当前位置：文档之家› 中英文翻译版本：雨流计数法

中英文翻译版本：雨流计数法

Designation: E 1049 –85 (Reapproved 2005)

名称：E1049至85年（己重新审核批准2005年）

Standard Practices for

Cycle Counting in Fatigue Analysis1

在疲劳分析中循环计数的标准规程

This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1049; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

该标准发行时命名为E 1049；紧随其后的数字表示最初采用或者修订年份，括号内的数字表示最近一次重新审批的年份。上标表明自上次修订或重新审批后又做了一次编辑修改。

1. Scope 适用范围

1.1 These practices are a compilation of acceptable procedures for cycle-counting methods employed in fatigue analysis. This standard does not intend to recommend a particular method.

本规定针对疲劳分析中循环计数方法只给出了可汇编的程序步骤。本标准不会指定一个特定的方法。

1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

本标准不旨在解决所有的安全问题，如果有的话，也仅限于与其使用有关的。本标准的责任是在满足确定规章限制的前提下，优先使用其建立适当的安全和健康措施。

2. Referenced Documents

2.1 ASTM Standards:2ASTM标准：

E 912 Definitions of Terms Relating to Fatigue Loading

E912中与疲劳载荷有关的条款的定义

3. Terminology 术语

3.1 Definitions: 定义

3.1.1 constant amplitude loading—in fatigue loading, a loading in which all of the peak loads

1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E0-8 on Fatigue and Fracture and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E08.04 on Structural Applications.

疲劳与断裂中的这些规程属于ASTM委员会E0-8管辖范围内，E08.04委员会对结构应用程序负直接责任。Current edition approved June 1, 2005. Published June 2005. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E1049–85(1997).

当前版本在2005年6月1日批准。发布时间：2005年6月。在1985年最初批准。最新上一版本在1997年批准为E1049-85（1997）。

2Withdrawn. 撤回

are equal and all of the valley loads are equal.

恒定幅值加载——在疲劳载荷中，其所有的所有峰值载荷和峰谷载荷是相等的。

3.1.2 cycle—in fatigue loading, under constant amplitude loading, the load variation from the minimum to the maximum and then to the minimum load.

NOTE 1—In spectrum loading, definition of cycle varies with the counting method used.

循环——疲劳载荷中，在恒定幅值加载下，载荷变动从最小值到最大值，然后到最小负载的。

注1：在载荷谱中，该定义是用来对循环变化时计数使用的。

3.1.3 mean crossings—in fatigue loading, the number of times that the load-time history crosses the mean-load level with a positive slope (or a negative slope, or both, as specified) during a given length of the history (see Fig. 1).

平均交叉（横跨参考载荷的交叉）——疲劳载荷中，在给定一段载荷-时间历程，该载荷时间曲线以正的斜率（或者负的斜率，或者指定同时存在）穿过平均载荷水平的次数（请参阅图1）。

3.1.3.1 Discussion—For purposes related to cycle counting, a mean crossing may be defined as a crossing of the reference load level.

讨论——与循环计数目的相关的，一个平均交叉可以定义为一次穿越参考载荷水平。

3.1.4 mean load, P m—in fatigue loading, the algebraic average of the maximum and minimum loads in constant amplitude loading, or of individual cycles in spectrum loading,

P m=(P max+P min )/2 (1) or the integral average of the instantaneous load values or the algebraic average of the peak and valley loads of a spectrum loading history.

平均载荷——疲劳载荷中，在恒定幅值加载时最大和最小载荷的代数平均，或载荷谱中各个循环的代数平均，或瞬时载荷值的积分平均，或者载荷谱历程中的峰值和谷值载荷的代数平均。

3.1.5 peak—in fatigue loading, the point at which the first derivative of the load-time history changes from a positive to a negative sign; the point of maximum load in constant amplitude loading (see Fig. 1).

峰值——在疲劳载荷，载荷时间历程一阶导数从正变为负时的那个点；恒定幅值加载时则为载荷最大的点（参照图1）。

3.1.6 range—in fatigue loading, the algebraic difference between successive valley and peak loads (positive range or increasing load range), or between successive peak and valley loads (negative range or decreasing load range); see Fig. 1.

NOTE 2—In spectrum loading, range may have a different definition, depending on the counting method used; for example, “overall range” is defined by the algebraic difference between the largest peak and the smallest valley of a given load-time history.

范围——在疲劳载荷，连续的山谷和峰值载荷（正的范围或增加的载荷范围），或连续的峰值和谷值载荷（负的范围或减少负载范围）之间的代数差，请参阅图1。

注2：载荷谱中，范围可以有不同的定义，这取决于所使用的计数方法，例如，“整体范围”所定义的是在一个给定的载荷-时间历程中最大峰值和最小峰谷代数差。

3.1.6.1 Discussion—In cycle counting by various methods, it is common to employ ranges between valley and peak loads, or between peak and valley loads, which are not necessarily successive events. In these practices, the definition of the word “range”is broadened so that events of this type are also included.

讨论——在各种方法的循环计数中，一般采用峰谷和峰值载荷之间的范围，或峰值和谷值载荷，这里的峰值和谷值不一定是连续的。在这些用法中，“范围”这个词的定义被扩大，不连续的这种情形也包括在内。

3.1.7 reversal—in fatigue loading, the point at which the first derivative of the load-time history changes sign (see Fig. 1).

NOTE 3—In constant amplitude loading, a cycle is equal to two reversals.

反转——疲劳载荷中，该点的载荷-时间历程一阶导数改变符号（参照图1）。

注3：在常幅载荷中，一个周期等于两次逆转。

3.1.8 spectrum loading—in fatigue loading, a loading in which all of the peak loads are not equal or all of the valley loads are not equal, or both. (Also known as variable amplitude loading or irregular loading.)

载荷谱——在疲劳载荷中，一次加载中所有的峰值载荷是不相等的或所有的峰谷载荷是不相等的，或两者兼有。（也称为变幅载荷或随机载荷）。

3.1.9 valley—in fatigue loading, the point at which the first derivative of the load-time history changes from a negative to a positive sign (also known as trough); the point of minimum load in constant amplitude loading (see Fig. 1).

峰谷——疲劳载荷中，该点的载荷-时间历史一阶导数从负变化为正（也被称为波谷）;恒定幅值载荷中的最小负载点的（参照图1）。

3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: 定义本标准的特殊条款

3.2.1 load—used in these practices to denote force, stress, strain, torque, acceleration, deflection, or other parameters of interest.

载荷——在这些做法表示力，应力，应变，扭矩，加速度，挠度或其它感兴趣的参数。

3.2.2 reference load—for spectrum loading , used in these practices to denote the loading level that represents a steady-state condition upon which load variations are superimposed. The reference load may be identical to the mean load of the history, but this is not required.

3.3 For other definitions of terms used in these practices refer to Definitions E 912.

参考（基准）载荷——对于载荷谱加载，用于表示的加载水平，它表示一个稳定状态并且载荷变化是可以叠加的。参考载荷与历程中的平均载荷可以是相同的，但是这不是必需的。

对于其他的这些规定中使用的术语的定义，请参阅定义E912。

4. Significance and Use 意义和使用

4.1 Cycle counting is used to summarize (often lengthy)irregular load-versus-time histories by providing the number of times cycles of various sizes occur. The definition of a cycle varies with the method of cycle counting. These practices cover the procedures used to obtain cycle counts by various methods, including level-crossing counting, peak counting, simple-range counting, range-pair counting, and rainflow counting. Cycle counts can be made for time histories of force, stress, strain, torque, acceleration, deflection, or other loading parameters of interest.

