2015年全国成人高考高升专英语试题答案（以下答案，仅供参考。）
一题.语音知识
1.D=baby
2.B=now
3.D=machine
4.A=human
5.C=design
二题.词汇与语法知识
6.A=the a
7.D=the best
8.C=will rain
9.A=paid
10.C=should
11.C=on
12.C=changed
13.A=taken away
14.D=had prepared
15.B=why
16.B=My pleasure
17.B=so
18.C=to be
19.D=none
20.C=good
三题.完型填空
21、C=called
22、B=homeless
23、A=instead
24、C=making
25、B=started
26、C=saw
27、B=living
28、A=visit
29、D=and
30、A=similar
31、C=spread
32、D=country
33、D=redder
34、B=helped
35、A=in the end
四、阅读理解
A段troublemaker was what 36、B=they considered
37、C=He sta
38、D=He waits for
39、B=pay no
B段welcome to North
40、D=A sane-day
41、A=Take a
42、A=call 0845
43、B=From 6:30
C段In 2008，the United
44、B=They contained
45、A=Provide balanced
46、C=The head of
47、C=Helping a
D段 Magic(魔法)
48、A=nsing examples
49、B=Hatty Houdini
50、B=It provides
五题.补全对话教授打电话请病假
51 May I speak to professor Johnson?
52 Can I take a message for you?
53 What is wrong
54 Is it very serious?
55 tell him about it
英语作文：
Dear Tony,
I'm going to be 18 this month, so I'm writing to invite you to come to my birthday party and celebrate it with me. It will be held on July 8th and begin at 7P.M. I have prepared many programmers such as dancing , playing games, singing and so on. On the party, you will meet many friends and enjoy yourself. I hope you can come.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
2019年成人高考高起点英语考试试题及解析 第1卷(选择题，共105分) 【一】略 【二】词汇与语法知识：共15小题；每题1、5分。共22、5分。从每题的四个选择项中，选出最正确的一项。 6. Johnson will phone his mother as soon as he in Kunming. A. arrived B. arrives C. will arrive D. is arriving 7. The young policeman asked her name was. A. when B. who C. why D. what 8. This song is very with young people. A. pleasant B. popular C. favourite D. beautiful 9. The family at a small hotel for the night. A. put up B. went up C. got up D. jumped up 10. "We can't go out in this weather, "said Bob, out of the window. A. to have looked B. looked C. looking D. to look 11. --Let' s go to the concert tonight, Mary. --Sorry, I . I have to help my morn with the housework. A. needn' t B. can' t C. mustn' t D. shouldn' t 12. I chose this coat in the end because ones were all too expensive. A. the others B. another C. others D. the other 13. We got to the cinema late the heavy traffic. A. because of
2015年成人高考高起点英语真题及答案 选择题 一、语音知识（共5小题；每题1.5分，共7.5分） 在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的画线部分与其他单词的画线部分的读音不同。找出这个词。1．A．family B．value C．cat D．baby 2．A．show B．now C．yellow D.grow 3．A．beach B．1unch C．chair D．machine 4．A．human B．cut C．fun D．1uck 5．A．sale B．snow C．design D．ask 二、词汇与语法知识5小题：每题1.5分，共22．5分。) 从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。 6．Tom attended evening school for month or two． A．the：a B．an；the C．不填；the D．an；不填 7．Spring is by far time to visit the island． A．better B．the better C．best D．the best 8．The weather report says it again tomorrow． A．rains B．rained C．will rain D．has rained 9．Bill has a very high price for the car． A．paid B．spent C．cost D．bought 1 0. There is nobody here in the office-they have all gone home. A．can B．must C．should D．would 1 1．Mary looks great this pair of trousers． A．in B．by C．on D．at 1 2．The next morning people found the world outside their houses completely ． A．change B．changing C．changed D．to change 1 3．These books should not be from the library． A．