Ⅰ①Television ads for erectile dysfunction, stroke or toenail fungus treatments have been called both a boon and a curse. ②Drugmakers assert that promoting their products makes patients aware of conditions they can then flag for their doctor.
Ⅱ①Yet every developed country except the U.S. and New Zealand prohibits such
direct-to-consumer prescription drug ads. ②It is hard to see educational value in commercials on American TV that show radiant models relaxing before a tryst, accompanied by voice-overs that warn of possible side effects, including difficulty breathing and an unsafe drop in blood pressure.
Ⅲ①An ad that conflates an aura of glowing health and the prospect of an amorous liaison with a list of dire cardiovascular symptoms is a paradigm of confused messaging because it does not provide the viewer with a clear guide to weighing both benefits and costs entailed in using a prescription medicine. ②Absent further interpretation, the underlying message reduces to: Sex or death—which will it be? ③Of course, the ads always end with an admonition to “ask your doctor....”
Ⅳ①Now, finally, the doctors are giving an answer. ②In November 2015 the American Medical Association asked for a ban on these ads, saying that they are partially responsible for the skyrocketing costs of drugs. ③The World Health Organization and other groups have previously endorsed such restrictions.
Ⅴ①In 2014 pharmaceutical companies spent $4.5 billion on consumer ads, mostly for television, a 30 percent rise from two years before. ②The pitches can drum up sales on higher-priced medications that can drive up drug costs when less expensive alternatives are sometimes available.
Ⅵ①Many of the newest ads are for premium drugs for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions that can cost tens of thousands of dollars and require
large, out-of-pocket patient co-payments. ②After seeing an ad, patients may press physicians for a prescription without understanding the complex criteria needed to determine eligibility for treatment.
Ⅶ①Despite industry rhetoric about educating the consumer, the ads do what ads do—promote the advertiser's product while failing to note these complexities or alternative options. ②Last October a Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 28 percent of people who viewed a drug ad subsequently asked a physician about the medicine and that 12 percent walked out with a prescription.
Ⅷ①A ban would be a welcome step toward trimming the nation's lofty drug bills—and it would rid the airwaves of purported health messages that baffle more than they inform.
②It is unclear, though, whether any prohibition passed by Congress would pass muster in the courts. ③Pharma would undoubtedly mount a legal challenge, claiming that the law violates First Amendment protections for commercial speech. [441words] (“This Drug Ad Is Not Right for You”. By The Editors. May 1, 2016. Scientific American.)
词汇短语
1. *erectile[??rekta?l] adj. 勃起的
2. *dysfunction[d?s'f??k?n] n. 机能障碍
3. *toenail [?t??ne?l] n. 脚趾甲
4. *fungus [?f??g?s] n. 真菌
5. flag [fl?g] v. 标示( 熟词僻意）
6. *prescription [pr??skr?p?n] n. 处方药
7. *radiant [?re?di?nt] adj. 容光焕发的
8. *tryst [tr?st] n. 约会地点
9. *voice-over [?v??s???v?] n. 画外音
10. *conflate [k?n?fle?t] v. 合并
11. *aura [??:r?] n. 光环
12. *amorous [??m?r?s] adj. 爱情的
13. *liaison [li?e?zn] n. 联络
14. *dire [?da??(r)] adj. 可怕的
15. *cardiovascular [?kɑ:di???v?skj?l?(r)] adj. 心血管的
16. paradigm [?p?r?da?m] n. 范例
17. entail [?n?te?l] v. 牵涉
18. *admonition [??dm??n??n] n. 告诫
19. *skyrocketing [s'ka?r?k?t??] n. 猛涨
20. endorse [?n?d?:s] v. 支持
21. pitch [p?t?] n. 说教(熟词僻意）
22. drum up 招徕，鼓吹
23. drive up使…上升
24. *premium [?pri:mi?m] adj. 高昂的
25. out-of-pocket 现金支出成本
26. *eligibility [?el?d??'b?l?t?] n. 合格
27. *rhetoric [?ret?r?k] n. 花言巧语，雄辩术
28. *trim [?tr?m??] v. 削减
29. *lofty [?l?fti] adj. 高耸的
30. *airwave ['e??we?v] n. 电视
31. *purported [p?(r)'p??(r)t?d] adj.声称的
32. baffle[?b?fl] v.使迷惑
33. pass muster 达到要求
34. *pharma ['fɑ?m?] n. 制药公司
35. *mount [ma?nt] v. 发起，组织
(标*的为超纲词汇）
点评
Ⅰ①Television ads for erectile dysfunction, stroke or toenail fungus treatments have been called both a boon and a curse. ②Drugmakers assert that promoting their products makes patients aware of conditions they can then flag for their doctor.
