2012年6月13日
毕业论文中文摘要
毕业论文外文摘要
Contents
1 Introduction (1)
2 Festivals in China (1)
2.1 Spring Festival (1)
2.2 Double-Seventh Day (3)
3 Festivals in American (6)
3.1 Christmas Day (6)
3.2Valentine’s Day (9)
4 Comparison of Spring Festival and Christmas Day (10)
4.1 Similarities (10)
4.2 Differences (11)
5 Comparison of Double-Seventh Day and Valentine’s Day (12)
5.1 Similarities (12)
5.2 Differences (12)
6Conclusion (14)
Bibliography (15)
Acknowledgements (17)
1 Introduction
Every nation has its own unique characters. Culture is an important aspect, and traditional festivals are regarded as the best form of expression of culture. To understand the nation’s culture, we have to know the traditional festivals. Most of the festivals are closely related t o people’s lives, history and culture. Traditional festivals are the very important part of culture. Different cultures have different traditional festival. The traditional festivals in China and in United State are growing in their own cultural system. Comparing Chinese festivals with American festivals, we can find out the similarities and differences. Such as Spring Festival and Christmas Day, Double-Seventh Day and Valentine’s Day. Although these festivals have similarities, they have many differences in origin, custom, symbol. For example, Chinese festivals are mainly named after the season. While western festivals were mostly named after the religious figures or events. Another difference is that western festivals are based on solar calendar which is world-wide-used but Chinese traditional festivals are based on lunar calendar which is used only in China.
Through analyzing the similarities and differences of Chinese festivals and American festivals, learners can have a better understanding of our own and Western festivals.
2 Festivals in China
2.1Spring Festival
The Spring Festival is the ending of old year and the coming of the New Year. It indicates a good luck. The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese. At that time all families will get together just like Christmas in the West. People who live far away from home will go back home.
In China, before coming of the New Year, houses are thoroughly cleaned, people would have their hair cut , food prepared, debts repaid, and new clothes bought. Doors are decorated with scrolls of characters on red paper to seek good luck and praise nature, this custom stemming from the hanging of peach-wood charms to keep away ghosts and evil spirits. In most homes incense is burned, and also in the temples as a mark of respect to ancestors. In addition, symbolic flowers and fruits were used to decorate the house, and colorful New Year pictures are placed on the walls. The most important days are Spring Festival Eve and the first three days to celebrate the lunar calendar ’s New Year . On Spring Festival eve, the most important thing is to have a big family meal. Northern Chinese people like to eat dumplings, Dumplings are the most traditional food whose shape is like a vcoin. while Southern Chinese people usually eat rice. Spring Festival is a time for all family members to go home for a family reunion, which lends itself to the meal's common name of a "family reunion dinner". Children like the festival very much, because they can have delicious food and wear new clothes .They can also get some money from their parents. This money is given to children for good luck . The Spring Festival lasts about half a month long .People visit relatives and fri ends with the words “Ha ppy New Year”. People enjoy the Spring Festival, in this time they can have a good rest.
There are many traditional customs on this festival.
Waving Goodbye to the Kitchen God
According to Chinese folklore, the kitchen god travels to heaven at the end of every year to report the earthly goings-on to the god of heaven. In the past, around December 23 or 24 on the lunar calendar people would prepare candy for the kitchen god to make sure he says nice things about them, but few people still carry on this custom.
Sweeping off the Dust
Every year, after sending the Kitchen God to the Heaven, people begin to clean their houses and wait for the coming Spring Festival. Sweeping off the
dust is one of the customs that people say goodbye to the old year and welcome the New Year. In order to do this well, people will clean every corner of the house. Although it is a ritual of cleaning, it is the necessary ritual after offering sacrifices to the gods. It is also said that people are afraid of offending the Kitchen God. So when they wave goodbye to the Kitchen God, people could try their best to clean their houses to welcome Spring Festival.
There is the custom of staying up all night on the New Year’s Eve. The whole family sits together to chat, look into the future until dawn to welcome the lunar New Year. Firecrackers and fireworks always provide the background music for the people staying up. There is also the custom of burning fire and candles throughout the New Year’s Eve. The lights are turne d on continuously for the whole night.
In many places people like to set off firecrackers. The tradition of setting off firecrackers on the first day of New Year has a history of more than 2000 years. In China, the Spring Festival is also called "Nian", after the name of a terrible beast in Chinese folklore. Every year at this time, it came down from the mountain to the villages to eat people and animals. In the past, people burnt bamboo to generate huge noises to drive it away, and this tradition has changed to the use of firecrackers. The thundering sound of firecrackers announces the coming of the lunar New Year, as well as various gods descending from the Heaven. It was believed that the gods returned to the moral world with new missions after they made their reports for the old year. Each household would set up an altar to welcome them back. There are different kinds of gods in the Chinese people’s mind, such as the God of Happiness, the God of Heaven, and the God of Earth, etc. People worship those gods to pray for a good future.
2.2Double-Seventh Day
Chinese Valentine's Day falls on the seventh day of the seventh month of the lunar calendar. This is a day devoted to romance. In China, this day is
also called "The Begging Festival" or "The Daughter's Festival." It is an important day for girls. In the evening, girls prepare melons and fruit before worship and prayers for a good marriage.
