，都挡不住三句问，我即刻胆怯起来了，便想全翻过先前的话来，“那是，……实在，我说不清……。其实，究竟有没有魂灵，我也说不清。” 我乘她不再紧接的问，迈开步便走，勿勿的逃回四叔的家中，心里很觉得不安逸。自己想，我这答话怕于她有些危险。她大约因为在别人的祝福时候，感到自身的寂寞了，然而会不会含有别的什么意思的呢？——或者是有了什么豫感了？倘有别的意思，又因此发生别的事，则我的答活委实该负若干的责任……。但随后也就自笑，觉得偶尔的事，本没有什么深意义，而我偏要细细推敲，正无怪教育家要说是生着神经病；而况明明说过“说不清”，已经推翻了答话的全局，即使发生什么事，于我也毫无关系了。
【摘要】本文就选词、择句及修辞等方面对广告英语的文体特征及功能作了一些分析和探讨。指出广告英语随着社会时代的发展,其以说理、劝诱为主的文体特征逐渐具有了文学的移情感染特征,逐渐成为一种新型的大众化的视听阅读文学。 在现代西方社会中,广告已涉及到人们生活的方方面面,已成为人们日常生活中重要的消费向导。广告的根本目的是代商家向公众传达其产品的有关信息并促使他们最后购买其提供的产品或服务。为达到其目的,广告制作人总是挖空心思在语言上大下工夫。由此,在其选词、择句及修辞手法上都表现出其特有的语言特征。本文拟就广告英语在选词、择句及修辞等语言特征及其功能方面作些探讨。 一、词汇特征 (一) 常用词语由于现代生活节奏的加快,人们不愿意花太多的时间去仔细研究广告。为此,广告的形式、语言、内容必须做到新颖独特、简洁生动、通俗易懂。正是这些要求使得广告语言在谴词上形成了较为稳定的格局。 1 、大量使用评价性形容词广告英语中常大量采用褒义色彩浓厚的评价性形容词(evaluative adjectives) 来赞扬其产品的优良品质,以期赢得公众的心理认同,树立产品的良好形象。如下例就是一个极端:An unrivaled international collection of exceptional naturalfibre bedding , clothing , intimate apparel and personal accessoriesfor discerning and some very fortunate children.有比较才有鉴别。但由于受广告法的约束和限制,在广告中不能采用贬低别的商品方式借以抬高自身的身价。因此,广告商在推销宣传产品的过程中不能使用带有明显贬义的词汇来同其他产品进行比较,往往转而借助缺少比较对象的模糊的比较方式来显示其产品质量更高一筹。如:Persil washes whiter and it shows.———(Persil 洗涤剂广告)Tastes richer. . . mellower. . . more satisfying.———(REAL 牌香烟广告)有时为了避免对其自身的产品可能造成的负面联想。在广告中甚至采用一些新词来替代业已广为人们所熟悉的词汇,如用pre - owned 代替second - hand ; 不说有小号鸡蛋(small eggs) ,而说有medium, large , extra 和jumbo 四种规格的鸡蛋。 2、注重使用简短动词英语广告中常使用一些单音节的动词,如用get 替代obtain ,buy 替代purchase ,用use 替代utilize 等,从而使得语言简洁生动,易于诵读,增强其可读性。如:Getting places in the business world is easier if your bankeris there to meet you.———Security Pacific Asian BankWhy buy just a boat , when you could buy a CHRIS -CRAFT.———Chris - Craft这类简短动词是人们在日常生活中使用最频繁、意义最明确的动词。虽然其含义千差万别,但在广告里面都可以用来暗示广告商品与消费者之间的某种关系;以期消费者从中获得某种联想, 借以满足其某些心理欲望。如“have , get , give , buy , keep”可表示消费者对某些商品或服务的取得和拥有;“take , use , have”可涉含消费者使用商品的动作和过程;而“like , love , need ”则可表示消费者对某种商品的喜爱及需求程度。因而,有人也把这类能激发起消费者心理联想的动词称为“鼓动性动词”。 3 、灵活运用复合词复合词除了新闻语体外,在其他文体中是不多见的。在广告中,广告商大量采用复合词,不仅可以节省许多篇幅,而且在行文上往往打破常规、独具匠心,令广告语言更加引人注目,以增强其记忆功能和注意功能,在受众心里留下更为持久深刻的影响。如:The exhibition , which will run concurrently , will have state- of - the - art exhibits , will definitely interest many. We’reone of America’s most sought - after national consulting firms forone reason - - our technological edge.此类复合词还有很 多:pollution - free (fuels) , brand -new , wear - resistant , all - in - one , honest
