Self-help in Housing and Chengzhongcun in China's Urbanization

括住宅、以及夹杂其间的非居住建筑（例如： 露天市场），认为“如 果乡土设计的定义是正确的，自发性建造将可以得到当前最为贴切 的视野。”［２５］５１－７７ １９９０年，Ｐａｕｌ Ｏ ｌｉｖｅｒ在他关于世界乡土建筑的著 作中，也意识到了自发社区的建筑与传统乡土建筑的相似性，将城 市低收入居民的自发性建造单独归于一章，把自发性社区中的自发 性营建称为某种“大众建筑”［２６］。１９９５年，Ｐ ｅｔｅｒ Ｋ ｅｌｌｅｔ与 Ｍ ａｒｋ Ｎ ａｐｉｅｒ［２７］赞同与回应 Ａｍ ｏｓ Ｒ ａｐｏｐｏｒｔ的论断，通过实例分析，将 贫民窟置于从乡土到学术的多重层面下，指出贫民窟与传统乡土建 筑的相似之处。认为“自发社区当中的房屋，是乡土建筑中的一种， 因为它们在没有专家干预的条件下由人们自行建造。”５），［２８］，［２９］（图 ３） ２．２ 自发性建造的概念
２０世纪以来，随着人类探索世界的时空尺度、跨度的增加，牛 顿力学不再是人们认知和改造世界的唯一钥匙，复杂性科学应运而 生。而“自组织研究，是复杂系统中，最核心的财富和理论。”［５］作 为复杂性研究的第二阶段成果，自组织理论主要“研究演化，研究 系统从无序到有序或从一种有序结构到另外一种有序结构的演变过 程”［６］，包括具体经验科学与形式科学两个大的方面。 １．２ 自组织理论在城市研究中的应用
自组织理论研究复杂系统中大量单元、节点如何协同发展，产 生整体性质［４］１２６。自组织的概念最初在协同学（Ｈ ａｋｅｎ Ｈ ｅｒｍ ａｎ， １９７６）和耗散结构理论（Ｉｌｙ ａ Ｐｒｉｇ ｏｇ ｉｎｅ，１９７７）［７］的研究中确立［８］１２５。作 为宇宙固有的动力学原理，自组织现象不仅存在于化学、物理等自 然科学的领域，而且广泛存在于生命系统与非生命系统［２］９６，［８］９６。城 市作为复杂的巨系统，既作为案例阐释自组织的基本原理［９］扉页，１，３， 同时也借鉴自组织的相关研究得到发展。

1 Abstract Nowadays towns and cities have grown rapidly as people have moved from the countryside. It is called urbanization. Because of the arrival of large numbers of migrants from the countryside, the urban areas have strain on planning and administration to cope with the extra population. The problems are the lack of space and the increasing volume transportation. The lacking of space such as: shortages of good quality housing, overcrowding and the creation of slums. Many big cities have become surrounded by a series of shanty towns which are usually built illegally but on public open space or even on farmer’s land. To build high-density housing or low-rise four-storey blocks is a good way to reduce the problems of housing shortage. The city transport system is usually under strain. The centre of city would even lack for parking place: and the daily heavy traffic jams cause many accidents and severe pollution. The effective ways to improve this situation are to encourage people to use public transport and to implement traffic controls such as making restrictions on car use. Anyway, urbanization is a tendency which can increase a country’s economy on a grand scale. We may successfully sort out a solution by controlling the speed of urbanization and making the most of its advantages to deal with the problems in the end. 2