Almost everyone in China is very familiar with the story of the festival. It is said that the seventh daughter of the Emperor of Heaven and an orphaned cowherd were separated by the Emperor; the girl was forced to move to the star Vega and the cowherd to the Altair. They were only allowed to meet once a year on the day of seventh day of seventh lunar month. The story begins with the handsome but poor orphan who lived with his elder brother and sister-in-law. After his parents passed away, the boy's brother got the house and land. But all he had was an old ox. The seventh daughter of the Emperor, also known as the Weaving Girl, was good at handcrafting, especially weaving clothes. The Emperor particularly liked her skills of weaving clouds with rainbows to make the world more beautiful. The cowherd's ox, which was actually an immortal from heaven, made mistakes in heaven and was reincarnated as an ox to toil on earth. One day, the ox suddenly said to the cowherd: "You are a nice person. If you want to get married, go to the creek and your wish will come true." The old ox told its master that several young goddesses would come to this pond in a few days to bathe. One of them would be called Weaving girl, Weaving girl was a daughter of the Emperor of Heaven. She was very beautiful and kind. The old ox said that if cowherd could take away her clothes while she was in the pond, she would be his wife.
When the day came, Cowherd hid in the tall reeds by the pond and waited for the young goddesses. They soon came, just as the old ox had said. They took off their silk robes and jumped happily into the clear water. Cowherd crept out of his hiding place, picked up weaving girl's clothes and ran away. Her companions were so frightened that they jumped out, dressed as quickly as they could and flew away. Weaving girl was left alone in the pond. Cowherd returned and gave her back her clothes. He had loved her from the first moment he saw her. They looked into each other's eyes. The girl agreed that she would
be his wife. They were deeply in love and got married very soon afterwards. Cowherd worked hard growing crops and weaving girl raised silkworms. Three years later, weaving girl gave birth to twins, a boy and a girl. They live happily together for the rest of their lives.
One day, the old ox was dying. Before it closed its eyes for the last minute, it told the young couple that its hide would enable a man to fly to the heaven. It told them to preserve it carefully. Meanwhile, the King and Queen of Heaven found out that their daughter had gone to the world of Man and had a husband. They were very angry. The Queen flew down to earth with some of soldiers. Cowherd came back from the field one day to find his two children sitting on the ground, crying. They told him that an old lady had taken their mother away. Cowherd remembered what the old ox had told him. He placed the twins in wicker baskets on a pole to carry on his shoulder, put on the magic hide, and flew up into the sky. He had almost caught up with the Queen and his wife when the Queen heard the crying of his children. Looking back, with an angry wave of her arm, a raging torrent immediately appeared between her group and cowherd. He could not get past this wide swollen river. Heartbroken, Cowherd and his children could only look and weep bitterly. The King was moved by the sound of their crying, and decided to allow cowherd and weaving girl to meet once a year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.
The poor couple of Cowherd and Weaving girl each became a star. Cowherd is Altair and weaving girl is Vega. The wide river that keeps them apart is known as the Milky Way. On the east side of the Milky Way, Altair is the middle one of a line of three. The end ones are the twins. To the southeast are six stars in the shape of an ox. Vega is to the west of the Milky Way; the stars around her form in the shape of a loom. Every year, the two stars of Altair and Vega are closest together on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month.
This moving love story has passed down from generation to generation. It is well known that very few magpies are seen on the Double-Seventh Day. This is because most of them fly to the Milky Way, where they form a bridge so that
the two lovers might come together. The next day, it is seen that many magpies are bald, which is because cowherd and weaving girl walked and stood too long on the heads of their loyal friends.
In ancient times, the Double-Seventh Day was a festival especially for young women. Girls, no matter from rich or poor families, would put on their holiday best to celebrate the annual meeting of the cowherd and the Girl Weaver. Parents would place an incense burner in the courtyard and lay out some fruit as offerings. Then all the girls in the family would kowtow to Cowherd and weaving girl and pray for ingenuity.
The Double-Seventh Day is not a public holiday in China. However, it is still a day to celebrate the annual meeting of the loving couple. Not surprisingly, many people consider the Double-seventh Day as the Chinese Valentine's Day.
3 Festivals in America
3.1Christmas Day
Christmas day is one of the most important festivals in America. It is also the celebration of the birth of Jesus. The date of the celebration is traditional and is not considered to be Jesus’ actual birthday. Christmas is for love. It was love for which Jesus came to this world and sacrificed his life. About 2000 years ago God sent an angel to find a virgin named Mary. She was engaged to Joseph a carpenter. The angel told Mary that by God’s power she would conceive and bear a son. When Joseph knew that she was pregnant an angel instructed him to marry her. Because of a census Joseph took her to Bethlehem. While there Mary gave birth to Jesus. She gave birth to him in a manger because there was no room at the inn. The shepherds visited Jesus in Bethlehem. At the earliest Roman Catholics celebrate Christmas to remember the day of birth of Jesus Christ in December 25th.
In America, Christmas is one of the biggest festivals of the year. During
Christmas season people send Christmas cards and presents to relatives and friends. The simple meaning of Christmas is to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. Cultural celebrations of Christmas include glittering light displays，the ever-present jolly old Santa Claus，group celebrations and singing baked holiday cookies and cakes，decorations of mistletoe and pine wreaths lighted，ornamented Christmas trees with wrapped presents displayed underneath. In Europe，typically family and friends gather together on Christmas Eve，on Dec 24，for a big turkey dinner，completed with Christmas pudding. Everyone shares their stories during the past year. Games are played after the dinner.
Though everyone enjoys Christmas Day, it is particularly enjoyed by children because they know they are going to receive presents. Small children believe that their presents are given by Father Christmas. Father Christmas is a kind old man, who lives at the North Pole. He travels through the sky on a sleigh which is pulled by reindeers and loaded with presents. He enters by climbing the chimney. When children go to bed on Christmas Eve, they hang a stocking at the end of their beds. When they wake, they will find their stockings filled with presents. Children are very excited on Christmas morning and always wake up early. Christmas is also a family celebration. All family members eat together, play party games and watch Christmas TV programs. Many families go to church on Christmas Eve and Christmas morning. After services, they gather around the tree and open their gifts. Then they sit down to enjoy a traditional Christmas dinner.
