精锐教育学科教师辅导讲义
学员编号：年级：高一课时数： 3 学员姓名：辅导科目：英语学科教师：
课题动词的语态
教学目的掌握中考要求的八种时态的被动语态结构；
掌握情态动词can, may, must的被动语态的用法；
掌握带复合宾语，双宾语以及宾语从句的句子的被动语态句型。
教学内容
Step1: Greetings & Free talk
How are you today? Is there something interesting or important this week?
What have you learned in your school? (询问学校课程进度和知识掌握情况)
Step2: Warming-up: Cloze
难度★★☆☆☆时间 6
Shopping on the Internet or shopping on-line is becoming more and more popular. More and more people are using the Internet to buy things. Why do people use the Internet to shop? Some people say it is 1 .They don't have to leave their homes to order something, and they can shop for anything they want at any 2 — day or night. Other people say they can find things for sale that they can't find in the stores near their homes. Still other people say they can find better prices on the Internet.
3 you want to buy something on the Internet, you need a credit card. You have to type your credit card number and information on the website and send it to the store over the Internet. You have to be sure that the store will not use your information in the
4 way. Of course, you always have to be careful with your credit card number, because people sometimes
5 credit card numbers from stores and restaurants too.
For people who are too nervous to shop on-line, the Internet is a good place to go window-shopping. Window-shopping is when you go to a store and look at the things for sale, but don't plan to buy anything. Window-shopping is easy on the Internet. You can see what kinds of products are 6 and how much they cost. You can visit stores with branches near you, 7 you can visit stores that are only on the Internet.
1. A. more expensive B. cheaper C. more difficult D. more convenient
2. A. time B. place C. shop D. home
3. A. As B. If C. As soon as D. Whether
4. A. quick B. easy C. wrong D. right
5. A. know B. buy C. borrow D. steal
6. A. cheap B. available C. popular D. modern
7. A. either B. both C. or D. yet
【答案与解析】
1. D 从后面句子意思如“购物不用离开家，任何时候都可购买，能买到附近其他商店买不到的东西”等进行概
括网上购物更方便。
2. A 是对后面day or night 的概括。
3. B
4. C
5. D 从be careful with your credit card number （小心信用卡号码）进行判断。
6. B 通过网上浏览物品，可以知道你能买到什么东西。
7. C
Step 3: 被动语态用法梳理以及练习巩固。
（一）课前目标检测
Ⅰ. Choose the best answer.
( ) 1. My birthday is coming. A nice present _________________ to me tomorrow.
A. will be given
B. will give
C. is given
D. was given
( ) 2. When and where _____________ the first Olympic Games _____________ ?
A. are, held
B. will be, held
C. were, held
D. did, hold
( ) 3. English ____________ also ____________ by people outside Britain and the USA.
A. does, speak
B. is, spoken
C. is, speaking
D. will, speak
( ) 4. Big Ben, the famous clock, _____________ all over the world on the B. B. C.
A. can hear
B. can be heard
C. will be heard
D. will hear
Ⅱ. Turn the following sentences into passive voice
1.People all over the world celebrate Christmas.
Christmas____________ _____________ by people all over the world.
2.We can see Jinmao Building from here.
Jinmao Building can_____________ _____________ from here.
3. The farmer will sell the cow at a high price.
The cow _____________ ______________ sold at a high price.
4. Mr. Wang taught us English last term.
English ______________ _______________ to us by Mr. Wang last term.
5. Where do they grow vegetables?
Where _____________ vegetables _____________ ?
【Keys】
Ⅰ. 1-4 ACBB
Ⅱ. 1. is celebrated 2. be seen 3. will be 4. was taught 5. are grown
（二）用法梳理以及针对性练习
被动语态（一）
各个时态的被动语态
1．被动语态的用法：
当说话者强调的是动作本身，且没有必要知道动作的执行者是谁时，常使用被动语态。被动语态可避免提及动作的执行者，这样有利于对观点的陈述。在被动语态中，句子的主语是动作的承受者。
2．八种时态的主动变被动形式：
1)一般现在时的被动语态：主语（主动语态中的宾语）+is／are+过去分词
We keep the butter in the fridge. =>The butter is kept in the fridge.
2)一般过去时的被动语态：主语(主动语态中的宾语)+ was/were+过去分词
Jane painted a picture. =>A picture was painted by Jane.
3)一般将来时的被动语态：主语(主动语态中的宾语)+ will be+过去分词
The teacher will allow you to leave early. =>You will be allowed to leave early.
4）过去将来时的被动语态：主语(主动语态中的宾语) +would be+过去分词
I was sure people would punish him. =>1 was sure he would be punished．
5)现在进行时的被动语态：主语(主动语态中的宾语)十is/are being+过去分词
He is repairing my bike. =>My bike is being repaired by him.
6)过去进行时的被动语态：主语(主动语态中的宾语)+ was/were being十过去分词
He was making a model plane. =>A model plane was being made by him.
