Self-help in Housing and Chengzhongcun in China's Urbanization

1 Abstract Nowadays towns and cities have grown rapidly as people have moved from the countryside. It is called urbanization. Because of the arrival of large numbers of migrants from the countryside, the urban areas have strain on planning and administration to cope with the extra population. The problems are the lack of space and the increasing volume transportation. The lacking of space such as: shortages of good quality housing, overcrowding and the creation of slums. Many big cities have become surrounded by a series of shanty towns which are usually built illegally but on public open space or even on farmer’s land. To build high-density housing or low-rise four-storey blocks is a good way to reduce the problems of housing shortage. The city transport system is usually under strain. The centre of city would even lack for parking place: and the daily heavy traffic jams cause many accidents and severe pollution. The effective ways to improve this situation are to encourage people to use public transport and to implement traffic controls such as making restrictions on car use. Anyway, urbanization is a tendency which can increase a country’s economy on a grand scale. We may successfully sort out a solution by controlling the speed of urbanization and making the most of its advantages to deal with the problems in the end. 2

中国现代化道路英文参考文献China's Path to Modernization: A Bibliography1. Deng Xiaoping's Thought on Modernization and China's ReformsDeng, X. (1984). On Building a Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Beijing: People's Publishing House.This book outlines Deng Xiaoping's ideology on modernizing China through economic reforms. It emphasizes the importance of opening up to foreign investment, developing a market-oriented economy, and modernizing agriculture and industry.2. Economic Reforms in ChinaLam, T. & Woo, W. (Eds.). (2000). China's Link to the World Market: Modernization and Globalization. New York: NATO ASI Series, Springer.This collection of essays explores China's economic reforms and their role in modernizing the country. It discusses topics such as privatization, foreign trade, and the integration of China into the global market.3. Urbanization and Modernization in ChinaWu, F., & Proulx, L. (Eds.). (2015). China's Emerging Cities: The Making of New Urbanism. New York: Routledge.This book examines the rapid urbanization in China and its relation to the country's modernization. It discusses how urbanization has transformed Chinese cities, including their urban planning, housing, and infrastructure development.4. Educational Reforms and Modernization in ChinaBray, M., Adamson, B., & Mason, M. (Eds.). (2007). Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong.This book includes a chapter on educational reforms in China and their role in modernization. It analyzes the reforms in primary, secondary, and higher education, as well as the challenges and achievements in promoting education for all.5. Technological Innovation in China's ModernizationHuang, C., Wu, Y., & Luo, Y. (2017). Technology and Innovation in China: Proceedings of the China-Korea Joint Conference on Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Technologies. Singapore: Springer.This conference proceedings book showcases China's technological advancements and innovation strategies. It covers various industries, including manufacturing, energy, information technology, and biotechnology, and their contribution to China's modernization.6. Environmental Challenges in China's ModernizationEconomy, E. (2004). The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.This book addresses the environmental consequences of China's rapid industrialization and urbanization. It explores issues such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and climate change, and discusses the need for sustainable development in China.7. Social Transformations in China's ModernizationDavis, D. S. (2017). Reshaping of the Chinese Social Structure. Singapore: World Scientific.This book examines the social changes that have occurred in China during its modernization process. It discusses topics such as urban-rural disparities, social inequality, family structure, and demographic shifts, providing insights into the evolving Chinese society.8. Political Reform and China's ModernizationLiu, Q., & Jia, W. (Eds.). (2019). Political Reform for a Rising China: Challenges and Prospects. New York: Routledge.This edited volume explores the political reforms needed for China's modernization. It discusses issues such as governance, rule of law, democratization, and the role of the Communist Party in China's political system.9. Cultural Revitalization in China's ModernizationChen, F. (Ed.). (2019). Narratives of the New Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Gender Perspective. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.This book explores the revival of traditional culture in contemporary China and its significance for the country's modernization. It highlights the role of cultural heritage, arts, literature, and gender in shaping China's modern identity.10. China's Belt and Road Initiative: A Global Engagement Strategy for ModernizationKuhn, R. L. (2019). The United States and China's Belt and Road Initiative. New York: Routledge.This book analyzes China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a strategy to enhance its global engagement and contribute to its modernization efforts. It discusses the geopolitical implications of BRI and its economic, political, and cultural impacts.These references provide a comprehensive overview of different aspects of China's path to modernization. They cover economic reforms, urbanization, education, technology, environment, society, politics, culture, and global engagement. Together, they contribute to understanding China's multifaceted journey toward becoming a modern and prosperous nation.。

