Knowledge of civil engineering
【Abstract】
With the accelerated development of urbanization in recent years, civil engineering becomes increasingly important position in economic development. for In a college students majoring in civil engineering, to have a deep understanding of civil engineering is a must . In this paper, with the historical development of civil engineering and the main content of the civil engineering and the important role, and for the future development prospects of civil engineering on my knowledge of civil engineering.
【Keywords】
The content of the civil engineering The development direction classification The main content
【introduction】
around time past the blink, civil engineering professional English course of study is over,Look back the short the four Weeks, through learning this course, I am from Have the professional and industry in the future is in the further Know, at the same time also stimulated interest in civil engineering.That no matter from which Perspective are very significant. In the future Lesson to learn, We will be right here On the basis of work harder to learn Xi. Below is I through the study of this course in civil engineering A little knowledge.
The future development direction of civil engineering
1 to the high altitude
Now polish Gabin227kHz artificial highest building is 646 m long steel tower, consists of 15 cordelle root steel anchor.Japan plans to build a 800.7 m high of one thousand in Tokyo tower, it is about 1.25 miles from the sea, will work, leisure, entertainment, business, shopping and so on into the integration of seismic vertical cities, residents of up to 50000 people.China proposed in Shanghai near 1.6 km wide, 200 m deep on the island to build a 1250 m of the bionic tower, residents of 100000.India is also proposed to invested $5 billion to build super skyscrapers, its the earth 202 layers, up to 710 m.Will still be visible in the 21st century high-rise building is an important development direction of civil engineering.
2 to the development of underground
Held in Tokyo in 1991 the urban underground space of the international academic conference passed the declaration of the east, proposed "the 21st century is the century of human development and utilization of underground space".Construction of underground construction will effectively improve urban congestion, saving energy and reducing noise pollution, etc.Japan in the late 1950 s to 70 s, large-scale exploitation and utilization of shallow underground space by the end of the 80 s have started to study 50 ~ 100 m deep underground space development and utilization of the problem.
The future urban underground space development mainly has the following trends: (1) integration.Integration is the main trend of foreign underground space development, the first is the emergence of underground complex, become a symbol of city modernization construction type one.Second integrated performance in underground pedestrian system and underground rapid rail system, the combination of high-speed road system, and the combination of underground complex and the underground transport hub.Third comprehensive performance on the ground, underground space function distinguished, and the coordinated development of combination mode.
(2) layering and deep.For comprehensive utilization of underground space resources, underground space development and gradually to the deep development.Art such as the United States at the university of Minnesota and mineral engineering of underground building as many as seven layers, vancouver, Canada to build an underground garage up to the 14th floor, with a total area of 72324 m2.
(3) the micro tunnel project will speed up development.Micro tunnel is people can't get into tunnel, in 25 -- 30 cm in diameter, and up to 2 m.At the entrance of the tunnel surface is excavation and supporting with the remote control.This method is rapid, accurate, economic and security.So is appropriate under the high-rise building, under the historical and cultural monuments, expressway, subway and channel to install the pipe.
(4) the role of 3 S technology in underground space development would be strengthened, 3 S GPS (global positioning satellite), RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system).
3 to the sea to broaden
In order to prevent the airport noise influence on urban residents, also in order to save the use of land, on August 4, 2000, Osaka, Japan use 1.8 billion cubic sea around 1000 m long kansai international airport flight a success.Capital, seven star hotel in dubai, united Arab emirates also built at sea, maritime city will be built in Honduras cruise ship, the ship will be 804.5 m long, 228.6 m wide, with 28 floors, the ship is equipped with small jet runway, hospitals, hotels, supermarkets, restaurants, barber shops, casinos and so on.In recent years, our country has made gratifying achievements in this field, such as the Shanghai nanhui beach reclamation reclamation success, success and chongming dongtan has recently in the huangpu river, the bund, shore engineering.Reclamation, Rio shore have similar engineering and construction of artificial islands, like Shanghai big coastal cities for the future construction of artificial islands have accumulated experience of science and technology and ready to power.
4 March to desert
About one-third of the land to desert, around the world each year about 6 million hectares of arable land, erosion, this will affect hundreds of millions of people's life.The world future society on early in the 21st century is one of the world's top ten engineering idea turned into desert oasis to west Asia and Africa.Desert must have water first, and then to afforestation and sand.Now the Libyan desert area has built a large water pipe, and the in benghazi, built a diameter of 1 km, 16 kilometers deep reservoir irrigation to the desert.In the absence of the desert areas of groundwater, the research and development on the international use of desert solar desalination feasible solution, once implemented, the scheme will start offshore the large-scale construction engineering in desert areas.Desert test for the water conveyance project success in our country, to build the first long distance water conveyance project has been built across the desert, the Yellow River into the desert
smoothly.