循环计数用于汇总（通常是冗长的）不规则的负载与时间历程，通过提供循环的各种尺寸发生的数目。随循环计数的方法的变化一个循环有不同的定义。这些规程涉及的程序，用了不同方法来获取循环计数，包括交叉计数，峰值计数，简单的范围计数，范围-对计数以及雨流计数。循环计数随时间历程的参数有力，应力，应变，扭矩，加速度，挠度或其它感兴趣的负载参数。

5. Procedures for Cycle Counting 循环计数的程序

5.1 Level-Crossing Counting : 水平交叉计数：

5.1.1 Results of a level-crossing count are shown in Fig. 2(a). One count is recorded each

time the positive sloped portion of the load exceeds a preset level above the reference load, and each time the negative sloped portion of the load exceeds a preset level below the reference load. Reference load crossings are counted on the positive sloped portion of the loading history. It makes no difference whether positive or negative slope crossings are counted. The distinction is made only to reduce the total number of events by a factor of two.

一个水平交叉的计数结果显示于图2(a)。每一次正斜率部分的载荷超过预先设定的高于参考载荷的水平，以及每一次的负斜率部分的载荷超过预先设定的低于参考载荷的水平，记录一次计数。载荷历程中横穿参考载荷的正斜率部分会被计数。无论是正或负斜率横穿进行计数，这都没有区别。区别仅仅是减少总的事件数为一半。

5.1.2 In practice, restrictions on the level-crossing counts are often specified to eliminate small amplitude variations which can give rise to a large number of counts. This may be accomplished by filtering small load excursions prior to cycle counting. A second method is to make no counts at the reference load and to specify that only one count be made between successive crossings of a secondary lower level associated with each level above the reference load, or a secondary higher level associated with each level below the reference load. Fig.2(b) illustrates this second method. A variation of the second method is to use the same secondary level for all counting levels above the reference load, and another for all levels below the reference load. In this case the levels are generally not evenly spaced.

在这种方法中，水平交叉计数通常用来消除小幅度变化，这可能会引起大量的计数。它可以在循环计数之前通过过滤小载荷振幅来完成。第二种方法是在参考载荷水平没有计数，并指定连续的横穿高于参考载荷的水平且与该水平相关的二次较低水平只能计数一次，或低于于参考载荷的水平且与该水平相关的二次较高水平。图2(b)阐释了第二方法。第二种方法的一个变体是使用相同的二级水平可用于所有参考载荷以上的水平的计数，和另一些所有低于参考载荷的水平计数。在这种情况下，载荷水平一般不会均匀地间隔开。

5.1.3 The most damaging cycle count for fatigue analysis is derived from the level-crossing count by first constructing the largest possible cycle, followed by the second largest, etc.,until all level crossings are used. Reversal points are assumed to occur halfway between levels. This process is illustrated by Fig. 2(c). Note that once this most damaging cycle count is obtained, the cycles could be applied in any desired order, and this order could have a secondary effect on the amount of damage. Other methods of deriving a cycle count from the level-crossings count could be used.

疲劳分析中最具破坏性的循环计数首先来自构造最大循环水平穿越计数，其次是第二大，等等，直到所有的水平交叉被计数。假设逆转点发生在（相邻）水平间的半路。此过程如图2(c)所示。注意，一旦得到这个最具破坏性的循环计数，循环可以以任何所需要的顺序来应用，该顺序可能有一个伤害量的二次效应。也可使用其他方法从水平交叉计数得到另一个循环计数。

5.2 Peak Counting: 波峰计数

5.2.1 Peak counting identifies the occurrence of a relative maximum or minimum load value. Peaks above the reference load level are counted, and valleys below the reference load level are counted, as shown in Fig. 3(a). Results for peaks and valleys are usually reported separately. A variation of this method is to count all peaks and valleys without regard to the reference load.

峰值计数标识产生的相对最大或最小载荷值。计数包括高于参考载荷水平的峰值以及低于参考载荷水平的峰谷，如图3(a)所示。波峰和波谷的结果通常是单独记录的。这种方法的一个变体是计数所有波峰和波谷时不用考虑参考载荷。

5.2.2 To eliminate small amplitude loadings, mean-crossing peak counting is often used. Instead of counting all peaks and valleys, only the largest peak or valley between two successive mean crossings is counted as shown in Fig. 3(b).

为了消除小幅度载荷，平均交叉峰值计数经常被使用。代替计数所有的峰值和峰谷，只在两个连续的平均交叉间的峰值或峰谷才被计数，如图3（b）所示。

5.2.3 The most damaging cycle count for fatigue analysis is derived from the peak count by ?rst constructing the largest possible cycle, using the highest peak and lowest valley,

crossings are counted on the positive sloped portion of the followed by the second largest cycle, etc., until all peak counts are used. This process is illustrated by Fig. 3(c). Note that once this most damaging cycle count is obtained, Alternate methods of deriving a cycle count, such as randomly selecting pairs of peaks and valleys, are sometimes used.

疲劳分析中最具破坏性的循环计数首先来自使用最高峰值和最低峰谷构造最大循环峰值计数，计数斜率为正的交叉，其次是第二大循环，等等，直到所有的峰值计数使用。此过程是如图3(c)所示。注意，一旦这个最具破坏性的循环得以计数，其后循环的计数有时采用随机地选择成对峰值和谷谷。

5.3 Simple-Range Counting: 简单-范围计数

5.3.1 For this method, a range is de?ned as the difference between two successive reversals, the range being positive when a valley is followed by a peak and negative when a peak is followed by a valley. The method is illustrated in Fig. 4. Positive ranges, negative ranges, or both, may be counted with this method. If only positive or only negative ranges are counted, then each is counted as one cycle. If both positive and negative ranges are counted, then each is counted as one-half cycle. Ranges smaller than a chosen value are usually eliminated before counting.

对于这种方法，一个范围被定义为两个连续的逆转，不同之处在于，范围为正则是一个峰谷后着一个峰值，为负则是一个峰值后着一个峰谷。方法如图4中所示。正范围，负范围，或两者，都可以用这种方法计数。如果只对正或负的范围计数，那么每个计数为一个循环。如果正和面的范围都进行计数，那每个当作半个循环进行计数。通常在计数之前小于设定值的范围会被排除。

5.3.2 When the mean value of each range is also counted, the method is called simple range-mean counting. For the example of Fig. 4, the result of a simple range-mean count is given in X1.1 in the form of a range-mean matrix.

当每个范围的平均值也被计数，该方法被称为简单范围-均值计数。对于图4的例子中，在X1.1表中给出的是一个简单范围均值计数以矩阵的形式给出的结果。

5.4 Rainflow Counting and Related Methods: 雨流计数和相关的方法

5.4.1 A number of different terms have been employed in the literature to designate cycle-counting methods which are similar to the rainflow method. These include range-pair counting (1, 2),3the Hayes method (3), the original rainflow method (4-6), range-pair-range counting (7), ordered overall range counting (8), racetrack counting (9), and hysteresis loop counting (10). If the load history begins and ends with its maximum peak, or with its minimum valley, all of these give identical counts. In other cases, the counts are similar, but not generally identical. Three methods in this class are defined here: range-pair counting, rain?ow counting, and a simplified method for repeating histories.