翻译：关于勃起功能障碍、中风或者脚趾甲霉菌的电视广告被称为恩惠和诅咒的并存。制药公司声称，宣传他们的产品能让病人发现自己的病症，然后他们知道该怎样描述给医生。点评：Ⅰ-Ⅲ指出处方药广告具有危害性。Ⅰ段开门见山，指出电视上卖药广告具有两面性，下文围绕boon and curse展开，但是作者没有笔墨匀分地讨论药品广告的好处和坏处，而是批判药品广告好处没有，坏处多多。①句a boon or a curse 是很地道的表达“两面性、优缺点”的短语，类似的还有“a coin has two sides”, “two-edged sword”。②句中的assert（宣称），一般都暗示不辨真假，也许有夸大其词或者虚假成分。makes patients aware of conditions 指的是，不看不知道，看了广告之后才发现身体的一些状况居然是一种病，还有专门的名字，随后俨然成了专家，还严肃地告诉医生我得了什么什么病，给我开这个那个药。此处的flag是熟词僻意，意思是“标出，引起某人注意”。
Ⅱ①Yet every developed country except the U.S. and New Zealand prohibits such
direct-to-consumer prescription drug ads. ②It is hard to see educational value in commercials on American TV that show radiant models relaxing before a tryst, accompanied by voice-overs that warn of possible side effects, including difficulty breathing and an unsafe drop in blood pressure.
翻译：但是，除了美国和新西兰之外，所有发达国家都禁止这种处方药的直销广告。很难看出来美国电视上播放的这种广告有什么教育价值：约会之前，容光焕发的模特让自己放松下来，伴随的画外音警告可能的副作用，包括呼吸困难，危险的血压下降。
点评：Ⅱ段①句紧承上段末尾，制药厂家才声称广告有教育作用，就马上转折(yet)，除了美国和新西兰，所有的发达国家都禁止处方药在大众媒体上打广告。从而否定了boon的方面，并且引发读者思考为什么会这样。②句顺而给出原因，直接打脸boon：所谓的教育作用根本不存在。
Ⅲ①An ad that conflates an aura of glowing health and the prospect of an amorous liaison with a list of dire cardiovascular symptoms is a paradigm of confused messaging because it does not provide the viewer with a clear guide to weighing both benefits and costs entailed in using a prescription medicine. ②Absent further interpretation, the underlying message reduces to: Sex or death—which will it be? ③Of course, the ads always end with an admonition to “ask your doctor....”
翻译：把健康活泼的气氛、对暧昧关系的期望和一列可怕的心血管症状联系在一起的广告是让人困惑的宣传的典型，因为它没有给观众提供明确的指导，要充分权衡服用处方药的好处和代价。更多的解释被省略了，潜台词缩短为：性和死——将会是哪个？当然，广告结尾总会有一个警告：“请遵医嘱……。”
点评：Ⅲ段继续深化对卖药广告的批评，不止没有声称的教育作用，还会让人产生困惑(paradigm of confused messaging)。因为广告隐去了很多重要的信息，只强调处方药物的作用，而不谈其危害。
Ⅳ①Now, finally, the doctors are giving an answer. ②In November 2015 the American Medical Association asked for a ban on these ads, saying that they are partially responsible for the skyrocketing costs of drugs. ③The World Health Organization and other groups have previously endorsed such restrictions.
翻译：现在，终于，医生给出了一个回应。2015年11月，美国医学协会要求禁止这些广告，说他们对天价药费负部分责任。世界卫生组织和其他机构先前就表示支持这类禁令。点评：Ⅳ-Ⅴ段指出美国医学协会最近要求禁止这些卖药广告及其原因。Ⅳ段①句的now和finally表达出一种翘首以盼，终于等到这一天的心情。②句saying...现在分词短语作状语，解释禁止原因，这些广告让药费大大增长。
Ⅴ①In 2014 pharmaceutical companies spent $4.5 billion on consumer ads, mostly for television, a 30 percent rise from two years before. ②The pitches can drum up sales on higher-priced medications that can drive up drug costs when less expensive alternatives are sometimes available.
翻译：2014年制药公司在广告费上花了45亿美元，大部分是电视广告，比两年前增加了30%。高声叫卖能够提高高价药品的销量，从而增加药费支出，虽然市面上有价格较低的同类药物。
点评：Ⅴ段用具体数字说明天价的广告费，以及这些费用转嫁到民众身上，成为沉重的负担。
Ⅵ①Many of the newest ads are for premium drugs for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions that can cost tens of thousands of dollars and require
large, out-of-pocket patient co-payments. ②After seeing an ad, patients may press physicians for a prescription without understanding the complex criteria needed to determine eligibility for treatment.
翻译：许多最新的广告是宣传治疗威胁生命的疾病或者罕见病的新药，治疗这种病可能要花费数万美元，还需要大笔保险外患者共同支付。看到广告后，患者在可能会在没搞清楚否对症的情况下，逼迫医生开药方。
点评：Ⅵ-Ⅶ段分析卖药广告的性质和其强大的洗脑能力。最近打广告的都是针对致命或者罕见病的药物(for life-threatening diseases or rare conditions)，价格高昂(premium)（Ⅵ段①句）。作者推测（may)，重病在身的患者可能容易病急乱寻药，要求医生给自己开这用药（Ⅵ段②句）。
Ⅶ①Despite industry rhetoric about educating the consumer, the ads do what ads do—promote the advertiser's product while failing to note these complexities or alternative options. ②Last October a Kaiser Family Foundation survey found that 28 percent of people who viewed a drug ad subsequently asked a physician about the medicine and that 12 percent walked out with a prescription.
翻译：尽管制药商口若悬河，把广告说成是对消费者的教育，但是广告就是广告——目的是提高产品的销量，却闭口不谈病症的复杂性或者提醒患者有其他的选择。去年10月，凯撒家庭基金会的一项调查发现38%看到广告的人向医生询问这种药物，12%拿着处方出了门。点评：Ⅶ段进一步说明，不仅是药品性质本身有强大的诱惑力，广告呈现方式还煽情而且简单粗暴，不谈复杂的适用条件，让患者搞不清楚情况（Ⅶ段①句）。Ⅶ段②句回应上段的推测，实际调查结果证明了这种推测，很多患者的确会要求医生开药。
Ⅷ①A ban would be a welcome step toward trimming the nation's lofty drug bills—and it would rid the airwaves of purported health messages that baffle more than they inform.
