文学术语21个
1) Author's Purpose An author's reason for writing
2) Infer What the reader concludes based on evidence or premise
3) Author's viewpoint An author's beliefs, feelings, or opinions
4) Sequence The order in which the events of the story occur
5) Narrative A true or fictitious story
6) Imagery A description that appeals to one of the five senses
7) Tone The author's attitude toward a subject
8) Mood The atmosphere created by a work of literature
9) Deconstruct To break a literary work into parts and examine closely each part
10) Diction The author's choice of words
11) Sensory Details Descriptions or images that relate to the five senses
12) External conflict The problem created when one character opposes another
13) Internal conflict The problem created when a character wrestles with inner emotions
14) Frame story A narrative structure containing or connecting a series of otherwise unrelated tales
15) Volubility Marked by a ready flow of speech; fluent
16) Protagonist The central figure in a literary work
17) Antagonist The character who opposes or works against the protagonist
18) Flat character Shows one single, dominant trait
19) Gothic Relating to a style of fiction that has grotesque, desolate, and mysterious themes and description
20) Drama Literature that develops plot and characters through dialogue and action; literature in play form
21) Foil A character who serves by contrast to call attention to another thing's good qualities
1、the Lost Generation In general, the post-World War I generation, but specifically a group of U.S. writers who came of age during the war and established their literary reputations in the 1920s. The term stems from a remark made by Gertrude Stein to Ernest Hemingway, “You are all a lost generation.” Hemingway used it as an epigraph to The Sun Also Rises (1926). The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world and because of its spiritual alienation from a U.S. that, b asking under President Harding's “back to normalcy” policy, seemed to its members to be hopelessly provincial, materialistic, and emotionally barren. The term embraces Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, e.e. cummings and many other writers who made Paris the centre of their literary activities in the '20s. They were never a literary school. In the 1930s, as these writers turned in different directions, their works lost the distinctive stamp of the postwar period. The last representative works of the era were Fitzgerald's Tender Lost generation The lost generation is a term first used by Stein to describe the post-war I generation of American writers: men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.2>full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.3>the three best-known representatives of lost generation are F.Scott Fitzgerald, Hemingway and John dos Passos. Lost generation The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The group was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitter about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish. 2、Iceberg Theory It is a term used to describe the writing style of American writer Ernest Hemingway. The meaning of a piece is not immediately evident, because the crux of the story lies below the surface, just as most of the mass of a real iceberg similarly lies beneath the surface. Iceberg Theory Ernest Hemingway’s “iceberg theory” sugge sts that the writer include in the text only a small portion of what he knows, leaving about ninety percent of the content a mystery that grows beneath the surface of the writing. If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of