7)现在完成时的被动语态：主语(主动语态中的宾语)+ has／have been+过去分词
They have caught the thief. =>The thief has been caught.
8)过去完成时的被动语态：主语(主动语态中的宾语)+ had been+过去分词
They told me that people had sent him to the hospital. => They told me that he had been sent to the hospital.
3．情态动词can，may，must的被动形式：
情态动词的被动语态由“情态动词+ be+过去分词”构成。
1)情态动词can的主动变被动：主语(主动语态中的宾语)十can be+过去分词
We can use coal to produce electricity. =>Coal can be used to produce electricity.
2)情态动词may的主动变被动：主语(主动语态中的宾语)+may be+过去分词
They may open a new school next year. =>A new school may be opened next year.
3)情态动词must的主动变被动：主语(主动语态中的宾语)+must be过去分词
You must do the homework carefully. =>The homework must be done carefully.
【技能点睛】
不及物动词（如appear，die，disappear，happen，rise）和状态动词(如become，cost，contain，fail，have，last，look like)不能构成被动语态。
EXERCISES
1. 用所给动词的正确形式填空
1) Water (cover) most of the Earth's surface.
2) Most of the Earth's surface (cover) by water.
3) The letter (post) a week ago and it (arrive) yesterday.
4) Jack's parents (die) when he was very young. He and his sister (bring up) by their
grandparents.
5) I was born in Beijing but I (grow) up in Shanghai.
6) While I was on holiday, my camera (steal) from my hotel room.
7) A cinema is a place where films (show).
8) All the windows of the building (damage) in a storm a few days ago.
2. 根据括号中的提示，用被动语态形式提问：
1) Ask about the telephone. (when invent)
2) Ask about the house. (when build)
3) Ask about the table. (what used for)
4) Ask about the wine. (what make from)
5) Ask about the photos. (where take)
3. 选择最佳答案填空
1) — Henry, you______________on the phone.
—Oh, . Thank you.
A. are wanted; I come
B. are wanted; I'm coming
C. are being wanted; I come
D. are wanting; I'm coming
2) — What a nice watch it is!
—It's my birthday present. It in Japan.
A. make
B. makes
C. is making
D. is made
3) Students slippers when they are at school,
A. don't allow to wear
B. are not allowed to wear
C. are not allowed to put on
D. are not allowed wearing
4) — I won't come to the party unless Sue , too.
—You mean if Sue comes you'll come.
A. will invite
B. invites
C. invited
D. is invited
5) — I want to know when have a field trip.
—We'll have it when all the work .
A. you are; will finish
B. you will; finishes
C. you will; is finished
D. you will; is finish
6) A neighbour helped to keep our dog. It while we were on holiday.
A. was taken care
B. took care of
C. is taken care of
D. was taken care of
7) The doctor looked over Peter carefully after he to the hospital.
A. takes
B. is taken
C. took
D. was taken
【Keys】
1. 1) covers 2) is covered
3)was posted, arrived
4)died, were brought up 5) grew
6)was stolen
7)are shown 8) were damaged
2. 1) When was the telephone invented?
2)When was the house built?
3)What was/is the table used for?
4)What is/was the wine made from?
5)Where were the photos taken?
3. 1) B 2) D 3) B 4) D 5) C 6) D 7) D
被动语态（二）
主动变被动应注意的几个问题
1．带复合宾语的句子如何改为被动语态：
1)将带复合宾语的句子改为被动语态时，把主动结构中的宾语改成主语，宾语补足语保留在谓语后面。
We always keep the classroom（宾语）clean(宾语补足语)．我们经常使教室保持干净。
→The classroom（原宾语）is always kept clean.
I find the book（宾语）very interesting(宾语补足语)．我发现这本书很有趣。
→The book（原宾语）is found very interesting.
2)下列动词后接动词作宾语补足语时应省去to，若改为被动语态，to必须还原。
感到feel；听hear, listen to；使，让make；看see, look at, watch, notice
I often hear him sing the song.我经常听见他唱歌。
→He is often heard to sing the song.
He made me work all day.他让我整天工作。
→I was made to work all day.
2．带双宾语的句子如何改为被动语态：
带双宾语的句子改为被动语态时，通常将间接宾语改成主语，而直接宾语保留下来。有时也可把直接宾语改为主语，间接宾语前加上to或for。
主动：We gave him（间接宾语）a warm welcome（直接宾语）．我们热烈欢迎他。
→He (原间接宾语) was given a warm welcome(直接宾语)．
→A warm welcome(原直接宾语)was given to him（间接宾语）．
主动：My mother made me（间接宾语）a new dress（直接宾语）．母亲给我做了件新衣。
→I(原间接宾语) was made a new dress. (直接宾语)．
→A new dress(原直接宾语)was made for me（间接宾语）．
下列动词引导的双宾语句子在把直接宾语改为主语时，间接宾语前加to：
award授予bring带来give给hand交给leave遗赠
lend借出mail寄给offer提供pass传给pay支付给
下列动词引导的双宾语句子在把直接宾语改为主语时，间接宾语前加for：
boil煮沸book预订bring带来build建筑buy买
make制作order订购pick摘prepare准备reach够取
3．带宾语从句的句子改为被动语态的两个句型：
①宾语从句的主语+ be+主句谓语的过去分词+宾语从句谓语的不定式
②It + be +主句谓语的过去分词+ that+原宾语从句
People say she knows five languages.人们说他懂5种语言。
→She is said to know five languages.