许多文献中已经指定类似雨流方法的循环计数法采用了一些不同的术语。这些方法包

3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to these practices.

黑体括号中的数字是指这些方法依附的参考文献列表

括范围-对计数（1，2），海耶斯方法（3），原来的雨流计数法（4-6），范围-对-范围计数（7），命令整体范围计数（8），赛马场计数（9），和滞回环计数（10）。如果载荷历程以其最大峰值，或者最小峰谷开始和结束，所有这些方法有完全相同的计数。在其他情况下，计数是相似的，但通常不相同。这类计数中三种方法被定义：范围-对计数，雨流计数以及对重复历程简化方法。

5.4.2 The various methods similar to the rain?ow method may be used to obtain cycles and the mean value of each cycle; they are referred to as two-parameter methods. When the mean value is ignored, they are one-parameter methods, as are simple-range counting, peak counting, etc.

各种方法类似雨流方法可以用来获得循环和每个循环的平均值;它们被称为两参数方法。当平均值被忽略时，他们是单参数的方法，例如简单-范围计数，峰值计数等。

5.4.3 Range-Pair Counting—The range-paired method counts a range as a cycle if it can be paired with a subsequent loading in the opposite direction. Rules for this method are as follows: 范围-对计数法——如果一个范围与后续的载荷在相反的方向上可以配对，范围配对方法将该范围计数为一个循环。此方法的规则如下：

5.4.3.1 Let X denote range under consideration; and Y, previous range adjacent to X .

设X表示正在考虑的范围，Y表示与X相邻且在其之前范围。

(1)Read next peak or valley. If out of data, go to Step 5.

读取下一个峰值或谷值。如果没有数据，则转到步骤5。

(2) If there are less than three points, go to Step 1. Form ranges X and Y using the three most recent peaks and valleys that have not been discarded.

如果少于三个点，则转到步骤1。使用最近的三个没有被舍弃峰值和谷值，组成X和Y 范围。

(3) Compare the absolute values of ranges X and Y. 比较X和Y范围的绝对值

(a) If X < Y, go to Step 1. 若X

(b) If X ≥ Y, go to Step 4. 若X≥Y，则转到步骤4。

(4) Count range Y as one cycle and discard the peak and valley of Y; go to Step 2.

计数Y范围为一个循环，舍弃Y的峰值和谷值；转到步骤2。

(5) The remaining cycles, if any, are counted by starting at the end of the sequence and counting backwards. If a single range remains, it may be counted as a half or full cycle.

如果还剩余循环，则从序列末尾开始倒回来计数。如果一个单一的范围仍然存在，它可以被算做半个或一个循环。

5.4.3.2 The load history in Fig. 4 is replotted as Fig. 5(a) and is used to illustrate the process. Details of the cycle counting are as follows:

图4中的载荷历程重绘为图5（a），用来说明这个过程。循环计数的细节如下：

(1)Y = |A-B |; X = |B-C|; and X > Y. Count |A-B | as one cycle and discard points A and B. (See Fig. 5(b). Note that a cycle is formed by pairing range A-B and a portion of range B-C.) Y= | A-B |，X=| B-C |;和X> Y。计数| A-B|作为一个循环并舍弃点A和B（参见图5（b），注意，一个循环由配对范围AB和一部分BC范围来形成。）

(2) Y = |C-D|; X = |D-E |; and X < Y. Y =| C-D |；X =| D-E|；和X

(3) Y = |D-E|; X = |E-F |; and X < Y. Y =| D-E |；X =| E-F |；和X

(4) Y = |E-F|; X = |F-G |; and X > Y. Count |E-F| as one cycle and discard points E and F. (See Fig. 5(c).)

Y =| E-F| ；X =| F-G|；和X> Y。计数| E-F|作为一个周期并丢弃点E和F。（参见图5（c）。）

(5)Y = |C-D|; X = |D-G |; and X > Y. Count |C-D| as one cycle and discard points C and D. (See Fig. 5(d).)

Y =| C-D |；X =| D-G|；和X> Y。计数|C-D|作为一个循环并丢弃点C和D（参见图5（d）。）

(6) Y = |G-H|; X = |H-I |; and X < Y. Go to the end and count backwards.

Y=| G-H | X =| H-I|；和X

(7)Y = |H-I|; X = |G-H |; and X > Y. Count H-I| as one cycle and discard points H and I. (See Fig. 5(e).)

Y =| H-I|；X =| GH|；和X> Y计数|H-I|作为一个循环并舍弃点H和I。（参见图5（e））

(8) End of counting. See the table in Fig. 5 for a summary of the cycles counted in this example, and see Appendix X1.2 for this cycle count in the form of a range-mean matrix.

结束的计数。本例中的循环计数见图5中的表汇总，此循环计数组成的一个范围均值矩阵见附录X1.2。

5.4.4 Rainflow Counting : 雨流计数

5.4.4.1 Rules for this method are as follows: let X denote range under consideration; Y, previous range adjacent to X ; and S, starting point in the history.

方法规则如下：设X表示正在考虑的范围；Y相邻于X且在其以前的范围；和历程的起点S。

(1) Read next peak or valley. If out of data, go to Step 6.

读取下一个峰值或谷值。如果没有数据，请转至步骤6。

(2) If there are less than three points, go to Step 1. Form ranges X and Y using the three most recent peaks and valleys that have not been discarded.

如果少于三个点，则转到步骤1。使用最近的三个没有被舍弃峰值和谷值，组成X和Y 范围。

(3) Compare the absolute values of ranges X and Y. 比较X和Y范围的绝对值

(a) If X < Y , go to Step 1. 若X

(b) If X ≥ Y, go to Step 4. 若X ≥Y，则转到步骤4。

(4) If range Y contains the starting point S, go to Step 5; otherwise, count range Y as one cycle; discard the peak and valley of Y; and go to Step 2.

如果范围Y包含的起始点S，则转到步骤5；否则，计数范围Y为一循环;舍弃Y的峰值和谷值;转到步骤2。

(5) Count range Y as one-half cycle; discard the first point (peak or valley) in range Y; move the starting point to the second point in range Y; and go to Step 2.

计数范围Y为半个周期，舍弃范围Y的第一个（峰值或谷值）点，移动出发点至范围Y中的第二点；转到步骤2。

(6) Count each range that has not been previously counted as one-half cycle.

之前未计数的每个范围均按半个循环计数。

5.4.4.2 The load history of Fig. 4 is replotted as Fig. 6(a) and is used to illustrate the process. Details of the cycle counting are as follows:

图4载荷历程被重绘于图6（a），用来说明该过程。循环计数的详细节如下：

(1) S = A; Y = |A-B|; X = |B-C |; X > Y. Y contains S, that is, point A . Count |A-B | as one-half cycle and discard point A ; S = B. (See Fig. 6(b).)

S= A，Y =| A-B |；X=| B-C | ；X> Y。Y包含S，即A点。| A-B|计数半个循环，舍弃点A，S = B。（参见图6（b））

(2)Y = |B-C|; X = |C-D |; X > Y. Y contains S, that is, point B. Count| B-C| as one-half cycle

and discard point B ; S = C. (See Fig. 6(c).)

