1. 比喻(metaphor)比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻：
明喻(simile)：A figure of speech in which two essentially unlike things are compared. 明喻：一种修辞手法，把两种基本不相像的东西进行比较.
用like, as, as...as, as if(though) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如：“How like the winter hath my absence been”or “So are you to my thoughts as food to life” (Shakespeare). 如“我的离开好象是冬天来临” 或“你对我的思想就象食
物对于生命一样重要” （莎士比亚）
O my love's like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。
The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。
He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。
Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。
暗喻(metaphor)：缩写met.，metaph. A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.
用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如：
He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。
The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。
“a sea of troubles” “忧愁之海”
“All the world's a stage”(Shakespeare) “整个世界一台戏”(莎士比亚)
2. 换喻(metonymy) 用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol，用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用crown代替king等。例如：
His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。
The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。
He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。
3. 举隅，提喻(synecdoche) 以局部代表整体（如用手代表水手），以整体代表局部（如用法律代表警官），以特殊代表一般（如用直柄剃刀代表杀人
者），以一般代表特殊（如用贼代表扒手），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用钢代表剑）例如：
He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。
The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动
Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。
He is the Newton of this century. 他是这个世纪的牛顿。
4. 拟人(personification) 拟人，人格化：给无生命的东西或者抽象的东西赋予人的个性或绘以人的形象，把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法。例如：Hunger sat shivering on the road 饥饿站在路上颤抖
Flowers danced about the lawn 花儿在草地上翩翩起舞
My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。
This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。
The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头
致意。
The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。
5. 委婉(euphemism) 用温和的、间接的词语代替生硬的、粗俗的词语，以免直接说出不愉快的事实冒犯别人或者造成令人窘迫、沮丧的局面。例如：
用to fall asleep; to cease thinking; to pass away; to go to heaven; to leave us 代替to die
用senior citizens代替old people
用 a slow learner或者an under achiever代替a stupid pupil
用weight watcher代替fat people
用mental hospital 代替madhouse或者asylum
用emotionally disturbed代替mad
用washroom, men's / women's room代替lavatory
用handicapped代替crippled
用low income brackets; underprivileged; disadvantaged 代替poor people
6. 双关(pun) 用同音异义或者一词二义来达到诙谐幽默的效果：表面上是一个意思，而实际上却暗含另一个意思，这种暗含的意思才是句子真正的目的所在。例如：
A cannonball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (arms可指手臂或者武器)
一发炮弹打断了他的腿，所以他缴械投降了。
“Can I try on that gown in the window?” asked a would-be customer.
“Certainly not, madam!” replied the salesman. 我可以试穿一下橱窗里的那件睡袍吗？或者：我可以在橱窗里试穿那件睡袍吗？
Seven days without water make one weak (week). 七天没有水使一个人虚弱。或者：七天没有水就是一周没有水。
7. 反语(irony) 使用与真正意义相反的词，正话反说或者反话正说，从对立的角度运用词义来产生特殊的效果。下面就是莎士比亚的戏剧Julius Caesar 中的一个运用反语的很好的例子，Brutus出于野心刺杀了Caesar, Caesar 的好友Antony 讥讽Brutus 说：
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest—
For Brutus is an honorable man;
So are they all, all honorable men—
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral.
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honorable man.
在Antony 的话里反复使用honorable这个词就是一个反语的例子。
8. 矛盾修饰(oxymoron) 把相互矛盾的两个词用在一起的修辞方法。它利用词义表面的相互矛盾使表层的不和谐统一在思想内容的深层，从而揭示事物对立统一的本质特征，达到加深印象的目的。例如：
deafening silence震耳欲聋的沉默
a mournful optimist. 悲伤的乐观
She read the long-awaited letter with a tearful smile. 她带着含泪的微笑读那封盼望已久的信。
The coach had to be cruel to be kind to his trainees.教练为了对他的受训者仁慈就要对他们残酷。
During his useful life he often felt he was useless. 在他大有作为的一生中他老是感到自己无用。
其他还有sweet pain; thunderous silence; luxurious poverty; heavy lightness; living death; impossible hope 等等。
9. 轭式搭配(zeugma) 把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。例如：
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy. 她对那无家可归的男孩打开了房门，也敞开了胸怀。
As I left home after breakfast, I shivered inwardly as well as outwardly. 早餐之后我离开家的时候，我的里里外外都在颤抖。
I would my horse had the speed of your tongue. 我希望我的马能有你的舌头的速度。
10. 移位修饰(transferred epithet) 将本应该用来修饰某一类名词的修饰语用来修饰另一类名词。例如：
There was a short, thoughtful silence. 出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。
The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。
He closed his busy life at the age of sixty. 在六十岁时他结束了他那忙碌的一生。
This is the cheapest market in this country. 这是这个国家最便宜的市场了。
11. 头韵(alliteration) 两个或者更多的词以相同的音韵或者字母开头就构成头韵。例如：proud as a peacock
blind as a bat
safe and sound
on scrolls of silver snowy sentences”(Hart Crane) “写满银色雪般句子的卷轴上”(哈特·克兰)
Long and loudly little Lily laughed. 小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。
The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。
The sun sank slowly. 太阳慢慢地下沉。
12. 渐进(climax) 根据事物的逻辑关系，由小到大，由轻到重，由浅到深，由低到高，由少到多依次渐进地进行描述或论述。这种整齐的结构可以使人们的思想认识一层层深化提高，增强语言的感染力和说服力。例如：
I came; I saw; I conquer. 我来了；我看到了；我征服。
Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实；交谈使人机智；写作使人精确。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 书有可浅尝者，有可吞咽者，更有少数须消化咀嚼者。
Lincoln recognized worth in the common people; he loved the common people; he fought for the common people; and he died for the common people. 林肯认识到平民大众的价值；他热爱平民大众；他为平民大众而斗争；他为平民大众而献身。
13.Hyperbaton or Inversion倒装A figure of speech, such as anastrophe or hysteron proteron, using deviation from normal or logical word order to produce an effect. 倒装，倒置法：一种象倒装法或逆序法的修辞方法，使用与正常或逻辑的语序相偏离的方法，从而产生一种效果
E.g: Then come the climax of the trial.