中国现代化道路英文参考文献China's Path to Modernization: A Bibliography1. Deng Xiaoping's Thought on Modernization and China's ReformsDeng, X. (1984). On Building a Socialism with Chinese Characteristics. Beijing: People's Publishing House.This book outlines Deng Xiaoping's ideology on modernizing China through economic reforms. It emphasizes the importance of opening up to foreign investment, developing a market-oriented economy, and modernizing agriculture and industry.2. Economic Reforms in ChinaLam, T. & Woo, W. (Eds.). (2000). China's Link to the World Market: Modernization and Globalization. New York: NATO ASI Series, Springer.This collection of essays explores China's economic reforms and their role in modernizing the country. It discusses topics such as privatization, foreign trade, and the integration of China into the global market.3. Urbanization and Modernization in ChinaWu, F., & Proulx, L. (Eds.). (2015). China's Emerging Cities: The Making of New Urbanism. New York: Routledge.This book examines the rapid urbanization in China and its relation to the country's modernization. It discusses how urbanization has transformed Chinese cities, including their urban planning, housing, and infrastructure development.4. Educational Reforms and Modernization in ChinaBray, M., Adamson, B., & Mason, M. (Eds.). (2007). Comparative Education Research: Approaches and Methods. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre, University of Hong Kong.This book includes a chapter on educational reforms in China and their role in modernization. It analyzes the reforms in primary, secondary, and higher education, as well as the challenges and achievements in promoting education for all.5. Technological Innovation in China's ModernizationHuang, C., Wu, Y., & Luo, Y. (2017). Technology and Innovation in China: Proceedings of the China-Korea Joint Conference on Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Technologies. Singapore: Springer.This conference proceedings book showcases China's technological advancements and innovation strategies. It covers various industries, including manufacturing, energy, information technology, and biotechnology, and their contribution to China's modernization.6. Environmental Challenges in China's ModernizationEconomy, E. (2004). The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China's Future. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.This book addresses the environmental consequences of China's rapid industrialization and urbanization. It explores issues such as air and water pollution, deforestation, and climate change, and discusses the need for sustainable development in China.7. Social Transformations in China's ModernizationDavis, D. S. (2017). Reshaping of the Chinese Social Structure. Singapore: World Scientific.This book examines the social changes that have occurred in China during its modernization process. It discusses topics such as urban-rural disparities, social inequality, family structure, and demographic shifts, providing insights into the evolving Chinese society.8. Political Reform and China's ModernizationLiu, Q., & Jia, W. (Eds.). (2019). Political Reform for a Rising China: Challenges and Prospects. New York: Routledge.This edited volume explores the political reforms needed for China's modernization. It discusses issues such as governance, rule of law, democratization, and the role of the Communist Party in China's political system.9. Cultural Revitalization in China's ModernizationChen, F. (Ed.). (2019). Narratives of the New Chinese Cultural Revolution: A Gender Perspective. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.This book explores the revival of traditional culture in contemporary China and its significance for the country's modernization. It highlights the role of cultural heritage, arts, literature, and gender in shaping China's modern identity.10. China's Belt and Road Initiative: A Global Engagement Strategy for ModernizationKuhn, R. L. (2019). The United States and China's Belt and Road Initiative. New York: Routledge.This book analyzes China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a strategy to enhance its global engagement and contribute to its modernization efforts. It discusses the geopolitical implications of BRI and its economic, political, and cultural impacts.These references provide a comprehensive overview of different aspects of China's path to modernization. They cover economic reforms, urbanization, education, technology, environment, society, politics, culture, and global engagement. Together, they contribute to understanding China's multifaceted journey toward becoming a modern and prosperous nation.。