《简·爱》文体分析 摘要：文体学是连接语言学和文学批评的桥梁，它集中探讨作者如何通过对语言的选择来表达和加强主题意义和美学效果。《简·爱》是英国著名女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特最为经典的作品。本文从文体学的角度对《简·爱》进行分析，探讨其在词汇运用、情节发展、人物刻画及主题思想方面的特点。 一、作者简介 夏洛蒂·勃朗特1816年生于英国北部约克郡的豪渥斯的一个乡村牧师家庭。母亲早逝，八岁的夏洛蒂被送进一所专收神职人员孤女的慈善性机构——柯文桥女子寄宿学校。在那里，她的两个姐姐玛丽亚和伊丽莎白因染上肺病而先后死去。于是夏洛蒂和妹妹艾米利回到家乡，15岁时她进了伍勒小姐办的学校读书，几年后又在这个学校当教师。后来她曾作家庭教师，最终她投身于文学创作的道路。夏洛蒂·勃朗特有两个姐姐、两个妹妹和一个弟弟。两个妹妹，即艾米莉·勃朗特和安妮·勃朗特，也是著名作家，因而在英国文学史上常有“勃朗特三姐妹”之称。 二、小说内容概要 简·爱是一个孤儿，寄住在舅母家，从小受尽欺侮和白眼。她被送进一家慈善学校，在那里，她学会了如何在恶劣的条件下生存，并最终成为该校的一名教师。后来，她应聘报纸广告上的职位，来到桑菲尔德庄园，担任庄园的主人罗切斯特先生收养的小女孩阿黛尔的家庭教师。简·爱相貌平平，出身寒微，却诚实真挚，独立自强，敢于表达自己的观点。罗切斯特被简·爱所深深吸引，而她也爱上了罗切斯特。就在他们即将成婚之际，简·爱得知罗切斯特已有妻室，她就是被关在阁楼里的疯女人伯莎。简·爱拒绝了罗切斯特要她留下来的请求，离开了桑菲尔德庄园。无家可归的简·爱被圣约翰·里弗斯兄妹收留，原来他们竟是表亲。圣约翰要去印度传教，他认为简·爱的品格非常适合做牧师的妻子，于是向她求婚，而简·爱却对罗切斯特念念不忘。一天晚上，她仿佛听见罗切斯特在呼唤自己的名字，于是她又回到桑菲尔德庄园，却发现昔日的庄园已被伯莎点的一把火化为灰烬。而罗切斯特也在抢救伯莎时受伤，双目失明。这时已经继承了一笔遗产的简·爱决定留在罗切斯特身边。三、文体赏析
分析文体特征和表现手法 一、(2017《考试说明》新题型)阅读下面的文字，完成1～3题。(12分) 吴祖光：旷世才情不平则鸣 吴祖光，当代中国影响最大、最著名、最具传奇色彩的文化老人之一。戏剧导演牟森曾这样评价：“吴祖光在中国现代戏剧史上是非常重要的作家，极具名士风范。” 吴祖光的祖籍是江苏省武进县。父亲吴瀛是位饱学之士，以诗、文、书、画闻名，又是一位文物鉴赏家。母亲也识文断字，经常念诗给他听。家庭的文化氛围给少年吴祖光以一定的熏陶和影响。他酷爱戏曲，常泡在戏园里看戏，接触了大量戏曲。 中学毕业后入中法大学文学系，在抗战爆发的一九三七年，二十岁的吴祖光完成了他的话剧处女作《凤凰城》。该剧是根据东北抗日义勇军苗可秀烈士的事迹写成的。剧中歌颂了苗可秀领导“中国少年铁血军”在白山黑水之间与日寇展开的艰苦顽强的斗争。该剧成为全国戏剧界与日本侵略者进行斗争的有力武器。 这部剧作，曾得到当时戏剧大师曹禺的大加称赞。曹禺称他“一出手就是战士”。但对这部剧作，晚年的吴祖光在《“投机取巧”的〈凤凰城〉——我从事剧本写作的开始》一文中介绍说：“这个剧本写得太幼稚，今天一看会让我感到脸红耳赤。譬如剧中苗可秀别家出征总带着义仆张生，完全是旧戏里公子与随身的书童那样的主仆关系。” 随后几年间，他笔耕不辍，陆续创作了《正气歌》《林冲夜奔》《牛郎织女》《少年游》和《风雪夜归人》等声震文坛的剧作。其中完成于1942年的《风雪夜