14.Repetitive 重复E.g:From this nothing will turn us,nothing.
15.Symbol 象征Something that represents something else by association, resemblance, or convention, especially a material object used to represent something invisible. 象征，标志：通过联系、类似或传统来代表其它事物的某件东西，尤指代表抽象东西的实体
16.Antithesis 对偶A figure of speech in which sharply contrasting ideas are juxtaposed in a balanced or parallel phrase or grammatical structure, as in 对偶：一种将强烈对立的想法并列于稳定、对等的短语或语法结构中的修辞方法，如在：“Hee for God only, shee for God in him”(John Milton) “他只为上帝，她则为他心中的上帝”(约翰·米尔顿)
17.Hyperbole 夸张A figure of speech in which exaggeration is used for emphasis or effect 夸张法：一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如：
I could sleep for a year 我能睡一年
This book weighs a ton. 这书有一吨重
18.Rhetorical Question 反问A question to which no answer is expected, often used for rhetorical effect. 反问：一种无需回答的问题，常为说服效果而使用。
1． Parody（仿拟）如果译者功底不凡，能知作者之所“仿”，那么，理解与翻译也就“水到渠成”。如：Clearly, when it comes to marriage, practicing beforehand doesn’t make perfect. 可以译成：显然，在婚姻问题上，婚前同居并不能令婚姻生活趋于完美。再如：When flu hits below the belt, it can be a challenge to keep down anything more nourishing than tea and water. 词典对成语hits below the belt 的通常解释是：用不正当手段打人（原指拳击中打对方的下身）。若是照搬，译文就会闹笑话。对待“仿拟”修辞格的方法之一是还原。所谓还原，即故意撇开成语的引申义，而“硬”用其字面义。如：若流感影响到了肠胃，那就只能饮用点茶水，要吃下其他东西就非常困难了。再如：Little John was born with a silver spoon in a mouth, which was rather curly and large. 英语成语to be born with a silver spoo n in one’s mouth的含义是“出生在富贵之家”。这里，作者不用此引申义，而用字面意思。试译：小约翰嘴形弯曲，且大得出奇，好像生下来的时候嘴中含了一把银勺子似的。
2． Syllepsis（异叙）此修辞格的特点是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）同时与两个词或者更多相搭配，巧用一词多义的特点。如：He first put a club in my hand when I was about ten. I threw a lot of tantrums in the upland hills of North Carolina, and clubs too. I was in such a rush to be good that he would urge me to “relax and enjoy the round. The game ends far too soon.” I didn’t have a clue what he meant. 试译：他第一次把高尔夫球棒放在我手里的时候，我大概十岁。在北卡罗来纳州的山中，我一次次发脾气，一次次把球棒扔掉。我急于求成，老爸总是劝我“放松点，慢慢打，比赛结束得太快了。”我一点儿也不明白他的意思。再如：By day’s end, I had drilled 4216 holes to a depth of 18 inches, and I had lost mine pounds, my hearing, feeling in both hands and the ability to lift anything heavier than the evening paper. 试译：一天快结束的时候，我已经钻了4216个深达18英寸的洞，为此，我失去了9磅体重，失去了听力，失去了双手的感觉，还失去了举起比一张晚报更重的东西的臂力。
3． metonymy（借代）借代一般可以保留原文的修辞方式，不会引起误会，同时让译文多了一份词趣。如：So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale. 译文A：因此，在此五周的减肥期内，要更多地注重自己的腰围，而不是自己的体重。译文B：因此，在此五周的减肥期内，把注意力放在量腰围的卷尺上，而不是放在浴室的磅秤上。
4． pun（双关）有许多看似无法在译文中挽留的原文形式的神韵和风采在译文中却得以挽留。如：First gentleman: Thou art always figuring disease in me, but thou art full of error, I am sound. Lucio: Nay, not as one would say, healthy; but so sound as things that are hollow; impiety has made a feast of thee. （整个对话之谐趣尽系双关词汇sound。）试译：绅士甲：你总以为我有那种病，其实你大错特错，我的身体响当当的。路奇奥：响当当的，可并不结实，就像空心的东西那样响当当的，你的骨头都空了，好色的毛病把你掏空了。
5． alliteration（头韵）英语辞格押头韵的手法历来被认为是不可译的，但是，面对alliteration，并不意味译者就无所作为。如下的两段译文就做了成功的尝试。如：Change is part of life and the making of character, hon. When the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better. 试译：变化是生活的一部分，而且也塑造了人的意志品德，亲爱的。当你不喜欢的事情发生了，你有两种选择：要么痛苦不堪；要么痛快达观。再如：Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 试译：可以预言，今年冬天将多雪，多冻雨，多泥泞。（原句当中的snowy, sleety, slushy也是非常漂亮的押头韵，译者殚精竭虑，用心可嘉。）
6． metaphor（比喻）这个metaphor并非狭隘意义上的把A比作B的不使用比喻词（如as, like, as if等）的暗喻，而是广义上的英语词汇的比喻义。换言之，也就是英语词汇denotation(本义)之外的connotation(转义)。Peter Newmark在A Textbook of Translation中把英语中的比喻分成四类，令人耳目一新:I have suggested elsewhere that there are four types of metaphor: fossilized, stock, recently created and original. 第一类：有学生在作文中写出如下句子：In the middle of the picnic, it started to rain cats and dogs, and everybody got soaked. 该句子被改为：While we were busy eating a picnic, a storm cloud suddenly appeared and everybody got soaked. 在A Dictionary of American Idioms中，写道：rain cats and dogs: To rain very hard; come down in torrents------A cliché. 美国朋友说: If you use this metaphor, I will doubt if you are my gran dfather’s uncle! 第二类：stock(常用的)这是指已被收入词典，但并不属于cliché范畴的比喻。如：flood一词的用法。She was in a flood of tears. (她泪流如注。) The corridors were flooded with girls. (走廊里挤满了女孩子。) Strawberries flooded the market and prices dropped down. (草莓充斥市场，价格下跌。) 第三类的标准应该是：至少目前商未被收入词典，同时又让人接受，并感到新意扑面。如在一篇名为Rescue of A Newborn 中有三个句子：A.