China's Urbanization: A Journey ofModernization and DevelopmentUrbanization in China has been a remarkable phenomenon, transforming the landscape and way of life in vast regions of the country. It is not just a process of physical expansion but also a profound social and economic transformation, reflecting the country's journey towards modernization and development.The pace of urbanization in China has been unprecedented. Over the past few decades, millions of people have migrated from rural areas to cities, seeking better employment opportunities and a higher quality of life. This migration has led to the emergence of megacities and urban clusters, which have become the engines of economic growth and innovation.One of the most visible aspects of China's urbanization is the construction of skyscrapers, highways, and other infrastructure. These developments not only enhance the physical appearance of cities but also improve the efficiency of transportation and communication. They contribute to the overall economic vitality of the countryby attracting investments, creating jobs, and promoting trade.However, the rapid urbanization in China has also posed some challenges. One of the most significant is the issue of urban-rural disparities. While cities have witnessed significant economic growth and development, rural areas have often lagged behind, leading to inequality and social tension.To address these challenges, the Chinese government has implemented various policies and programs. These include investing in rural infrastructure, promoting agricultural modernization, and providing social welfare and education to rural residents. These efforts aim to bridge the gap between urban and rural areas and ensure that the benefits of urbanization are shared by all.Another important aspect of China's urbanization is the focus on sustainable development. The country has recognized the need to balance economic growth with environmental protection and social well-being. This has led to the promotion of green building practices, thedevelopment of renewable energy sources, and the implementation of policies to reduce pollution and waste. In conclusion, China's urbanization is a complex and multifaceted process that has transformed the country in numerous ways. It has brought about economic growth, social progress, and improvements in infrastructure and living standards. However, it has also posed challenges that need to be addressed through targeted policies and programs. As China continues on its journey of urbanization, it is essential to strike a balance between economic development and social and environmental sustainability.**中国城镇化：现代化与发展的征程**中国的城镇化进程是一个引人注目的现象，它改变了国家广大地区的面貌和生活方式。

Urbanization,the process of migration from rural to urban areas,is a phenomenon that has been accelerating globally,particularly in developing countries.This essay will explore the causes,effects,and potential solutions associated with urbanization.Causes of Urbanization:1.Economic Opportunities:The primary reason for urbanization is the search for better economic opportunities.Cities offer a wider range of jobs and higher wages compared to rural areas.2.Industrialization:The growth of industries in urban centers attracts people for employment,leading to a surge in urban populations.cation and Services:Better access to education,healthcare,and other services is another factor that draws people to cities.4.Technological Advancements:Improvements in transportation and communication technologies facilitate easier movement to urban areas.Effects of Urbanization:1.Population Growth:Urban areas experience rapid population growth,which can strain existing infrastructure and services.2.Housing Shortages:The influx of people often leads to a shortage of affordable housing,resulting in overcrowding and slums.3.Environmental Impact:Increased urbanization can lead to pollution,loss of green spaces,and other environmental issues.4.Social Issues:Rapid urbanization can exacerbate social inequalities and lead to issues such as crime and social unrest.Potential Solutions to Urbanization Challenges:1.Sustainable Urban Planning:Implementing sustainable urban planning practices can help manage the growth of cities and ensure that infrastructure keeps pace with population increases.2.Affordable Housing Initiatives:Governments and urban planners should focus on creating affordable housing options to accommodate the growing urban population.3.Green Spaces Preservation:Efforts should be made to preserve and create green spaces within cities to combat the loss of natural environments.4.Economic Development in Rural Areas:Encouraging economic development in rural areas can help reduce the pressure on urban centers by providing employment opportunities closer to home.Conclusion:Urbanization is a complex issue with farreaching implications.While it brings about economic growth and development,it also presents significant challenges.Addressingthese challenges requires a multifaceted approach that includes sustainable planning, social policies,and environmental considerations.By understanding and addressing the causes and effects of urbanization,societies can work towards creating more balanced and livable urban environments.。

urbanization大学英语作文Urbanization refers to the process of increasing population concentration in urban areas as a result of migration from rural areas to cities. This phenomenon has become a global trend in recent decades, with more and more people choosing to live in urban areas for better job opportunities, education, healthcare, and quality of life.One of the key drivers of urbanization is industrialization, as urban areas tend to offer more employment opportunities in various industries. As a result, rural residents are attracted to cities in search of better economic prospects. In addition, urban areas typically have better infrastructure, such as transportation, healthcare, and education facilities, which further incentivize people to migrate.However, urbanization also poses challenges such as overcrowding, traffic congestion, housing shortages, and environmental pollution. These issues can lead to a decline in the quality of life for urban residents if not properly managed. Therefore, urban planning and sustainable development are crucial in ensuring that urbanizationbenefits everyone in society.In conclusion, urbanization is a double-edged sword that brings both opportunities and challenges. It is essential for governments and city planners to address the issues associated with urbanization effectively to create livable, sustainable cities for present and future generations. Only through careful planning and management can urbanization be a positive force for economic growth and societal development.。