文学术语1、Romance: It is a narrative verse of prose singing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Romances are popular in the medieval period. 2Ballad: :A story told in song, usually in four line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed. 3、Renaissance--a thristing curiosity for classical literature;--a keen interest in life and human activities. 4、Humanism--individualism; the joy of the present life; reason; the affirmation of self-worth--Humanism emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 5、Sonnet: : It is a poem of 14 lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure; it expresses a single idea or theme. (Thomas Wyatt first introduced it to England) 6、Shakespearean sonnet: : A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg. 7、iambic pentameter:is a form of rhythm that appears in poetry, songs, and some prose compositions. It is most closely associated with poetry, especially English poetry, which lends itself very well to this particular form of rhythm 8、Blank verse: having a regular meter, but no rhyme. (Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey) 9、Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体: : Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc." 10、--Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare (“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day”): time, mortality, immortality 11、Cavalier poets骑士诗人: --Reflected the royalist values;--Themes: beauty, love, loyalty, morality;--Style: Direct, short, frankly erotic--Motto: “Carpe Diem”“Seize the Day” 12、Metaphysical school:玄学派--the founder of the Metaphysical school: John Donne--conceit: an extended metahpor involving dramatic contrasts or far-fetched comparisons; 13、Enlightenment启蒙运动--an intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century;--Reason as the guiding principle for thinking and action;--the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, natural equality ;--a continuation of Renaissance; (Belief in the possibility of human perfection through education). 14、Neo-classicism:新古典主义--A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balance, simplicity and restrained emotion in literature in the 18th century. 15、Sentimentalism--the middle and later decades of the 18th c.;--definition: passion
古代文学名词解释参考答案 1、献诗说：关于《诗经》的编辑主要有献诗说、采诗说两种。据《国语》、《左传》等先秦等古籍记载，《诗经》主要来自公卿列士的献诗，公卿列士通过献诗的方式进行讽谏或赞颂。现在一般认为，《诗经》中《大雅》《小雅》和《国风》中的许多诗可能便是通过献诗的途径搜集出来的。 2、采诗说：关于《诗经》的编辑主要有献诗说、采诗说两种。汉代学者明确提出采诗说，认为周代有采诗制度，周王朝及各诸候国的乐官到民间采集诗歌，借以了解民情。现在一般认为，《诗经》中《国风》的大部分可能是通过采诗的途径汇集起来的。 3、孔子删诗说：孔子删诗说最早出自司马迁《史记?孔子世家》，认为《诗经？原有三千余篇，“及至孔子，去其重复，取可施于礼仪”，删定为三百五篇。删诗说长生在汉代，在传统社会一直影响很大。但现代学者一般认为，孔子删诗说不够可靠。 4、四家诗：《诗经》的传授在汉代主要有四家，一是鲁诗，其创始人为鲁国人申培；二是齐诗，出自齐人辕固；三是韩诗，出自燕人韩婴，四是毛诗，出自鲁人毛亨、毛苌。鲁、齐、韩三家早出，属今文学家，故称“今文三家”。毛诗晚出，属古文学家。 5、六诗说：始自《周礼》，六诗为风、雅、颂、赋、比、兴。《周礼》六诗产生的时代主要用诗于典礼、讽谏、言语，人们还没有注意到《诗经》的表现技巧，六诗的目的也主要是传授用诗的方法。风即《国风》，主要是各地方民歌；雅包括《大雅》、《小雅》，主要是周王朝京畿地区的歌曲；颂包括《鲁颂》、《商颂》、《周颂》，主要是宗庙祭祀的舞曲。 6、六义说：源自《毛诗序》，六义说实本于《周礼》，六义为风、雅、颂、赋、比、兴。风即《国风》，主要是各地方民歌；雅包括《大雅》、《小雅》，主要是周王朝京畿地区的歌曲；颂包括《鲁颂》、《商颂》、《周颂》，主要是宗庙祭祀的舞曲。 7、四始说：始自西汉司马迁《史记》，认为《关雎》为《风》之始，《鹿鸣》为《小雅》