I focused on a small blob in the mud amid the columns of legs and trunks. B.
I suddenly came upon a wall of feeding elephants. C. …grabbed their lost baby and tugged her gently into a stockade of legs. 第四类：original这种比喻并非随处可见，唾手可得。它是灵感思维的产物。这种比喻在词典上无踪影可觅，而且连参照物可能也没有。如：Jeff Rennicke在A Promise of Spring 中开卷段是：Nothing. No tracks but my own are stitched into the dusting of fresh snow, white as birch bark, that fell during the night. No flittering shadows in the trees, not a sliver of bird song in the air. 试译：白茫茫的一片。没有别的什么踪迹，只有我的脚印如细密的针脚印在积雪上。积雪白如桦树皮，是昨夜落下的。在树上没有鸟儿轻捷的身影，在空中也听不到鸟儿一丝的啁啾。
明喻(Simile) 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。例如：
●He jumped back as if he had been stung, and the blood rushedsintoshis wrinkled face.(他往后一跳，好像被什么东西叮了一下似的，他那张布满皱纹的脸顿时涨得通红。)在《品尝家》一文中老人对“我”的慷慨施舍的反应如同被蜜蜂叮过一样，生动地刻画出一个处境凄凉内心却极度敏感的可怜老人的形象。
●The cheque fluttered to the floor like a bird with a broken wing. (支票跌落到地上，像一只断了翅膀的小鸟。)《礼物》一文中，老太太喜迎八十大寿，大女儿不来庆祝，只寄来一张支票。作者把这张支票比作断了翅膀的小鸟，形象地表达出此刻老太太希望破灭，极度伤心的心情。
暗喻(Metaphor) 暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它直接把一种事物名称用在另一事物上，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如：
●What will parents do without the electronic baby-sitter? (如果没有这位电子保姆，父母该怎么办呢？)形象地说明了电视机的保姆功用。
●... while most of us are only too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise.(……但是我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。)作者把批评比作冷风，把赞扬比作温暖的阳光，生动形象，寓意隽永。
转喻(Metonymy) 转喻(即借代)是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。例如：
●My 15 students read Emerson, Thoreau, and Huxley.(我的十五位学生读了爱默生、梭罗和赫胥黎的作品。)这是典型的转喻，以人名借代作品。
●Against the Oval Earth man, the first card I can play is the analogy of the sun and moon. (面对“地球卵形说”者，我能打的第一张牌是，太阳和月亮的相似性。)文中作者用具体第一张牌来借代抽象的“第一个论据”，更加生动形象，浅显易懂，也使语言新鲜活泼，富有表现力。
拟人(Personification) 拟人是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物上，使之人格化的修辞格。例如：
●... four evergreen shrubs stood at each corner,swheresthey struggled to survive the dust and fumes from a busy main road.(……四丛常绿灌木分别位于每个角落，它们忍受着从繁忙的大街上吹来的尘烟，挣扎着活下去。)“挣扎”是有生命的物体的动作，作者给自然的花草赋予了生命，使它人格化。
●But the houses were cold, closed, unfriendly.(可是那些房子冷漠无情，门窗紧闭，一点也不友好。)house本来是没有感情的，作者通过拟人的手法，表现房子里人的冷漠无情。
夸张(Hyper***) 夸张是一种故意言过其实，或夸大或缩小事物的形象，借以突出事物的某种特征或品格，鲜明地表达思想情感的修辞方式。用于描写可以使形象更生动突出，渲染气氛，烘托意境，给读者留下深刻、鲜明的印象。例如：
●Vingo sat stunned, looking at the oak tree. It was covered with yellow handkerchiefs—20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds.(文戈坐在那儿望着橡树惊呆了。树上挂满了黄手绢——二十条，三十条，或许几百条。)此句中20 of them, 30 of them, maybe hundreds就是运用了夸张的手法，主观地渲染了气氛。
●She gave me the impression ofshavingsmore teeth, white and large and even, than were necessary for any practical purpose.(她给我的印象是：她有一口洁白整齐的大牙，为数之多已超过任何实际需要。)在这里作者通过夸张的描述，使一个贪婪好吃的女性形象跃然纸上。