urbanization大学英语作文English:Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities and towns rather than in rural areas. It is a trend that has been growing rapidly in many parts of the world, driven by factors such as job opportunities, better access to services, and improved quality of life. While urbanization can bring about economic growth and development, it also presents challenges such as congestion, pollution, and social inequality. Many cities struggle to provide adequate housing, infrastructure, and social services for their growing populations, leading to issues of overcrowding, poverty, and crime. In order to mitigate these consequences, sustainable urban planning strategies must be implemented, focusing on creating livable, inclusive, and environmentally friendly cities that can accommodate the needs of all residents.中文翻译:城市化是指人口中越来越多的比例居住在城市和城镇而不是农村地区的过程。

2022届高三名校试题分类精析+预测之语法填空04人居环境1（2021·江苏南京一中高三开学考试）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Your house may have an effect on your figure. Experts say the way you design your home could play a role in 1. you pack on the pounds or keep them off. You can make your environment work for you instead of 2. you. Here are some ways to turn your home into part of diet plan.Open the curtains and turn up the lights. Dark environments are more likely to encourage 3. (overeat), for people are often less self-conscious（难为情）when they’re in 54. (poor) lit places and so more likely to eat lots of food. If your home doesn’t have enough window light, get more lamps and flood the place with 5. (bright).Mind the colors. Research suggests warm colors fuel our appetites. In one study, people who ate meals in a blue room 6. (consume) 33 percent less than those in a yellow or red room. Warm colors like yellow make food appear more appetizing, 7. cold colors make us feel less hungry. 8. when it’s time to repaint, go blue.Don’t for get the clock or the radio. People who eat slowly tend to consume about 70 fewer calories per meal than those 9. rush through their meals. Begin keeping track of the time, and try to make dinner last at least 30 minutes. And while you’re at it, actually s it down to eat. If you need some help slowing down, turn on relaxing music. It makes you less likely to rush through a meal.Downsize the dishes. Big serving bowls and plates can easily make us fat. We eat about 22 percent more when using a 12-inch plate instead of a 10-inch plate. When we choose a large spoon over a smaller one, total intake jumps by 14 percent. And we’ll pour about 30 percent 10. liquid into a short, wide glass than a tall, skinny glass.2（2021·运城市新康国际实验学校高三月考）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

我国城市化已经进入高速发展时期，大量农村人口向城市聚集，居者有其屋成为城市化进程中的一大难题。

政府参与住房市场，通过公共住房政策来调节住房市场，对于妥善解决住房问题，促进全民安居有着十分重要的意义。

一、城市化进程中公共住房问题形成的机理与现状（一）城市化进程中住房问题形成的机理根据房地产供需理论，房地产商品与一般商品一样，供给与需求的相互作用结果会引起商品价格的变化和均衡发生改变，房地产价格由供给与需求所决定，房地产价格与需求正相关，与供给负相关。

萨缪尔森提出，如果一种物品同时具有消费的排他性和竞争性，这种物品就是私人物品，而一种物品同时具有消费的非排他性和非竞争性则就是纯公共物品。

在城市化中的公共住房问题与政策建议现实生活中许多产品处于这两者之间，不能同时满足非排他性和非竞争性的产品，被称为准公共产品。

住宅产品具有排他性和非竞争性，所以具有准公共物品的属性。

准公共产品完全政府供给和完全市场化供给都造成效率低下，应由政府引导市场来配置。

世界上许多国家都是靠政府参与市场，建立公共住房来解决住房问题的。

因此，对于目前我国城市化过程中的住房困难问题，政府参与住房市场，大力发展公共住房，有利于住房困难问题的解决。

我国土地资源稀少人口众多，城市化进程中住房矛盾尤为尖锐。

首先，我国原本是农业大国，农村人口众多，随着工业化和城市化的快速发展，大量失地农民涌入城市，造成城市住房需求激增，需求的增加引起房价的不断上涨。

而大多数新进入城市的农民支付能力弱，买不起甚至租不起房，且由于城乡户籍制度，他们享受不到城市的住房保障待遇，造成这一群体住房困难。

其次，我国房地产管理体系发展还不成熟，当城市化带来刘开瑞，余 婧（陕西师范大学国际商学院，陕西 西安 ７１００６２）［摘要］分析我国城市化进程中住房问题形成的机理以及公共住房发展现状，文章揭示了公共住房建设速度滞后于城市化发展速度的导因。