5 to space
Due to the rapid development of modern astronomy, aerospace industry and the successful implementation of human landing on the moon, it was found that the moon has a lot of ilmenite, under 800 ℃high temperature, ilmenite and hydride synthesis of iron, titanium and oxygen and moisture, which can make human survival required oxygen and water.The
government has decided to build a moon base on the moon, and Mars by the base of action.Chinese-american copper column, Dr. Lin in 1985 found that needed to build the concrete materials are on the moon, so it can be made of reinforced concrete parts assembly station on the moon.Since the 2050 s, is expected to space commercialization, industrialization and space space travel, outer space humanization, etc may get bigger development.
The definition of civil engineering：
What is a "civil engineering"?Civil engineering is to build all kinds of engineering facilities of science and technology of the total, according to which refers to the application of materials, equipment and conducted the survey, design, construction, maintenance and other technical activities;Also refers to the object of engineering construction, building on the ground or underground, on the road or water, directly or indirectly for human life, production, military, scientific research services of all kinds of engineering facilities, such as houses, roads, railways, pipelines, tunnels, Bridges, canals, DAMS, ports, power stations, the offshore platform, water supply and drainage, and protective engineering, etc.
The classification of civil engineering
To build a project facilities generally go through survey, design and construction of the three phase, need to use engineering geological survey and hydrogeological survey, engineering surveying, soil mechanics, engineering mechanics, engineering design, construction materials, construction equipment, engineering machinery, building economic disciplines and knowledge in the field of construction technology, construction organization, as well as the electronic computer and mechanical testing techniques.So wide in civil engineering is a comprehensive discipline.With the progress of science and technology and the development of engineering practice, the civil engineering discipline connotation also has developed into a broad category, large, complex integrated system.
Civil engineering technology are mainly relies on the development of engineering practice rather than relying on scientific experiments and theoretical studies, for two reasons: one is some objective conditions are too complex, difficult to faithfully indoor experiment or field testing and theoretical analysis.Foundation, tunnel and underground engineering, for example, the stress and deformation state and its change with time, the engineering
experience analysis judgment still need reference.2 it is only for new engineering practice, to reveal new problems.Built high-rise buildings, for example, high tower mast and long-span Bridges, engineering of wind and earthquake resistant problem highlights, to develop this aspect of the new theory and technology.
After the industrial revolution, especially in the 20th century, on the one hand, society puts forward new demand to the civil engineering;On the other hand, social each domain to move forward to create a good condition of civil engineering.Therefore this period of civil engineering get the development by leaps and bounds.Have sprung up all over the world of modern large-scale industrial buildings, skyscrapers, nuclear power plants, highways and railways, long-span Bridges, large diameter pipeline long tunnels, the grand canal, big DAMS, airport, sea port and Marine engineering, etc.Modern civil engineering constantly create new material environment for human society, human society is an important part of modern civilization.
Construction engineering
Refers to all kinds of construction of the building and affiliated facilities thereof and its supporting lines, pipes, equipment installation activities of the project entity.There "buildings" refers to the top, the foundation of the beams, walls, and the ability to form internal space, meet the production, living, learning, public events, such as need, including factory buildings, theatres, hotels, shops, schools, hospitals and residential, etc.;"Affiliated facilities" means and building towers, sheds, pool, etc."Lines, pipelines, equipment installation" refers to the building and affiliated facilities matching with the electrical, water supply and drainage, communication, elevators and other lines, pipelines, equipment installation activities.
High-rise buildings rise from the United States in the first place.In Chicago in 1883 built the first brick house since the bearing and steel frame institutions, building high 11 layers of insurance company.As the population to concentrate in big cities, as urban land increasingly nervous and the invention and application of the elevator, breakthrough of the theory of structure, new materials unceasingly, began to appear a lot of tall buildings, and the construction scale is more and more big, the building height is higher and higher.Built in 1913 in New York City high 52 Woolworth building, built in 1913 in New York City 102
floors, 381 meters of the Empire State Building.But despite the has adopted advanced steel frame structure and strength of the steel reinforced concrete material, have yet to create and adapt to the new architectural type modelling form, modelling idea still wandering in the middle ages people tall straight architectural form, thus a new structure type package by traditional modelling form, structure and shape of begin.