Christmas Day have many customs.
Santa Claus
Santa Claus is generally described as a fat, kind man with a white beard, a red suit and a sleigh full of toys drawn through the air by eight reindeer. Santa Claus is said to visit on Christmas Eve, entering houses through the chimney to leave the presents under the Christmas tree in the stockings of all good children.
Christmas Tree
The Christmas tree is the symbol of the Christmas season. Christmas tree is usually an evergreen conifer such as pine or fir. The tree was traditionally decorated with edibles such as apples, nuts or dates. In the 18th century, it began to be illuminated by candles, which with electrification could also be replaced by Christmas lights. Today, there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments, such as garland, tinsel, and candy canes. A star may be placed at the top of the tree, to represent the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity. The families would set up these trees in a prominent location of their homes and decorate them with colored paper, small toys, food, and sometimes candles.
Christmas Colors
There are many colors associated with Christmas such as the red of Santa Claus’s or Father Christmas’ outf it; the green of fir trees; the gold of candles; and the white of snowy fields. Red is the prominent color. As a religious symbol it stands for fire, blood and charity. Green is a symbol for nature, youth and the hope of eternal life. White is a religious symbol which stands for light, purity, joy and glory. Gold stands for sunlight . It is the color of Christmas stars, tinsel, candles, and electric lights.
Celebrations
During Christmas most houses and streets are decorated with Christmas trees and lots of colored lights. The sound of carols and Christmas song can be heard everywhere. Christmas cards are sent to friends and relatives. Presents are placed under the tree ready to be opened on Christmas Day. Children write letters to Santa Claus, telling him what present they would like to receive. Many people attend church services on Christmas Eve or Christmas Morning. After the evening service on Christmas Eve, the family will gather together for a time of celebration. “The Night before Christmas” is read to children before they go to bed to await the arrival of Santa Claus. The traditional Christmas Dinner is eaten on Christmas Day. This usually
consists of roast turkey, mashed potatoes, cranberry sauce and varieties of other dishes. Desserts include pumpkin pie, plum pudding and fruitcake.
3.2Valentine’s Day
Valentine's Day is celebrated on February 14 each year. Today Valentine's Day is celebrated in many countries around the world, mostly in the West.
The original "St. Valentine" was a liturgical celebration of one or more early Christian saint named Valentinus. The day first became associated with romantic love in the circle of Geoffrey Chaucer in the High Middle Ages.
Modern Valentine's Day symbols include the red rose , chocolates and the figure of the winged Cupid. Since the 19th century, handwritten valentines have given way to mass-produced greeting cards.
There are different opinions as to the origin of it. Some think that it originated from St. Valentine, a Roman who was martyred for refusing to give up Christianity. He died on February 14, 269 A.D., the same day that had been devoted to love lotteries. Legend also says that St. Valentine left a farewell note for the jailer's daughter who had become his friend, and signed it "From Your Valentine". Other aspects of the story say that Saint Valentine served as a priest at the temple during the reign of Emperor Claudius. Claudius then had Valentine jailed for defying him. In 496 A.D. Pope set aside February 14 to honor St. Valentine. Besides some say that Valentine’s Day is rooted in the story of the martyred Valentine. Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he outlawed marriage for young men – his crop of potential soldiers. Valentine, realizing the injustice of the decree, defied Claudius and continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death and Saint Valentine was buried on the day of February 14th. Later lovers who got married with the help of Valentine began to memorialize him on this day.
Gradually, February 14 became the date for exchanging love messages and St. Valentine became the patron saint of lovers. The date was marked by sending poems and simple gifts such as flowers. There was often a social gathering or a ball. Today on Saint Valentine’s Day people send roses or chocolates to their beloved persons. Entertainment is another important part. They may go out to the street and dance crazily with strangers. This also reflects that westerners are more open-minded. St. V alentine’s Day is now a day for sweethearts. It is the day that you show your love to somebody your care. People can send candies to the one they think is special. Or they can send roses. Most people send a greeting card named after the notes that St. Valentine sent from the jail. Valentines can be sentimental romantic and heartfelt. They can be funny and friendly. If the sender is shy valentines can be anonymous. Americans of all ages like to send and receive valentines. Handmade valentines created by cutting hearts out of colored paper show that a lot of thought was put into making them personally. Valentines can be heart-shaped.
4 Comparison of Spring Festival and Christmas Day
4.1 Similarities
Spring Festival and Christmas pay more attention to family reunion. On the Eve of New Year and Christmas Eve, every family gets together to chat with others and have a big dinner. They are looking forward to a good future and then exchange gifts to express their good wishes. From the customs of the two festivals, we know they both have festival symbols. In Spring Festival, the symbols are spring couplets, the paper-cuts for window, the New Year painting and so on, while in Christmas, the symbols are Christmas tree and Santa Claus. These symbols express prayer and hopes. Red is the popular color in the two festivals. The two festivals last for more than one day. People prepare for them before their coming and celebrate them for several days. The businessmen
seize this chance to sell all kinds of goods and make big money during these days.
4.2Differences
The Chinese Spring festival has no religious background while Christmas has something to do with God and there is Santa Claus with white beard to bring children presents. The westerners send each other Christmas cards for greetings while the Chinese people pay a call on each other.
Spring Festival is a traditional festival in China. It’s also a very important festival in the world .Spring Festival originated in the Shang Dynasty. Till now during Spring Festival all the Chinese prepare to clean the dust, paste New Year couplets , prepare a New Year’s Eve ,eat dinner , set off firecrackers. Most of these activities are the purpose of worshiping ancestors praying for a good harvest.