taken away B．taken off C．taken down D．taken over 1 4．By the time I got home，my grandmother the dinner and was watching TV． A．prepares B．prepared C．has prepared D．had prepared 1 5．The reason the president kept silent is still unknown． A．how B．why C．when D．what 16．一Will you please open the door for me? 一 . A．Yes，please B．My pleasure C．Not at all D．You’re welcome 17．James got lost in the city， he had to ask for help． A．or B．SO C．but D．for 1 8．Mrs．Smith persuaded her husband the right thin9． A．do B．did C．to do D．doing 19.My parents and I couldn’t get into the house last night because 0f US had the key． A．all B．either C．neither D．none 20．Dogs have a very sense of smell． A．nice B．clear C．good D．high 三、完形填空（共15小题；每题2分，共30分。）
2014年成人高高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 答案必须答在答题卡上的指定位置，答在试卷上无效。 一．语音知识(共5小题；每题1．5分，共7．5分。) 在下列每缉单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。找出这个词。 1. A. climb B. job C. disturb D. club 2. A. sweater B. meant C. pleasure D. pleased 3. A. drunk B. dusty C. duty D. drug 4. A. breathe B. nothing C. clothes D. weather 5. A. prove B. rose C. wrote D. broke 二、词汇与语法知识（共15小题，每题分，共分） 从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。 6. Regular exercise can you against heart disease. A. fight B. protect C. keep D. support 7. Over a hundred people expressed their worries, but were willing to help. A. some B. many C. few D. little 8. You can't do anything else until you your homework. A. finished B. will finish C. have finished D. had finished 9. First draw a line the middle of the page. Then write a word in the space above the line. A. across 13. over C. between D. within 10, The managerhad Ms. Brunell the new assistant around yesterday. A. to show B. showed C. showing D. show 11. Send for a doctor quickly. The man A. will die B. isdying C. dies D. died 12. I enjoy listeningto Miss:: White; my English teacher, ，I can only understand about half ofwhat she says, A. when B. because C. if D. though 13. The bag is very heavy. Come and lend me a hand, ? A. should you B. do you C. can you D. will you 14. After working for two hours, I found impossible'to complete the paper in time. A. me B. this C. that D. it 15. It was very kind of you to clean the office, though you A. needn't do B. wouldn't have C. didn't have to D. mustn't have done 16. The faster anything goes up into the sky,
2017年成人高考高起专英语试题 一、语音知识:共5小题;每题1.5分,共7.5分。在下列每组单词中。有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。找出这个词。 1. A. handsome B.candle C.distance D. land 2. A. meat B. ready C. heat D. seat 3. A. bottom B. colou C. Monday D. ton 4. A. billion B. lab C. table D. comb 5. A. tooth B. month C. father D. method 二、词汇与语法知识：共15小题；每题1.5分，共22.5分。从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。 6.Johnson will phone his mother as soon as he in Kunming. A. arrived B. arrives C. will arrive D. iS arriving 7.The young policeman asked her name was. A. when B. who C. why D. what 3. This song is very with young people. A. pleasant B. popular C. favourite D. beautiful 9. The family at a small hotel for the night. A. put up B. went up C. got up D. jumped up 10.“We can't go out jin this weather.”said Bob, ou of the window. A. to have looked B. looked C. looking D. to look 11.-Let'S go to the concert tonight. Mary.