Road and bridge engineering
Road and people's relations are very close, our side, at any time as you can see, with all the city and the city, city and countryside, between country and country and inside are all linked together on the road.In recent years, China's highway construction has obtained the good result."15" the first three years, highway construction investment as a share of GDP keep in 3.1 ~ 3.2%, investment grew by an average of 17% a year.
Highway construction in the following characteristics: the country more than half of the province of more than 1000 km highway mileage.New road mileage of 46000 kilometers, the total mileage of 1.81 million kilometers;The new highway 4600 kilometers, nearly 30000 km highway mileage.With jiang to sanya, Beijing to zhuhai, lianyungang to huoerguos, four basic run-through trunk highway between Shanghai and chengdu.
So as to realize the "five vertical and seven horizontal" trunk highway system in the first stage construction goals, namely "two vertical and two horizontal three important sections" full penetration.Since the 20th century, the world bridge has made outstanding achievements, all kinds of bridge, takahashi appeared, such as the large bridge over akashi channel in Japan (mainspan 1990 meters), the Swiss Gunter bridge and so on.In recent years, our country bridge project also entered a vigorous development period.Easter bunny has the nanjing Yangtze river bridge, the Hong Kong bailing gate bridge, the jiangyin bridge and runyang bridge, three single pylon single cable plane cable-stayed bridge county, state, etc.
Tunnel and underground engineering
In today's world, human beings are low to the ground, sea and space development.To the development of underground boil down to: underground resources development, energy development and underground space development in three aspects.The use of underground space is also by the use of "line" to "space" of large section and large
distance using the progress.
The development and utilization of underground space in China began in the 60 s.Construction of subway in Beijing in 1965.In the 70 s, built a lot of underground engineering in our country, a significant proportion of utilization, has been built for the underground street, underground mall, underground plants and storehouse.Since the 90 s, China's urban underground traffic and municipal facilities to speed up the speed of construction.Shanghai metro line 1, metro line 2 has opened.Underground space development and utilization of the network system in China has started construction, within the earth's surface to - 30 m more shallow construction of underground engineering.With the development of economy, foreseeable underground engineering in our country will enter the booming period.
Modern underground engineering is developing rapidly, all kinds of typical engineering famous vastness.The world has hundreds of cities built underground railway.Some developed countries, and gradually to underground mall, underground parking, underground railway, and blends into underground pipelines, etc, become a multifunctional underground complex.
Railway engineering
Railway engineering originally included railway related civil (subgrade, rail, bridge, tunnel, station), mechanical (locomotive, vehicle) and the signal and other projects.With the development of the construction and technology further division of labor, some engineering gradually formed an independent subject, such as the locomotive, vehicle engineering, signal engineering;Others gradually in their respective subject, such as bridge engineering, tunnel engineering.Now only narrowly refers to the word of railway engineering, railway track railway line selection, roadbed engineering, railway station and hub.
The experience of civil engineering：
With the deepening of China's reform and opening up and economic rapid development, China will face a more large-scale construction high tide.Said that we are facing a large civil engineering along with the national economic leap development of good times.And such a fine development environment has been and will continue to eager attention by western
countries.As a cross-century generation, a good situation provides us with an unprecedented rare good opportunity with the impact of their talents, to the international level.At the same time, we also deeply feel that this is an "opportunity" and "challenge", "cooperation" and "competition", "innovation" with "old" era, how to grasp the trend of the development of civil engineering disciplines, create with Chinese characteristics, has the international first-class level of civil engineering disciplines in the new era, is a cross-century generation of severe challenges to us.As a student majoring in civil engineering, I will in the future university in the learning process, try to grasp the basic specialized knowledge, to do a good job of professional practice;At the same time actively learn other professional knowledge, such as computer language and programming skills, experimental materials and structure of the experiment, the basic method of general structure experiment preliminary structure testing skills, completes the technical practice, course design, in the future study life, I will continue to improve their ability to study independently, actively improve the personal ability, to prepare for a job step into society. The main content of the civil engineering and the important role:
Civil engineering is the use of the art of the great natural resources for human benefit (London royal charters of the institution of civil engineers to clarify the definition of) it includes construction engineering, bridge engineering, underground engineering, road and railway engineering, port, Marine and environmental engineering, water supply and drainage, disaster prevention and mitigation and many other content.Civil engineering involves the content can be is closely related to life.Industry, agriculture, transportation, communication, education and other undertakings, is inseparable from the civil engineering.Such as factories, mines, railways, highways, Bridges, shops, homes, hospitals, schools, such as irrigation and water conservancy project construction, generally referred to as the basic construction of "place" is civil engineering.Civil engineering directly with the people of the "food, clothing, shelter, line" are closely related, is one of the oldest subjects, but it is accompanied by the development of other related disciplines, deepening the needs of economic construction and social progress, continue to expand.