归人》是吴祖光的代表作。这部剧作集中体现了吴祖光以戏曲思维创作话剧的另一种思路，他将中西戏剧“写实”与“写意”艺术手法相融合，尝试不同题材和富有异趣的创作风格，对民族戏剧的现代化和现代话剧的民族化做出了有益的探索。 除了艺术上久负盛名，吴祖光还被称为中国知识分子的脊梁。作为剧作家，吴祖光连续撰文抨击国民党统治之下的审查制度，称之为“奴隶的审查制度”。他抨击国民党删除曹禺之作《蜕变》中“打游击”的情节；他嘲讽蒋介石因自己是秃头而将张天翼的童话《秃秃大王》改成《猴儿大王》；他愤怒自己创作的《正气歌》被国民党删去关于朝廷昏庸的所有内容。 对当时的政治形势，吴祖光有自己的判断和立场。1945年，他冒着生命危险率先发表了毛主席词《沁园春·雪》。毛主席诗词的突然发表，极大地改变了共产党的政治形象与文化形象，为此他遭到国民党通缉追杀。 历史在发展过程中往往会出现一些拐点，作为社会中的个体，难免也会深随其中而无法左右自己的命运。1957年吴祖光被错划为右派，下放北大荒劳动。对于这种不期而来的遭遇，他以诗明志。诗云：眼高于顶命如纸，生正逢时以至此。行船偏遇打头风，不到黄河心不死。“生正逢时”，正是他一生最喜欢的词语。 唐代王维在《酬张少府》云：“晚年惟好静，万事不关心。自顾无长策，空知返旧林。”但吴祖光即便到了晚年也绝非万事不关心的人。1991年12月23日，两位女顾客在北京国贸中心购物，遭到服务员无端怀疑，并受到解衣、开包检查的侮辱。关于此事，吴祖光写了题为“高档次的事业需要高素质的职工”一文，发表在《中华工商时报》上。这就是吴祖光，虽然和他没有关系，但是他也要说出来。
广告的文体特点及其翻译 摘要:英汉广告在遣词造句以及修辞上既表现出相似性又存在着差别,因此,在翻译广告时,应根据具体广告的不同特点,采用灵活的译法,译成符合目的语读者审美习惯和审美需要的广告,以促进产品的销售。 关键词:广告;文体特点;翻译 Abstract :There are similarities and differences between advertisement in English and that in Chinese concerning their language and rhetorical devices. Therefore ,in t ranslating advertisement ,we have to choose anappropriate approach to make the t ranslation suitable for the target language readership and promote theselling of product . Key words :advertisement ;stylistic features ;t ranslation 随着我国经济的蓬勃发展和进出口贸易的日益兴盛,中英文广告的翻译显得越来越重要。广告翻译不仅同产品信誉、销售规模和经济效益息息相关,而且在一定程度上反映出一个国家和民族的文化素质[1 ] (P26) 本文拟从广告的文体特点着手,从文化的角度探讨如何在广告翻译中实现在功能对等的基础上的等效。 一、遣词造句简洁典雅 一般来说,英文广告词的句子比较简短,讲求利落有力,大量使用省略句、祈使句及破折句,忌讳用结构复杂的长句,行文口语化强。英语广告用词多具有通俗语体色彩,且词语多含有积极意义,行文构句多使用单音节词(monosyllables) 和合成词, [2 ] (P41) 如have , see , buy , come , get , make , give ,keep ,great ,rich ,f resh ,new ,crisp ,top - quality ,economy - size ,brand - new ,home - made ,f resh- tasting ,first - class , record - breaking 等。除此之外, 一些创新词、杜撰词( coinages) 和外来词(foreign loans) 也颇为常见,如sunkissed ,eggsactly ,timex , kleenex ,playtex , kash , karry 等。另外, 为了让读者对所宣传的产品有一个良好的印象, 形容词和副词的比较级,最高级也常常在广告语篇中出现,如 best ,better ,milder ,hottest ,plushest , softest 等。这些词语简单易识,新奇醒目,构成了广告语言的主体。 汉语广告习惯上则偏重使用“四字格“词组, 包括成语与非成语,来达到精练语言( refined language) 的目的。另外汉语广告常常选择顶级词语作为自己的语言材料。事实上,现代汉语广告已拥有了一套几乎是自己专用的顶级语汇系统。这个系统除了包括直接表示“第一”、“极至”意义的“最”、“更”、“超”、“大”、“新”、“独”、“全”、“王”、“霸”等词语外,还有隐含“第一”与“极致”意义的其他词语被大量收编,如品质超群、领袖风范、卓越不凡、无出其右、空调专家、搬运权威、销售冠军、精心杰作、聚天地精华、唯一推荐、领先潮流、超值享受、尽显风流等等。这些丰富的语汇材料, 使汉语的广告语言区别于任何文体,显示出独特的夸饰风格。当然汉语广告相对于英文广告来说,主要特点是更显典雅简洁,文质气重。“四字格”(four - character phrase - ology) 词组是汉语特有的表达法,上面所列举的顶级词汇中,有许多都是“四字格”词组,