China's Urbanization: A Journey ofModernization and DevelopmentUrbanization in China has been a remarkable phenomenon, transforming the landscape and way of life in vast regions of the country. It is not just a process of physical expansion but also a profound social and economic transformation, reflecting the country's journey towards modernization and development.The pace of urbanization in China has been unprecedented. Over the past few decades, millions of people have migrated from rural areas to cities, seeking better employment opportunities and a higher quality of life. This migration has led to the emergence of megacities and urban clusters, which have become the engines of economic growth and innovation.One of the most visible aspects of China's urbanization is the construction of skyscrapers, highways, and other infrastructure. These developments not only enhance the physical appearance of cities but also improve the efficiency of transportation and communication. They contribute to the overall economic vitality of the countryby attracting investments, creating jobs, and promoting trade.However, the rapid urbanization in China has also posed some challenges. One of the most significant is the issue of urban-rural disparities. While cities have witnessed significant economic growth and development, rural areas have often lagged behind, leading to inequality and social tension.To address these challenges, the Chinese government has implemented various policies and programs. These include investing in rural infrastructure, promoting agricultural modernization, and providing social welfare and education to rural residents. These efforts aim to bridge the gap between urban and rural areas and ensure that the benefits of urbanization are shared by all.Another important aspect of China's urbanization is the focus on sustainable development. The country has recognized the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social well-being. This has led to the promotion of green building practices, thedevelopment of renewable energy sources, and the implementation of policies to reduce pollution and waste. In conclusion, China's urbanization is a complex and multifaceted process that has transformed the country in numerous ways. It has brought about economic growth, social progress, and improvements in infrastructure and living standards. However, it has also posed challenges that need to be addressed through targeted policies and programs. As China continues on its journey of urbanization, it is essential to strike a balance between economic development and social and environmental sustainability.**中国城镇化：现代化与发展的征程**中国的城镇化进程是一个引人注目的现象，它改变了国家广大地区的面貌和生活方式。

Urbanization,the process of migration from rural to urban areas,is a phenomenon that has been accelerating globally,particularly in developing countries.This essay will explore the causes,effects,and potential solutions associated with urbanization.Causes of Urbanization:1.Economic Opportunities:The primary reason for urbanization is the search for better economic opportunities.Cities offer a wider range of jobs and higher wages compared to rural areas.2.Industrialization:The growth of industries in urban centers attracts people for employment,leading to a surge in urban populations.cation and Services:Better access to education,healthcare,and other services is another factor that draws people to cities.4.Technological Advancements:Improvements in transportation and communication technologies facilitate easier movement to urban areas.Effects of Urbanization:1.Population Growth:Urban areas experience rapid population growth,which can strain existing infrastructure and services.2.Housing Shortages:The influx of people often leads to a shortage of affordable housing,resulting in overcrowding and slums.3.Environmental Impact:Increased urbanization can lead to pollution,loss of green spaces,and other environmental issues.4.Social Issues:Rapid urbanization can exacerbate social inequalities and lead to issues such as crime and social unrest.Potential Solutions to Urbanization Challenges:1.Sustainable Urban Planning:Implementing sustainable urban planning practices can help manage the growth of cities and ensure that infrastructure keeps pace with population increases.2.Affordable Housing Initiatives:Governments and urban planners should focus on creating affordable housing options to accommodate the growing urban population.3.Green Spaces Preservation:Efforts should be made to preserve and create green spaces within cities to combat the loss of natural environments.4.Economic Development in Rural Areas:Encouraging economic development in rural areas can help reduce the pressure on urban centers by providing employment opportunities closer to home.Conclusion:Urbanization is a complex issue with farreaching implications.While it brings about economic growth and development,it also presents significant challenges.Addressingthese challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes sustainable planning, social policies,and environmental considerations.By understanding and addressing the causes and effects of urbanization,societies can work towards creating more balanced and livable urban environments.。