→It is said that she knows five languages.
We believe the book has been translated into English．我们相信这书已被翻译成英语。
→The book is believed to have been translated into English.
→It is believed that the book has been translated into English.
EXERCISES
1．将下列句子改为被动语态：
1) Somebody has cleaned the room.
2) They have put off the meeting.
3) Somebody is using the computer at the moment.
4) They are building a new road around the city.
5)You can finish these exercises.
2. 根据汉语意思完成下列句子：
1)这本书写得很好。
The book____________________________________________.
2)我的新自行车昨天被偷了。
My new bike_________________________________________.
3)我听说这儿要新建一座博物馆。
I hear a new museum___________________________________.
4)所有这些问题都必须回答。
All these questions must_________________________________.
5)人们给他一本新书。（两种译法）
He____________________. A new book____________________.
3．选择最佳答案填空：
1) The pizza ___________ by my mother. Would you like to have some?
A. makes
B. was making
C. made
D. was made
2) — Did Jack come to our party yesterday?
—N o, he ____________ .
A. wasn't invited
B. didn't invite
C. isn't invited
D. hasn't invited
3) — These bananas look different and they are sweet.
—R ight. They _____________ here from Taiwan yesterday.
A. was brought
B. were brought
C. bring
D. are brought
4) — Who is the little boy in the picture?
—I t's me. The picture _______________ 10 years ago.
A. took
B. is taken
C. has taken
D. was taken
5) — Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.
—I'm sorry, but I ______________ w hen to meet.
A. don't tell
B. didn't tell
C. haven't told
D. wasn't told
6) The recorder ___________ yesterday. It works OK now.
A. repaired
B. was repaired
C. has repaired
D. will be repaired
7) Many old houses around our school ________________ next year and a large green area will appear.
A. pull down
B. will be pulled down
C. will pull down
D. are pulled down
【Keys】
1. 1) The room has been cleaned.
2)The meeting has been put off.
3)The computer is being used at the moment.
4) A new road is being built around the city.
5)These exercises can be finished.
2. 1) is well written 2) was stolen yesterday
3) will be built here 4) be answered
5) was given a new book; was given to him.
3. 1) D 2) A 3) B 4) D 5) D 6) B 7) B
(三) 课后巩固练习
I . Choose the best answer.
( ) 1. A toy monkey _____________ to the child as a present on Christmas Day last year.
A. gave
B. is given
C. was given
D. was giving
( ) 2. In some places, little ______________ to make smoke clean.
A. does
B. is done
C. has done
D. is doing
( ) 3. His head must _____________ at once.
A. operate
B. operate on
C. be operated
D. be operated on
( ) 4. The persons under 16 years old shouldn't __________________ to go to the Internet Bar.
A. to allow
B. be allowing
C. be allowed
D. allow
( ) 5. The second regional meeting on bird flu _________________ in Vietnam not long ago.
A. held
B. was held
C. will held
D. will be held
( ) 6. Mr Smith, together with his wife, ________________ to attend the party last week.
A. invited
B. was invited
C. were invited
D. to invite
( ) 7. The window _____________ b y the naughty boy yesterday.
A. breaks
B. broke
C. is broken
D. was broken ( ) 8. Football ___________ everywhere in the world.
A. are played
B. is played
C. is playing
D. was playing ( ) 9. All the questions ______________ o n the paper.
A. answer
B. are answered
C. will answer
D. are answering
( ) 10. The baby panda is ______________ by the nurses.
A. take care
B. taken care
C. taken care of
D. take care of
( ) 11. English is ____________ by travelers in the world.
A. used
B. using
C. use
D. to use
( ) 12. Traffic rules must ______________ by the drivers.
A. obey
B. obey
C. be obeyed
D. is obeyed
( ) 13. The food and medicine should _______________ at a low temperature.
A. keep
B. be kept
C. keeping
D. kept
( ) 14. In that small city, the girls ________________ to go out at night.
A. isn't allowed
B. mustn't allowed
C. aren't allowed
D. wasn't allowed
( ) 15. English _______________ by many people as a second language.
A. are learnt
B. were learnt
C. learnt
D. is learnt
( ) 16. It is said that a Children's Palace ____________________ by them in that city in 2008.
A. will built
B. has built
C. will be built
D. are built
( ) 17. When I was in England, that restaurant ______________________ at that time.
A. is welcomed
B. was welcomed
C. was welcoming
D. welcomes
( ) 18. New laws__________________to fight pollution in the near future in China.
A. will be made
B. will make
C. is made
D. have made
( ) 19. The wet clothes _________________ outside, or they won't be dry easily.