【Conclusion】
Civil engineering is a broad discipline, its various infrastructure and social contact.Civil
engineering level and importance of the first is that it is the country's basic industries and pillar industries, is the development and an imporant platform of our country's labor resources, since it in big and lead the industry, to the ebb and flow of the national economy plays a decisive role.Human life and survival dependence on civil engineering, make it a strong vitality of discipline, with the progress of technology and the development of The Times show vitality in civil engineering.In civil engineering more and more important today, efforts to learn professional knowledge, actively participate in urban construction of civil engineering is we these college students own now.Civil engineering is rooted in practice, only more involved in practice, the professional knowledge of civil engineering can be effectively learn and consolidate.So, in the future work of learning, I will learn professional knowledge, take an active part in practice, to make good progress, for our country construction efforts.
【References】
1 gestine J.Fredrich, Martha's son: civil engineering in the modern literary reading.New York: ASCE. 1989.
2 Clois e. KickAulighter architecture Rcsidential painting and design, south Holland: Goodheart - Willcox company Inc., 1990
3 Leo diamond and C.R.T umblin, construction cost estimating, second edition, John wiley and sons, Inc., 1990
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。
Building construction concrete crack of prevention and processing Abstract The crack problem of concrete is a widespread existence but again difficult in solve of engineering actual problem, this text carried on a study analysis to a little bit familiar crack problem in the concrete engineering, and aim at concrete the circumstance put forward some prevention, processing measure. Keyword: Concrete crack prevention processing Foreword Concrete's ising 1 kind is anticipate by the freestone bone, cement, water and other mixture but formation of the in addition material of quality brittleness not and all material.Because the concrete construction transform with oneself, control etc. a series problem, harden model of in the concrete existence numerous tiny hole, spirit cave and tiny crack, is exactly because these beginning start blemish of existence just make the concrete present one some not and all the characteristic of quality.The tiny crack is a kind of harmless crack and accept concrete heavy, defend Shen and
第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署
一、根据所给内容写一封求职信 说明：假设你是LI MING，根据下列内容写一封求职信。 写信日期：2016年1月10日 内容: 1) 从2016年1月8日在《中国日报》上获悉ABC公司招聘总经理职位的信息； 2) 毕业于上海学院（注：专业自拟），获得几种技能证书； 3) 曾在DDF公司兼职，熟悉办分室工作，熟练使用电脑； 4) 随信附上简历； 5) 希望能获得面试机会。 注意信函格式！ Dear Mir I was very interested in your advertisement in China Daily January，8，2016。 I want to apply for the position of general manager assistant at ABC company. I graduated from Shanghai College ,majoring in computer. I have got several certificates.I worked part-time in DDF company. I am familiar with office work and skilled in using computers. I think I am capable of the job. If your would like me to attend an inteview，I will try my best. Enclosed is my resume. I am looking forward for your letter. Your sincerely, Li Ming