Y=| B-C|，X= | C-D |；X> Y 。Y包含S，即B点。计数| B-C |半个循环，并舍弃的点B，S= C。（参见图6（c））

(3) Y = |C-D|; X = |D-E |; X < Y .

(4) Y = |D-E|; X = |E-F |; X < Y .

(5) Y = |E-F|; X = |F-G |; X > Y. Count |E-F| as one cycle and discard points E and F. (See Fig. 6(d). Note that a cycle is formed by pairing range E-F and a portion of range F-G.) Y=| E-F|，X= | F-G |；X> Y。计数| E-F|为一个循环和舍弃点E和F（参见图6（d）。注意：一个循环是由范围EF和范围FG的一部分组成的。）

(6) Y = |C-D|; X = |D-G |; X > Y ; Y contains S, that is, point C. Count |C-D| as one-half cycle and discard point C. S = D. (See Fig. 6(e).)

Y =| C-D|，X= | D-G |；X> Y；Y包含S，即C点。计数| C-D |作为半个循环，并舍弃点C。S = D。（参见图第6（e））

(7) Y = |D-G|; X = |G-H |; X < Y .

(8) Y = |G-H|; X = |H-I |; X < Y . End of data.

(9) Count |D-G| as one-half cycle, |G-H| as one-half cycle, and| H-I| as one-half cycle. (See Fig. 6(f ).)

计数| D-G|半个循环，| G-H作为半个循环，和| H-I |半个循环。（参见图6(f)）

(10)End of counting. See the table in Fig. 6 for a summary of the cycles counted in this example, and see Appendix X1.3 for this cycle count in the form of a range-mean matrix.

计数结束。这个例子中的循环计数见图6中表汇总，此循环计数组成的一个范围均值矩阵见附录见附录X1.3。

5.4.5 Simplifi ed Rain?ow Counting for Repeating Hi stories: 简化雨流计数重复历史

5.4.5.1 It may be desirable to assume that a typical segment of a load history is repeatedly applied. Here, once either the maximum peak or minimum valley is reached for the first time, the range-pair count is identical for each subsequent repetition of the history. The rain?ow count is also identical for each subsequent repetition of the history, and for these subsequent repetitions, the rain?ow count is the same as the range-pair count. Such a repeating history count contains no half cycles, only full cycles, and each cycle can be associated with a closed stress-strain hysteresis loop (4, 10-12). Rules for obtaining such a repeating history cycle count, called "simplified rainflow counting for repeating histories" are as follows:

可以假定一段典型的载荷历程会被反复应用。在这里，一旦首次达到最大峰值或最小值峰谷，每个后续的重复载荷历程的范围-对计数是相同的。对每个后续的重复历程雨流计数也是相同的。对于这些后续重复历程，雨流计数与范围对计数也是相同的。这样一个重复的历程计数不包含半个循环，只含完整循环，并且每个循环可以与一个封闭的应力-应变滞回环相关联（4,10-12）。获得这样的重复历程循环计数，称为“重复历程的简化雨流计数”，规则如下：

5.4.5.2 Let X denote range under consideration; and Y, previous range adjacent to X .

设X表示正在考虑的范围；Y相邻于X且在其之前的范围。

(1) Arrange the history to start with either the maximum peak or the minimum valley. (More complex procedures are available that eliminate this requirement; see (Ref 12).

安排载荷历程从最大峰值或最低谷开始。更复杂的程序可消除这个要求（参考文献12）。

(2) Read the next peak or valley. If out of data, STOP.

读取下一个峰值或谷值。如果没有的数据，则停止。

(3)If there are less than three points, go to Step 2. Form ranges X and Y using the three most recent peaks and valleys that have not been discarded.

如果少于三个点，则转到步骤2。使用最近的三个没有被舍弃的峰值和谷值，组成X和Y范围。

(4) Compare the absolute values of ranges X and Y. 比较X和Y范围的绝对值

(a) If X < Y , go to Step 2. 若X

(b) If X ≥ Y, go to Step 5. 若X ≥Y，则转到步骤5。

(5) Count range Y as one cycle; discard the peak and valley of Y; and go to Step 3.

计数范围Y为一循环;舍弃Y的峰值和谷值;转到步骤3。

5.4.5.3 The loading history of Fig. 4 is plotted as a repeating load history in Fig. 7(a) and is used to illustrate the process. Rearranging the history to start with the maximum peak gives Fig. 7(b), Reversal Points A , B, and C being moved to the end of the history. Details of the cycle counting are as follows:

图4载荷历程被重绘于图7（a），用来说明该过程。重新整理的载荷历程从最大峰值开始，如图7（b）所示，逆转点A，B和C被移动到历程最后。循环计数的详细节如下：

(1) Y = |D-E|; X = |E-F |; X < Y.

(2) Y = |E-F|; X = |F-G |; X > Y . Count | E-F| as one cycle and discard points E and F. (See Fig. 7(c).) Note that a cycle is formed by pairing range E-F and a portion of range F-G.

计数| E-F |作为一个循环，并舍弃点E和F。（参见图第7（c））注意：一个循环是由范围EF和范围FG的一部分组成的。）

(3) Y = |D-G|; X = |G-H |; X < Y .

(4) Y = |G-H|; X = |H-A |; X < Y.

(5) Y = |H-A|; X = |A-B |; X < Y.

(6) Y = |A-B|; X = |B-C |; X > Y . Count |A-B | as one cycle and discard points A and B. (See Fig. 7(d).) 计数| A-B |作为一个循环，并舍弃点A和B。

(7) Y = |G-H|; X = |H-C |; X < Y.

(8) Y = |H-C|; X = |C-D |; X > Y. Count |H-C| as one cycle and discard points H and C. (See Fig. 7(e).) 计数| H-C |作为一个循环，并舍弃点H和C。

(9) Y = |D-G|; X = |G-D |; X = Y. Count| D-G| as one cycle and discard points D and G. (See Fig. 7(f ).) 计数| D-G |作为一个循环，并舍弃点D和G。

(10) End of counting. See the table in Fig. 7 for a summary of the cycles counted in this example, and see Appendix X1.4 for this cycle count in the form of a range-mean matrix.

计数结束。这个例子中的循环计数见图7中表汇总，此循环计数组成的一个范围均值矩阵见附录见附录X1.4。

APPENDIX 附录

(Nonmandatory Information) （非强制性信息）

X1. RANGE-MEAN MATRIXES FOR CYCLE COUNTING EXAMPLESX1。

X1. 循环计数示例的范围均值矩阵。

X1.1 The Tables X1.1-X1.4 which follow correspond to the cycle-counting examples of Figs. 4-7. In each case, the table is a matrix giving the number of cycles counted at the indicated combinations of range and mean. Note that these examples are the ones illustrating (1) simple-range counting, (2) range-pair counting, (3) rainflow counting, and (4) simplified rainflow

counting for repeating histories, which are the methods that can be used as two-parameter methods.