《英语文体学导论》期末考查论文 I wondered lonely as a cloud文体分析 班级：_________ 学号：_____________ 姓名：_____________ This poem was one of William Wordsworth's representatives. It is said that this poem was written through the author's experience, going sight-seeing with his sister and being greatly attracted by the native nature. And it belongs to the emotion recollected in tranquility. The main idea of the poem is that at first the author felt depressed and then was inspired by the enjoyable daffodils to become happy at last. In this poem, the author greatly appreciates the daffodils. Of course, stylistics is quite important in writing for it can help author express their ideas more effectively so it is unavoidable for Wordsworth to adopt some aspects of stylistics. This article discusses the language of this poem from syntax, phonology and graphology, semantics, lexical, language usage and passage. 1. Syntax (1) Repetition is used for the sake of emphasis to highlight a particular meaning. a)“I gazed- and gazed- but little thought”, the word “gazed” means a long time staring, and the author repeats it 2 times in order to show a very long time in enjoying the pleasant moment with the daffodils and expresses the author’s endless happiness. b)Another word “dance” or “dancing”appears every stanza in this poem, which emphasizes the happiness of those daffodils from
教学文体学：把文体学理论和分析方法应用到诸如口语、阅读、写作、文学、翻译等课程的教学中。 文体学的目的：使学习者更好地理解各类文体的语言形式和功能，提高对语言及作品的鉴赏能力和对文体敏感性，以及恰当运用语言的能力。 历史背景：教学文体学是一个基于语言（language-based）、以学生为本（student-oriented）、注重互动（activity-minded）、以流程为导向（process-oriented）来研究文学（或非文学）文本的研究方法。教学文体学作为文体学的一个分支，其发展一直贯穿于文体学的发展之中。19世纪开始，文学文本研究成为一门独立的学科，但是由于当时普遍认为文学不具学术研究性，所以它并没有被运用到教学中去。从文学文本研究成为一门学科直到其后的30多年时间里，文学教学一直遵循着一个不变的模式，后来这个模式被Freire称为囤积式教育（banking education），Freire认为这种模式好比是吧学习者当作空容器，他们不需要发言只需要接受所传授的东西，而教师所要做的就是把知识倒入这些“容器”里。在1938年，Rosenblatt提出文学是可授的并且强调需要激发学生的回应，虽然她的研究被认为是以学生为本观点（student-oriented perspective）的最早研究之一，但是并未成为教学文体学发展史的一部分。1975年，Widdowson开创性的提出：文学教学的重点在于提高学习者解读一系列语言的能力，包括文学和非文学，合乎语法或不合乎语法。这之后就渐渐形成了以学生为本、注重互动的教学文体学的特点。在20世纪的前25年，俄国文学形式主义者提出了语言的重要性，将“文学研究”与“文学资源的试议”区分开来。