②It is unclear, though, whether any prohibition passed by Congress would pass
muster in the courts. ③Pharma would undoubtedly mount a legal challenge, claiming that the law violates First Amendment protections for commercial speech.
翻译：这样的一纸禁令会是个受欢迎的有利于消减美国臃肿药费账单的举措——而且它可以让电视上少一些虚假的健康消息，号称是教育观众，但只会让观众更加迷惑。但是，不确定的是，国会通过的任何禁令是否会能过法院一关。制药厂商肯定会发起法律反击，声称这个禁令违反了保护商业言论的宪法第一修正案。
点评：Ⅷ段回到禁令，句①评价其积极意义：能够减少药费支出，减少观众迷惑。②③句表达了这个禁令能否最终通过的忧虑，因为制药厂商肯定会反对。
Ⅰ①Nowadays, it seems, anything and everything can qualify as a masterpiece: a hit single, a theme park, even a video game. ②And while the artistic merits of some of these objets d’art can be defended, it is tempting to suggest that the word itself has become, like “fascist” and “racist,”devalued by indiscriminate usage to the point
of vacuity. ③Its meaning has shifted.
Ⅱ①Most under-50 art lovers take pop culture very seriously indeed. ②So they should, not merely because it is popular but because so much of it, especially in this country, is so good. ③Like the masterpieces of earlier eras, these works infuse familiar forms and materials with a creative energy that allows them to transcend their mundane origins.
Ⅲ①Yet something distinguishes these “masterpieces” from their high-art counterparts, something that is implicit in the very act of their creation—and is central to the nature of pop culture itself. ②As the Cambridge AcademicContent Dictionary reminds us, the word “masterpiece” once referred to the single greatest work of a master. ③No one helped Tolstoy write War and Peace, any more than Beethoven used an orchestrator for his Fifth Symphony. ④But then came Hollywood movies and TV series, commercial products manufactured not by individual artists but by teams of artisans whose members collaborate so closely that it is often difficult to the point of impossibility
to ascribe principal creative credit to any one of them. ⑤Who, then, is
the “author” of Chinatown? ⑥No one, in the usual meaning of the word. ⑦It is the result of a collective process of creation, a masterpiece without a master.
Ⅳ①Something is bound to be lost in a culture where the best-known art is created collectively for commercial purposes rather than being motivated solely by the individual artist?s own need for self-expression. ②For all their self-evident excellence, movies
like Chinatown and Godfather and cable-TV series like TheWire and Breaking Bad are all thrillers of one kind or another. ③To be sure, they use the familiar conventions of genre fiction to explore many other aspects of American life, but somebody almost always gets shot in the last reel, just as a pop song, no matter how well-crafted and emotionally moving it may be, is rarely ever more than four minutes long.
Ⅴ①The very best modern American artists, by contrast, have not accepted the narrow restrictions imposed by pop culture. ②They go their own way—and do their own work. ③As a result, they reflect in every way the creative visions of their makers, whose styles are personal to a degree that no collectively made work of art can hope to rival. ④They are masterpieces in the purest sense of the word.[463words]
(…Masterpieces? Without Masters. By Terry Teachout. June 16, https://www.doczj.com/doc/c71464109.html,mentary）
原文链接：https://https://www.doczj.com/doc/c71464109.html,/articles/masterpieces-without-masters/
词汇短语
1. merit [?mer?t] n. 价值
2. *objets d?ar t （法语）艺术品
3. *devalue[?di:?v?lju:] v. 使贬值
4. *indiscriminate [??nd?s?kr?m?n?t] adj. 不加选择的
5. vacuity [v??kju:?ti] n. 真空
6. *infuse [?n?fju:z] v. 浸泡，使充满
7. *transcend[tr?n?send] v. 超越
8. *mundane [m?n?de?n] adj. 寻常的
9. *ascribe [??skra?b] v. 把……归于
10. credi t [?kred?t] n. 荣誉
11. be bound to 注定
12. reel [ri:l] n.卷轴
点评
Ⅰ①Nowadays, it seems, anything and everything can qualify as a masterpiece: a hit single, a theme park, even a video game. ②And while the artistic merits of some of these objets d’art can be defended, it is tempting to suggest that the word itself has become, like “fascist” and “racist,”devalued by indiscriminate usage to the point
of vacuity. ③Its meaning has shifted.