X1.1 表X1.1-X1.4对应与循环计数的示例图4-7。在每一种情况下，该表是合并范围和平均的循环计数矩阵。注意，这些示例表示（1）简单范围计数，（2）范围-对计数，（3）雨流计数，和（4）重复历程的简化雨流计数，这些方法可以当作两个参数法来使用。

（下面是版权修订问题）

ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c38316472.html, (e-mail); or through the ASTM website

常见中英文菜单翻译

汤soup 羹soup 高汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé 清汤thin soup; light soup; clear soup; consommé 浓汤thick soup; pottage/potage 老汤soup stock 肉汤broth 骨头汤bone broth 肉片汤soup with meat slices 黄瓜肉片汤soup with meat and cucumber slices 肉片鱼羹sliced meat with fish paste in broth 丸子汤soup with meat balls; pork balls soup 氽丸子soup with meat balls; pork balls soup 肉圆粉丝汤pork balls soup with bean noodles 白肺汤pork lung soup 牛肉汤beef soup 羊肉汤mutton soup 鸡汤chicken soup; soup with chicken 鸡块汤soup with chicken slices; soup with sliced chicken; sliced chicken soup 鸡丝汤soup with shredded chicken; shredded chicken soup 草菇鸡片汤sliced chicken with mushrooms in soup 鸡茸玉米汤corn soup with minced chicken

鸡茸芦笋汤asparagus soup with mashed chicken 鸡茸黄鱼羹yellow croaker potage with minced chicken 鸡杂汤chicken giblets soup 鸡什汤chicken giblets soup 蔬菜鸡什汤chicken giblets soup with vegetables 鸭汤duck soup 火鸭芥菜汤sliced roasted duck with leaf mustered in soup 芥菜鸭汤duck soup with pickled mustard leaves 鸭掌汤duck web soup 竹笋鸭掌汤du ck’s feet with bamboo shoots in soup 鸭肝汤duck liver soup 冬菇鸭杂汤duck giblets soup with black mushrooms 鸭骨菜汤duck bone soup with vegetables 汤泡肫球gizzard balls in soup 三鲜汤soup with fish, shrimps and pork balls 红鱼汤fish soup with tomato 黄鱼羹yellow croaker chowder 鲫鱼汤soup with gold carp; gold carp soup 鱼翅汤soup with shark’s fins 鲍鱼汤soup with abalone; abalone soup 鲍鱼鸡片汤 abalone soup with sliced chicken 鲍鱼芦笋汤 abalone soup with asparagus 干贝汤dried scallop soup; soup with dried scallops 燕窝汤bird‘s nest soup 燕窝羹bird‘s nest soup 蛇羹snake soup; soup with snake 酸辣汤sour and pepper hot soup 豆腐汤bean－cud soup 蔬菜汤vegetables soup 榨菜汤hot pickled tuber mustard soup 榨菜肉丝汤hot pickled tuber mustard soup with shredded pork 榨菜粉丝汤hot pickled tuber mustard soup with bean noodles 什锦瓜丁汤 assorted meat soup with diced white gourd 鸡蛋羹steamed egg custard 鸡蛋汤eggdrop soup; egg soup 木须汤eggdrop soup; egg soup 蛋花汤eggdrop soup; egg soup 蕃茄鸡蛋汤egg soup with tomatoes 锅巴口蘑汤 mushroom soup with fried rice crust

语音信号处理中英文翻译

附录：中英文翻译 15SpeechSignalProcessing 15.3AnalysisandSynthesisJ esse W. Fussell A fte r an acousti c spee ch s i gnal i s conve rte d to an ele ctri cal si gnal by a mi crophone, i t m ay be desi rable toanalyzetheelectricalsignaltoestimatesometime-varyingparameterswhichprovideinformationaboutamodel of the speech producti on me chanism. S peech a na ly sis i s the process of e stim ati ng such paramete rs. Simil arl y , g ive n some parametri c model of spee ch production and a se que nce of param eters for that m ode l,speechsynthesis istheprocessofcreatinganelectricalsignalwhichapproximatesspeech.Whileanalysisandsynthesistechniques maybedoneeitheronthecontinuoussignaloronasampledversionofthesignal,mostmode rn anal y sis and sy nthesis methods are base d on di gital si gnal processing. Atypicalspeechproductionmodelisshownin Fig.15.6.Inthismodeltheoutputoftheexcitationfunctionisscaledbythegainparam eterandthenfilteredtoproducespeech.Allofthesefunctionsaretime-varying. F IGUR E 15 .6 A ge ne ra l spee ch productionmodel.

雨流计数法matlab程度源代码

% RAINFLOW cycle counting. % RAINFLOW counting function allows you to extract % cycle from random loading. % % SYNTAX % rf = RAINFLOW(ext) % rf = RAINFLOW(ext, dt) % rf = RAINFLOW(ext, extt) % % OUTPUT % rf - rainflow cycles: matrix 3xn or 5xn dependend on input, % rf(1,:) Cycles amplitude, % rf(2,:) Cycles mean value, % rf(3,:) Number of cycles (0.5 or 1.0), % rf(4,:) Begining time (when input includes dt or extt data), % rf(5,:) Cycle period (when input includes dt or extt data), % % INPUT % ext - signal points, vector nx1, ONLY TURNING POINTS!, % dt - sampling time, positive number, when the turning points % spaced equally, % extt - signal time, vector nx1, exact time of occurrence of turning points. % % % See also SIG2EXT, RFHIST, RFMATRIX, RFPDF3D. % RAINFLOW % Copyright (c) 1999-2002 by Adam Nieslony, % MEX function. function rfdemo1(ext) % function rfdemo1(ext) % % RFDEMO1 shows cycles extracted from signal % using rainflow algoritm. % % INPUT: ext - option, number or vectors with turning % points or time history. Default ext=16. %

雨流计数法及其在程序中的具体实现

雨流计数法及其在程序中的具体实现董乐义,罗俊,程礼 (西安空军工程大学工程学院,陕西西安710038) 摘　要:根据雨流计数法的规则和在实际中应用的体会,介绍了雨流计数法在程序中实现的具体方法。它适合用各种语言编写,在计取循环数时采用的“四点法”使程序的实现比用其他方法更加准确可靠,简单明了。关键词:计数法;程序;循环中图分类号:T P 311.1;T P 301.6 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1002-6061(2004)03-0038-03 Rain Flow Count Method and Its Realization in Programming DONG L e-y i,L U O Jun,CHENG L i (Airfor ce and E ngine Department of En gineering College of Airforce Engineer ing U nivers ity,Xi'an 710038,Ch ina) Abstract :Acco rding to t he rules o f the rain -flo w co unt met ho d and the exper iences in pract ice ,this art icle int roduces t he met hod t o realize t he rain-f low count in t he prog ramm ing.It can be compiled in various com put er lang uag es.And the “F our -point s m et hod ”used in co unt ing t he loo p number can make t he realizat ion of prog ram mor e reliable ,simple and clear t han o ther methods . Key words :count met ho d ;pro gram ;loo p 收稿日期:2003-10-28 作者简介:董乐义(1974-),在读研究生,专业方向为航空发动机可靠性与使用寿命研究。 1　雨流计数法简介雨流计数法又可称为“塔顶法”,是由英国的M at-suiski 和Endo 两位工程师提出的,距今已有50多年。雨流计数法主要用于工程界,特别在疲劳寿命计算中运用非常广泛。由来请参看图1,把应变-时间历程数据记录转过90°,时间坐标轴竖直向下,数据记录犹如一系列屋面,雨水顺着屋面往下流,故称为雨流计数法。在50年前人们主要以手工计算为主,但手工计算只能处理一些相对比较简单(指数据量不大)的数据,对于数据较多的问题手工处理起来就不太容易了。随着电子计算机的不断发展,运算速度的不断加快使这些烦琐的计算大大简化。这种方法的突出特点是根据所研究对象的应变-时间之间的非线性关系来进行计数,亦即把样本记录用雨流计数法定出一系列循环。雨流计数法有下列规则: 1)雨流在试验记录的起点和依此在每一个峰值的内边开始,亦即从1,2,3,…等尖点开始。图1　雨流计数法 2)雨流在流到峰值处(即屋檐)竖直下滴,一直流到对面有一个比开始时最大值(或最小值)更正的最大值(或更负的最小值)为止。 3)当雨流遇到来自上面屋顶流下的雨时,就停止流动,并构成了一个循环。 4)根据雨滴流动的起点和终点,画出各个循环,将所有循环逐一取出来,并记录其峰谷值。 5)每一雨流的水平长度可以作为该循环的幅值。 ?38?计算机技术与应用2004年第24卷第3期