2015年成人高等学校招生全国统一考试 数学（文史财经类） 一、选择题：本大题共17小题，每小题5分，共85分。在每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项是符合题目要求的。 1、设集合{2,5,8}M =，{6,8}N =，则M N =( ) A.{8} B.{6} C.{2,5,6,8} D.{2,5,6} A.[3,)+∞ B.[0,)+∞ C.[9,)+∞ D.R 4、已知平面向量(2,1)a =-与(,2)b λ=垂直，则λ=( ) A. 4- B. 1- C. 1 D. 4 5、下列函数在各自定义域中为增函数的是( ) A. 1y x =- B. 2 1y x =+ C.12 x y -=+ D.12x y =+ 6、设甲：函数y kx b =+的图像过点(1,1)，乙：1k b +=，则( ) A. 甲是乙的必要条件，但不是乙的充分条件 B. 甲是乙的充分条件，但不是乙的必要条件 C. 甲不是乙的充分条件，也不是乙的必要条件 D. 甲是乙的充分必要条件
A.0 B.1 C.5 D.8 10、设tan 2θ=，则tan()θπ+=( ) A.20x y +-= B.20x y -+= C.20x y ++= D.0x y -= 12、设二次函数c bx ax y ++=2 的图像过点)2,3()2,1(和-，则其对称轴的方程为（ ） A. 22 (1)2x y +-= B. 22 (1)4x y +-= C. 22 (1)16x y +-= D. 22 (1)1x y -+= 14、设()f x 为偶函数，若(2)3f -=，则(2)f =( ) 17、甲乙两人独立地破译一个密码，设两人能破译的概率分别为12,p p ，则恰有一人能破译的概率为( )
2019年成人高等学校专升本招生全国统一考试真题 第I卷（选择题，共125分） I. Phonetics(5 points) Directions: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letters or letter combinations marked A, B. C and D. Compare the underlined parts and identity the one that is different from the others in pronunciation. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1. A. land B. lamb C. father D. ladder 2. A. challenge B. cheap C. choose D. character 3. A. sweat B. please C. beat D. meat 4. A. rescue B. league C. pursue D. argue 5. A. action B. section C. solution D. question II. Vocabulary and Structure (15 points) Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one answer that best completes the sentence and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 6. There _______ no one to help me at this moment, I need to handle the work all by myself. A. be B. being C. to be D. been 7. Mary took a part-time job last summer , but her parents were unhappy about _____ she did. A. these B. which C. that D. what
2016年成人高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题 一、语音知识(共5小题;每题1.5分，共7.5分。) 在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同，请找出这个单词。 1. A.notice B.practice C.British D.patient 2. A.income B.centre C.city D.bicycle 3. A.cloud B.round C.mountain D.country 4. A.hand B.honest C.habit D.behind 5. A.direct B.hotel C.basket D.express 二、词汇与语法知识(共15小题;每题1.5分，共22.5分。) 从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。 6.My friend Bob always __________ jokes whenever we get together. A.says B.speaks C.talks D.tells 7.Before Tom got to the cinema,the film__________. A.had begun B.will begin C.has begun D.begins 8.The driver kept one eye on __________ traffic and the other on __________ map. A.不填;a B.a;a C.the;the D.the;不填 9.I couldn′t find my black glov es __________. A.nowhere B.somewhere C.everywhere D.anywhere 10.Mary picked up her children′s clothes that __________on the floor. A.lie B.will lie C.have lain D.were lying 11.Jane had already finished cooking __________ the time I got home. A.in B.on C.by D.at 12. Excuse me,where is the meeting room? --Just a s econd. I′ll have someone __________ you there. A.takes B.take C.taking D.to take 13.I′ll never forget the day __________ I became a doctor. A.that B.which C.where D.when 14.Your article is well written,but I think you should __________ it again.