翻译：在当代，似乎任何东西都资格被称为杰作：一首热门歌曲、一座主题公园、甚至是一款电子游戏。尽管这当中某些艺术品可能存在艺术价值，但是似乎在暗示这个词本身因为不加区别地使用而贬值，甚至变成空白，就像“法西斯主义者”和“种族主义者”一样。它的意思已经发生了变化。
点评：段Ⅰ提出一种现象：现在人们不加区别地使用masterpiece（杰作）这个词，其“宏伟庄严”的含义已经被稀释了。①句anything and everything（任何东西和所有东西）看似重复，实际上是加强语气，惋惜masterpiece已经被用得烂大街了。冒号之后举例，歌曲、主题公园、电子游戏和masterpiece放在一起的确有些违和感。even（甚至），再一次传达出作者的惊讶之情。②句让步指出，尽管这些作品可能有价值，但是masterpiece的词义似乎确实变了。objets d?art指工艺品，（特别是和传统意义的绘画、雕塑等高雅艺术不同的小玩意儿）。作者是要强调，这些东西只能叫做objets d?art ,算不上是masterpiece。can be defended（可以被辩护的）暗示真正的传世之作优秀得太明显，根本无需defend。论文答辩也用defend 这个词是同样的道理，论文不奢求有你有惊世发现，能自圆其说即可。devalue,
indiscriminate, vacuity都略带贬义，可见作者的态度。③句简洁有力地概括②句，masterpiece的词义发生了变化。本段以词开篇，以词收尾，似乎只是就事论事，没有太多发散，但是已经蓄势待发。
Ⅱ①Most under-50 art lovers take pop culture very seriously indeed. ②So they should, not merely because it is popular but because so much of it, especially in this country, is so good. ③Like the masterpieces of earlier eras, these works infuse familiar forms and materials with a creative energy that allows them to transcend their mundane origins.
翻译：大部分50岁以下的艺术爱好者确实非常严肃地看待流行文化。他们理应如此，不仅仅因为流行文化很流行，而且因为许多流行文化都非常出色，特别是在美国。和早期时代的杰作一样，这些艺术品让熟悉的形式和材料充满使之超越其平庸原作的创造性力量。
点评：段Ⅱ先退一步说明流行文化的确有优秀作品。①句指出，很多人都认真对待流行文化。pop culture一词概括了上文的流行歌曲、主题公园、电子游戏等作品的归属。作者特意提出under-50（50岁以下），因为更早的时代，人们接受的还是传统古典艺术的熏陶，也许不能客观看待流行文化。②句给出作者自己的看法，的确应该这样，因为有些流行文化很优秀。③句紧接上句，说明流行文化的优秀之处。用Like比较流行文化作品和masterpiece 的共同点，the masterpieces of earlier eras 用介词短语of earlier aras修饰the masterpiece,用以区分“之前的杰作”和“现在的所谓的杰作”，暗示作者不太愿意用masterpiece这个词称呼现代艺术品。creative energy，transcend 指出流行作品的优点。
Ⅲ①Yet something distinguishes these “masterpieces” from their high-art counterparts, something that is implicit in the very act of their creation—and is central to the nature of pop culture itself. ②As the Cambridge AcademicContent Dictionary reminds us, the word “masterpiece” once referred to the single greatest work of a master. ③No one helped Tolstoy write War and Peace, any more than Beethoven used an orchestrator for his Fifth Symphony. ④But then came Hollywood movies and TV series, commercial products manufactured not by individual artists but by teams of artisans whose members collaborate so closely that it is often difficult to the point of impossibility
to ascribe principal creative credit to any one of them. ⑤Who, then, is
the “author” of Chinatown? ⑥No one, in the usual meaning of the word. ⑦It is the result of a collective process of creation, a masterpiece without a master.
翻译：但是，有些东西把这些“杰作”和高雅艺术区分开来，它恰恰暗藏于其创作行为中——并且这是流行文化本质的核心。《剑桥学术目录词典》提醒我们，“杰作”这个词曾经指某大
师最伟大的作品。没有人帮助托尔斯泰写《战争与和平》，正如贝多芬创作《第五交响曲》也没有动用管弦乐队帮忙。但是，后来出现了好莱坞电影和电视剧，这不是艺术家个人的创作，而是多组工匠合作完成的商业产品，他们的合作非常紧密，以至于常常无法把主要的创作荣誉归于其中任何一个人。那么，到底谁是《唐人街》的“作者”？按照这个词的通常的意思来看，谁都不是。它是集体创新过程的产物，是没有大师的大师之作。
点评：段Ⅲ一针见血地指出流行文化和masterpiece的本质区别。作者并没有从主观的艺术价值上评判，而是从流行文化制作方式这一客观事实出发。these “masterpieces” 打上引号，突出作者的不承认态度。②句引用权威词典解释，说明masterpiece过去指大师个人创作的最伟大的作品。有一种高山仰止的巍峨感，这样的作品肯定是稀少的。③句以小说和音乐为例说明过去的大师作品都是独立完成。④至⑦指出当代诞生新的艺术形式（电影、电视剧）的优秀作品由集体创作。
Ⅳ①Something is bound to be lost in a culture where the best-known art is created collectively for commercial purposes rather than being motivated solely by the individual artist?s own need for self-expression. ②For all their self-evident excellence, movies
like Chinatown and Godfather and cable-TV series like TheWire and Breaking Bad are all thrillers of one kind or another. ③To be sure, they use the familiar conventions of genre fiction to explore many other aspects of American life, but somebody almost always gets shot in the last reel, just as a pop song, no matter how well-crafted and emotionally moving it may be, is rarely ever more than four minutes long.