测回法中英文翻译大全

先将经纬仪安置好,进行对中,整平,并在 A , B 两点树立标杆或测钎作为照准标志, 然后即可进行测角一测回的操作程序如下. : ( 1) 盘左位置,照准左边目标 A ,对水平度盘置数,略大于 °,将读数 to 左记入手簿; ( 2) 顺时针方向旋转照准部,照准右边目标 B ,读取水平度盘读数 b

由此算得上半测回的角值: β 左= b 左 - to 左 ( 3) 盘右位置,先照准右边目标 B ,读取水平度盘读数 b 右,记入手簿; ( 4) 逆时针方向转动照准部,照准左边目标A ,读取水平度盘读数 to

由此算得下半测回的角值: β 右= b 右 - to 右. 对于 DJ6 经纬仪,上,下两个半测回所测的水平角之差不应超过±36 " . 如需要观测多个测回,则各测回起始方向的置数应按180 ° / n 递增.但应注意,不论观测多少个测回,第一测回的置数均应当为

°.各测回观测角值互差不应超过± 24 " .Theodolite placed first good conduct alignment, leveling and A , B Establish a benchmark measure two or brazing as sighting marks, You can then carry out a test back angle measurement procedure is as follows : ( 1 ) Face position , sighting the left goal A , Set the number on the horizontal circle , slightly larger than the °, the reading to Left credited Hand-book ; ( 2 ) Alidade clockwise , the right of the target sighting

雨流计数法在风力发电机组疲劳寿命计算中的应用

雨流计数法在风力发电机组疲劳寿命计算中的应用摘要：本文围绕疲劳寿命计算和雨流计数法展开，详细介绍了对雨流计数原理的理解步骤，对疲劳寿命计算流程做了一个整体的概括，本文旨在讲述雨流计数法统计全循环的步骤。风电材料设备关键词：雨流计数法风力发电机组疲劳寿命中国 1 引文众所周知，风力发电在我国取得了长足的发展和进步。但是，目前我国还没有完善的技术标准和认证体系。风电产品的质量是风电设备制造企业的生命线，而建立标准和开展产品检测认证则是保障风电设备质量的有效手段。因此，我国急需健全、完善和提高风电技术标准和检测认证体系，为风电设备的质量提供保障和监督。由此可见，建立我国自主的风电机组评价体系和产品的认证机构就显得尤为重要。建立这些除了需要必要的财力物力之外，还必须要有大批量的掌握结构设计、载荷评估、寿命计算、热力学、振动学等知识的技术人员。 2 疲劳寿命计算结构设计计算或者评估一般要进行极限强度计算、疲劳寿命计算、振动分析、热平衡计算等。本文主要围绕疲劳寿命计算叙述，根据所进行的分析以及所必须的已知条件，可以把疲劳寿命计算的步骤归纳为以下流程图[1]。疲劳寿命计算根据载荷谱不同可分为三种情况：恒幅载荷作用下的疲劳寿命计算可以直接利用S-N曲线；变幅载荷下的疲劳寿命计算可以运用MINER理论进行等效计算；随机载荷是个比较复杂的情况，首先要将其转化为恒幅或者变幅载荷谱，然后再进行计算。疲劳寿命计算的一般方法是： ①首先获取相关零件的材料性能、几何形状、加工工艺、装配过程和加载历程等信息，应用有限元结构分析技术（静强度分析）来判断可能发生破坏的位置（即危险点）；然后利用软件后处理来确定在施载荷条件下的局部应力——应变响应； ②获取工作载荷谱：对于复杂的加载历程（主要指随机载荷历程），可用循环计数法对载荷进行分析、处理，得出统计规律。 ③最后结合零件或材料寿命曲线以及载荷谱进行疲劳寿命分析，以获得疲劳寿命的预计值。对照分析

温度监测中英文翻译

土壤温度测量的设计 1.简介温度是土壤的一个十分重要的环境因素，它直接影响微生物的活跃性及有机物的分解，影响植物的根吸收水分与矿物质，同时它在植物生长率及根的范围上发挥着重要作用。据统计，植物的根一般在地下50厘米范围内，因此测量这一范围内不同深度的土壤温度变得十分有意义。目前，土壤温度测量仪器可分为三类。第一种，是利用热敏电阻与土壤温度之间的关系测量实际温度。在使用这类仪器前，系统参数需要校正，同时当解决系统遇到的问题时，十分不便。第二种是非接触式的土壤测温仪器，它通过红外线测量温度，这种设备价格昂贵。第三种，通过数字温度计测量温度。目前，这类仪器不仅可测量一点的土壤温度，还可将数据进行存储与传输。总之，上述设备因为价格过于昂贵或功能过于简单，而得不到广泛应用。因此，一种价格更廉价，更能更强大的仪器需要去开发设计。 2.设计与原理本设计运用高品质单片机C8051F310作为核心控制器，它主要包括以下功能模块，如数据采集模块、显示与存储模块、时钟模块、串行通信模块、键控控制块及电源模块。如图1所示系统组成及如何工作。图 1 系统框图该系统可在不同深度测量10点的土壤温度，在采集数据的同时，并将温度及时间电源管理传感器 1 ··· ··· 传感器 10 MCU C8051 F310 键盘及LCD 显示存储记忆模块时钟模块 RS232串行接口计算机

数据予以显示之后，系统通过串行通信接口将数据传送到计算机。用户可以通过按键设置系统参数及运行系统。经过试验，这种效率高成本低的便携式的仪器能平稳工作且运行良好。 2.1硬件设计在硬件设计中，系统可利用的部分包括C8051F310单片机、DS18B20数字温度传感器、ISL6292可编程锂电池充电管理芯片、NCP500电压管理芯片以及DS1302时钟芯片，它们通过相应的外围电路连接在一起，同时这几部分是系统的核心结构。下面就介绍这些核心部分及其外围电路。 2.1.1高质量C8051F310单片机 C8051F310是一款兼容8051指令集的完全集成的混合信号ISP型MCU芯片。C8051F310主要由CIP-51内核、外围模拟电路、数字I/O口及电源模块组成。其中，CIP-51内核采用一种管线式结构，因此它大大增加其指令吞吐量，其最大时钟频率为25MHz，峰值为25MIPS。为我们所熟知的是它的CIP-51内核支持包括8052标准的所有外围设备。其数字数据交叉开关允许将内部数字系统资源的影像传送到I/O端口，并且C8051F310单片机总共有29个I/O端口。 2.1.2 DS18B20数字温度传感器 DS18B20数字温度传感器可测量温度范围为-55°C～+125°C。DS18B20共有3个引脚，分别为数据I/O口DQ、电源引脚VCC以及接地引脚GND。如图2所示，DS18B20的工作电路。因为每一个DS18B20都具有一个唯一的芯片序列号，所以多个DS18B20可以连接在同一条数据总线上。这就使得不同的温度传感器放置在不同位置,同时为系统的硬件设计提供方便。图2 DS18B20工作电路本系统利用10个DS18B20数字温度传感器，去测量位于地下50厘米内的10个不