反语(Irony) 英语修辞格irony就是说反话，用反面的话来表达正面的意思。这种修辞格可用来进行讽刺，但多数是用来表达一种善意的幽默或俏皮，故意说出与本意相反的话，例如：
●Slowly the old lady stooped to pick it (the cheque ) up. Her present, her lovely present. With trembling fingers she tore itsintoslittle bits. (老太太慢慢地弯下腰，把支票从地上捡起来，她的礼物，她的可爱的礼物！用颤抖的手指把它撕得粉碎。)老太太八十岁寿辰那天，急切地盼望女儿回家看望她，稍稍安慰她那颗孤寂的心，然而盼来的却是女儿的一张冷冰冰的支票，这当然不是老人心爱的礼物。故此处her lovely present是典型的irony，是句反话。
●She was not so young as I expected and in appearance imposing rather than attractive.(她并不如我想象的那么年轻。她的外表与其说吸引人，不如说是令人难忘。)imposing意指因为外貌、形体而使人印象深刻，作者在此以讽刺挖苦的口吻来描述一个贪吃而肥胖的女人。
仿拟(Parody)根据家喻户晓的成语或谚语，临时更换其中的某个部分，造成新的成语或谚语；或者根据古今名言警句，在保持其原句不变的情况下，更换其中部分词语，这种修辞方式叫仿拟。例如：
●To lie or not to lie-the doctor's dilemma(撒谎还是不撒谎——医生的难题)看到这个标题，我们不禁想起莎翁戏剧Hamlet中那个永远也解不透的句子“To be or not to be, that is the question”。显然，文章的题目由此模仿而来，给人印象深刻。
●Lady hermits who are down but not out(穷困而不潦倒的女隐士们)文中的down but not out源于down and out,原是拳击比赛的术语，后来喻指穷困潦倒的人。
矛盾修辞法(Oxymoron)
用两种不相调和，甚至截然相反的特征来形容一项事物，在矛盾中寻求哲理，以便收到奇警的修辞效果，这就是矛盾修辞法，用这种方法，语言精炼简洁，富有哲理，并产生强大的逻辑力量，产生一种出人意料，引人入胜的效果。例如：
●A miserabl e, merry Christmas(悲喜交加的圣诞节)。圣诞节那天，故事主人公小男孩经历了从痛苦的边缘到幸福的顶峰的过程。因此，父母精心安排的圣诞节既是最糟的，又是最好的。
头韵(Alliteration)
与前面几种修辞方式不同，头韵是一种语音修辞方式，它指一组词、一句话或一行诗中重复出现开头字母相同的单词，常用于文章的标题、诗歌及广告语中，简明生动，起到突出重点，加深印象，平衡节奏，宣泄感情的作用。例如：
●A miserable, merry Christmas
●Profi ts of praise
A. simile，metaphor；allusion
Simile 与汉语的明喻基本相同，用某一事物或情境来比拟另一个事物或情境。
其本体和喻体均同时出现在句中，在形式上是相对应的。英语simile 的比喻词
一般是like, as（……as）等, 汉语明喻的比喻词通常是"好象"、"仿佛"等。例如：
They are like streetcars running contentedly on their rails.
这些人犹如街上的有轨电车，满足于在自己的轨道上运行。
Metaphor 兼有汉语隐喻、借喻及拟物的特点，即把甲事物当作乙事物来描
写。如：
（1）Experience is the mother of wisdom. 经验为智慧之母。（隐喻）
（2）She is shedding crocodile tears. 她在掉鳄鱼眼泪。（借喻）
（3）Mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him.
瞧着吧，不管什么女人钓他，他就会上钩。（拟物）
比喻修辞手法主要涉及形象。人们生活在自然界，有许多共同的经历和感受。
比较英汉两种语言中常用的比喻，就会发现有许多惊人的相似之处，比如都用狐
狸比喻狡猾，用羊比喻温顺、用钢铁比喻坚硬，常见喻体相同的还有Footnote（脚注）、Harelip（兔唇）等。当然，比喻形象往往打上各个民族独特文化的烙印，某些英语喻体形象会让中国读者不知所云，如英文as wise as a man of Gotham
（"象戈丹人一样明智"）就让人费解。其实戈丹是英国的一个村庄，相传那里
的人是最愚蠢的，所以这个比喻的意思是"蠢笨无比"。类似的例子还有：
as thick as thieves亲密无间（不是"像贼一样厚"）
as old as the hills 古老（不是"像山一样老"）
The ship plows the sea. 船在乘风破浪地前进。（不是"船在犁海"）
Allusion与汉语的暗引相近似。其特点是不注明来源和出处，一般多引用人
们熟知的关键词或词组，将其融合编织在作者的话语中。引用的东西包括典故、
谚语、成语、格言和俗语等。英语引用最多的是源出《圣经》故事以及希腊、罗
马神话、《伊索寓言》和那些渊源流长的谚语、格言等。例如：
（1）Grammar may be his heel of Achilles.语法是他的大弱点。（Achilles 是希
腊神话中的一位勇士。除了脚踵处，他身上其他地方刀枪不入。）
（2）The project is an economic albatross from the start.
这个项目从一开始就是一个摆脱不了的经济难题。(Albatross 是英国诗人柯
勒律治的《古舟子咏》中的信天翁，它被忘恩负义的水手杀死后，全船陷入灾
难中。)
B. metonymy; transferred epithet
Metonymy、synecdoche 和_1antonomasia 都是不直接说出事物的本来名称，
而换用另一个名称或另一个说法。它们大体上相当于汉语的借代（分为旁借和对
代两类）。如Crown（王冠）可喻指君主、王权、王国政府等；doll（玩具）可喻
指姑娘、宝贝等。再如：
（1）The baby was brought up on the bottle.