翻译：这种文化中有些东西必定会缺失，这种文化中最出名的艺术作品是为了商业目的集体创作出来的，而不是纯粹由艺术家个人自我表达的需求而驱动的。《唐人街》、《教父》这样的电影和《火线》、《绝命毒师》这样的有线电视剧都明显很出色，这毋庸赘言，他们都是这种或那种的惊悚片。不可否认，他们利用类型片的常用手法探索美国生活的许多其他方面，但是结局几乎总是有人中枪，这就像流行歌曲，不管是制作多么精良，情感多么动人，长度从来很少超过四分钟。
点评：段Ⅳ分析集体创作存在的三个限制。①句指出从动机上指出，集体创作的流行文化以商业为目的，和过去个人情感表达需求驱动不同。②句指出流行文化产品题材单一。为了迎合市场口味，优秀作品大多都是吸引眼球的犯罪片、惊悚片。③句指出流行文化产品的模式单一，而且受到形式局限性很大。比如，电影的结尾总有人中枪死掉，流行音乐无法突破长度限制。
Ⅴ①The very best modern American artists, by contrast, have not accepted the narrow restrictions imposed by pop culture. ②They go their own way—and do their own work. ③As a result, they reflect in every way the creative visions of their makers, whose styles are
personal to a degree that no collectively made work of art can hope to rival. ④They are masterpieces in the purest sense of the word.
翻译：相反，最好的现代美国艺术家并没有接受流行文化强加的狭窄限制。他们按自己的方法行事——而且创作自己的作品。结果是，这些作品从各方面折射出作者极富创造的想象力，其风格极具个人特色，这个程度不是集体创作的作品能够比得上的。它们是最纯正意义上的杰作。
点评：段Ⅴ指出当代最优秀的艺术家能够突破流行文化的限制。传达出作者的欣慰和期待。虽然目前是集体创作的流行文化的主场，但是依旧有人坚持独立创作，这才是最纯正的masterpiece。①句指出当代最优秀的艺术家能够超越流行文化的限制，narrow restrictions imposed by pop culture说明流行文化需要短平快才能流行，这给艺术创作设下太多限制。
②句指出超越限制的方法：独立创作。③句指出结果，作品的独特个人风格是是集体创作无法达到的。④收束全文，purest和第一段的devalued形成呼应，这才是真正意义上的杰作。
英语阅读理解带翻译10篇精选 英语阅读理解带翻译10篇：给予 Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery： giving-away makes life so much more exciting. You need not worry if you lack money. This is how I experimented with giving-away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store flashes to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. One discovery I made about giving-away is that it is almost impossible to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of appreciation. More than a year later I needed a post-office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. He had overheard our conversation. “Wasn’t it you that wrote us that letter a year ago about delivering a special delivery to your home?” I said yes. “Well, you certainly are going to have a box in this post office if we have to make one for you. You don’t know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get nothing but complaints.” 像绝大部分人，我长大看待生命是一个过程获得。直到我在30月底，我作出这个重要发现：给予，距离使我们的生活如此更令人兴奋的。您不必担心如果缺乏资金。这是我尝试让-消失。如果一个主意，
旺旺英语 Lesson 15 Weekly Commodities (telex) 每周商品行情 Commodities 1商品行情（-） econews by Kate Kavanagh Oil prices seesaw to three-month low in “big bang week London”, Oct. 31 (afp)—the attention of commodities dealers was last week captured initially by events on the stock exchange, where Monday’s big bang was muffled by computer failures, but turned later to the troubled oil market. （法新社）10月31日电：在“伦敦大爆炸改革周”中，石油价格起伏不定，跌至三个月来的最低点。——上周商品交易者们的注意力先是被股票交易所发生的事情吸引，那里的计算机出了故障从而抑制了周一的“大爆炸改革”；但随后，交易者们的注意力又转向了混乱的石油市场。 The unexpected departure of sheik ahmed zaki yamani from his post as Saudi Arabian oil minister aggravated existing uncertainty concerning the future direction of oil prices in view of severe world oversupply. 在国际市场严重供大于求的情况下，沙特阿拉伯石油部长亚马尼的突然离职使本来就起伏不定的油价变得更加难以预料。 Unstable crude prices in turn prompted falls in platinum and gold, the latter to its lowest since early September, aggravated by the withdrawal of investment support as the dollar regained ground. 动荡的原油价格反过来又加速了白金和黄金的降价，而且由于美元重收失地，投资者纷纷撤回投资，黄金还降到了九月初以来的最低点。 Sterling’s decline lent some support to the base metal sector, where lead and zinc rallied on the continuing lack of a solution to the labour dispute affecting australia’s broken hill mines. 英镑的贬值使贱金属的价格有所上升。由于影响到澳大利亚Broken Hill矿山的劳工纠纷迟迟得不到解决，贱金属里的铅和锌的价格止跌回升。 Coffee fluctuated wildly on uncertainty over brazil’s role in the market but sugar and cocoa kept to a narrow range in quiet conditions. 咖啡的价格由于巴西在市场上的角色不稳定而疯狂波动，可是糖和可可的价格在平静中起伏不大。 The grain sector was dulled by the prospect of lower-than-expected soviet imports this season, despite improved british export figures. 本季度，尽管英国的出口量增加了，谷物市场还是因为苏联的进口比预想的低而显得清淡。 Commodities 2 商品行情2 Econews(London) Gold: lower. After coming in for early support on news of strike action affecting mines belonging to gold fields of south Africa, values declined in line with platinum and new york advices as miners were encouraged to return to work by management promises of negotiation. The fall in oil prices also brought pressure to bear but good resistance at around the 400 dollars per ounce level permitted a brief rally. However, values suffered a late decline to below 400 dollars per ounce in line with new york as the dollar strengthened on news of a decline in the u.s. budget trade and a cut in the bank of japan’s discount rate. 