第1卷(选择题，共125分) I. Phonetics ( 5 points) Directions:In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letters or letter combinations marked A, B, C and D. Compare the underlined parts and identify the one that is different from the others in pronunciation. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 1. 请选择出划线部分读音不同的选项( )。 A. measure B. deadline C. heat D. Feather 【答案】C 2. 请选择出划线部分读音不同的选项( )。 A. laughter B. enough C. cough D. Ghost 【答案】D 3. 请选择出划线部分读音不同的选项( )。 A. rob B. climb
C. disturb D. Absorb 【答案】B 4. 请选择出划线部分读音不同的选项( )。 A. uncle B. product C. rural D. ugly 【答案】C 5. 请选择出划线部分读音不同的选项( )。 A. slow B. shower C. flowwer D. how 【答案】A II. Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 points) Directions : There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are fourchoices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one answer that best completes the sentence and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 6. Only in my thirties__________ a purpose in life. A. did I find
2016年全国各类成人高考专升本英语试卷（模拟） 试卷总分：150分答题时间：120分钟试卷年份：2016年 一、Phonetics(5 points) Directions: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined letters or letter combinations marked A, B, C and D. Compare the underlined parts and identify the one that is different from the others in pronunciation. Mark your answer by blackening the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 第1题 A.chin B.bite C.alive D.side 第2题 A.gate B.hate C.made D.staff 第3题 A.either B.eight C.neither D.height 第4题 A.child B.character C.church D.chicken 第5题 A.trouble B.soul C.double D.enough 二、V ocabulary and Structure(15 points) Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one answer that best completes the sentence and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. 第1题The committee is totally opposed any changes being made in the plans. A.of B.on C.to D.against 第2题We’ll visit Europe next year we have enough money. A.lest B.until C.unless D.provided 第3题The room is in a terrible dirty surroundings；it cleaned. A.can’t have been B.shouldn’t have been C.mustn’t have been D.wouldn’t have been 第4题That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but the police. A.called in B.calling in C.call in D.to call in 第5题It’s already 5 o’clock now.Don’t you think it’s about time ? A.we are going home B.we go home C.we went home D.we can go home
2012成人高考高起点英语预测试卷及答案一 I . Phonetics(10 Points) Directions: In each of the following groups of words, there are four underlined comb in ati ons marked A, letter B, C and D. Compare the un derl ined parts and ide ntify the one that is differe nt from the others in pronun ciatio n. Mark your an swer by blacke ning the corresp onding letter on the An swer Sheet. 1. A. head B. horiz on C. honour D. huma n 2. A. city B. bicycle C. face D. climb 3. A. think B. these C. breathe D. with 4. A. ground B. country C. thousa nd D. found 5. A. pour B. hour C. course D. four 6. A. both B. post C. cold D. son 7. A. altogether B. talk C. always D. also 8. A. suggesti on B. n ati on C. dictati on D. satisfact ion 9. A. started B. closed C. waited D. n eeded 10. A. rare B. fare C. scare D. are n .Vocabulary and Structure(40 points) Directions: There are 40 in complete senten ces in this sect ion. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one an swer that best completes the sentence and blacke n the corresp onding letter on the An swer Sheet. 11. _____ idea of _______ sounds much better tha n Clare '. A. The, hers B. That, her C. That, hers D. One, her 12. Chi na is famous _______ the Great Wall.