这个婴儿是喝牛奶或羊奶长大的。（metonymy──用奶瓶代奶）
（2）Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.某个沉默的、无名诗人也许
在此长眠。（antonomasia──用米尔顿代诗人）
Transferred epithet 是采用表示性质和特征的形容词或相当于形容词的词来
修饰、限定与它根本不同属性的名词。这种修辞手法能与汉语中的移就基本相似。
例如：
The doctor's face expressed a kind of doubting admiration. （用"疑惑"修饰限定"钦佩"）医生的脸上流露出钦佩而又带有疑惑的神情。
C. personification; hyperbole
personification 与汉语拟人完全相同，就是赋予物以人的言语属性。这种拟
人化的修辞手法读起来使人感到特别形象生动、富有情趣。例如：
Words pay no debts. 空话还不了债。
Hyperbole 与汉语的夸张完全相同，都是为了表达深刻的感受,抒发强烈的感
情，通过故意夸大事实来给人留下深刻的印象。例如：
His words made my blood freeze. 听了他的话，我的血都快凝固了。
D. irony; euphemism；pun
Irony 的含义比汉语的反语广泛。它包括verbal irony, dramatic irony,
situational irony。后两种已超出一般修辞格的范畴，这里不作详细介绍。Verbal
irony 与汉语反语的特点完全相同，也是正话反说，反话正说，一般需借助于特
定的上下文和语境才能被正确理解。在多数情况下，irony可以译成汉语的反语。
例如：
She talked about great people as if she had the fee-simple of May Fair, and when the court went into mourning, she always wore black. 她一开口就是某某勋爵某某
大人，那口气竟好象她生来就是贵族。宫里有了丧事，她没有一回不穿孝。
Euphemism就是用转弯抹角的说法来代替直截了当的话，把原来显得粗鲁或
令人尴尬的语言温和、含蓄地表达出来。这在汉语中叫委婉语。例如：
用sanitation engineer 替代garbage man(清洁工)
用the disadvantaged替代the poor(穷人)
用industrial action替代strike(罢工)
Pun与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双
重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种
手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。英语pun 和汉语的双关语都可
以分为两类：谐音双关（homophonic puns）和语义双关（homographic puns）。前
者是利用词意根本不同的谐音词构成。后者是利用一词多义的特点来构成。虽然
pun 和汉语双关在格式和修辞作用上基本相同，但是由于两种语言的语音不同，
多义词也很难找到完全对应的词语。例如：
What does that lawyer do after he dies?--Lie still. 那个律师死后干什么？──
躺着仍说鬼话。(注：lie 躺，撒谎；still 安静地，仍然)
E. oxymoron; zeugma ; contrast
Oxymoron(矛盾修辞法）与汉语中的反映辞格类似，都是将相互矛盾的概念
和判断巧妙地联系在一起，以便相互映衬，突出事物的特点，表达复杂的思想感
情和意味深长的哲理。矛盾修辞手法在英语中常见，但在汉语中很少见。如：sweet sorrow 忧喜参半(不是甜蜜的悲伤)；proud humility 不卑不亢(不是骄傲的谦
卑)
Zeugma（轭式搭配法）是用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的
在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练，饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上
完全一致。例如：
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门，也打开了自己的心扉。
Contrast 和汉语的对照在修辞格上是完全相同的，就是把两个相反的事物或
一件事物的正反两方面放在一起，在比较和衬托之中突出不同事物的矛盾性，例如：
United we stand, divided we fall. 合则存，分则亡。
（三）句法修辞格(syntactical rhetorical devices)
句子结构上的修辞格主要是指通过句子结构的均衡布局或是突出重点创造
出来的修辞手法。这类辞格主要包括repetition, rhetorical question, antithesis, apostrophe 等。它们与汉语中的反复、设问、对偶、倒装基本相同。例如：
(1)I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night.
我卧床写，起床写；白天写，晚上也写。（repetition）
(2)The gods, they say, give breath , and they take it away. But the same could be said-could it not? 人都说老天爷把气赐予生灵，又把气夺走。不过这话用在小小
的逗号上，何尝不是如此？(rhetorical question)
(3)Man proposes, God disposes. 谋事在人，成事在天。(antithesis)
(4)Up went the balloon into the cloudless sky.