黄金：跌了。由于南非金矿受到罢工影响，黄金的价格上升，但随后资方承诺谈判，矿工复工，使得其价值又随着白金的贬值和纽约交易所的行情报告跌了下来。油价的下降同样给市场带来了压力，但在每盎司大约400美元的水平上的强力支撑使金价短时止跌。然而，美国国家预算批准的海外采购的减少和日本削减银行贴现率的消息使美元变得坚挺，金价随后下降到每盎司400美元以下，和纽约交易所标明的价格一样。 Latest figures from the south African chamber of mines showed a 4.6 per cent drop in gold production during the first nine months of 1986 to 488,854 kilos against 504,996 during the same 1985 period. 南非矿业协会的最新数字表明，1986年前9个月的黄金产量与1985年同期相比，下降了4. 6％，由504,996公斤减少到481,854公斤。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(一) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习 PASSAGE 1 By the mid-nineteenth century, the term icebox had entered the American language, but icewas still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice tradegrew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by someforward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865),as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, halfthe ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston andChicago, went to families for their own use. This had become possible because a new householdconvenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented. Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nineteenthcentury, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration,was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best icebox was one that prevented the icefrom melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the ice that performed the cooling.Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept theice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve thedelicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox. But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the righttrack. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the villageof Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport hisbutter to market, he found that customers would pass up the rapidly melting stuff
2007年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译 但为君故 但为君故 整理组
Text 1 如果你打算在2006年世界杯锦标赛上调查所有足球运动员的出生证明，那么你很有可能发现一个引人注目的巧合：优秀足球运动员更可能出生于每年的前几个月而不是后几个月。如果你接着调查世界杯和职业比赛的欧洲国家青年队的话，那么你会发现这一奇怪的现象甚至更明显。 什么可以解释这一奇怪的现象呢？下面是一些猜测：a）某种占星术征兆使人具备更高的足球技能；b）冬季出生的婴儿往往具有更高的供氧能力，这增加了踢足球的持久力；c）热爱足球的父母更可能在春季（每年足球狂热的鼎盛时期）怀孕；d）以上各项都不是。 58岁的安德斯?埃里克森是佛罗里达州立大学的一名心理学教授，他说，他坚信“以上各项都不是”这一猜测。在瑞典长大的埃里克森，一直研究核工程，直到他认识到，如果他转向心理学领域，他将会有更多机会从事自己的研究。他的首次试验是在大约30年以前进行的，与记忆相关：训练一个人先听一组任意挑选的数字，然后复述这些数字。“在经过大约20小时的训练之后，第一个试验对象（复述）的数字跨度从7个上升到20个，”埃里克森回忆说。“该试验对象不断进步，在接受大约200个小时的训练后，他复述的数字已经达到80多个。” 这一成功，连同后来证明的记忆本身不是遗传决定的研究，使得埃里克森得出结论，即记忆过程是一种认知练习，而不是一种本能练习。换句话说，无论两个人在记忆力能力上可能存在怎样的天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人如何恰当地“解读”所记的信息所掩盖。埃里克森确信，了解如何有目的地解读信息的最佳方法就是一个为人所知的有意练习过程。有意练习需要的不仅仅是简单地重复一个任务。相反，它包括确定明确的目标、获得即时的反馈以及技术与结果的浓缩。 因此，埃里克森和他的同事开始研究包括足球领域在内的广泛领域中专业执行者。他们收集了能够收集的所有资料，不只是表现方面的统计数据和传记详细资料，还包括他们自己对取得很高成就的人员进行的实验室实验结果。他们的研究得出了一个非常令人惊奇的结论——我们通常称为天分的特征被高估了。或者，换句话说，专业执行者――无论是在记忆还是手术方面，在芭蕾还是计算机编程领域――几乎总是培养的，而不是天生的。 21. 文中提到足球运动员中的出生现象是用来__________. A 强调职业训练的重要性 B 聚焦世界杯上的足球巨星 C 引出什么决定了杰出表现这个话题 D 解释为什么一些足球队比其他足球队表现好
2012年1月4日星期三 雌激素是新的“利他林”吗？ ——性激素能让一部分女性思维敏捷，却也让一部分迟钝 大考即将来临？无法集中注意力？尝试一点雌激素吧。 加州大学伯克利分校的神经系统科学家在最近的一项研究中报道称，女性生理周期中的荷尔蒙波动可能会如咖啡因、甲基苯丙胺或最常见的兴奋剂利他林一样影响其大脑。 近年来的研究表明，工作记忆（短期信息处理能力）是依赖于化学物质多巴胺的。事实上，像利他林这样的药物可以模仿多巴胺帮助人们集中注意力。在老鼠身上的研究显示，雌激素似乎可以诱发多巴胺的释放。但是伯克利这次的新研究是首次把认识能力和人的雌激素水平联系起来，这也就解释了为什么有些女性会在她们生理周期的不同时间点有着或好或坏的认识能力。 这只研究团队对24名健康女性进行了检测。通过基因测试，她们中有些天然多巴胺水平高，而有些天然低。不出所料，多巴胺水平低的女性对于处理复杂的工作记忆问题有困难，比如将一串五个数字反着背出来。但当测试在排卵期中进行，雌激素水平最高时（一般是月经期的10~12天后）这些女性的表现显著改善，有大约10%的进步。令人惊讶的是，多巴胺水平天然高的女性处理复杂问题的能力，却在排卵期中雌激素水平最高的时候有很明显的下降。 根据组织此次研究的Ph.D Emily Jacobs说，脑中的多巴胺是“classic Goldilacks scenario”。对于多巴胺水平最低的25%女性来说，在月经期多巴胺水平的增加会增强她们的认识能力，而对于多巴胺水平最高的25%女性来说，月经期多巴胺水平的增加可能会使她们的多巴胺水平超过一个上限，从而减弱她们的认识能力。而剩下的50%女性都处在这两类女性水平之间，不在研究的范围内。 这项研究有着重大的意义。Jacob说，像咖啡因、利他林这种诱发多巴胺释放的药物对于特定时期的女性是无效，甚至是损害性的。而且，她还希望提醒科学家们注意，在研究脑部疾病时，男女大脑虽然天赋相同但是并不完全一样。 Jacob说，这之间有很大区别，只有我们能知道他们在正常状态下的区别，我们才能预测他们在疾病状态下的区别。 毁约——脑扫描揭示誓言什么时候会不被遵守 新郎说“我愿意”而又和别人有一腿的时候，他脑中发生了什么？朋友承诺还钱却一直不还，他的脑中又发生了什么？一项最新研究显示，毁约是一项很复杂的神经生物学事件。而且脑扫描可以在毁约发生前预测出谁将要毁约。 瑞士苏黎世大学的科学家运用核磁共振技术把大脑比喻成了一场投资游戏。投资者必须决定是否承诺与受托者分享利益。如果投资，会使得账户中的资金增加，但如果受托者选择不分享，结果也会是投资者受损失。几乎所有投资者都说会把钱给受托者，但最后并不会所有人都守约。 通过核磁共振的扫描，研究者可以在他们有机会毁约前预测出他们会不会毁约。毁约者脑部的一些区域的活动会更加活跃，包括分管在压抑诚实回应时自我控制的前额皮质层，和标志