A. should hang up
B. should hung up
C. should be hung up
D. should be hanged up
( ) 20. Where _______________the World Expo 2010 _______________ ?
A. is, held
B. will, be held
C. was, held
D. has, been held
II . Turn the following sentences Into passive voice.
1. They write many business letters every day.
Many business letters ______________ ______________ every day.
2. Most of the people in that Country speak French.
French______________ _______________ by most of the people in that country.
3. Thousands of people visit the Great Wall every day.
The Great Wall_______________ ________________ by thousands of people.
4. Mr Wang set up a private school in that village.
A private school ________________ _______________ up in that village by Mr. Wang.
5. They used a new kind of explosive to destroy the old bridge.
A new kind of explosive_________________ _______________ to destroy the old bridge by them.
6. We must finish our homework every day.
Our homework________________ ________________ _______________ every day.
7. My father will buy a new bicycle for me.
A new bicycle ________________ ________________ _______________ for me by my father.
8. The school will award Billy a computer next week.
Bill _______________ ________________ ________________ a computer next week.
9. Nurses must take good care of the babies.
Babies ________________ ________________ _________________ good care of by nurses.
10. We should praise the boy for his honesty.
The boy _______________ _______________ _______________ for honesty by us.
11. They produce silk in Suzhou.
Silk______________ _______________ in Suzhou.
12. The children will sing an English song.
An English song _______________ ________________ ________________ by the children.
13. You needn't do it now.
It _______________ _______________ _______________ by you now.
14. Lucy sent me a New Year Card last week.
A New Year Card ________________ _______________ ______________ me last week.
15. I gave this book to the library.
This book ________________ _______________ to the library.
16. Did they build a bridge here a year ago?
______________ a bridge _______________ h ere by them a year ago?
17. Will you put on an English play in our school?
______________ an English play_______________ ______________ on in our school?
18. Does he often make model planes ?
______________ model planes often_______________ ______________ ______________?
19. Did he break the window yesterday ?
______________ the window______________ _______________ ________________yesterday ?
20. We clean the classroom every day.
The classroom______________ ______________ every day.
Ⅲ. Fill in the blanks with the words in their proper form.
1.The train ___________________ (arrive) fifteen minutes ago.
2.Letters ____________________ (collect) from this post box twice a day.
3.Our class meeting_________________(hold) next Friday.
4. A traffic accident ________________ (happen) this morning.
5. How many dishes and plates__________________ (must wash) by Cinderella ?
Ⅳ. Cloze.
When you go to a dinner party, it's a good idea to bring a small p 1 . Flowers are always nice and welcomed, or you may bring some drinks. For e 2 , beer, brandy and something like that. You should a 3 on time or not more than five minutes late. Don' t get there e 4 . If you are going to be more than fifteen minutes late, you should c 5 them or let them know. If you don't know how to use the fork and knife, don't w 6 about it. Try to be at the dinner table. You can watch other people and f 7 them. When you still have no idea of what to do, ask the person next to you. If you like the food, you should say what you think of it. Of course, you will thank the hostess and host for the meal, and say goodbye to them. Usually a thank-you card is n 8 after the party.
1. _________
2. _______
3. _______
4. _______
5. __________
6. _______
7. _______
8. _______
【Keys】
Ⅰ. 1-5 CBDCB 6-10 BDBBC 11-15 ACBCD 16-20 CBACB
Ⅱ. 1. are written 2. is spoken 3. is visited 4. was set 5. was used 6. must be finished
7. will be bought 8. will be awarded 9. must be taken 10. should be praised 11. is produced
12. will be sung 13. needn’t be done 14. was sent to 15. was given 16. Was built 17. Will be put
18. Are made by him 19. Was broken by him 20. is cleaned
Ⅲ. 1. arrived 2. are collected 3. will be held 4. happened 5. must be washed
Ⅳ. 1. present 2. example 3. arrive 4. early 5. call 6. worry 7. follow 8. needed