气球腾空而起，飘入万里无云的蓝天。(anastrophe)
18种重要修辞手法 一、语义修辞 1明喻（simile）俗称直喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn over the field. 2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 认真观察以上各例，我们会发现它们的特点，由（as）... as, like等引导，这些引导词被称作比喻词（acknowledging word），它们是辨别明喻的最显著的特征，明喻较为直白，比喻物和被比喻物之间相似点较为明显，所以明喻是一种比较好判断的修辞手法。 2暗喻（metaphor）也称隐喻，是依据比喻和被比喻两种不同事物的相似或相关关系而构成的修辞格。例如： 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.（他的朋友已变成眼中钉肉中刺。） 2.You are your mother’s glass.(你是你母亲的翻版。) 3.Hope is a good br eakfast, but it’s a bad supper. 由以上各例可知，暗喻没有引导词，这是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大区别。换句话说，有为明喻，没有为暗喻。如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很显然，前句是暗喻，后句是明喻。暗喻时，比喻物和被比喻物之间的相似点较为含蓄，猛一看它们毫无关系，实际却有着某种内在联系。 谈到暗喻，有必要说说它的两种变体（variety）：博喻（sustained metaphor）和延喻（extended metaphor），它们是英语比喻中的特殊类型。 （1）博喻连续使用多个喻体去比喻主体的方法就叫做博喻。比如： There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpe nt and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverber ation was stunning.(爆发了第二次闪电，她像蛇一样蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧绿，轰隆隆震耳欲聋。) 这个例子中对闪电的比喻就用了三个喻体，spring of a serpen t（动态），shout of a fiend（声音），green as an emerald(颜色)，它们从不同角度绘声绘色地把闪电呈现在读者面前。由此可见，多喻体的使用其优势是单一喻体所无法比拟的。它可以多角度、多侧面、多层次、多结构地表现主体。 （2）延喻据Longman Modern English Dictionary解释，延喻即make a n initial c omparison and then develop it, expanding the author’s id ea（作出初次比较再扩展，以延伸作者的意图）。请看下例： A photographer is a cod, which produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. (摄影师像鳕鱼，产卵百万为的是长成一条。) 摄影师通常拍片成堆，难觅一成功之作，似鳕鱼产卵无数，长成者廖廖。故萧伯纳把摄影师先比作cod，再进一步用cod的习性比喻之，生动地道出了摄影师的艰辛。这里which后的从句就显示了延喻的功能。 与一般比喻相比延喻的使用更复杂。一般比喻只需抓住主、喻体之间的相似之处，延喻不仅要注意比喻本身，还要注意延伸部分是否与喻体保持了一致。也就是说，延伸部分应当是喻体的一部分，不能游离于其外。 延喻的构成分以下几种： ①由动词构成
英语19种修辞手法解读 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比。这种共性存在于人们的心里，而不是事物的自然属性。标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等。 例如： 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow。 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud。 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale。 2.Metaphor 隐喻，暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻，是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物，通过比较形成。 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper。 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested。 3.Metonymy 借喻，转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物，而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称。 I。以容器代替内容，例如： 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了。 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着。 II。以资料。工具代替事物的名称，例如： Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说。 III。以作者代替作品，例如： a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI。以具体事物代替抽象概念，例如： I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气，他们就用我的力气赚钱。 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体，或用全体代替部分，或特殊代替一般。 例如： 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory。(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人。 2>.He is the Newton of this century。(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿。 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap。(整体代部分) 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配。 5.Synaesthesia 通感，联觉，移觉 这种修辞法是以视。听.触。嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物。通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“微风过处送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如： 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily like voice。(用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花)
英语修辞手法的解释和例句 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉
高考英语作文常用修辞手法 高考英语作文常用修辞手法 文章最忌语言枯燥无味，一篇好的作文，语言应该生动形象。而恰当 地运用修辞手法，可以使文字新鲜活泼、具体逼真，大大增强艺术表 现力，扩大语言表达的范围；而且还可以激发读者的想象，给人留下 深刻的印象。下面介绍一些英语作文中常用的修辞手法。 1 比喻(etaphr) 比喻就是打比方。可分为明喻和暗喻： 明喻(siile)： 用lie, as, asas, as if(thugh) 或用其他词语指出两个不同事物的相似之处。例如： lve’s lie a red, red rse 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 The an an’t be trusted He is as slipper as an eel 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 He uped as if he had been stung他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 hildhd is lie a siftl passing drea 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 暗喻(etaphr)： 用一个词来指代与该词所指事物有相似特点的另外一个事物。例如： He has a heart f stne 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The rld is a stage 世界是一个大舞台。 2 换喻(etn)
用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the hite Huse 代替美国政府或者总统，用the bttle来代替ine 或者alhl，用the bar 来代替the legal prfessin，用rn代替ing等。例如： His purse uld nt all hi that luxur 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种 奢华。 The ther did her best t tae are f the radle 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 He sueeded t the rn in 1848 他在1848年继承了王位。 3 提喻(snedhe) 指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用 一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread b riting 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The fars ere shrt f hands during the harvest seasn 在收获季节里农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat anada at riet 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿 大队。 He is the Netn f this entur 他是这个世纪的牛顿。 4 拟人(persnifiatin) 把事物或者概念当作人或者具备人的品质的写法叫拟人。例如： heart as singing 我的心在歌唱。 This tie fate as siling t hi 这一次命运朝他微笑了。