针对这些问题文章给出的推进城市化进程中公共住房发展的政策建议是，完善公共住房政策法规，加快《住房保障法》立法进度并尽快实施；优化管理机制；转变城市化发展观念，加快推动公共住房发展；积极拓宽公共住房的筹资渠道等。

住房问题的英语作文The Housing Problem。

The housing problem is a major issue in many countries around the world. The demand for housing is constantly increasing due to population growth, urbanization, and economic development. This has led to a shortage of affordable housing, particularly in urban areas. As a result, many people are struggling to find suitable and affordable accommodation, leading to a range of social and economic problems.One of the main reasons for the housing problem is the rapid urbanization that has taken place in recent years. As more and more people move to cities in search of better job opportunities and a higher standard of living, the demand for housing has skyrocketed. This has led to a shortage of affordable housing in many urban areas, forcing many people to live in overcrowded and substandard conditions.Another factor contributing to the housing problem is the lack of investment in affordable housing by the government and private sector. In many countries, there is a shortage of affordable housing, particularly for low-income families and individuals. This has led to asituation where many people are forced to spend a large proportion of their income on housing, leaving them with little money for other essential expenses.The housing problem also has a range of social and economic consequences. For example, the lack of affordable housing can lead to increased levels of homelessness, as people are unable to find suitable accommodation. This can have a range of negative effects on individuals and communities, including poor physical and mental health, social isolation, and a lack of access to education and employment opportunities.In addition, the housing problem can also have a negative impact on the economy. For example, the lack of affordable housing can lead to a shortage of workers in key industries, as people are unable to afford to live in theareas where jobs are available. This can lead to a range of economic problems, including reduced productivity, increased costs for businesses, and a lack of economic growth.In order to address the housing problem, a range of solutions need to be implemented. One possible solution is for the government to invest more in affordable housing, particularly in urban areas where the demand is greatest. This could involve building new affordable housing developments, renovating existing housing stock, and providing subsidies to help low-income families afford housing.Another possible solution is for the government to introduce policies to regulate the housing market and prevent speculative investment in property. This could help to reduce the cost of housing and make it more affordable for low-income families and individuals. In addition, the government could also provide support for social housing providers, such as non-profit organizations and housing cooperatives, to help them build and manage affordablehousing for those in need.Furthermore, it is important for the government to work with local communities and stakeholders to develop comprehensive housing strategies that take into account the needs of different groups within society. This could involve consulting with local residents, community organizations, and housing experts to identify the specific housing needs of different areas and develop tailored solutions to address them.In conclusion, the housing problem is a major issuethat is affecting many countries around the world. The shortage of affordable housing in urban areas is leading to a range of social and economic problems, and urgent action is needed to address this issue. By investing in affordable housing, regulating the housing market, and working with local communities, the government can help to ensure that everyone has access to suitable and affordable accommodation. Only by taking a comprehensive and collaborative approach to the housing problem can we hope to find a lasting solution.。

英语作文：怎样解决大城市住房问题How to solve the housing problem in big cities?With the rapid development and the overpopulated in this society, more and more people rushing into the big cities for personal development. So, the housing problems in the big cities is becoming more and more serious.In my humble opinion, there are several ways to slove this problems. First of all, we can expend the cities, and build more apartment in the country. The fresh air and clean water will attract young people to live there. What’ more, the housing price will be lower than the big cities. Second, the government should control the price of the house. If the house is too expensive, many people may not be able to afford a house on their own. The government should build some cheap apartment for the poor, the young people. Last but not least, we should have more skyscapes, the land is limited, we need more space to support people to have a good living condition.A good living condition is the key to social stability. if our country have enough houses, the pressure can be relieved to some degree. And our people can live a better environment.随着城市的快速发展和人口的飞速增长，越来越多的人进入城市寻求个人发展。