初中英语语法八大时态复习讲义资料 1.一般现在时态结构 肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他 否定句式: 主语+（助动词） don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他 一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't = do not doesn't = does not 例句：He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2.一般现在时的用法 1）表示经常的或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的副词连用。 常用的频度副词有： always、often、 usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays。频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前，系动词、助动词之后。 例如: He often goes swimming in summer.他夏天经常游泳。 I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2）表示现在的状态。 例如：My father is at is very busy. 我父亲在工作，他很忙。 The boy is twelve. 这男孩十二岁。 3）表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。 例如：All my family love football .我全家人都喜欢足球。 My sister is always ready to help others . 我妹妹总是乐于助人。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。 4)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。 例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 5）表示按计划或安排好的，或将要发生的动作，可用一般现在时表将来。 但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。 例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。 He comes back tonight. 他今晚回来。 6）在复合句中，当主句是一般将来时，时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。 例如： I'll tell him the news when he comes back. 他回来时，我将告诉他这个消息。If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 如果你接受这份工作，他们将和你谈谈细节。 1.一般过去时态结构
初二英语语法真题讲义 主讲：王川 欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材 第二部分历届试题精选 Unit 1 1. jack, good boy! Please pass ________ the glasses. I want to read the newspaper. A. you B. me C. him D. her 2.This morning I had ________ egg and a bottle of milk for my breakfast. A. an B. a C. the D.不填 冠词 不定冠词
零冠词 3. —How many ________ can you see in the following pictures? —Three. A. boys B. animals C. films D. buildings 4. Timmy goes to school ________ every day. It's 5 minutes' walk from his home to school. A. in a bus B. by plane C. on foot D. by boat 5. Everything is ________ at night markets. You don't need a lot of money to have a good time. A. cheap B. bad C. tired D. dear 6. —Excuse me, ________ is the nearest bookshop? —Go down the street and turn left at the second corner. A. how B. what C. where D. who 7. The sign tells us ________. A. NO SMOKING B. NO PARKING C. NO PHOTOS D. NO FOOD 8. —Can you play football? —Yes, I can, ________ I can't play it very well. 转折关系 A. or B. and C. so D. but 9. Last month, students had to have their lessons by internet ________ because of SARS. A. on the playground B. at home C. in the street D. near the hospital 10. It is ________ today than yesterday. Shall we go swimming this afternoon? A .the hottest B. hot C. hottest D. hotter 最高级要加the，由于hot为重读闭音节所以要双写t加est。 11. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let's join them! A. are talking B. talk C. will talk D. talked 出现listen,look等词，优先考虑使用进行时态。 12. ________ Chinese are looking for ways to learn English well before Beijing 2008 Olympics.
不定代词 一、不定代词的定义： 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。不定代词在句中可以作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。不定代词可以分为一般不定代词和复合不定代词。 二、一般不定代词及用法 1. some/any 含义：“一些”，既可以修饰可数名词，也可以修饰不可数名词。 区别：1). some用于陈肯句；any用于疑问句或否定句。 I can see some flowers, but I can`t see any apples. 2). some 用在疑问句中有表示请求或建议的功能；any用在肯定句中有强调或加强语气的功能，意为“任何”。Would you like some coffee You may come at any time. 2. many/much 注意：“many”和“much”前可有so, too等词进行修饰。 There are too many mistakes in your diary. So many people are waiting for the bus. Sorry, I’m afraid I can’t go with you. I’ve got too much work to do. 3. few/a few/little/a little He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。He has few friends. 他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. There is little time left. 4. both, either, neither, all, every, none 5. “other” 、“another”、“others”和“the others” I have two pencils. One is yellow, the other is red. I don’t like this green pencil, please give me another one. In our class, some students like playing football, others like playing basketball.
(内部资料) 2018.1
目录 第一讲名词 第二讲冠词 第三讲代词 第四讲数词 第五讲介词 第六讲形容词和副词 第七讲连词 第八讲情态动词 第九讲非谓语动词 第十讲时态 第十一讲被动语态 第十二讲祈使句、倒装句、反意疑问句和感叹句第十三讲宾语从句 第十四讲定语从句 第十五讲状语从句 第十六讲主谓一致 第十七讲情景交际 第十八讲词义辨析 附录I 重点短语
概述 一、概述 语法是研究词形变化和句子结构的科学， 研究词形变化的部分成为词法(名词的数、格，动词的时态、语态)， 研究句子结构的部分称为句法(句子成分、语序，句子种类)。 二、英语词类 词类英语作用在句中成分例词 1 名词n. 表示人或物的名称主、宾、表、定、同位mother, son 2 形容词adj. 表示人或物的特征定、表、补、状big, small 3 数词num. 表示数目或顺序主、宾、nine, first 4 代词pron. 代替名词,数词主语宾语定语he, him, his 5 动词v. 表示动作或状态谓come, write 6 副词adv. 表示动作特征或性状特征状、表very, slowly 7 冠词art. 用在名词前说明其意义不做成分a, an, the 8 介词prep. 用在名代前说明它与别的词之间的关系不做成分for, from, to 9 连词conj. 用来连接词与词或句与句不做成分and, but, if 10 感叹词interj. 表示说话时的感情或口气不做成分oh, ow 三、句子成分 句子中有两个最重要最基本的成分，主语和谓语。 除了主语和谓语，句子有时还有其他成分，宾语、定语、状语、表语等。 主语：一般位于句首，说明所要讲述的对象或主体，表示要说的“谁”或“什么”，一般由名词、代词或名词性的词类、短语或从句充当。
初中英语语法讲义 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类 英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, . 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, . 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分 英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如： I‘m Miss Green. 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room. 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如： My name is Ping ping。 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word. 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city . 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard . 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean. / He often helps me do my lessons. ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ? 