篇一：大学英语修辞手法总结 英语修辞手法总结 4) personification/p??s?n?f??ke???n/: (拟人）it gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). for example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) hyperbole/ha?ˋp?b?l?/: (夸张） it is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. for instance, he almost died laughing. 6) understatement: (含蓄陈述） it is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. it achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. for instance, it is no laughing matter. 7) euphemism/ ?ju?f?m?z?m/: (委婉） it is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. for instance, we refer to die as pass away. 8) metonymy (转喻）it is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. for instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces). 9) synecdoche[sinekd?ki] (提喻） it is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the 2 whole for the part. for instance, they say theres bread and work for all. she was dressed in silks. 10) antonomasia[??nt?nouˋm?i??](换喻）it has also to do with substitution. it is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. for example, solomon for a wise man. daniel for a wise and fair judge. judas for a traitor. 11) pun: (双关语）it is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. for instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (here arms has two meanings: a persons body; weapons carried by a soldier.) 12) syllepsis [silepsis]: (一语双叙） it has two connotations. in the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing
1) Simile：(明喻） It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other 明喻（simile）是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。常用比喻词like, as, as if, as though等 For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country./ This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻） It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. 隐喻（metaphor）这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之 间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。 For example, the world is a stage./ The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 3) Analogy: (类比） It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. 4) Personification: (拟人） It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象).拟人（personification）这种修辞方法是把人类的特点、特性加于外界事物之上，使之人格化，以物 拟人，以达到彼此交融，合二为一。 1、She may have tens of thousand of babies in one summer.(From“ Watching Ants”) 一个夏天她可能生育成千上万个孩子。这里用“she”和“babies”把蜜蜂比作人类妇女的生育。 For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (夸张）
1.Alliteration 头韵heart,home 2.Assonance 元韵late,make 3.Consonance 辅韵sing,rang 4.Onomatopoeia 拟声The stream murmurs through the woods. Aposiopesis 跳脱“You’d better do this or else…” Apostrophe 呼语Captain!my captain!rise up and hear the bells: Pun 双关ball:(1)any round or spherical object (2)a formal social dance Repetition 重复The rain pours and pours. Anaphora 首语重复法Light come,light go. Epiphora 句末重复法Waste not,want not. Simploce首结语重复法This is the world’s fight,This is civilization’s fight. anadiplosis 顶针With Bewick on my knee,I was then happy:happy at least in my way. Parallelism 平行结构The young actor was tall,dark,and handsome. Antithesis 对偶Marriage is easy,housekeepin g is hard. Climax 层进法We want peace,we want freedom,we want a better life. Anticlimax 突降法Where shall I find hope,happiness,friends,cigarettes Syllepsis 一语双叙He lost his coat and his temper. Zeugma 轭式修辞法We ate a bun and a glass of milk. Chiasmus 回文One should eat to live,not live to eat. Asyndeton 连词省略法Nothing is insider them,they were sealed up before the creation of pestilence. Polysyndeton 连词叠用法I am a a body, a mind. Rhetorical question 反问Isn’t it the best choice Simile 明喻Time flies like an arrow. Metaphor 暗喻You are my sunshine. Metonymy 借喻He has a good ear for music. Synecdoche 提喻He paid the workers $5 per head. Antonomasia 换称Hitler---a tyrant Personification 拟人The bird is singing joyfully. Parody 仿拟I had no outlook,but an uplook rather. Synesthesia 通感The music breathing from her face. Transferred epithet 移情a sleepless bed
1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说. III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力气赚钱. 4.Synecdoche 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。 例如: 1>.The birds sat upon a tree and poured forth their lily－like voice.（用视觉形容听觉，鸟落在树上，由它发出的声音联想到百合花）鸟儿落在树上,倾泻出百合花似的声音. 2>.Taste the music of Mozart.（用嗅觉形容听觉）品尝Mozart的音乐. 6.Personification 拟人 拟人是把生命赋予无生命的事物. 例如: 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 7.Hyperbole 夸张 夸张是以言过其实的说法表达强调的目的.它可以加强语势,增加表达效果.. 例如: 1>.I beg a thousand pardons. 2>.Love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars.
一、Figure of Emphasis强调修辞 1.Repetition 重复 1.1. Immediate Repetition连续重复 Scrooge went to bed again, and thought, and thought, and thought it over and over, and could make nothing of it. 1.2. Intermittent repetition间隔重复 When Della had finished crying, she went to the window and looked out sadly at a grey cat walking along a grey fence in a grey backyard. Anaphora 首语重复 Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empire has stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages that mankind shall move forward toward his goal. Epiphora 尾语重复 … and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people. Simploce/ Epidiplosis首尾重复 ( a combination of anaphora and epiphora) Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death Anadiplosis 联珠/顶真/尾首反复
英语修辞手法 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性. 标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是简缩了的明喻,是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成. 例如： 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 借喻,转喻 借喻不直接说出所要说的事物,而使用另一个与之相关的事物名称. I.以容器代替内容,例如: 1>.The kettle boils. 水开了. 2>.The room sat silent. 全屋人安静地坐着. II.以资料.工具代替事物的名称,例如: Lend me your ears, please. 请听我说.