新托福TPO19阅读原文(一)：The Roman Army's Impact on Britain TPO19-1：The Roman Army's Impact on Britain In the wake of the Roman Empire's conquest of Britain in the first century A.D., a large number of troops stayed in the new province, and these troops had a considerable impact on Britain with their camps, fortifications, and participation in the local economy. Assessing the impact of the army on the civilian population starts from the realization that the soldiers were always unevenly distributed across the country. Areas rapidly incorporated into the empire were not long affected by the military. Where the army remained stationed, its presence was much more influential. The imposition of a military base involved the requisition of native lands for both the fort and the territory needed to feed and exercise the soldiers' animals. The imposition of military rule also robbed local leaders of opportunities to participate in local government, so social development was stunted and the seeds of disaffection sown. This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebellion and organize government. Economic exchange was clearly very important as the Roman army brought with it very substantial spending power. Locally a fort had two kinds of impact. Its large population needed food and other supplies. Some of these were certainly brought from long distances, but demands were inevitably placed on the local area. Although goods could be requisitioned, they were usually paid for, and this probably stimulated changes in the local economy. When not campaigning, soldiers needed to be occupied; otherwise they represented a potentially dangerous source of friction and disloyalty. Hence a writing tablet dated 25 April tells of 343 men at one fort engaged on tasks like shoemaking, building a bathhouse, operating kilns, digging clay, and working lead. Such activities had a major effect on the local area, in particular with the construction of infrastructure such as roads, which improved access to remote areas. Each soldier received his pay, but in regions without a developed economy there was initially little on which it could be spent. The pool of excess cash rapidly stimulated a thriving economy outside fort gates. Some of the demand for the services
1.A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night(英语阅读理解) A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and close their eyes. Six or seven sleeping hours later, they wake up again. Strange, isn't it? 一个奇怪的事情发生在几乎每个人身上，并且都在晚上。他们关上灯，拉上了窗帘和闭上他们的眼睛。六或七小时的睡眠后，他们再次醒来。奇怪，不是吗？ Sleep is a great puzzle. Scientists and doctors would like to talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure what causes sleep. 睡眠是一个伟大的谜。科学家和医生谈谈为什么不能入睡。他们不知道什么是睡眠的原因。 You will sleep best both when you are in good health and when you don't eat too much or too little. No worries and a comfortable place to sleep are important, too.你会睡得最好当你身体健康时，你不要吃太多或太少。不用担心，一个舒适的睡眠环境是重要的。 Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you often move. You would feel tired ever if you didn't move. You also dream. Part of your brain is still awake when you dream. Dreaming happens when the memory and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. 奇怪的事情发生在睡眠期间。例如，你经常搬家。你会觉得累，如果你没有动。你也做梦。你大脑的一部分仍然是清醒的时候，您也做梦。做梦时发生的记忆和想象的部分你的大脑仍然清醒。 Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were finished while the writers were dreaming. 别担心，如果你有梦想。一些伟大的故事和诗歌的作家会完成梦想。 根据短文内容,判断下列句子正(T)、误( F) 。 1. A strange thing happens to only someone at night.T 2. Scientists and doctors are both sure what causes people's sleep.F 3. When you are in good health, you can sleep very well at night.T 4. The writer means that some dreams are good for people.T 5. If you eat too much or too little before sleep, you won't sleep well.T 2. At the Barber's Shop 在理发店 Jack went to a barber's shop and had his hair cut, but when he came out, he 杰克去一家理发店剪了头发，但是当他出来时，他 was not happy with the result. When his friend Bob saw him, he laughed 是不满意的结果。当他的朋友鲍波看到他时，他笑了 and said, "What has happened to your hair,Jack?" 说，“你的头发怎么了，杰克？” Jack said, "I tried a new barber's shop today, because I wasn't quite satisfied 杰克说，“我今天尝试了新的理发店，因为我不是很满意 with my old one, but this one seems even worse." 旧的，但是这一次似乎更差。” Bob agreed. "Yes, I think you're right, Jack. Now I'll tell you what 他同意了。”是的，我想你是对的，杰克。现在我要告诉你 to do when you go into a barber's shop next time: look at all the barber's hair, 做的时候，你走进一家理发店下时间：看所有理发师的头发， find out whose hair looks worst, and then go straight to him."