Title: Urbanization in China: A Vision for 2024In the dawn of 2024, China's urbanization journey stands as a testament to the nation's relentless pursuit of modernization and economic prosperity. This remarkable transformation, which has been decades in the making, continues to reshape the country's landscape, enhancing living standards, fostering innovation, and presenting both challenges and opportunities for sustainable development.The Urban TideBy 2024, it is estimated that China's urban population will have surpassed even more significant milestones, with a significant portion of its citizenry residing in bustling metropolises and thriving urban centers. This rapid urbanization is fueled by a combination of factors: rural-urban migration seeking better job opportunities, improved infrastructure, access to education and healthcare, as well as government policies aimed at promoting balanced regional development.Smart Cities: The New FrontierAt the forefront of this urban evolution are the emergence of smart cities. In 2024, China will showcase a myriad of smart city initiatives, leveraging advanced technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), and 5G networks to optimize city management, transportation, energy consumption, and public services. From intelligent traffic control systems that alleviate congestion to precision agriculture enhancing food security, these smart solutions are transforming urban life, making it more efficient, sustainable, and livable.Sustainable Urban DevelopmentRecognizing the environmental impact of unchecked urban sprawl, China is committed to pursuing sustainable urban development paths. In 2024, eco-friendly urban planning becomes the norm, with green spaces, bike lanes, and renewable energy sources integrated into city designs. Efforts to reduce carbon emissions, improve air quality, and manage waste more efficiently are being intensified, reflecting a shift towards a greener, low-carbon future.Social Inclusion and Urban ResilienceAs urbanization accelerates, China is also prioritizing social inclusion and building urban resilience. This involves ensuring that all segments of the population, including migrant workers, the elderly, and disadvantaged groups, have access to basic services, education, and healthcare. Disaster preparedness and response systems are being strengthened to mitigate the effects of natural disasters and other unforeseen crises, making cities more resilient and capable of bouncing back quickly.Cultural Preservation and IdentityAmidst the rush of modernization, China's urbanization process is mindful of preserving cultural heritage and fostering a sense of identity. Cities are embracing their unique histories and traditions, integrating them into urban planning and public spaces. This not only enriches the urban experience for residents but also attracts tourists, contributing to the economic vitality of these regions.ConclusionIn 2024, China's urbanization journey will be marked by a blend of technological advancement, environmental consciousness, social inclusivity, and cultural preservation. It is a testament to the nation's ability to balance rapid economic growth with sustainable development, creating vibrant, resilient, and livable cities for generations to come. As China continues to urbanize, the world watches with anticipation, learning from its successes and adapting to its innovative approaches in shaping the future of urban life.。

有关城镇化的大学英语作文Urbanization is a global trend that has been taking place in countries all over the world. Cities are growing rapidly, as people move from rural areas to urban centers in search of better opportunities and a higher quality of life. 城镇化是一个全球性的趋势，正在世界各国发生。

城市正在迅速发展，因为人们从农村地区搬到城市中心寻找更好的机会和更高的生活质量。

One of the main driving forces behind urbanization is industrialization. As industries develop and expand, they create a demand for a larger workforce, leading to an influx of people into urban areas. This not only boosts urban economies but also leads to the growth of infrastructure and services in cities. 城镇化背后的主要动力之一是工业化。

随着工业的发展和扩张，它们创造了对更多劳动力的需求，导致人口涌入城市。

这不仅推动了城市经济的发展，还促进了城市基础设施和服务的增长。

However, urbanization also brings about a number of challenges. One of the biggest issues is the strain it puts on urban infrastructure. As more and more people move to cities, there is an increaseddemand for housing, transportation, and other basic services. This can lead to overcrowding, traffic congestion, and a lack of adequate facilities for residents. 然而，城镇化也带来了许多挑战。