Christmas is the literal meaning of celebration of Christ a festival commemorating the birth of Jesus. The birth of Jesus to the world it is the most important “good news” because it is their choice of God came to earth every person no matter how impure and unclean or how much sin he has committed, he just needs to confess to God that he is sinful and believes in Jesus Christ and the blood shed by Jesus can cleanse all his sin. And he is pardoned and accepted by God receiving eternal life. These activities form are basically the same as the Spring Festival but the contents are essentially different.
The customs of traditional Chinese festivals consider food and drink as the theme but the western regard entertainments as the theme. The Spring Festival is the most important festival in China. In addition to New Year’s greeting , there are New Year’s scrolls firecrackers and other practices; The New Year’s Eve family dinner is also an important custom. Dumplings are absolutely necessary. Christmas is one of the most important festival in western country. The foreigners pursue the health and happiness, in addition to the diet they believe in God and then participate in Religion Service. Thus
they become purify and happy from the activities.
The Spring Festival in China mainly stems from seasons and lunar periods which are closely related to agriculture. Christmas in western countries generally stems from religion and its relative events.
Spring Festival, is formed based on the ancient calendar. According to solar terms and harvest, the date for certain agricultural activities has been fixed. Therefore, the celebration also has close ties with agriculture. Christmas is a religious festival. According to our common sense, we can draw a brief conclusion that religion must play a dominant role in western society. In fact, the religion is a center of culture and society. People response their mind on religion, meanwhile religion controls people through people’s belief in God or spirit.
5 Comparison of Double-Seventh Day and Valentine’s Day
5.1 Similarities
Double-Seventh Day and Valentine’s Day are both romantic festivals for lovers. Double-Seventh Day is called Chinese Valentine’s Day. The flowers are the main symbol of them. They are festivals for lovers. Nowadays Double-Seventh Day is more and more like Valentine’s Day. They are similar, but still have some differences in some aspects.
5.2Differences
Double-Seventh Day and Valentine’s Day are different in origin.
The Double-Seventh Day is also called the Festival to Pray for handcrafting Skills. Chinese girls always wanted to have a good handcrafting skill like the weaving girl. On that night, the unmarried girls may pray for the weaving girl star to let them become smarter. When the star Vega is high up in the sky, girls do a test, which is to put a needle on the water surface. If the needle doesn't sink, then girl is already smart enough and ready to find a husband. Valentine’s Day is rooted in the story of the martyred
Valentine. Valentine was a priest who served during the third century in Rome. When Emperor Claudius II decided that single men made better soldiers than those with wives and families, he went against the emperor and helped the young . Valentine, realizing the injustice, continued to perform marriages for young lovers in secret. When Valentine's actions were discovered, Claudius ordered that he be put to death and Saint Valentine was buried on the day of February 14th. Later lovers who got married with the help of Valentine began to memorialize him on this day. In the west, Valentine’s Day is the traditional day on which lovers express their love for each other by sending Valentine’s cards, presenting flowers, or offering candies. All the differences analyzed above between Chinese and American traditional festivals are formed under the particular historical background and specific cultural features. The following part is devoted to the underlying factors that have caused such differences.
Double-Seventh Day and Valentine’s Day are different in activities.
On Double-Seventh Day people can show their love to their beloved persons without hesitation. People will send gifts to each other. Girls pray for their love secretly. In the evening people watch cowherd and waving girl meet or eavesdrop their words under the fruits framework when the two meet in heaven.
While o n Saint Valentine’s Day people send roses cards or chocolates to their beloved persons. Entertainment is another important part. They may go out to the street and dance crazily with strangers. This also reflects that westerners are more open-minded. St. Valentine’s Day is now a day for sweethearts. It is the day that you show your friend or lovers your care. People can send candies to the one they think is special. Or they can send roses.
Conclusion
The formation of the national festival of traditional history and culture is a nation’s long-term accumulation. People can understand a nation’s culture from their festival. Each festival has its own unique celebration. The festival customs in East and West are very different, from which can also found differences between Eastern and Western cultures. China and Western countries share a holiday custom obvious difference. The present study is practically significant for it helps readers to have a better understanding of some of the main traditional festivals in Chinese and American culture as well as the major differences between the two cultures as reflected in them. The position of Chinese Spring Festival and Christmas Day are equally important to Chinese and American people .The Double-Seventh Day is called Chinese Valentine's Day, which can indicate how similar they are.
China has a long history, while America is so young , which led to many differences in culture. The festival is the most important part of culture. Through analyzing the main festivals in the two countries, readers can understand their nation very well.