(完整版)出入境常用中英文对照

机场及出入境常用中英文对照各种指示牌，常用名称，名词对照。（按照字母排列） A accompanying number 同行人数airport 机场airport fee 机场费arrivals 进港、到达arrival lobby 入境大厅 B baggage claim 行李领取belt 带子，传送带boarding 登机boarding pass (card) 登机牌 C check-in 登机手续办理China 中国Chinese 中国人，中文customer 顾客customs 海关customs declaration 海关申报 D date 日期date of Birth 生日delayed 延误departure(s) 出港、离开西 departure lounge 候机室departure time 起飞时间domestic airport 国内机场domestic departure 国内航班出站 E east 东Emergency Exit 紧急出口employee only 只限工作人员进入Exit 出口 F family name 姓female 女性first name 名flight No. 航班号flight number 航班号G gate 登机口gent's/gentlemen's 男厕所given name 名goods to declare 报关物品I immigration 入境in 入口international 国际international airport 国际机场international departure 国际航班出港international passengers 国际航班旅客 L lady's 女厕所lavatories 厕所level 1 1楼L1 1楼lift 电梯 luggage claim 行李领取处luggage tag 行李标签 M male 男性men's 男厕所money exchange 货币兑换处month 月 N no entry 请勿进入no smoking 不准吸烟 north 北nothing to declare 不需报关number 数字，号码 O occupation 职业occupied 使用中office 办公室out 出口，外面 P passport control immigration护照检查处passport No. 护照号码 police 警察public phone 共用电话 Q queue here在此排队 R rest room 厕所 S scheduled time 预计时间seat No. 座号service 服务人员sex 性别 smoking room 吸烟室signature 签名south 南

雨流计数法

3Rainflow Cycle Counting J Problem Description 62 J Set Up the Fatigue Analysis 63 J Run the Fatigue Analysis 69 J Review the Results 72 J Concluding Remarks 78

MSC Fatigue 2005 QuickStart Guide 62 Problem Description Problem Description This example is an extension of the previous example where the simple constant amplitude loading is replaced with a more complex randomly varying time signal. Invoke Pre&Post or MSC Patran by typing the following symbols at the system prompt or from a DOS window: fXX or fatX or fatigue where XX is the version number p3or patran If you have not already, open the same database that you created in the previous example working in the same directory from the File | Open menu. The name of the database should be keyhole. Objective ?To predict the life of the keyhole subject to a varying load signal. ?To understand how to normalize the FE stresses. ?To introduce the concept to rainflow cycle counting. ?To introduce the concept of damage summation. ?To investigate the effect of mean stress. ?To investigate the probabilistic nature of fatigue. Note:The geometry and materials information are identical to that of the previous exercise.

中英文翻译中文译文

BPMN2.0标准业务流程建模简介 Thomas Allweyer著2.1最初的BPMN模型一个简单的BPMN流程模型被认为是一个起点。在图1中所示的模型工作可以被大多数先前已经涉及任何种类的过程建模的人所直接理解。建模的方式类似于公知的流程图和活动图。图1 一个简单的BPMN模型营业部和人力资源部门参与的过程为“发布职位”。当需要雇员的过程开始。该营业部报告该职位空缺。然后，人力资源部写一份招聘启事。该营业部的评论此招聘启事。在这一点上，有两种可能性：要么招聘启事是好的，否则是不行的。如果不行的，它是由人力资源部返工。这是一次，其次是营业部审查招聘启事。同样，其结果可能是好还是不好吧。因此，它可能在招聘启事发生时需要检讨多次。如果它是好的，它是由人力资源管理部门公布的，在这个过程结束时。在现实中，用于创建和发布招聘启事可以更加复杂和广泛。所提出的例子是（像在这本书中所有例子）为了具有小的和容易理解的模型的简化，可用于说明不同的BPMN元素。 2.2 BPMN构建的使用下面，将模型图1中的每个元件更加紧密地说明。整个过程被包含在一个池。这是一个完整的过程的一般种类的容器。在上面的例子中，池标有包含进程的名称。每一道工序都坐落在池内。如果该集合对于过程来说是不重要的，它不要求将其拉在图中。在不显示一个池的过程中，整个过程都包含在一个无形的，隐含的池。池是特别有趣的当数个池用来模拟一个协作使用，即几个合作伙伴的过程的相互作用。每个合作伙伴的过

程在一个单独的游泳池显示。这将在第5章描述。从图1中的池分隔成两个道。道可用于各种用途，例如用于分配组织单位，如在这个例子中，或用于技术系统内代表不同的组件。在这个例子中，道显示的过程的活动由营业部和人力资源部门进行。被池和道也被称为“泳道”。他们像游泳池划分成的道。比赛的每一个参与者只游在自己道。过程本身开始的第一个活动为“要求员工”。流程通常有这样一个启动事件。其标志是一个简单的圆形。在大多数情况下是有意义的只使用一个起始事件，而不是几个的。一个圆角矩形代表活动。在一个活动得到的东西做的。这是由活动的名称表示，比如“报告工作机会”或“审查职位发布”。连接箭头用于模拟的顺序流。它们表示，其中不同的事件，活动，和其它元件的遍历顺序。通常，这被称为控制流，但在BPMN有第二类型的流，该消息流，从而影响一个过程的控制，以及，因此，某种控制流，太。出于这个原因，术语“序列流”被使用。用于从其它种类的流区分开来，这是很重要的绘制顺序用实线和填充箭头流动。这个过程“发布职位”包含了拆分：活动“审查招聘启事”后面的网关。一个空白的菱形代表了一个独特的网关。这意味着，从几个外向顺序流向，只有一个必须选择。在招聘启事进程正确网关到达每一次，一个决定必须。无论顺序流向右后跟，导致活动“发布作业发布”，或一到左侧被选择，触发活动“返修作业发布”。因此不可能同时遵循两条路径。这样的决定的逻辑也被称为“异或”，缩写为“异或”。在输出路径的条件决定选择哪条路径。如果建模工具的使用量和处理已被执行或由软件程序进行模拟，则通常可以正式定义确切条件。这种正式的描述，其可以表示在一种编程语言，可以存储在该序列流动的特殊属性。如果，在另一方面，模型的目的是要说明一个过程到其它人，那么最好是写非正式的，但可以理解的，语句直接进入图，旁边的顺序流。的意思是“好”与“不行”后，被称为“审查职位发布”活动是明确到人- 一个程序无法使用它。网关还用于合并替代路径。在示例过程中，对活动“评论作业发布”左侧网关合并两个输入序列流动。再次，这是一个唯一网关。该公司预计，无论是活动“写入招聘发布”或“返修职位发布”进行网关到达之前- 在同一时间，但不能同时使用。它应为使用网关或者用于分离或用于接合被照顾，但不能用于二者的组合。在示例过程中