urbanization大学英语作文Urbanization refers to the process of increasing population concentration in urban areas as a result of migration from rural areas to cities. This phenomenon has become a global trend in recent decades, with more and more people choosing to live in urban areas for better job opportunities, education, healthcare, and quality of life.One of the key drivers of urbanization is industrialization, as urban areas tend to offer more employment opportunities in various industries. As a result, rural residents are attracted to cities in search of better economic prospects. In addition, urban areas typically have better infrastructure, such as transportation, healthcare, and education facilities, which further incentivize people to migrate.However, urbanization also poses challenges such as overcrowding, traffic congestion, housing shortages, and environmental pollution. These issues can lead to a decline in the quality of life for urban residents if not properly managed. Therefore, urban planning and sustainable development are crucial in ensuring that urbanizationbenefits everyone in society.In conclusion, urbanization is a double-edged sword that brings both opportunities and challenges. It is essential for governments and city planners to address the issues associated with urbanization effectively to create livable, sustainable cities for present and future generations. Only through careful planning and management can urbanization be a positive force for economic growth and societal development.。

urbanization大学英语作文English:Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and towns rather than in rural areas. It is a trend that has been growing rapidly in many parts of the world, driven by factors such as job opportunities, better access to services, and improved quality of life. While urbanization can bring about economic growth and development, it also presents challenges such as congestion, pollution, and social inequality. Many cities struggle to provide adequate housing, infrastructure, and social services for their growing populations, leading to issues of overcrowding, poverty, and crime. In order to mitigate these consequences, sustainable urban planning strategies must be implemented, focusing on creating livable, inclusive, and environmentally friendly cities that can accommodate the needs of all residents.中文翻译:城市化是指人口中越来越多的比例居住在城市和城镇而不是农村地区的过程。

2022届高三名校试题分类精析+预测之语法填空04人居环境1（2021·江苏南京一中高三开学考试）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in 1. you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of 2. you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage 3. (overeat), for people are often less self-conscious（难为情）when they’re in 54. (poor) lit places and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with 5. (bright).Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room 6. (consume) 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, 7. cold colors make us feel less hungry. 8. when it’s time to repaint, go blue.Don’t for get the clock or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories per meal than those 9. rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually s it down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent 10. liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.2（2021·运城市新康国际实验学校高三月考）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

我国城市化已经进入高速发展时期，大量农村人口向城市聚集，居者有其屋成为城市化进程中的一大难题。

政府参与住房市场，通过公共住房政策来调节住房市场，对于妥善解决住房问题，促进全民安居有着十分重要的意义。

一、城市化进程中公共住房问题形成的机理与现状（一）城市化进程中住房问题形成的机理根据房地产供需理论，房地产商品与一般商品一样，供给与需求的相互作用结果会引起商品价格的变化和均衡发生改变，房地产价格由供给与需求所决定，房地产价格与需求正相关，与供给负相关。