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1.美国人的自我意识和独立意识很强。 Self-awareness and independent consciousness of Americans are very strong. 2.美国文化鼓励人民开拓创新，做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。 In America, innovation often is encouraged and people often do something nobody has done. 3.美国基础教育实践，注重创造的教学形式. American education based on practice, pay attention to teaching form of creation. 4. 中国的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。 China's family structure is more complex, the traditional happy family is four generations. 5. 中国人的婚姻相对来说比较稳定。这是因为中国人把婚姻当作一个严肃的道德问题，喜新厌旧，或是第三者插足都会被认为是极不道德的。 The Chinese marriage is relatively stable. Because Chinese people treat marriage as a serious moral problem, propensity or a third people involvement is considered highly unethical. 6. 新中国虽已建立了六十年，但传统的君臣，父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍然根深蒂固。The traditional manner, parent-child hierarchical remains entrenched in the Chinese mind. 7. 主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方常是令人难堪的事。在中国，主动帮助别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德。 Take the initiative to help others or accept others help is embarrassing thing in America. However, help others is a virtue. 8. 在个性自由与团结协作上：美国人十分珍视个人自由，喜欢随心所欲，独往独行，不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义，主张个人利益服从集体利益，主张同甘共苦，团结合作，步调一致。 On the personality freedom and cooperation, Americans cherish personal freedom and don't want to be limited. Personal interest obedience collective interests and cooperation were advocated in China. 9. 美国家庭教育目的是把孩子培养成具有适应各种环境和独立生存能力的“社会人”；中国家庭教育的目的是把孩子培养成“才”，将来有出息，有个好职业，一生能在顺境中度过。 The education purpose of American family is to help children to adapt to the environment and improve the independent ability, and finally make children become a "social person". The education aim of Chinese family is to make children become a person with ability, and hope they can have ambition in the future, have a good career, life can be spent in prosperity. (You are very handsome! 或赞扬你Your English is very good时，中国人一般很谦虚地说：I do not think so! 或说 No ,no ,my English is poor. Thank you !; Have you had your meal? Where are you going? 他们则会认为你想请他吃饭或者干涉其私事，会引起误解。美国人见面，通常打招呼道：Hello! How do you do! Nice to meet you.) （American culture：The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals' value, the pursue of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deploitation(开拓,经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality. Its core is individualism: self-first, personal need first, pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment, emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design. This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity. egocentric:.自我中心的,利己主义的 American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts to praise success and heroes.Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind.Americans have very strong senses of success.Success is the pursuit of most Americans,it is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward.They believe that one's personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career.Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs,scientists,artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes.The process and result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children. incentive:Serving to induce or motivate: American society has great movements within itself. These movements are shown in two aspects:movements amongst locations and movements inside the society.The United States are relatively more open and have more freedom.Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities,from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land,from one city to another.Unlike European countries,the social classes in America is not so stable.Further more,with the advocation of public education,movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible.Many people living in