随机载荷模拟及雨流计数方法在matlab中的实现

近日来的工作一、仿真随机过程 sw=2; A=sqrt(2*sw*detaw) （1）中心频率为10pi，detaw=0.01，带宽为2pi的低频窄带随机过程for n=9:0.01:11; xn=A*sin(n*pi*t+rand(1,1)*2*pi); x=x+xn; end （2）中心频率为100pi，detaw=0.01，带宽为2pi的高频窄带随机过程for n=99:0.01:101; yn=A*sin(n*pi*t+rand(1,1)*2*pi); y=y+yn; end （3）低频与高频组合成的宽带随机过程

二、用雨流计数法截取循环（1）得到随机过程x的极点值（储存在矩阵S中）。 n=length(x); s=x(1); for i=2:n-1; if (x(i)>x(i-1))&&(x(i)>x(i+1))||((x(i)

中英文文献翻译对照

Electronic power steering system What it is: Electrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings. How it works: Conventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver. In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets). Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate. Working In Detail: A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing. The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor" that converts steering torque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same housing converts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process. Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control

干扰检测中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文对照外文翻译利用粗糙集分类的干扰检测简介

干扰检测是用于分类正常与异常的活动，在机器学习方面可以发挥重要的作用。最近，基于机器学习的干扰检测方法（Allen等，2000）受到了广泛的研究，因为他们可以检测出的误用和异常。学习的干扰检测方法包括两个关键步骤：功能前牵引和检测模型生成。Wenke（1999）利用改进的Apriori算法在干扰检测特征提取的研究，获得网络连接级别的功能。此方法是非常有效的。后来，SRINIVAS和Sung（2002）提出了利用支持向量机（SVM）排列这些提取出的特征，但这种方法需要多次迭代，是非常耗时的。在检测模型生成的研究，这是可取的，检测模型可以被解释的，并具有高的检出率，但现有方法无法实现这两个目标。例如，神经网络（James，1998年）可以达到较高的检测率，但生成的检测规则是不能解释的；决策树（Wenke，1999年）可能会产生解释的规则，但检出率较低。在本文中，我们目前使用干扰检测系统（IDS）功能的排名和干扰检测规则生成的粗糙集分类（RSC）（帕夫拉克，1982）。干扰检测RSC可以得到解释的检测规则和高检出率的一些攻击和IDS是简单而快速的使用RSC功能的排名。 RSC是粗糙集理论（王陶，2003）的重要内容之一。粗糙集学习理论的主要贡献是约简的概念。具有相同属性的对象分类能力的一整套属性约简是一个很小的子集。在本文中，我们提出了一个快速混合遗传算法的粗糙集的约简计算。事实上，简粗糙集计算的对应功能的IDS在RSC 排名。与经典的基于支持向量机的功能排名的方法（SRINIVAS，SUNG，2002年）相比，此功能的排序方法是简单和快速。

雨流计数法

疲劳分析中的雨流计数法

这种方法的突出特点是根据所研究材料的应力-应变之间的非线性关系来进行计数，亦即把样本记录用雨流法定出一系列闭合的应力-应变滞后环。参看图1，把应变-时间历程样本记录转过90°，时间坐标轴竖直向下，样本记录犹如一系列屋面，雨水顺着屋面往下流，故称为雨流法。雨流法有下列规则：（ⅰ）雨流在试验记录的起点和依此在每一个峰值的内边开始，亦即从1，2，3…等尖点开始。（ⅱ）雨流在流到峰值处（即屋檐）竖直下滴，一直流到对面有一个比开始时最大值（或最小值）更正的最大值（或更负的最小值）为止。（ⅲ）当雨流遇到来自上面屋顶流下的雨时，就停止流动。（ⅳ）如果初始应变为拉应变，顺序的始点是拉应变最小值的点。（ⅴ）每一雨流的水平长度是作为该应变幅值的半循环计数的. 在图1中，雨流法从1点开始，该点认为是最小值。雨流流至2点，竖直下滴到3与4点幅值间的2ˊ点，然后流到4点，最后停于比1点更负的峰值5的对应处。得出一个从1到4的半循环。下一个雨流从峰值2点开始，流经3点，停于4点的对面，因为4点是比开始的2点具有更正的最大值，得出一个半循环2-3。第三个流动从3点开始，因为遇到由2点滴下的雨流，所以终止于2ˊ点，得出半循环3-2ˊ。这样，3-2和2-3就形成了一个闭合的应力-应变回路环，它们配成一个完全的循环2′-3-2。下一个雨流从峰值4开始，流经5点，竖直下滴到6和7之间的5ˊ点，继续往下流，再从7点竖直下滴到峰值10的对面，因为10点比4点具有更正的最大值。得出半循环4-5-7。第五个流动从5点开始，流到6点，竖直下滴，终止于7点的对面，因为7点比5点具有更负的极小值。取出半循环5-6。第六个流动从6点开始，因为遇到由5点滴下的雨滴，所以流到5ˊ点终止。半循环6-5与5-6配成一个完全循环5ˊ-6-5，取出5ˊ-6-5。第七个流动从7点开始，经过8点，下落到9-10线上的8ˊ点，然后到最后的峰值10，取出半循环7-8-10。第八个流动从8点开始，流至9点下降到10点的对面终止，因为10点比8点具有更正的最大值。取出半循环8-9。最后一个流动从9点开始，因为遇到由8点下滴的雨流，所以终止于8ˊ点。取出半循环9-8ˊ。把两个半循环8-9和9-8ˊ配对，组成一个完全的循环8-9-8ˊ。这样，图1所示的应变一时间记录包括三个完全循环8-9-8ˊ,2-3-2ˊ，5-6-5ˊ和三个半循环1-2-4，4-5-7，7-8-10。图3-18表明，雨流法得到的应变是与材料应力-应变特性相一致的。从图1中看出，有三个完全的循环，与此对应，在图2中有三个阴影线所示的闭合回路。图2 对应图1应变记录的应力应变响应雨流法的要点是载荷-时间历程的每一部分都参与计数，且只计数一次，一个大的幅值所引起的损伤不受截断它的小循环的影响，截出的小循环迭加到较大的循环和半循环上去。因此可以据累计损伤理论，将等幅实验得到的S-N曲线和雨流法的处理结果输入电子计算机，进行构件的疲劳寿命估算便能得出较满意的结果。

文档之家

中英文翻译版本：雨流计数法

常见中英文菜单翻译

语音信号处理中英文翻译

雨流计数法matlab程度源代码

雨流计数法及其在程序中的具体实现

测回法中英文翻译大全

雨流计数法在风力发电机组疲劳寿命计算中的应用

温度监测中英文翻译

(完整版)出入境常用中英文对照

雨流计数法

中英文翻译中文译文

随机载荷模拟及雨流计数方法在matlab中的实现

中英文文献翻译对照

干扰检测中英文对照外文翻译文献

雨流计数法

最新试验术语中英文对照翻译