他们的这些观点使得后来出现了一系列关于如何在语言教学中使用文学文本的教科书。跟重要的是，他们提出“文学性”的问题，并以“陌生化”作为解答，对后来教学文体学产生了深远的影响。到1959年，J.R.Firth在爱丁堡大学谈及文体这一内容，使得文学教学从文体学的角度开始逐渐得到系统化。从此，EFL学者开始将文学文本作为语言学习的一个资源。1975年，Widdowson在《文体学与文学教学》中强调个人对文学的阐释应该建立在理解各语言项是如何获得话语的特殊价值的基础上, 即对文学 的理解侧重通过语言形式的选择和排列表达了什么, 而不在于它描述了什么。也就是说要抓住作者的深层思想, 在教学中培养学生对文学交际的表达内容和方式的敏感性至关重要。Widdowson的这一论述是教学文体学历史上具有重大意义的里程碑，它开启了通过文体学将文学研究与语言研究相结合的道路，同时也为后来的学者留下了研究的空间。从1795年开始，许多关于这方面研究开始出现，加上俄国文学形式主义的影响，一个直接结果就是人们把对作品和作者的关注转向了对文学文本语言的关注。基于语言的、以流程为导向的教学语言学逐渐形成。 研究趋势：教学文体学的研究趋势有很多，其中例举如下几个 1、语料库文体学，利用语料库以及新技术进行文体学教学 2、利用实证研究法进行文体学的教学 3、认知文体学和认知语言学，研究学生的意识和意识的产生。
论文大标题（三号宋体，居中） 摘要（小四宋体加粗）：XXXX（小四宋体，不加粗） 关键词（小四宋体加粗）：XXX；XXX；（小四宋体，不加粗，分号隔开）Abstract（Times New Roman 小四加粗）：XXXX（小四，Times New Roman不加粗） Key Words（Times New Roman 小四加粗）：XXX；XXX；（小四Times New Roman，不加粗，分号隔开） 正文（小四宋体，不加粗） 1 引言 2 2.1 … 3 3.1 … 参考文献注意点 1）英文在前，中文在后（按字母顺序排列） 2）文献中的标点都用英文标点 3）正文中须标出引用的参考文献 书籍类（不需标出页码，文中标出即可） Fairclough, N. Discourse and Social Change [M]. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992 赵渭绒. 西方互文性理论对中国的影响 [M]. 成都：巴蜀书社, 2012 期刊类（起始页码需标出） Linell, P. Discourse across boundaries: on recontextualizations and the blending of voices in professional discourse [J]. Text, 1998(2): 143-157 李勇忠. 认知语义激活与语言留白美学论 [J]. 西安外国语大学学学报, 2009(4): 10-14 其它格式要求： 页边距：2cm
行间距：固定值22磅 字数：不少于5000字 英文参考文献：不少于5个参考文献总数：不少于15个
第二章文体分析的步骤 文体分析通常按照语言描写、文本分析、语境因素分析的顺序进行。 一、语言描写 语言描写是指：对给定文本的语言特征进行的研究和分类。语言特征通过在文本中出现的相对频度表现出来。通常来说，当我们说一篇文章有特定的语言特征，就指这些特征在文章中出现的很多，这就意味着，我们应当对一篇文章中特定语言特征的出现频次进行统计。另外，在一篇文章中，局部特征和主导特征的安排可能暗示着写作人的态度意图。这就是文体学的关注点。并不是说出现频次最少的就不值得关注，有可能也是文章的一个特殊之处。（比如口语词汇不会出现在书写的法律文件中） 文章风格的塑造者用最常出现或最少出现的语言特征代表一种特定的文风文体。利奇和肖特在阐述问题分析的方法时，列出了四个语言学和文体学目录，分别是：词汇学种类、语法种类、修辞以及衔接和语境。 在本书中，我们提供一个从五方面进行语言描写分析的目录：音韵学、笔迹学、词汇学、语法学和语义学。 语言描写分析目录： 【音韵】这里的音韵学指一种语言的发音系统，包含以下方面： 1.音的省略 2.语音象征 3.组音 4.押韵 5.节奏 6.停顿 7.重音 8.速度 9.语调 10.头韵 11.谐音 12.尾韵 13.拟声 14.音高 【笔迹学】这里的笔迹学指书写形式，在文章中表现在以下方面： 1.标点符号的使用 2.字母大写 3.段落划分 4.斜体 5.印刷布局 6.图解标志 7.拼写 【词汇】词汇的选择包含以下角度：