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。
Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖
自我介绍作文之英语作文自我介绍带翻译
英语作文自我介绍带翻译 【篇一：英文版自我介绍翻译(共4篇)】 篇一：面试用英语自我介绍怎么说 面试用英语自我介绍怎么说? 面试过程中自我介绍是在所难免的，中文自我介绍尚且难倒了很多人，更何况是英文自我介绍呢，但是面试用英语自我介绍在一些外资企业或者和英语相关岗位也是不可避免的。今天我们就说一说面试用英语自我介绍怎么说? 其实自我介绍大体都是一样的，简单的基本介绍，个人情况和兴趣爱好的一个阐述，话不多说先举一个例子吧。(先英文后中文吧) hello, everybody, my name is xxx, my personality alacrity is bright, i like to make friend, enjoying to read some books about philosophy usually, i like discussing problems with my friends together, i feel very happy to know everyone, hoping to get along with everyone delectation in the day of aftertime. 大家好，我是xxx，我的性格活泼开朗，喜欢交流，日常生活中我喜欢看一些哲学性的书，很喜欢和朋友一起探讨问题，非常高兴认识大家，在之后的生活里能够和大家相处融洽。大家在做英文自我介绍过程不用担心和害怕，并不是所有的面试官英文水平都很好，有些可能根本就听不懂你在说什么，在这个面试过程中你最重要的是要保持微笑和自信，无论多么蹩脚的英文你首先要保证流利和自信就可以了。 篇二：考研英语自我介绍及各个专业所对应的英语翻译 考研英语自我介绍及各专业所对应英语翻译自我介绍 (self-introduce)
土木工程专业英语常用 词汇 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程） reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体 unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩torque 扭矩 stress 应力 normal ~ 法向应力 shear ~ 剪应力strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接
A Type Wooden Ladder A字木梯 A-frame A型骨架 A-truss A型构架 Abandon 废弃 Abandoned well 废井 Aberration of needle 磁针偏差Abnormal pressure 异常压力abnormally high pressure 异常高压Abort 中止 abrasion 磨损 Abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasive cut-off machine 磨切机Abrasive Cutting Wheel 拮碟abrasive grinding machine 研磨机Abrasive Grinding Wheel 磨碟abrasive particle 磨料颗粒 Absolute address 绝对地址Absolute altitude 绝对高度Absolute damping 绝对阻尼Absolute deviation 绝对偏差Absolute flying height 绝对航高Absolute gravity 绝对重力 absolute permeability 绝对渗透率absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率absolute temperature 绝对温度absorbability 吸收性；吸附性absorption 吸收 abutment 桥墩 abutting end 邻接端 acceleration 加速 acceleration lane 加速车道Acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration pedal 加速器踏板accelerator 催凝剂；加速器；催化剂acceptance criteria 接受准则 access 通路；通道 access door 检修门；通道门access lane 进出路径 access panel 检修门 access point 入口处；出入通道处access ramp 入口坡道；斜通道access road 通路；通道 access shaft 竖井通道 access spiral loop 螺旋式回旋通道access staircase 通道楼梯 access step 出入口踏步 access tunnel 隧道通道 accessible roof 可到达的屋顶accessory 附件；配件accident 事故；意外 accidental collapse 意外坍塌 accommodate 装设；容纳 accredited private laboratory 认可的私 人实验室 accumulator 储压器；蓄电池 accuracy limit 精度限制 acetylene cylinder 乙炔圆筒 Acetylene Hose 煤喉 Acetylene Regulator 煤表 acid plant 酸洗设备；酸洗机 acid pump 酸液泵 acid tank 酸液缸 acidic rock 酸性岩 acoustic couplant 声耦合剂 acoustic coupler 声音藕合器；音效藕 合器 acoustic lining 隔音板 acoustic screen 隔声屏 Acoustic wave 声波 acrylic paint 丙烯漆料(压克力的油漆) acrylic sheet 丙烯胶片(压克力的胶片) active corrosion 活性腐蚀 active earth pressure 主动土压力 active fault 活断层 active oxidation 活性氧化 actual plot ratio 实际地积比率 actuator 促动器；唧筒；激发器 adapt 改装 adaptor 适配器；承接器；转接器； addition 增设；加建 additional building works 增补建筑工 程 additional horizontal force 额外横向力 additional plan 增补图则(附加的平面 图) additional vent 加设通风口 additive 添加剂 Address 地址 adhesive 黏结剂；胶黏剂 adhesive force 附着力 Adhesive Glue 万能胶 Adhesive Reflective Warning Tape 反 光警告贴纸 adit 入口；通路；坑道口 adjacent construction 相邻建造物 adjacent level 相邻水平 adjacent site 相邻基地 adjacent street 相邻街道 adjoining area 毗邻地区 adjoining building 毗邻建筑物 adjoining land 毗邻土地 adjoining structure 毗邻构筑物 adjustable 