2017年成人高等学校高起点招生全国统一考试 英语 本试卷分第Ｉ卷(选择题)和第Ⅱ卷(非选择题)两部分。满分150分。考试时间120分钟。 第Ｉ卷(选择题，共105分) 一、语音知识:共5小题;每题 1.5分,共7.5分。在下列每组单词中。有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同。找出这个词。 1. A. handsome B.candle C.distance D. land 2. A. meat B. ready C. heat D. seat 3. A. bottom B. colou C. Monday D. ton 4. A. billion B. lab C. table D. comb 5. A. tooth B. month C. father D. method 二、词汇与语法知识：共15小题；每题 1.5分，共22.5分。从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。 6.Johnson will phone his mother as soon as he in Kunming. A. arrived B. arrives C. will arrive D. iS arriving 7.The young policeman asked her name was. A. when B. who C. why D. what 3. This song is very with young people. A. pleasant B. popular C. favourite D. beautiful 9. The family at a small hotel for the night. A. put up B. went up C. got up D. jumped up ou of the window. 't go out jin this weather.”said Bob, 10.“We can A. to have looked B. looked C. looking D. to look 11.-Let'S go to the concert tonight. Mary. -Sorry.I .I have to help my mom with the housework. A. needn't B. can't C. mustn't D. shouldn't 12.I chose this coat in the end because ones were all too expensive. A. the others B. another C. others D. the other 13.We got to the cinema late the heavy taffic. A. because of B.instead of C. according to D. except for 14. David has decided football at the end of this season. A. give up B. giving up C. to give up D.having given up 15.Clearly, object of the game is to improve children's math skills. A.不填;the B. an;the C.不填;不填 D. the;不填 16. arriving home she found her old friend alrendy there. A.On B. For C.By D. With 17. He says he has the T-shirt, I've never seed him wear it. A. after B. since C. although D.if 18. When Anna the room,a group of young men were talking eagerly round the table. A. enters B. has entered C. was entering D. entered
成人高考英语试题 成人高考英语试题篇一:2014成人高考高起 专英语试题及答案 成人高考英语试题篇二:2012成人高考英语真题试题电子版 word版 绝密?启用前 2012成人高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 一( 语音知识(共5小题，每题1.5分，共7.5分) 在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线 部分的读音不同，找出这个词。 1.A.July B.hurry C.satisfyD.sky 2.A.lesson B.quesion C.recent D.several 3.A.call https://www.doczj.com/doc/c09441284.html,cate C.coat D.sociey 4.A.visitB.task C.respectD.same 5.A.afraid B.captain C.failD.sailor. 二. 词汇与语法知识(共15小题，每题1.5分，共22.5分) 从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。 6. —World you help me with these books, —_____ A.With pleasure B.Never mind C.it’s fine D.Don’t worry 7.Everyone_____to bring some food to the party on Sunday. A.supposes B.will supposes C.is supposes D.will be supposes 8.—Do you have these shoes in size eight?
.—I’m not sure.I’ll just go and_____our. A.sell B.send C.watch D.find 9.Lucy____ride a bike when she was three. A.should B.must C.could D.need 10.The police told ____to stay in their cars. A.anybody B.everybody C.nobody D.somebody 11.Something is wrong____my radio.Can you help fix it for me? A.for B.of C.on D.with 12.—Is Tom coming with us? —He can’t—he____for his exams. A.prepares B.is preparing C.has prepared D.prepraed 13.Follow me and I’ll show you____the library is. A.what B.when C.where D.which 14.At the end of the year there____a test on everything we have studied. A.was B.will be C.would be D.has been 15.The film star walked to his car，____by a crowd of fans. A.to follow B.following C.followed D.to be followed 16.____I admire most about Lee is his love of nature. A.What B.How C.That D.Where 17.Tim went to work on the farm last week,and____. A.his sister did so B .so his sister did C.did his sister so D.so did his sister 18.Mike’s health has been____improved since he gave up smoking.