3、构词法 英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如：inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥Chinese; Japanese⑦English ⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日 的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。 3、转换法： (1)形容词→动词,如：dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。 (2)动词→名词,如：look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。 (3)名词→动词,如：hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。 (4)形容词→副词,如：early→early, fast→fast等等。 (5)副词→连词,如：when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。 (6)介词→副词,如：in(到……里)→(在里面；在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。 二、名词 1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类： 1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。 专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。 如：Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中华人民共和国) 专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如：the Great Wall(长城) 姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如：the Greens( 格林一家人)。
☆-《最新初中英语语 法讲义》 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
初中英语语法讲义 目录 一、词类、句子成分和构词法：..................................... 错误!未定义书签。 二、名词.......................................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 三、代词： (4) 四、数词： (8) 五、冠词 (9) 六、形容词、副词........................................................... 错误!未定义书签。 七、介词 (16) 八、动词 (18) 1、动词的分类： (18) 2、动词词形变化一览表： (20) 3、be动词的各种时态变化 (21) 4、其它谓语动词(主动语态)的时态变化 (22) 5、八种时态的具体用法： (22) 6、被动语态： (25) 7、动词的非谓语形式 (26) 8、动词用法辨析： (28) 九、连接词 (32) 十、简单句 (33) 十一、句子成分 (35) 1、主语： (35) 2、谓语： (35) 3、宾语： (36) 4、表语： (37) 5、定语： (37) 6、状语： (37) 7、宾语补足语： (38) 十二、简单句五种基本句型： (38) 十三、并列复合句 (38) 十四、主从复合句 (38) 十五、直接引语和间接引语(初中不作特别要求) (40) 十六、倒装句 (41) 十七、附加注释 (41)
初中英语语法之形容词比较级和最高级讲练 (一)一般句式的构成：A + is / are+ 形容词比较级+ than + B A 是主格 B 是宾格 如：She is taller than me. 主格形容词比较级宾格 （二）英语形容词比较级的构成 英语形容词比较等级有三个：原级，比较级和最高级。 形容词比较等级形式变化有规则的和不规则的两种。 规则变化 1）单音节词末尾加-er（比较级），-est（最高级） 【例】原级比较级最高级 great greater greatest small smaller smallest clean cleaner cleanest 2）单音节如以e结尾，只加-r（比较级），-st（最高级） 【例】fine finer finest wide wide wider widest 3）闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er（比较级），-est（最高级） 【例】big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest red redder reddest 4）少数以-y，-er，ow，-ble结尾的双音节词，末尾加-er（比较级），-est （最高级）。以-y结尾的词，如-y前是辅音字母，则变y为-i，再加-er和-est。以-e结尾的词只加-r和-st。 【例】clever cleverer cleverest narrow narrower narrowest able abler ablest easy easier easiest 5）其它双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词more和most。 【例】careful more careful most careful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most delicious 不规则变化 原级比较级最高级 good/well better best bad worse worst many/much more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 注：有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如：right, wrong, woolen等。
初中英语语法专项名 词
初中英语语法专项名词（讲义） 一、名词（n.）表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 （一）名词的分类 名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词，可数名词可用作单数，也可用作复数。可数名词包括个体名词（表示一类人或物的个体。如：boy,desk,cat,window）和集体名词（由若干个体组成的集合体。如：family,class,police）。不可数名词包括物质名词（表示无法分为个体的实物。如：water,paper,silk,money）和抽象名词（表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如：work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework）专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如：Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States） （二）名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式，其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种：（1）一般情况下,在词尾加s. eg.book--books,dog--dogs,pen--pens,boy--boys （2）以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es. eg.beach-beaches,brush-brushes,bus-buses,box-boxes（es读音为〔iz〕 （3）以"辅音字母＋y"结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加e eg.city--cities, family--families, （注：以"元音字母+y"结尾的词，直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days）（4）以元音字母o结尾的名词，变复数时情况如下： ①加eg.tomato-tomatoes,potato-potatoes ②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo-zoos,radio--radios ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano-pianos ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时，词尾加s, eg.photo（photograph）--photos,kilo（kilogram）kilos ⑤zero变复数时，既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros／zeroes （5）以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es. eg.wife--wives,leaf-leaves,half--halves, knife-knives,thief--thieves（res读音为[vz] 妻子骑牛拿起刀, wife--wives; calf---calves; knife----knives; 追得贼狼满街跑, thief---thieves; wolf----wolves 碰倒架子丧己命, shelf---shelves; self---selves; life----lives 手帕树叶半空飘. leaf----leaves half----halves （6）有些名词由单数变复数时，不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母。eg.man--men,woman--women,policeman--policemen, Englishman--Englishmen,Frenchman--Frenchmen, foot--feet, tooth--teeth, child--children,mouse-mice,Ox-Oxen（公牛） （7）还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish works （8）另一些名词本身即是复数形式，不可用作单数。eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes 另外,①当一个名词作定语修饰另一个名词时，这个名词一般用单数。 eg.an apple tree,five apple trees, a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister
名词 一名词的意义和种类 1.名词意义:表示人、事物或抽象概念的词。如： Shanghai, Lilei, desk 2.名词的种类： A.专有名词:表示某个人，地方机构等专有的名称，如人名、月份、日期、地名 等。注意：专有名词一般第一个字母要大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。 如：Jim, June, China, Harbin. 注意：(1)第一个字母要大写； (2)专有名词前不加冠词，也没有复数。 B.普通名词:表示某人或者某事物的名称。 (1)个体名词：表单个的人或者事物。如：boy, teacher, apple… (2)集体名词：表一群人或一些事物的总称。如： family, people, police, class… (3)物质名词：表无法分为个体的物质。如： water, money, sea… (4)抽象名词：表抽象概念的词。如：health, friendship… 二名词的数 A.可数名词（个体名词和集体名词）：有单复数之分 1.规则变化 情况构成方法例词读音 一般情况在词尾加-s desk→desks map→maps -s在请辅音后发[s]音 day→days girl→girls -s在元音私浊畏音后发[z] 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词在词尾加-es bus →buses box→boxes watch→watches fish→fishes es发[iz]音 以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为I再加-es family→families factory→factorie s party→parties -ies发[iz]音 以f或fe 结尾的词变f或fe为v再加 -es knife→knives li fe→lives wife→wives half→halves -ves发[vz]音 以o结尾的词，有生命的在词尾加-es potato→potatoes tomato→tomato es hero→heroes -es发[z]音
第一讲名词和冠词 一名词： 世界上由万事万物构成的，这些事物各有名称，表示这些名称的名词叫作名词。名词的分类：专有名词和普通名词 专有名词：表示具体的人名，事物，地名，机构和节日等名称的词称为专有名词。 （专有名词开头第一个字母必须大写） ①表示人：Yang Liwei 杨利伟Alice 爱丽丝 ②表示事物：the Changjiang River 长江December 十二月 ③表示地名：Macao 澳门New York 纽约 ④表示节日: Christmas Day 圣诞节Children’s Day 儿童节 ⑤表示机构：WTO 世界贸易组织the University of London 伦敦大学 普通名词：指一类人，事物，物质或抽象概念的名称。 （一）名词的单复数形式：可数名词的单复数形式 ⑴名词复数的特殊形式
man—men, woman—women, policeman—policemen, Englishman—Englishmen, foot—feet, tooth—teeth, child—children, German—Germans ⑵有些名词的单复数形式同形 Chinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, fish ⑶合成名词，只将其主题词变为复数形式 girl student—girl students pencil-box—pencil-boxes ⑷由man和woman构成的合成词，全部变成复数 man doctor—men doctors woman teacher ---women teachers ⑸只有复数的名词 trousers, glasses, thanks, clothes, goods, compasses, stairs, people, scissors, chopsticks ⑹不可数名词的数量表达 a piece of bread/meat; five drops of water; six bags of rice; seven pairs of shoes; eight basketball of apples; nine piece of news 课堂练习： A组：选择最佳答案 1. Mrs. Lenny gave us ______________ on how to learn English well. A) some advices B) many advices C) some advice D) an advice 2. If these trousers are too big, buy a small _______________ A) set B) one C) pair D) copy 3. A group of __________ are talking about two ______________ A) Frenchmans; Germen B) Germans; Frenchmans C) Frenchmen; Germans D) German; Frenchmen 4. ---What would you like to drink, girls? ---______________, please. A) two cup of coffee B) two cups of coffee C) two cups of coffees D) two cup of coffees 5. My mother and my sister are both _____________________ A) woman teachers B)women teacher C) woman teacher D) women teachers 6. We needn’t buy any __________. There are many in the fridge. A) fruit B) milk C) meat D) eggs 7. How many ___________ can you see? A) milks B) a glass of milk C) glasses of milks D) glasses of milk 8. I think maths ______________ very useful. A) is B) are C) am D) be 9. The little baby has two __________ already. A) tooth B) tooths C) teeth D) teeths 10. I’m thirsty, please make _________ for me. A) a tea B) a cup of tea C) teas D) a cup of teas B组：用所给词的正确形式填空 1. I have two _________________(knife). 2. They come from different _________________(country). 3. The _________(meet) begins at 2:00 in the afternoon. 4. We have quite lots of nice ___________(photo). Let me show you some of them.
. 一般现在时的用法 1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用. 时间状语： every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2) 客观真理,客观存在,科学事实. The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 3) 表示格言或警句中. Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败. 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时. 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.. 4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性. I don’t want so much. Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well. 比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作.再如：Now watch me, I switch on the current and stand back. 第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时. 2. 一般过去时的用法 1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态. 时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等. Where did you go just now? 2）表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作. When I was a child, I often played football in the street. Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome. 3）句型： It is time for sb. to do sth "到……时间了" "该……了" It is time sb. did sth. "时间已迟了" "早该……了" It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了. It is time you went to bed. 你早该睡觉了. would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示’宁愿某人做某事’ I’d rather you came tomorrow. 4) wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时,作试探性的询问、请求、建议等. I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些. 比较： 一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去,现已不复存在. Christine was an invalid all her life. (含义：她已不在人间.) Christine has been an invalid all her life. (含义：她现在还活着) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含义：达比太太已不再住在肯塔基州.) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.