【导语】备考英语专四考试的同学们，英语频道特别整理了《2019英语专四作文范文：解决住房刚需问题》一文，希望对大家备考有所帮助，在此预祝大家顺利通过考试。

2019英语专四作文范文：解决住房刚需问题2019英语专四作文形式为题材性话题作文，答题时间45分钟，分值为20分。

复习英语专四作文基础阶段可以多借鉴范文中的优秀例句及行文结构，为日后复习做好储备。

The housing problem is closely related to population growth. Some of the big cities in China are now crowded with an ever increasing population. Naturally, one of the most serious problems incurred is that of housing.As far as the causes of the housing problem are concerned, many factors are involved. In the first place, with the rapid increase in population, the lack of housing is becoming more evident than ever before. Many old houses have been knocked down to make room for new apartment buildings, which complicates the housing problem for the time being. In the second place, despite the ever-increasing high-rise buildings, the provision of living space still falls far short of demands. Because the society is advancing, city-dwellers long for spacious living. They look forward to decent dwelling places, which can protect human dignity. All these factors result in housing shortage.Various solutions have been suggested to deal with the problem. T o begin with, we should build more apartment buildings to meet the increasing needs of people. In addition, the government may provide bank loans to the residents who wantto purchase dwellings of their own. Thirdly, the moving of urban residents to the suburbs may ease the housing problem in the inner city. The best solution I think is to put the birth rate under control. But, as you know, we still have a long way to go. (232 words)。

Urbanization in ChinaEver since the nineteenth century, China has been experiencing rapid development.The issue of urbanization has long been inevitable trend. For many people today,the urbanization can bring countless benefits to the development of Chinese economy,while still quite a lot of people tend to pessimistic, believing that urbanizationwill mire down the economy in mud. As for me, I prefer the first opinion.Admittedly, the urbanization brings us a series of social problems. For instance,it can result in the social problems such as environmental pollution, traffic jam,the explosion of population, housing shortage, rising in unemployment, etc, whichare inevitable during its process. It is clear that, however, it doesn’t mean thatit’s totally without merit. Hence, I will hold to my opinion without any hesitation.The following reasons can account for my preference.First and foremost, urbanization will bring about unprecedented economic benefits. A good example to illustrate is that with the success of World Expo, the Shanghai-Hangzhou high-speed railway line will cut the journey time between the twocities, which, then, will increase marketing interactions between these two citiesand eventually foster economic growth to GDP of the nation. In addition, many diplomatic ties have been made between China and other nations, which attractedtrans-national cooperation to construct factories in mainland as it saves labor cost.Job opportunities are provided for the locals, which again promotes new technological development in China.Nonetheless, on the cultural aspect, there are still positives to the situation.As more and more people from alien countries move into China for work, China is becoming globalized, which gives young people an advantage as they witness differentcultures around them and sense the feeling that they belong in a global community.From the foregoing, we have the confidence that we can benefit a lot from the urbanization as long as we run the urbanization in a scientific and sustainable way.。

第一单元中庸思想是儒家思想的重要内容。

孔子所谓的“中”不是指“折中”，而是指在认识和处理客观事物时的一种“适度”和“恰如其分”的方法。

孔子主张不仅要把这种思想作为一种认识和处理事物的方法来看待，而且还通过自身修养和锻炼，把它融入自己的日常行为当中，使之成为一种美德。

中庸思想是儒家思想的核心，也是中国传统文化的重要组成部分。

从它形成到现在，一直为民族精神的构建、民族智慧的传播、民族文化的发展发挥着不可估量的作用。

The Doctrine of the Mean is the core ofConfucianism. The so-called “mean” by Confuciusdoesn’t mean “compromise” but a “moderate”and “just-right” way wh en understanding andhandling objective things. Confucius advocatedthat this thought should not only be treated as away to understand and deal with things but alsobe integrated into one’s daily conduct to makeit a virtue through self-cultivation and training.The Doctrine of the Mean is not only the core of Confucianism but also an important componentof traditional Chinese culture. From the time itcame into being to the present, it has played aninvaluable role in the construction of nationalspirit, the transmission of national wisdom, and the development of national culture.第二单元中国的四大名著是指《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》《红楼梦》四部著名小说。