1.American Puritanism清教 2.It comes from the American puritans, who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. Original sin, predestination（预言）and salvation（拯救）were the basic ideas of American Puritanism. And, hard-working, piousness（虔诚,尽职），thrift and sobriety（清醒）were praised. Characteristics: 特点 1. Idealistic: Puritans pursue the purity and simplicity in worship. They focuse the glory of God, and the angry believe in the doctrine of destiny, original sin, limited atonement 2. Practical: Puritans come to Amrican to do business and make profits with the desire of chasing wealth and status. They have to struggle for survival under the severity of the western frontier. 3 .The struggle between the spiritual and the material is the basics of the Puritan mind. On the one hand, Puritans chase the purity of the early the other hand, they come to America to earn money. This contradictory will be reflected by their thoughts. 4. In a word, it rests on purity, ambition, harding work, and an intense struggling for success. Romanticism浪漫主义: the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death. The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint. They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography. Transcendentalism先验说,超越论: is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind. The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau. American Realism现实主义: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience Local colorism乡土文学: as a trend became dominant in American literature in the 1860s and early 1870s，it is defined by Hamlin Garland as having such quality of texture and background that it could not have been written in any other place or by anyone else than a native stories of local colorism have a quality of circumstantial(详细的) authenticity(确实性), as local colorists tried to immortalize(使不朽) the distinctive natural, social and linguistic features. It is characteristic of vernacular(本国语) language and satirical(讽刺的) humor Naturalism自然主义: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. American naturalism had been shaped by the war; by the social upheavals（剧变）that undermined the comforting faith of an earlier age. America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by their environment and heredity. Although naturalist literature described the world with sometimes brutal realism, it sometimes also aimed at bettering the world through social reform. Stream of consciousness意识流：It is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke
名词解释题目录 1.1．文学研究会 1.2．创造社 1.3．语丝社 1.4．美文 1.5．语丝文体 1.6．小诗 1.7．新月诗派 1.8．象征诗派 1.9．春柳社 1.10．《终身大事》 1.11．爱美剧 1 .12．湖畔诗社 1.13．南囤社 1.14．乡土文学 2.1．左联 2.2．社会剖析派小说 2.3．东北作家群 2.4．京派作家群 2.5．新感觉派 2.6．中国诗歌会 2.7．上海艺术剧社 2.8．中国左翼戏剧家联盟 2.9．国防戏剧 3.1．七月诗派 3.2．九叶诗派 3.3．荷花淀派 4.1．“三突出”创作原则 4.2．“根本任务论” 4.3．“黑八论” 4.4．“主题先行论” 5.1．“朦胧诗” 5.2．新写实小说 5.3．“四川诗群” 5.4．“上海诗群” 名词解释题答案 1.1．文学研究会：是中国新文学运动中第一个纯文学团体，成立于1921年1月，发起人有茅盾、周作人、郑振铎、叶绍钧等人，以《小说月报》为阵地，积极倡导文学革命。其主要理论家茅盾提出文学要老老实实表现人生，尤其应描绘被压迫的人民，在创作方法上，他主要提倡现实主义，反对唯美主义和浪漫主义。文学研究会作家的成就，主要表现在小说创作上，如茅盾的《蚀》三部曲、叶绍钧的《倪焕之》，许地山的《缀网劳蛛》、冰心的《超人》等均以对现实的细致描绘、深入剖析，显示出现实主义特色而成为文学研究会这个现实主义文学流派的力作。 1.2．创造社：1921年7月成立于日本，成员主要有郭沫若、郁达夫等，是“五四”以后的一个重要的浪漫主义文学社团。创办《创造》季刊、《创造周报》、《创造日》、《洪水》等刊物，主张“为艺术而艺术”，强调文学必须忠实地表现作者自己“内心的要求”，重视文学的美感作用。创造社成员的作品大都侧重自我表现，带有浓厚的个人主观抒情色彩。 1.3．语丝社：得名于1924年11月在北京创刊的《语丝》周刊，由《语丝》主要撰稿人组成，主要代表人物有周作人、鲁迅、林语堂、钱玄同、孙伏园、俞平伯、刘半农等。它是中国现代文学史上最早以散文创作为主的刊物，主要发表杂感、短评、小品等。语丝社作家的散文创作形成了独具风格的“语丝”文体，这种文体在思想内容上任意言谈，斥旧促新，在艺术上以文艺性短论和随笔为主要形式，泼辣幽默，讽刺强烈。以鲁迅为代表的尖锐泼辣的杂文和以周作人、林语堂为代表的幽雅的小品形成了该社散文创作的两大类，对散文发展有重要影响。 1.4．美文：周作人1921年发表《美文》一文，提倡多写“记述的”、“艺术性”的美文，王统照、胡适等起而应和，冰心、朱自清、郁达夫、俞平伯等进行创作实践，美文作为一种独立的文体的地位遂得以在文学史上确立。 1.5．语丝文体：因语丝社成员创作的具有共同特征的散文而得名。《语丝》发表的主要是散文，在创作上，尽管语丝社同仁的思想和艺术主张不尽一致，但在针砭时弊方面形成了共同的风格：排旧促新，放纵而谈，古今并论，庄谐杂出，简