《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行 IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织 BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资 二、词语释义： exacerbate: deteriorate 恶化 disrupt: interrupt 中断 in the wake of: following 继┉之后 breakdown: analysis by classification 分类分析 buoyant: brisk 上扬的，增产的 run-down: reduction
新托福TPO26阅读原文(一)：能源与工业革命 TPO26-1：nergy and the Industrial Revolution For years historians have sought to identify crucial elements in the eighteenth-century rise in industry, technology, and economic power known as the Industrial Revolution, and many give prominence to the problem of energy. Until the eighteenth century, people relied on energy derived from plants as well as animal and human muscle to provide power. Increased efficiency in the use of water and wind helped with such tasks as pumping, milling, or sailing. However, by the eighteenth century, Great Britain in particular was experiencing an energy shortage. Wood, the primary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as processed charcoal, was diminishing in supply. Great Britain had large amounts of coal; however, there were not yet efficient means by which to produce mechanical energy or to power machinery. This was to occur with progress in the development of the steam engine. In the late 1700s James Watt designed an efficient and commercially viable steam engine that was soon applied to a variety of industrial uses as it became cheaper to use. The engine helped solve the problem of draining coal mines of groundwater and increased the production of coal needed to power steam engines elsewhere. A rotary engine attached to the steam engine enabled shafts to be turned and machines to be driven, resulting in mills using steam power to spin and weave cotton. Since the steam engine was fired by coal, the large mills did not need to be located by rivers, as had mills that used water- driven machines. The shift to increased mechanization in cotton production is apparent in the import of raw cotton and the sale of cotton goods. Between 1760 and 1850, the amount of raw cotton imported increased 230 times. Production of British cotton goods increased sixtyfold, and cotton cloth became Great Britain’s most important product, accounting for one-half of all exports. The success of the steam engine resulted in increased demands for coal, and the consequent increase in coal production was made possible as the steam-powered pumps drained water from the ever-deeper coal seams found below the water table.
英语阅读理解带翻译10篇：给予Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a process of getting. It was not until in my late thirties that I made this important discovery: giving-away makes life so much more exciting. You need not worry if you lack money. This is how I experimented with giving-away. If an idea for improving the window display of a neighborhood store flashes to me, I step in and make the suggestion to the storekeeper. One discovery I made about giving-away is that it is almost impossible to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in an unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered an important special delivery letter to my home, though it was addressed to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of appreciation. More than a year later I needed a post-office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes left, and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. He had overheard our conversation. “Wasn’t it you that wrote us that letter a year ago about delivering a special delivery to your home?”I said yes. “Well, you certainly are going to have a box in this post office if we have to make one for you. You don’t know what a letter like that means to us. We usually get nothing but complaints.” 像大多数人，我长大看待生命是一个过程获得。直到我在30月底，我作出这一重要发现：给予，距离使我们的生活如此更令人兴奋的。您不必担心如果缺乏资金。这是我尝试让-消失。如果一个主意，可以改善窗口显示一个闪烁附近商店给我，我的步骤，并提出上述建议的仓库保管员。一发现我付出，离开是，它几乎是不可能放弃任何在这个世界上，没有得到回报，尽管返回往往在一个意想不到的形式。一个星期天上午，当地邮局作了重要特别
自考《外刊经贸知识选读》复习资料 Lesson One China in the Market Place 一、术语： manufactured goods 制成品 capital equipment 资本货物 balance of payments 国际收支 current account 经常项目 visible trade account 有形贸易项目 invisible trade account 无形贸易项目 trade surplus 贸易顺差 trade deficit 贸易逆差 barter 易货贸易 compensation trade 补偿贸易 counter-trade 反向贸易 assembly manufacturing 组装生产 industrial and commercial consolidated tax 工商统一税 joint venture 合资企业 deferred payment 延期付款 buyer credit 买方信贷 supplier credit 卖方信贷 soft loan 软贷款（低息贷款） MFN treatment: Most Favored Nation treatment 最惠国待遇 PNTR: Permanent Normal Trading Relations 永久性正常贸易关系 NI: National Income 国民收入 GNP: Gross National Product 国民生产总值 GDP: Gross Domestic Product 国内生产总值 IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴和开发银行IDA: International Development Association 国际开发协会 IFC: International Finance Corporation 国际金融公司 OECD: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作和发展组织BIS: Bank for International Settlement 国际清算银行 EEC: European Economic Community 欧洲经济共同体 EU: European Union 欧洲联盟 FDI: Foreign Direct Investment 外商直接投资