萨缪尔森提出，如果一种物品同时具有消费的排他性和竞争性，这种物品就是私人物品，而一种物品同时具有消费的非排他性和非竞争性则就是纯公共物品。

在城市化中的公共住房问题与政策建议现实生活中许多产品处于这两者之间，不能同时满足非排他性和非竞争性的产品，被称为准公共产品。

住宅产品具有排他性和非竞争性，所以具有准公共物品的属性。

准公共产品完全政府供给和完全市场化供给都造成效率低下，应由政府引导市场来配置。

世界上许多国家都是靠政府参与市场，建立公共住房来解决住房问题的。

因此，对于目前我国城市化过程中的住房困难问题，政府参与住房市场，大力发展公共住房，有利于住房困难问题的解决。

我国土地资源稀少人口众多，城市化进程中住房矛盾尤为尖锐。

首先，我国原本是农业大国，农村人口众多，随着工业化和城市化的快速发展，大量失地农民涌入城市，造成城市住房需求激增，需求的增加引起房价的不断上涨。

而大多数新进入城市的农民支付能力弱，买不起甚至租不起房，且由于城乡户籍制度，他们享受不到城市的住房保障待遇，造成这一群体住房困难。

其次，我国房地产管理体系发展还不成熟，当城市化带来刘开瑞，余 婧（陕西师范大学国际商学院，陕西 西安 ７１００６２）［摘要］分析我国城市化进程中住房问题形成的机理以及公共住房发展现状，文章揭示了公共住房建设速度滞后于城市化发展速度的导因。

针对这些问题文章给出的推进城市化进程中公共住房发展的政策建议是，完善公共住房政策法规，加快《住房保障法》立法进度并尽快实施；优化管理机制；转变城市化发展观念，加快推动公共住房发展；积极拓宽公共住房的筹资渠道等。

住房问题的英语作文The Housing Problem。

The housing problem is a major issue in many countries around the world. The demand for housing is constantly increasing due to population growth, urbanization, and economic development. This has led to a shortage of affordable housing, particularly in urban areas. As a result, many people are struggling to find suitable and affordable accommodation, leading to a range of social and economic problems.One of the main reasons for the housing problem is the rapid urbanization that has taken place in recent years. As more and more people move to cities in search of better job opportunities and a higher standard of living, the demand for housing has skyrocketed. This has led to a shortage of affordable housing in many urban areas, forcing many people to live in overcrowded and substandard conditions.Another factor contributing to the housing problem is the lack of investment in affordable housing by the government and private sector. In many countries, there is a shortage of affordable housing, particularly for low-income families and individuals. This has led to asituation where many people are forced to spend a large proportion of their income on housing, leaving them with little money for other essential expenses.The housing problem also has a range of social and economic consequences. For example, the lack of affordable housing can lead to increased levels of homelessness, as people are unable to find suitable accommodation. This can have a range of negative effects on individuals and communities, including poor physical and mental health, social isolation, and a lack of access to education and employment opportunities.In addition, the housing problem can also have a negative impact on the economy. For example, the lack of affordable housing can lead to a shortage of workers in key industries, as people are unable to afford to live in theareas where jobs are available. This can lead to a range of economic problems, including reduced productivity, increased costs for businesses, and a lack of economic growth.In order to address the housing problem, a range of solutions need to be implemented. One possible solution is for the government to invest more in affordable housing, particularly in urban areas where the demand is greatest. This could involve building new affordable housing developments, renovating existing housing stock, and providing subsidies to help low-income families afford housing.Another possible solution is for the government to introduce policies to regulate the housing market and prevent speculative investment in property. This could help to reduce the cost of housing and make it more affordable for low-income families and individuals. In addition, the government could also provide support for social housing providers, such as non-profit organizations and housing cooperatives, to help them build and manage affordablehousing for those in need.Furthermore, it is important for the government to work with local communities and stakeholders to develop comprehensive housing strategies that take into account the needs of different groups within society. This could involve consulting with local residents, community organizations, and housing experts to identify the specific housing needs of different areas and develop tailored solutions to address them.In conclusion, the housing problem is a major issuethat is affecting many countries around the world. The shortage of affordable housing in urban areas is leading to a range of social and economic problems, and urgent action is needed to address this issue. By investing in affordable housing, regulating the housing market, and working with local communities, the government can help to ensure that everyone has access to suitable and affordable accommodation. Only by taking a comprehensive and collaborative approach to the housing problem can we hope to find a lasting solution.。