中西方节日文化差异比较 传统的民族节日形成是一个民族的历史文化的长期积淀。节日的由来原因与人们的生活有密切的联系, 它体现了人民丰富的情感 世界, 寄托了人民对生活的热爱。有这样一句名言: “每个民族的每个节日, 正是反映这个民族文化最真实的一面”。可见, 要了解一个民族的文化底蕴, 必须从他们的传统节日入手, 才能了解到他们的 文化特色与民族特点。 一、中西节日的起源与形成差异 中国长期以来处于封建自给自足的农业社会和自然经济中, 其传统 节日具有浓厚的农业色彩,包含了农耕文明的社会特征, 主要是从岁时节令转换而来的。我国古代长期以农为本, 在生产力和农业技术不发达的情况下, 十分重视气候对农作物的影响。在春种、夏长、秋收、冬藏的过程中认识了自然时序的复杂规律, 总结出四时、二十四节气,形成了以节日为主的传统节日。勤劳的中国人民为了更好地生存, 必须大力发展农业, 而农业的发展离不开天气的关照。古人云“春雨贵如油”、“清明忙种麦, 谷雨种大田”。在古代, 春节、清明节( 古代称三月节) 等都是重要的农事节日。 西方文化由于长久受基督教的影响, 其传统节日起源带有浓厚的宗 教色彩, 如情人节( 纪念名叫瓦丁的基督教殉难者) 、复活节( 基督教纪念耶稣复活) 、万圣节( 纪念教会所有圣人) 、圣诞节( 基督教纪念耶稣诞生) , 这些节日的起源大多与宗教有关系。当然, 西方节日中也有和农业有关的节日, 但他们以农业为主的节日的历史不如
中国漫长。 二、中西节日庆祝方式差异 中国的传统节日, 基本是封建社会时期形成的, 不可避免地留下封建社会的痕迹: 等级制、家族式, 节日无不以家族内部活动为中心。西方的传统节日就不同了, 更多的是表现出人们的互动性、集体性和狂欢性, 以自我为中心, 崇尚个性张扬。这与中国节日的家族性恰好相反, 体现了西方文化的群体性, 反映了人们渴望互相交流、群体参与的愿望,体现了人人平等、自由表现自我的特点。这里试举两例说明。 ( 1) 春节与新年。作为新一年的开始, 中西方有着极大差异的庆祝方式。春节作为中国最重要的传统节日, 源于秦朝, 定于每年农历的一月一日, 从农历12月23日开始, 人民开始开展各种庆祝方式, 一直持续到元宵节。春节的习俗繁多, 如大扫除、吃团圆饭拜年、放鞭炮, 舞狮子等。总之, 不论是大街小巷, 都笼罩着一股浓浓的喜庆气氛。而西方, 他们崇尚的是过公历新年, 即元旦。相比之下他们过年的方式就浪漫多了, 在12月31日晚, 各地区的人民涌上街道,进行盛大的狂欢, 到了深夜接近零时时, 数十万人会聚集于一起, 诚心地祈祷, 为新的一年的到来倒计时。当大钟敲响12下, 顿时, 优美的乐曲奏响, 揭开了华丽舞会的序幕, 人们通宵达旦地庆祝。 可见, 春节与新年各有千秋: 春节, 充满浓厚的传统气息和独有的魅力; 新年, 体现时代的气息和潮流的感觉, 更贴近现代生活。( 2) 万圣节与中元节。万圣节作为西方的重要节日之一, 颇受人民
T h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c h i n e s e a n d w e s t e r n c u l t u r e With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows. First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have certain basic needs. Our fundamental needs for things that keep us alive. This is the physioligical need. All individuals must eat in order to survive. But what people eat, when they eat, and the manners in which they eat are all patterned by culture. No society views everything in its environment that is edible and might provide nurishment as food. Americans eat oysters but not snail. The French eat snails but not locusts. The Jews eat fish but not pork. The Hindus eat pork but not beef. The Russiand eat beef but not snake. We all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the food that people from another culture eat are disgusting or nauseating. Dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat a certain food. In some clture, certain foods are taboo. Sometimes the food taboos may be so strong thrat just the thought of eating forbidden foods can cause an indivdual to feel ill. We can also find culture difference in way of bring up children treating the early, greeting each other, saying and spending money before other people do in everyday, but in some English-speaking countries, people do not agree with us. We chinese may enjoy something that is not usually consider as edible by the English-speaking people. Generally we perfer to have thing hot and much emphasis on the taste. We eat from one plate when we are eating with others, and we like to seat one by one, and in the shape of a round. On the
文化是指一个社会所具有的独特的信仰、习惯、制度、性格、思维方式等的总模式，是一个社会的整个生活方式，一个民族的全部活动方式。它为一个语言社会的全体成员所共有，也为这个语言社会所独有。文化既是一种社会现象，是人们长期创造形成的产物，又是一种历史现象，是社会历史的积淀物。虽然随着全球经济一体化及社会信息化的发展，人类赖以生存的家园正变得越来越像个“地球村”，中美两国间的文化交流也日趋频繁，但是中美文化差异依然存在。 一、中美文化差异现象 中国有着五千年的文化和历史的沉淀，而在地球另一端的美国是一个多民族的国家，却只有200多年的历史。中美之间的文化差异是巨大的，它是两国人民交流和理解的障碍和鸿沟。中美之间的文化差异是复杂而多面的。 (一)文化观念的差异 中国的传统文化是以儒家思想为核心，历来主张尊卑有别，长幼有序，也就是说，凡事都要遵循一定的规矩，并受到等级观念的制约。例如，晚辈见到长辈为表尊重要主动打招呼；学生要尊敬老师。而美国文化主要承袭了基督教中的新教思想，等级观念淡薄。美国人更注重个人权益，追求人人平等，没有辈份间过多的礼节。子女对父母、学生对教师都直呼其名，子女可以与父母争论问题．或提出自己个性主张。 在独具特色的中国文化中，人情占很重要的地位。人情在中国社会中有其一定的社会结构性，人情与面子是相互联系的，讲情面的人会将心比心、以心换心地回报别人的情谊。因此，在中国文化中．自我评价是在人与人之间的亲情及互相交往的情谊中建立和实现的。中国人强调家族及阶级层次。中华文化崇尚集体主义。人们之间相互信赖，团结合作，当个人利益与集体利益相矛盾时，集体利益总被放在首位。在衡量个人行为时，往往是以道德为准则，注重和谐、群体利益的维护，这与美国文化截然不同。美国人崇尚个人自由，强调个人潜力的发挥，个人目标的实现及个人利益的追求，信奉法律至上。在美国，人与人之间多为互利关系，表现出人情较为淡漠，但却十分重视个人利益和自由，个人自我意识较强。 (二)思维方式的差异 思维方式是社会文化的产物，受到生产方式、历史传统、哲学思想及语言文学等方面的综合影响。受不同文化背景制约的中美两国人具有不同的思维方式。中国人偏向综合性思维．强调整体优先，采用从整体到部分的思维方式，如表达顺序时，要由大地方到小地方，即国家一省一市一区一街一号；表达时间是按年一月一日的顺序。美国人则偏好分析性思维，强调部分的优先，在表达空间顺序时与中国相反，由小地方
中美文化差异大比较 作者：鲁鸣阅读2846次更新时间：2007-7-12 我在美国呆了14年，与其说了解了美国和过上了中产阶级的日子，不如说更了解了我自己，因为我会有意无意地用中美两种文化来看待自己。文化因素在我们身上留下的刺激痕迹有共同的地方。我要讲的是这种相对共同的东西，即华人和美国人群体性格的比较。当然每个人的神经系统和个性不一样，与环境的互动有差异，甚至背道而驰，同样的经历会有不同的感受和反馈。 本文提到的华人或中国人主要以大陆开放后从国内到美国的定居者为主，涵盖大陆、港台的华人和北美华侨和华裔美国人，而文中的美国人主要指占大多数的欧裔，涵盖其他种族。身为华人，我们有长处有出色的地方。我侧重讲毛病，因为我们通常都知道自己的长处，而不太容易看到自己的短处，甚至有时根本没意识到。我的用意不是让我们看到自己的缺陷而自卑，而是正视自己，接受自己，扬长避短。 内向文化和外向文化 中国人移民到了美国，生命的风景自然发生了变化。最大的变化，恐怕就是美国文化对我们的影响，我们或多或少地美国化了，但同时骨子里的中国文化的血液仍旧滚动着。我们很多人在出国前要比一般的中国老百姓对美国了解得多。可是到了美国后我们发现，在风景之外与进入其内是很不一样的。因为我们在中国文化中成长，我们到了美国虽然会改变，但我们的性格已经定形，很多传统和过去的刺激痕迹留在我们的意识里或下意识里了，哪怕我们自己并不察觉。 文化差异是相对而言的，这里所说的华人或中国人和美国人是群体概念，是一种刻板印象，并不代表具体的每个人。 不少人说，美国人大都比我们华人放得开，外向。这就是一个刻板印象。但我想说的是，如果和你相处的人身上有这个刻板印象，你要提醒他们，我们是在什么环境中长大的呀!如果我们有美国人那种成长环境，我们中国人可能比他们还要放得开，性格大多都会外向。当然，如果一个人从出生到成年都极内向，那是两码事，人的性格一是天生的，即基因所决定由神经系统所操纵的，二是在成长环境中发展的。 有一个有趣的现象：似乎跟华人姑娘结合的美国男子大都比较内向，或不是那种很阳刚外向的小伙子。是不是中国文化较内向和阴性，美国文化较外向和阳性，而比较内向的美国男子相对难以找到