2015 年全国成人高考语文试卷(真题) 本试卷分第 I 卷（选择题）和第 II 卷（非选择题）两部分。 第 I 卷 1 至 4 页，笫 II 卷 5 至 10 页。 第 I 卷（选择题，共 40 分） 注意事项： 1、答第 I 卷前，考生须将姓名、准考证号、考试科目用规定笔涂写在答题卡上。 2、试卷中每题只选择一个答案，选出后用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑，如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案，不能答在试卷上。 3、考试结束，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 一、语文知识与语言运用。（共 24 分，毎题 4 分） 1.下列词语中加点字的读音全都不相同的一项是 A. 毗邻琵琶筚路蓝缕 B. 伶仃拎包身陷囹圄 C. 格式楼阁恪尽职守 D. 拾掇点缀忧心惙惙 2.下列各组词语中没有错别字的一项是 A.乖戾过谦荒无人烟 B.松驰聒噪看风使舵 C.聆听门禁天翻地复 D.双贏户藉言简意骇 3.下列各句中加点的成语使用不正确的一项是 A.这两支靑年足球队旗鼓相当，比赛进行得非常激烈。 B.大佛湾的上万尊雕像居然无一雷同，这在中国石窟艺术中绝无仅有。 C.为了改变经济困难的现状，老李不得不明珠暗投，开始四处打工。 D.卢梭晚年写的《忏悔录》成为世界文学史上别具一格的名著。 4.依次填入下列横线处的词语，恰当的一项是 从巴丹吉林沙漠西端的戈壁向北张望，的戈壁一色铁青，稀疏的骆驼草棵棵憔悴，一棵和另一棵之间距离很远，像是的战士，伫立在广漠的戈壁当中，看日月轮转，大风奔流，饱受严寒和烈日侵袭，这仿佛是它们的宿命。 A.一望无边独树一帜根深蒂固 B.阔大无疆孤立无援与生俱来 C.阔大无疆独树一帜与生俱来 D.—望无边孤立无援根深蒂固
2015年成人高考专升本考试民法真题及答案 一、单选题：本大题共35个小题，每小题2分，共70分。在每个题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求。 第1题单选民法的空间效力是指( ) A.民法的溯及力 B.民法适用的地域范围 C.民法的适用对象 D.民法的生效时间 【答案】B 【考情点拨】本题考查了民法的空间效力的知识点。 【应试指导】民法的空间效力是指民事法律规范在什么地域内适用，即民法在空间上的适用范围。 第2题单选民事法律关系的要素不包括( ) A.主体 B.内容 C.形式 D.客体 【答案】C 【考情点拨】本题考查了民事法律关系的要素的知识点。 【应试指导】民事法律关系的要素，就是构成民事法律关系应当具备的因素。民法学把民事法律关系的要素概括为主体、内容和客体，不包括形式。 第3题单选拒付租金的诉讼时效期间为( ) A.1年 B.2年 C.3年 D.4年
【考情点拨】本题考查了特殊诉讼时效的知识点。 【应试指导】《民法通则》第136条规定，以下4种情况适用1年诉讼时效：(1)身体受到伤害要求赔偿的。(2)出售质量不合格的商品未声明的。(3)延付或拒付租金的。(4)寄存财物被丢失或毁损的。因此，拒付租金的诉讼时效期间为1年。 第4题单选甲向乙借款，到期后乙要求甲还款。乙向甲主张的权利属于( ) A.请求权 B.形成权 C.支配权 D.抗辩权 【答案】A 【考情点拨】本题考查了请求权的知识点。 【应试指导】请求权，指权利人为实现自己的利益，请求他人为一定行为或不为一定行为的权利。请求权由基础权利产生，根据基础权利的不同，可分为债权上请求权、物权上请求权、人身权上请求权等。本题乙向甲主张的权利是典型的债权请求权。 第5题单选乘人之危所订立的买卖合同( ) A.有效 B.可撤销 C.无效 D.部分有效 【答案】B 【考情点拨】本题考查了可撤销的民事行为的情形的知识点。 【应试指导】可撤销的民事行为的情形包括：(1)基于重大误解所实施的民事行为。(2)民事行为发生时显失公平。(3)一方以欺诈、胁迫订立合同，没有损害国家利益的民事行为。(4)乘人之危订立的合同。因此，乘人之危所订立的买卖合同，可撤销。 第6题单选限制民事行为能力人订立的纯获利益的合同( ) A.有效
2013年成人高等学校招生全国统一考试 英语 选择题 一.语音知识（共5小题：每题 1.5分，共7.5分。） 在下列每组单词中，有一个单词的划线部分与其他单词的划线部分的读音不同，找出这个词。 1. A. lab B. table C. math D. attack 2. A. cake B. custom C. center D. cover 3. A. rush B. duck C. truck D. butcher 4. A. check B. change C. chemistry D. chocolate 5. A. cousin B. south C. ground D. thousand 二.词汇与语法知识（共15小题：每题 1.5分，共22.5分。） 从每小题的四个选择项中，选出最佳的一项。 6. Jack is news reporter and he likes job very much. A. a; the B. the; the C .the; a D. a; a 7. It has been almost five years we saw each other last time. A. after B. before C. since D. when 8. He knows about the city, for he has never been there. A. everything B. something C. anything D. nothing 9. With all his homework , the boy was allowed to watch TV. A. finished B.to finish C. will finish D. having finished 10. ---Can I get you some more fish? --- . A. Yes, please B. I’m sorry C. That’s all right D. It doesn’t matter 11. Tom, hurry up, you will miss the school bus. A. and B. or C. but D. then 12. The room as a laboratory for nearly two years till now. A.is used B. was used C. has been used D. had been used