1.高级或低级词汇选择 2.词源是古英语还是拉丁语 3.本义还是衍生 4.音节的多少 5.描述或评价 6.正式或非正 式 7.标准或非标 准 8.动态或静态 （动态动词包括:①持 续的活动。比如“走” “读”“说”②过程或转 化。比如“成长”“到达” “成为”③瞬间动作。 “跳”“踢”；静态动词 包括：①关系或者存在 状态。“属于”“拥有” ②看法角度。“听”“看” 以及情感态度比如“爱” “恨”） 9.直白或委婉 10.讨喜与否 11.新词还是旧 词 12.常用词还是 稀有词 13.抽象或具体 【语法】句中连接和排列词汇的方式。 1.句子类型 2.句子长度 3.句子的复杂程度 4.名词短语 5.从句类型 6.短语类型 7.语法结构 8.词语顺序 9.时态 10.主被动 11.是否符合语法性 【语义】主要讨论修辞手法，可分为八种类型。 1.比较的手法（明喻、暗喻、类比、拟人、通感） 2.替换的手法（转喻、提喻、换称、用典、夸张、委婉语、轻描淡写） 3.重复的手法（头韵） 4.对比和并置的手法（对照） 5.双重含义的手法（双关）
广告文体的特点与翻译 All you can eat rest stop. Special Poster for "Oldtimer", a big Austrian chain for motorway rest stops. 奥地利的连锁高速公路饭馆 在当今信息时代，广告几乎无处不有无所不在。事实上，广告已成为现代生活的重要信息来源，成为人们生活的不可缺少的一部分。为了成功地实现广告功能，即传播信息功能，劝说功能，塑造形象功能，刺激消费功能，广告作者总是特别注意修辞，总是狠下功夫巧妙地运用各种修辞手段（rhetorical devices），创造出精辟独到、生动形象、效果非凡的广告词，尤其是广告标语。 广告的功能与作用 ?吸引力(attractive --- catch the reader’s attention) ?创造力(creative --- project an image) ?说服力(persuasive --- urge the reader to act) ?影响力(impressive --- produce an impact) 一、广告的词汇特点 1．形容词及其比较级、最高级的使用More Use of Adjectives ?Example 1: ?For the first time, there’s a remarkable gel that can give your hair any look you want --- sleeker, fuller, straighter, curlier, more natural, even wet --- without a drop of alcohol or oil. ?一种前所未有、不同寻常的发乳问世了。它可以使您的头发随心所愿—更光滑，更丰茂，更平直，更卷曲，更自然，甚至保持湿度—却不含一滴酒精或油脂。 2. 创造新词、怪词以引起新奇感Originality in Spelling Example 2: ?TWOGETHER The ultimate all inclusive one price sunkissed holiday. 两人共度一个阳光灿烂的假日，一切费用均包括在单人价格之内。 3. 使用缩略词和复合词（以节省广告篇幅）Frequent Use of Abbreviations and Compounds ?Example 4: ?Where to leave your troubles when you fly JAL. 坐日航班机，一路无烦恼。
葛底斯堡演说的文体学分析 ［摘要]:１８６3 年1１月１9 日在葛底斯堡举行烈士公墓落成典礼仪式上,林肯作了演讲,对这次战争中先烈之灵表达了深切悼念,号召人民为了国家 的存亡与自由平等前仆后继。演讲辞结构严谨,句式错落有致,措辞精练,语言真挚,感人肺腑。本文从文体学的句法角度来分析其文学特点。 葛底斯堡战役就是美国历史上流血最多的一次战役,也就是美国南北战争中的一个具有决定意义的转折点。为纪念这次战役,北方各州决定在葛底斯堡修建烈士公墓并举行一个仪式。仪式的主要演讲人就是哈佛大学校长,当时最有名的演说家埃弗里特,林肯也应邀出席并作了葛底斯堡演讲。埃弗里特用了几个月的时间准备她的演讲稿,在仪式上滔滔不绝地讲了两个小时,而林肯上去只讲了两分钟。埃弗里特两个小时的演讲很快就没有人记得了,然而林肯的这次演讲却成为永世传诵的名篇,这就就是历史上著名的葛底斯堡演说。她的这篇演讲辞的影响深刻、博大而富有意义,被誉为美国历史上最优秀的演讲辞之一。她的演讲旨在表明一个新生国家、新生政权的性质与宗旨,从而鼓舞联邦士兵为捍卫祖国的统一浴血奋战,赢得战争的胜利,可以算得上就是一篇经典之作。本文从文体学角度来分析这篇阐述民主信念的最雄辩动人的演讲辞。林肯的演说不仅表现了其独特的个人魅力,而且在词语选用、语言节奏、句法、修辞方面也别具匠心。一篇优秀的演讲词往往文辞优美,主旨鲜明,富有力量与感染力,能时刻抓住听众的注意力。本文着重从句法层面来分析这篇演讲词的特点。 当句法层面上出现前景化时,可利用词类(如名词、动词、形容词