可调校 Adjustable Wrench Spanner 昔士 adjuster 调节器 adjustment 调校；调整 Administrative Lawsuit 行政诉讼 Administrative Remedy 行政救济 admixture 掺合剂；外加剂 advance directional sign 前置指路标 志；方向预告标志 advance earthworks 前期土方工程 advance warning sign 前置警告标志 advance works 前期工程 aeration 曝气 aeration tank 曝气池 aerial 天线 Aerial mapping 航空测图 aerial photograph 航测照片 Aerial photography 航照定位 aerial rapid transit system 高架快速运 输系统 aerial ropeway 高架缆车系统 aerial view 鸟瞰图 aerofoil 翼型 aerosol 悬浮微粒；喷雾 aerosphere 大气圈 affix 贴附 aftercooler 后冷却器 afterfilter 后过滤器 aftershock 余震 agent 作用剂；代理人 aggradation 堆积 aggregate 骨材；集料；碎石 aggregate area 总面积 aggregate grading 骨材级配 aggregate superficial area 表面总面积 aggregate usable floor space 总楼地板 空间 agitator 搅拌器；搅动机 air bleeding 放气(空气渗出) air blower 鼓风机 air brake 气压制动器 Air chambor 气室 air circuit 空气回路 air circuit breaker 空气断路器 air cleaner 空气滤清器
2012级土木工程（本）专业《土木工程英语》课程论文 论文题目：高层建筑防火的研究 Research of high-rise building fire prevention 专业班级： 学生姓名： 学号： 论文成绩： 评阅教师： 2015年11 月14 日
（一） 基于性能化防火设计方法的商业综合体典型空间防火优化设计研究 正文：改革开放以来，我国市场经济蓬勃发展，各种类型的商业建筑如雨后春笋般涌现。然而人们在享受高效便捷的购物消费和休闲娱乐的同时，商业综合体及其建筑群的巨大规模、多样功能、众多人数、复杂流线、与城市多层面多点衔接等特点，极大程度地增大了灾害风险，特别是城市和建筑中最易发生的灾种——火灾的风险。传统的建筑防火设计以“条文式”的防火规范为依据，无法满足部分现代商业综合体迅速发展的设计需要，当因结构、功能、造型等方面的特殊要求，出现现行国家消防技术规范中未明确规定的、现行国家消防技术规范规定的条件不适用的、依照国家消防技术规范进行设计确有困难的情况时，将采取针对性更强、更加先进、经济、合理、有效的性能化防火措施进行建筑和规划设计。与此同时，性能化防火设计方法以其在火灾场景和人员疏散模拟等方面的突出优势，也将被更多地运用于优化“条文式”防火设计规范框架内的规划与建筑方案设计。可见研究大型商业综合体的性能化防火设计措施，并利用性能化防火设计的方法调整优化规划与建筑设计以避免和减轻火灾危害是亟待解决的重要课题。本论文共分为十章，分别介绍了课题的研究背景与意义，国内外商业综合体性能化防火的研究现状，要素构成及火灾危险性，建筑的火灾机理与性能化防火设计参数，五大类商业综合体典型空间的防火优化措施，最后提出结论与展望。本文的核心研究内容是结合商业综合体空间要素构成特征的火灾特点以及建筑防火设计中的三个重要指标（防火分区、疏散距离、疏散宽度），提炼五大类商业综合体的典型空间，即密集空间、竖向贯通空间、超大水平开敞空间、狭长通道空间和地下空间，以建筑学和城市规划学的视角，一方面运用计算机技术，对“超规范”的设计方案进行性能化防火设计安全评价，另一方面对条文式规范框架内的设计方法进行优化。性能化防火策略作为消防设计乃至贯穿整个建筑、规划设计全过程的设计思路，已初步为我们展现出应用领域的美好前景，本文旨在进一步完善和发展以数字技术为基础的性能化防火设计方法，为建筑和城市减灾防灾目标的实现提供更有力的保障。
第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境管理。此处环境涉及建筑符合科学规范所有构造，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其她当代社会和大量人口集中地区基本公共设施。她们也建造私有设施，例如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其她设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径大型构造。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整都市和乡镇，并且近来始终在规划设计容纳设施齐全社区空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把她非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位军事工程师工作而采用名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设工程师，尽管其包括领域更为辽阔。 领域。由于包括范畴太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量技术专业。不同类型工程需要各种不同土木工程专业技术。一种项目开始时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学实验以拟定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对本地影响，涉及对空气和地下水也许污染，对本地动植物生活影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环保需要。交通工程专家拟定必须不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程导致对本地公路和其她交通网络承担。同步，构造工程专家运用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和阐明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家工作进行监督和调配则是施工管理专家。依照其她专家所提供信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工数量和耗费，所有工作进度表，订购工作所需要材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外监督工作以保证工程能准时按质完毕。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了当代土木工程师必备品，由于它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需大量数据从而拟定建造一项工程最佳办法。
土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020
Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and