文学术语 Terms in English Literature 1.Allegory (寓言) A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. 寓言，讽喻：一种文学、戏剧或绘画的艺术手法，其中人物和事件代表抽象的观点、原则或支配力。 2.Alliteration (头韵) Alliteration is the repetition of the same initial consonant sound within a line or a group of words. 头韵：在一组词的开头或重读音节中对相同辅音或不同元音的重复。 3.Allusion (典故) A reference to a person, a place, an event, or a literary work that a writer expects the reader to recognize and respond to. 典故：作者对某些读者熟悉并能够做出反映的特定人物，地点，事件，文学作品的引用。 4.Analogy (类比) A comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them. 类比：为了在两个事物之间找出差别而进行的比较。 5. Antagonist (反面主角) The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero or heroine
三古、七段 三古之分，是中国文学史大的时代断限。在三古之内，又可以细分为七段。 上古期：先秦两汉（公元3世纪以前） 第一段：先秦第二段：秦汉 中古期：魏晋至明中叶（公元3世纪至16世纪） 第三段：魏晋至唐中叶（天宝末）第四段：唐中叶至南宋末第五段：元初至明中叶（正德末） 近古期：明中叶至“五四”运动（公元16世纪至20世纪初期） 第六段：明嘉靖初至鸦片战争（1840）第七段：鸦片战争至“五四”运动（1919） 三古七段说主要着眼于文学本身的发展变化，体现出它的阶段性，而将其他的条件如社会制度的变化、王朝的更替等视为文学发展变化的背景；将文学本身的发展变化视为断限的根据，而将其他的条件视为断限的参照。 神话 是“通过人民的幻想用一种不自觉的艺术方式加工过的自然和社会形式本身”，以故事的形式表现了远古人民对自然、社会现象的认识和愿望。神话通常以神为主人公，包括各种自然神和神化了的英雄人物，情节一般表现为变化、神力和法术，其意义通常显示为对某种自然或社会现象的解释，有的表达了先民征服自然、变革社会的愿望。只有当人类可以凭借语言来表达自己的感情，表达对自然和社会的领悟时，神话才有可能产生。神话在后世仍具有文学魅力，启发后世的文学创作。 《山海经》 是我国古代保存神话资料最多的著作，最具神话学价值。约成书于战国初到汉初之间，应是由不同时代的巫觋、方士根据当时流传的材料编选而成，实际上是一部具有民间原始宗教性质的书。全书共分山经五卷、海外经四卷、海内经五卷、大荒经四卷，内容极其驳杂，除神话传说、宗教祭仪外，还包括我国古代地理、历史、民族、生物、矿产、医药等方面的资料，其中海经、大荒经的神话色彩最浓。诸如鲧禹治水、刑天舞干戚等神话流传广远，对我国神话的传播和研究有极其重要的意义。 神话历史化 即把神话看成历史传说，通常的做法是把天神下降为人的祖神，并把神话故事当做史实看待，虚构出始祖及其发展谱系。这一文化现象在世界其他民族的文化史中或多或少都出现过。中国的神话历史化，是史学家、思想家们自觉或不自觉的行为。在正统的史家或儒家典籍中，难以纳入历史谱系中的半人半兽形的神性形象被抹杀殆尽，违背理性化原则的神话也都遭到削删。另一方面，对神话进行歪曲的解释，使其成为某种现实事件，从而成为构筑远古历史的一块基石。改造的结果是使神话大量消亡，历史向前延伸，各氏族的谱系更加严密。 《诗经》 是我国第一部诗歌总集，原名《诗》，或称“诗三百”，共有305篇，另有6篇笙诗，有目无词。全书主要收集了周初至春秋中叶五百多年间的作品，包括了公卿列士所献之诗、采集于各地的民间之诗以及周王朝乐官保存下来的宗教和宴飨中的乐歌等，产生于今陕西、山西、河南、河北、山东及湖北北部一带，约在公元前6世纪编定成书，作者包括了从贵族到平民的社会各个阶层人士，绝大部分已不可考。 风、雅、颂 风即音乐曲调，国风即各地区的乐调。国是地区、方域之意。十五国风160篇，即这些地区的地方土乐。国风中，豳风全部是西周作品，其他除少数产生于西周外，大部分是东周作品。雅即正，指朝廷正乐，西周王畿的乐调，分为大雅和小雅。大雅31篇是西周的作品，大部分作于西周初期，小部分作于西周末期。小雅共74篇，除少数篇目可能是东周作品外，其余都是西周晚期的作品。大雅的作者，主要是上层贵族；小雅的作者，既有上层贵族，也有下层贵族和地位低微者。颂是宗庙祭祀之乐，许多都是舞曲，音乐可能比较舒缓。周颂31篇，产生于西周初期，每篇只有一章。鲁颂4篇，产生于春秋中叶，都是颂美鲁僖公之作。商颂5篇，约为殷商中后期的作品。
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
高考专业术语细解大全 1、开宗明义，直接点题。诗歌开头就进入正题，不拐弯抹角，直接点明题旨或表达情感。 2、曲笔入题，造成悬念。诗歌开头先来一个开端，不直接触到本题，这样使作品有跌宕起伏之感，吸引读者。如杜牧的《泊秦淮》：“烟笼寒水月笼沙，夜泊秦淮近酒家。商女不知亡国恨，隔江犹唱后庭花。”“商女不知亡国恨”就是曲笔，因为商女是侍候他人的歌女，她们唱什么是由听者的趣味而定的，可见真正“不知亡国恨”的是那座中的欣赏者——封建贵族、官僚、豪绅。 3、照应：这是篇章前后某点内容的衔接，又叫呼应。前面交代过的话，后面得有照应；后面要照应的话，前边得先有个交代。照应能使情节连贯、脉络清晰、结构紧凑。如“楚江微雨里，建业暮钟时。漠漠帆来重，冥冥鸟去迟。”(韦应物《赋得暮雨送李胄》)首联两句写黄昏时分诗人伫立在细雨蒙蒙的江边，这里点明了诗题中的“暮雨”，又照应了诗题中的“送”字。 4、伏笔：即在故事发生前对将要出现的人物或事件作出某种暗示性的铺排。好的伏笔能起到暗示、点题、沟通作品内部联系、逆转人物关系等作用，使文理通顺、合情合理。 5、卒章显志：诗人往往在诗歌的结尾表达自己的心志或情怀，点明主旨。如，李白《梦游天姥吟留别》结尾“安能摧眉折腰事权贵，使我不得开心颜”句，表达诗人要自由自在，驰骋奔放，不为五斗米折腰的心志。《行路难》尾句“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”，表达要实现理想的豁达。 6、画龙点睛：诗歌末尾点明主旨、亮明观点，让读者豁然开朗。 7、以景结情——诗歌在议论或抒情的过程中，戛然而止，转为写景，以景代情作结，使得诗歌“此时无情胜有情”，显得意犹未尽。 以景结情：是诗歌结句的一种技巧，它也是借景抒情的方式之一。是指诗歌在议论或抒情的过程中，戛然而止，转为写景，以景代情作结，结束诗句，使得诗歌“此时无情胜有情”，显得意犹未尽，可以使读者从景物描写中，驰骋想象，体味诗的意境，产生韵味无穷的艺术效果。 8、铺垫——在情节发生前的交代、暗示。 9、浑然天成——结构非常完整，如同自然生成的。