III.以作者代替作品,例如: a complete Shakespeare 莎士比亚全集 VI.以具体事物代替抽象概念,例如: I had the muscle, and they made money out of it. 我有力气,他们就用我的力 气赚钱. 提喻 提喻用部分代替全体,或用全体代替部分,或特殊代替一般. 例如: 1>.There are about 100 hands working in his factory.(部分代整体) 他的厂里约有100名工人. 2>.He is the Newton of this century.(特殊代一般) 他是本世纪的牛顿. 3>.The fox goes very well with your cap.（整体代部分） 这狐皮围脖与你的帽子很相配. 通感,联觉,移觉 这种修辞法是以视.听.触.嗅.味等感觉直接描写事物.通感就是把不同感官的感觉沟通起来，借联想引起感觉转移，“以感觉写感觉”。 通感技巧的运用，能突破语言的局限，丰富表情达意的审美情趣，起到增强文采的艺术效果。比如：欣赏建筑的重复与变化的样式会联想到音乐的重复与变化的节奏；闻到酸的东西会联想到尖锐的物体；听到飘渺轻柔的音乐会联想到薄薄的半透明的纱子；又比如朱自清《荷塘月色》里的“ 微风过处送来缕缕清香,仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”。
英语中常见的修辞手法
英语中常见的修辞手法 1明喻(Simile) simile －简明英汉词典['s?m?li:] n. (使用like或as等词语的)明喻 明喻是一种最简单、最常见的修辞方法，是以两种具有共同特征的事物或现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体的关系，两者都在对比中出现，其基本格式是“A像B”，常用的比喻词有as, like, as if, as though等。如果使用得当可以把深奥的道理说得通俗、浅显、明白，使人可见可感可悟，把简单的事物表达的更为形象更为生动。例如： Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two.（正如爬山，我们费力爬上三英尺，又掉下去两英尺。）(大学英语第一册第三单元课文B) I see also the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiery blodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts.(丘吉尔在此使用了一个恰当的比喻，把德国士兵比作蝗虫，因为二者有着共同之处-传播毁灭。) 2暗喻(the metaphor) metaphor －简明英汉词典 ['met?f?] n. 隐喻
暗喻也是一种比喻，但不用比喻词，因此被称作缩减了的明喻(a compressed simile)。它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方，从而更生动、更深刻地说明事理，增强语言的表现力。例如： I will do anything I can to help him through life's dangerous sea.（我将全力帮助他穿越人生的惊涛骇浪。）(第二册第三单元课文A) Consider that the same cultural soil producing the English language also nourished the great principles of freedom and right of man in the modern world.(想想吧，孕育英语的文化土壤也同样为当今世界培育了自由和人权准则。)（大学英语第二册第七单元课文A） Each letter was a seed falling on a fertile heart. A romance was budding.（每一封信就像落在肥沃土地上的种子，浪漫之花含苞待放。）(大学英语第一册地五单元课文A) 3 转喻(the metonymy) 转喻是通过相近的联想，借喻体代替本体。转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。例如： The buses in America are on strike now.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers)。“Well,”said the doctor.“I will do all that science can accomplish. But whenever my patient begins to count the carriages in her funeral porcession I subtract 50 per cent from the curative power of medicines.”(“好吧，”医生说，“我会尽力做到科学能做到的，但每当我的病人开始数自己葬礼上的马车时，药物的疗效就会减掉一半。”)（大学英语第三册第六单元课文A） 4夸张(the exaggeration) exaggeration －英汉双向大词典 D.J.[?g?z?d???re???n] - exaggeration n. 1．夸张,夸大 2．夸张的言语;夸张的手法 - Exaggeration n. 夸张；夸大 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：
英语常用修辞 1.Simile 明喻 明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性。或者说是以两种具有相同特征的事物和现象进行对比，表明本体和喻体之间的相似关系，两者都在对比中出现。标志词常用like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等. It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. 例如: 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as c cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 4>.This elephant is like a snake as anybody can see. 这头象和任何人见到的一样像一条蛇。 5>.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像刚从我的童话故事书中走出来，像幽灵一样从我身旁走过去。 6>.It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那长长的叶子在风中摆动，好像伸出纤细的手指去触摸什么东西似的。 7>.Carlos Lehder was to cocaine transportation what Henry Ford was to cars. 2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻 隐喻是将某一事物的名称用于另一事物,通过比较形成。这种比喻不通过比喻词进行，而是直接将用事物当作乙事物来描写，甲乙两事物之间的联系和相似之处是暗含的。It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 例如: 1>.Hope is a good breakfast, but it is a bad supper. 2>.Some books are to be tasted, others swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. 3>.German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets... 德国人的枪炮和飞机将炸弹、炮弹和子弹像暴雨一样倾泻下来。 4>.The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 钻石部是商店的心脏和核心。 5>.All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. 6>.Money is a bottomless sea, in which honor, conscience, and truth may be drowned. 7>.Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh my friend, what I scoop up from the river is all yearning of you.
1明喻(simile)明喻是用来表达两种不同事物之间的相似关系,一般用like或as连接。 如: (1) O my luve is like a red,red rose That’s newly sprung in June, O my luve is like a melody That’s sweetly played in tune. (Robert Burns) (2) The young hunter was as strong as a lion and as keen-eycd as an eagle. 类似as…as的用法很普遍,有的成了习惯用语,如: as timid as a mouse as white as snow as black as pitch as busy as a bee Eg.The man can't be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。 1>.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 2>.I wandered lonely as a cloud. 3>.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale. 2暗喻(metaphor)又称隐喻,暗喻的结构不同于明喻,没有as或like之类的比较关系词,它 是隐含的比较。英语词义通过暗喻方式可以产生转义: When the curtain fell,there was a storm of applause. He was so angry that he stormed about the house. 暗喻多用to be结构来联系相比较的两个不同事物的: The society was his college. The guest is God of us. He is one of the dogs of the rich. Children are flowers of the motherland. Eg.He has a heart of stone. 他有一颗铁石心肠。 The world is a stage. 世界是一个大舞台。 3拟人(personification)比喻可以使无生命的事物具有生命,或者赋予动物以人性,从而造 成某种意象或抒发某种情感。如:an angry sky;the grave yawned;killing half-an-hour;the shoulder of the hill;the foot of the mountain;the dancing daffodils; the thirsty crops. Money talked as sweetly in Athens as it had in Chicago in the old days.(John Dos Passos) My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。 1>.The night gently lays her hand at our fevered heads.（把夜拟人化） 2>.I was very happy and could hear the birds singing in the woods.（把鸟拟人化） 转喻(metonymy) 转喻反映两个密切相关的事物的现实关系,转喻与明喻、暗喻不同,不需要两个事物相比,而是借用一个相关的事物代表本体。因此,转喻是一种用另外一种事物的名