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 英汉动物词汇文化内涵对比 2 论商务英语信函写作的语篇衔接与连贯 3 交际翻译视角下的公示语汉英翻译 4 英语中的性别歧视 5 游戏在初中英语教学中的作用 6 An Interpretation to The Characters in Nella Larsen’s Novel—Passing 7 Chinese Translations of English Film Titles：A Perspective of Functional Equivalence 8 商务谈判中幽默语的运用 9 商标翻译的美学特征和技巧 10 《善良的乡下人》的喜剧性分析 11 内向型与外向型性格对英语学习的影响 12 情景教学法在初中英语词汇教学中的应用 13 浅论国产小米手机的营销策略 14 文档所公布均英语专业全英原创毕业论文。原创Q 805 990 74 9 15 《名利场》的女性主义解读 16 Analysis of Advertisements Based on the Cooperative Principle 17 简奥斯丁《爱玛》中的爱玛形象分析 18 An Analysis of the D Film Alice in Wonderland from the Perspective of Gothicism 19 分析《了不起的盖茨比》及美国梦的幻灭 20 《雾都孤儿》中的正邪儿童形象 21 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 22 约翰济慈的女性化倾向分析 23 关于中国文化教学的文献综述 24 丰田如何成为全球第一汽车生产商 25 Hardy’s View of feminism from Sue Bri dehead in Jude the Obscure 26 中学英语写作中的中介语错误分析 27 高中英语教学过程中实施情感教育的研究 28 电影《喜福会》反映出的中西家庭价值观的差异 29 扼杀在萌芽中的期许—“一小时里故事”中的女权渴望 30 英汉诗歌中“月”意象的认知解读 31 Research on the Expression of the Speaker’s Intention in English and Chinese Conversation 32 译员主体性在歌曲《我有个梦》歌词翻译中的体现 33 论福斯塔夫的性格 34 论合作原则与礼貌原则在外贸函电翻译中的适用性 35 浅谈简?奥斯丁《劝导》的反讽艺术 36 英汉形状类量词的隐喻认知分析 37 论中国神话和希腊神话的文化差异 38 论《最蓝的眼睛》里黑人女性身份的迷失 39 女性哥特视角下的《蝴蝶梦》 40 从社会心理学的角度分析《夜色温柔》中主人公迪克的堕落 41 英语政治委婉语的语用功能 42 王熙凤与斯嘉丽的对比研究
中西文化差异比较(英文)
The difference between chinese and western culture With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are
中美文化对比大学英语 作文 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
Chinese Education Is Superior The born of a baby is considered as a blessing to a family, while the family education will in turn leave a brand on the baby’s future. I was born in a Chinese family with western education system. I’m well respected. I’m growing up without any fence. But reflecting on my personal upbringing, I can tell you with certainty that Chinese Education is superior. Firstly, in a regulated Chinese family, the rules for family are the core of its education system, which could ensure children staying away from some bad habits. The rules Chua set up contributed to her children’s promising victory over long turn. But in my family, there is no such notion. At my formative year, I could stay up late enough to embrace the sunrise. Consequently, I always suffered from drowsiness at class. Worse still, my poor eyesight due to it has become a handicap to me. Therefore, Chinese strict rules are necessary, especially for a young child.
中西文化差异ppt 中美文化基本差异：中国观念与美国观念对比分析 集体主义：一般而言，中国和其他亚洲文化反映了社会科学家称为“集体主义”的取向。这些文化比较注重群体合作和个人谦虚。 个人主义：相反，美国人通常表现出一种个人主义取向。他们更重视独立性。自我实现即使不是一种期望，但至少更容易被人们接受。美国人更重视不受外部制约的“自由”。 社会关系：中国人的社会关系比美国人更加正式，等级更分明。中国人似乎非常习惯于等级分明的结构，他们可基于自己在结构中的位置和惯例确定自己的行为方式。美国人则更侧重于非正式和平等关系。美国人通常和社会地位相同的人在一起最自在；他们不太重视社会等级。 友谊：与美国人相比，中国人更可能拥有少数终生挚交，他们彼此之间交情深厚，愿意相互提供任何形式的帮助。美国人可能有许多“朋友”和熟人，这些朋友和熟人随着时间的推移而变换，彼此之间承诺的义务有限。 义务在中国人之间，与他人的关系通常意味着彼此之间的义务。与此相反，美国人倾向于回避相互依赖的关系以及可能导致长期义务的局面。 任务取向与关系取向：中国人侧重于关系取向。保持和谐的关系比完成任务更重要。相比之下，美国人侧重于任务取向。完成工作通常比关系更重要。 和谐与“事实”：中国人所受的教育通常是避免直接冲突、公开批评和具有争议的话题。他们希望在周围的人中保持和谐，给别人留“面子”。相反，美国人通常愿意直接面对问题、提出批评、讨论具有争议的问题，并坚持自己认为是“事实”的意见。他们对“面子”并不在意。 法律、规章和条例的作用: 在交往方面，中国人通常更信任人际关系，而不太信任书面规则和程序。而美国人一般认为书面规则适用于每一个人，并且能够产生公正、合理的程序和决定。 时间观念：中国人比较怀旧，也比较注重未来。美国人通常对过去不太感兴趣，他们注重的是眼前的情况。 指定身份与获取身份：在中国的传统中，个人在社会中的地位很大程度上基于继承特征，例如年龄、性别和家庭，但这种情形正在发生变化。对于大多数美国人，个人地位主要基于自己的成就，包括受教育程度和事业上的成功。 此篇作为我的“中国文化漫谈”系列文章的第一篇，希望能够把浅显的道理与实际的问题结合起来，让我们了解什么是中国文化的价值所在。洋洋大观，才疏学浅；一家之言，不成敬意。 今天我们首先谈一谈什么是文化。之后对中美文化进行一个简要的对比，从而看