allegory a story which teaches a lesson because the people and places in it stand for other ideas. an example is john bunyan’s pilgrim’s progress（see page 67）. alliteration repeating a sound or a letter, especially at the beginning of words, in poetry：e.g.（see page 8）.“five m iles m eandering with a m az y m otion…” assonance repeating a vowel sound, often in the middle of words, in poetry：e.g. p a le/br a ve. autobiography the written account of a person’s own life （see page 136） ballad originally a song for dancers, then in mediaeval times a simple poem with short stanzas telling a story. some romantic poets of the 19th century also wrote ballads （see page 91）. biography the written account of someone else’s life （see page 61）. blank verse any verses, especially iambic pentameters （see metre）, that do not rhyme. used by marlowe, shakespeare, milton and many other poets, this is the most characteristic english form （see page 23）. caricature a way of drawing or writing which makes the special features of a person or group stronger, so that they are ridiculous. chorus in greek drama the chorus watched the action of the play and told the story. the modern meaning can be simply a group of people other than the hero or heroine. chronicle a history of events year by year classic a. work as a great work b. ancient greek and latin literature c. writing influence by ancient greek and latin comedy something that is funny couplet two lines of verse that rhyme crisis the most important part of a play diary a written record of daily life drama a. any kind of work to be performed on the stage .b. something exciting or important edition the printing of the book elision leaving out a vowel or a syllable, or running 2 vowels together ellipsis leaving out words which give the full sense epic a long narrative poem in the grand style elegy a poem of mourning for someone epigram a short, funny, sharp poem or remark epilogue an ending, or an extra part after the end of a book or a play epitaph sth. written on a tombstone essay a short prose work fantasy an imaginative work , no basis in the real life farce a comedy, with ridiculous plot fiction a work invented by the writer, with characters and events are imaginary fairy tale（story） a popular story told to children foot a unit of sound in verse, in which there is on stressed syllable, one or more unstressed syllables free verse verse in which the lines can vary in length without strict metre heroic couplet a pair of lines in iambic pentametre that rhyme heroic play a grand play in restoration period hexametre a line of verse with 6 metrical feet iambic抑扬格of metrical foot consisting of an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable or a short syllable followed by a long syllable pentametre五音步诗行a line of verse consisting of five metrical feet idiom an expression of saying sth. that is typical of a language at a certain time idyll a short, descriptive, sentimental poem with a pastoral theme image a word picture imagery using images such as metaphors or similes to produce an effect in the readers’ imagination irony sth. that has a second meaning intended by the writer, often the opposite legend a story, usually one that has come down to us from ancient times