2021年中考英语总复习初中英语必考语法知识全套 复习讲义（精华版） 一般现在时 主要用于下面几情况： 1) 描述当前时间内经常出现、反复发生的动作或存在的状态。 在这种情景中，句子常带有表示频率的时间状语：always , everyday , often , once a week (month , year , etc。) , sometimes , seldom , usually等等，以表示句中的动作或状态是习惯性的、经常性的。例如：They raise ducks as a sideline 。他们以养鸭为副业。 She doesn't often write to her family, only once a month. 她不常给家里写信，仅一月一封而已。 I cycle to work every day 。我每天骑自行车上班。 It seldom rains here 。这儿很少下雨。 2)仅为了描述状态、性质、特征、能力等等。 这里的目的是为了"描述现阶段的动作或状态"，其重点"不是强调动作发生的时间、或进行的状态"。例如： He can speak five foreign languages 。他能说五种外语。 That is a beautiful city 。那是座美丽的城市。 Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。 She majors in music 。她主修音乐。 All my family love football 。我全家人都喜欢足球。
语法：句子结构 课题：初中英语中的句子结构 重点：句子的结构成分 难点：分析并列句和复合句中的各个成分 一、以练习导入课 【Practice】引导学生自己解释所考知识点 1.--- Excuse me, could you tell me ________ ? ---- It will leave at 4:00 p.m. A.how will you go to Shanghai B.how you will go to Shanghai C.when will the bus leave for Shanghai D.when the bus will leave for Shanghai 2.Could you tell me ________ ? A.what is your job B.what your job is C.your job is what D.what was your job 3.--- Could you tell us how long ________ ? ---About three years. A.does the sports meeting last B.the sports meeting will last C.the sports meeting last D.will the sports meeting last 4.I'm not sure ______ Mr Wang is coming or not. A. that B.about C.of D.whether 5. --- I don't know _____ he will come tomorrow. --- Don't worry. ______ he comes, I'll let you know. A.whether; If B.if ; Whether C.when; Whether D.that; If 6. Jane didn't go to school today, but no one knew _________ . A.what had happened to her B.what has happened to her C.what's the matter with her D.how was she 7. I don't mind ______ they will come. A.if or not B.whether nor not C.whether or no D.if or no 总结： 【Student can sum up the knowledge points】简单句、并列句和复合句1）简单句：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。 2) 并列句：相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系。它们之间用连词连结。 【句型】简单句+并列连词+简单句 【分类】1、连接两个同等概念，常用and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, then等
初中英语语法辅导讲义 一、词法 （一）名词(n.) 1.判断可数名词与不可数名词 可数名词表示的事物有固定的整体，不可再分开。可数（名词）不可分！ 不可数名词表示的物质没有固定的外形，可任意分开。不分不可数（名词）！ 2.可数名词的用法 可数名词又分个体名词和集体名词。个体名词有单数形式和复数形式。 使用个体名词时，不穿鞋子(-s)便戴帽(在名词前有冠词a/an)。如： I have a book. Books are used for reading. 3.不可数名词的用法 不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词。使用不可数名词时，前不用a/an,后不加-s。表达不可数名词的量时，用a glass/bottle/cup/piece/kilo/bag...of +不可数名词。区分：a pair of shoes（鞋子）/pants（裤子）/glasses（眼镜）。不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。 4.名词所有格（名词的名词） 1）'s/s' 所有格（用于有生命的事物名词，主要是人名及指人的名词），如：Michael's father; Li Ming's friend; students' book 2)of 所有格（用于无生命的事物名词），the + 所有物+ of + 所有者。 如：the wall of the classroom; the name of our school 3)双重所有格：a friend of my father's 4)共有所有格：Lucy and Lily's parents 5)并列所有格：Jim's and Kate's rooms are on the second floor. （二）冠词(art.) -- a/an, the 1.a/an的用法：1）表示“一”的概念；2）表示一类人或事物 3）用在一些固定词组中：as a result; wait a moment;for a while; in a hurry;have a good time; have a talk/walk/rest/look 2.the的用法：1）前面已提到的名词，再次提到时，在前面加the； 2）用在序数词、形容词最高级前和表示方位的名词前； 3）用在表示乐器名称的名词前； 4）与形容词连用，表示一类人或事物 5）用于固定词组中：by the way; at the end; in the sun; in the morning/afternoon/evening; go to the cinema/theater 3.不用冠词的情况：1）表示泛指的复数名词前； 2）一日三餐名称的名词前； 3）表示球类运动、棋类运动、月份、星期、季节、节日、 语言、学科等名词前； 4）有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词修饰的名词前 5）用于固定词组中：by bus/bike/plane/air/sea/ship; at night/noon; at home; after school; in fact; in danger; in time; go to school/work/bed; from morning to night; day and night （三）代词（pron.)