中美文化差异(Culture Difference): 种族National race The whole question of the changing role of Blacks in American society as been the subject of newspaper articles around the world so frequently that visitors to the United States do not know what to expect when they arrive. They may be surprised when they see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country . The majority of Blacks in the United States, h owever, live in and around only a small number of American cities. Many dark-skinned visitors arrive in the United States fearing personal attack or expecting various degrees of racial prejudice. Some forms of discrimination still exist ,unfortunately, especially in the areas of the housing , schools , and jobs . The school equality is still more a dream than a reality. There are still too many areas of the country where Black Americans do not enjoy the same full opportunities as White Americans . However, the vast majority of American s are working, studying, and sharing public places together. This was not true even a few years ago in some parts of the country, but progress is steadily being made. You will be able to observe the improvement in race relations as soon as your plane lands . You will see it in the airport, in public buses and trains , in theaters , restaurants , rest room, in sops and libraries , in offices and factories . Close personal friendships between Blacks and
中美文化差异,英语作文 篇一：中西文化差异比较（英文） The difference between chinese and western culture With the rapidly challging word, people throughout the world have found it increasingly necessary to minimize the rate of misunderstanding due to miscommunication in their contacts with another. In the oast most human beings were born, lived, and died within a limited geoographical area, never encountering people of other cultural backgrounds. It might be said that technological advances have been most effective in creating the borderless word, the global community. As our world shrinks and its inhabitants become interdependent, people from remot cultures increasingly come into contact on a daily basis. It is no longer hard to find situations in which membes of ince isolared groups of people. Now these people may live thousands of miles away or right next door to each other. So all the people are faced with the challenge of understand this world. So when the east meet west, there are many problems. Some problems are listed as follows. First of all, the way of eating. All huaman beings have
中国人重“内”，西方人崇“外”。 中国人通过节庆活动企盼丰收、享受喜悦，而西方人则更偏向借此发泄个人情绪、张扬个体人格。 思维模式，西方重唯理、思辩细节分析；中方重经验、直觉整体综合。 隐私方面，中国人的隐私观念比较薄弱，认为个人要归属于集体，在一起讲究团结友爱，互相关心，因而中国人往往很愿意了解别人的酸甜苦辣。而西方人则非常注重个人隐私，讲究个人空间。 时间观，西方人的时间观和金钱观是联系在一起的，时间就是金钱的观念根深蒂固。而中国人则属于多向时间习惯的国家，在时间的使用上具有很大的随意性，一般不会像西方人那样严格的按照计划进行。 客套语，中国人注重谦虚，在与人交际时，讲求“卑己尊人”，把这看作一种美德，这是一种富有中国文化特色的礼貌现象。西方国家却没有这样的文化习惯，当他们受到赞扬时，总会很高兴地说一声“Thank you”表示接受。 餐饮习俗，中华民族素有热情好客的优良传统。在交际场合和酒席上，热情的中国人常常互相敬烟敬酒。而在西方国家，人们讲求尊重个人权益和个人隐私，所以他们不会做强人所难的事。 行为规范，比如中国人轻拍小孩子的头部表示一种友好，而在西方国家，这是一种极不尊重小孩子的做法，父母会对此非常愤怒。 风俗习惯，中国人对龙有着至高无上的尊重，认为他们是中华民
族的象征。西方有一个“打龙节”，龙被视为恶。中国人将红色视为“喜庆”“吉祥”的象征，而白、黑两种颜色为“不吉利”的颜色。 饮食文化，西方是一种理性饮食观念，不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，也难以涵盖全部。 宗教信仰，中国以儒学为核心，以佛教为宗教的文化体系和西方以基督教为核心的文化体系带来了不同的文化特色。中国传统文化则认为双数是吉利的数字“666”在中国是吉祥数在外国却是魔鬼复活的日子。
中西方的文化差异表现在诸多方面： 一、中西方言谈的差异 在中国，对别人的健康状况表示关心是有教养、有礼貌的表现。但对西方人的健康表示关心，就不能按中国的传统方式了。一个中国学生得知其美籍教师生病后，会关切地说“you should go to see a doctor！（你应该到医院看看）。”不料，这句体贴的话反而使这位教师很不高兴。因为在这位教师看来，有病看医生这种简单的事情连小孩都知道，用不着任何人来指教。如果就某种小事给人以忠告，那显然是对其能力的怀疑，从而大大伤害其自尊心。中国人在饭桌上的热情好客经常被西方人误解为不文明的行为。因西方人认为：客人吃多吃少完全由自己决定，用不着主人为他加菜添酒，而且饮食过量是极不体面的事情，因此客人吃饭后，主人不必劝他再吃。一位美国客人看到中国主人不断地给他夹菜很不安，事后他抱怨说“主人把我当猪一样看待。” 中国人路遇熟人时，往往会无所顾忌地说：“啊呀，老兄，你近来又发福了！”或者以关切的口吻说：“老兄，你又瘦了，要注意身体啊！”而西方人若听你说“you are fat（你胖了）”或“you are so thin（你又瘦了)”, 即使比较熟悉，也会感到尴尬和难以作答。 二、价值观与道德标准的差异 1.个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 西方人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其为个人取得的成就自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感，以及在获得成就后的狂喜。相反，中国文化不主张炫耀个人荣誉，而是提倡谦虚。中国人反对王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂，然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人大为不满。“Your English is very good（你的英文很好）,” “No, no, my English is very poor（不，我的英文很差）”；“You’ve done a very good job（你的工作做的很好）,” “No, I don't think so. It's the result of joint efforts（不，这是大家共同努力得结果）.” 这种谦虚，在西方人看来，不仅否定了自己，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。这种中国式的谦虚在资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。 2.自我中心与无私奉献 西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强，主要表现在:(1)自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的