等)知识分析非常规的或标记性的词序或句法组合。由于公众演讲的空间限制与形式决定它较之日常谈话更正式与严明的特点,又由于公众演讲对象水平多层次限制与演讲引起听众共鸣的目的与要求,它没有法律问题或科技问题那么正式,演讲的文体介于口语与书面语之间,因此公众演讲在句法结构方面也有了更多的鲜明特色。 ①句子结构。演讲问题的句子长度比日常谈话、即席演说或商业广告等文体都有明显的增加。在整篇演讲中共有271个词, １0句话,平均每句话有27、 1个词,在最短的句子有1０个词,而在最长的句子则由８２词构成,远远超过了英语中每句1７、 6个词的词量,很好地描绘了未来的方向,以独特的令人易接受的方式激励人们不懈地奋斗。从 对演讲的统计可以瞧出,含词量大部分集中在每句2０—30词之间,而不存在含词量在10个以下的句子,这与日常生活对话的含词量大多在１０个以下的形成鲜明的对照。随着句子长度的增加,句子结构也自然的更复杂了,在构成整篇演讲词的1０句话中,复合句占了9句(除第3句) ,比率高达９0％之多,句子结构如此复杂就是在日常谈话等交流中不常见的。此外,在短短的10句话中出现了4个动词不定式与4个动名词,这也无疑增加了句子的复杂性。在句子成分的组织上可以观察到,以主语开头的句子就是7句,这样可以使读者经济便捷地抓住有效信息,同时3个以状语开头的句子的比重较日常用语有较大的增加,这样给读者设下悬念,能够引起读者兴趣,并使整个演讲富有变化、跌宕起伏,符合其文体特征与演讲目的。
Neat people vs. sloppy people This is an expository piece of writing, comparing and contrasting two groups of people, the neat people and the sloppy. In the text, the writer uses the subject-by-subject method to contrast neat people and sloppy people. She first analyzes the problems with sloppy people, then moves on to the second subject, neat people. To achieve humor, the writer employs various rhetoric devices such as paradox, parallelism, hyperbole and irony. Paradox : in the first paragraph, the writer turns a common set of assumption upside down by stating “Neat people are lazier and meaner than sloppy people. This statement seems to contradict the common assumption ,thus arousing the reader’s interest in reading the essay. Parallelism : in the third paragraph ,there are five parallel sentences beginning with the adverb ”someday”. The use of parallelism makes this paragraph clear and rhythmical. Irony：The writer emphasizes the word “someday”, which implies that sloppy people have many great plans for future , but are quite unlikely to carry them out. This is a kind of irony Hyperbole : sentences such as”….the unread magazines threaten to reach the ceiling” may make us laugh and they also underscore the stark contrast of the two groups Apart from using various rhetoric devices to make the essay a great humorous piece, the author provides details that the reader recognizes as true about herself.