1.基本信息
实践题目：事件对象实现P、V操作并解决读写者问题
完成人：
班级：07062301
姓名：陈杨
学号：0706230101
报告日期：2011年1月5日
2.实践内容简要描述
实践目标
1.掌握事件对象的使用方法
2. 理解P、V操作的内部机制及读者-写者问题的实现方法。
实践内容
用Win32提供的同步对象实现P、V操作，并使用它们解决读者-写者问题
利用事件机制模拟多值信号量。算法如下：
binary-semaphore S1, S2; // initializtion: S1 = 1, S2 = 0
int C; // initializtion: the count of recource
wait():
Wait(S1);
C--;
if(C < 0) {
signal(S1);
wait(S2);
}
signal(S2);
signal():
wait(S1);
C++;
if(C <= 0) {
signal(S2);
}
else {
signal(S1);
}
读者-写者问题算法如下：
Writer:
wait(Wmutex);
// do writing
signal(Wmutex);
Reader:
wait(Rmutex);
if(Rcount == 0) {
wait(Wmutex);
}
Rcount++;
signal(Rmutex);
// do reading
wait(Rmutex);
Rcount--;
if(Rcount == 0) {
signal(Wmutex);
}
signal(Rmutex);
设计思路
利用事件对象实现P、V操作
主要数据结构
int readcount = 0;
int writecount = 0;
struct MySemaphore
{
HANDLE s1, s2;
int c;
};
MySemaphore ReaderS;
MySemaphore WriterS;
struct ThreadInfo
{
int serial;
char entity;
double delay;
double persist;
};
主要代码结构及分析
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Reader Priority fuction
// file: filename
//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
void ReaderPriority( char* file )
{
DWORD n_thread = 0;
DWORD thread_ID;
DWORD wait_for_all;
initMySemaphore(&ReaderS,1);
initMySemaphore(&WriterS,1);
readcount = 0; //init readercount
// Tread Object Array
HANDLE h_Thread[MAX_THREAD_NUM];
ThreadInfo thread_info[MAX_THREAD_NUM];
ifstream inFile;
inFile.open(file); //open file
printf( "Reader Priority:\n\n" );
while ( inFile )
{
// read every reader/writer info
inFile>>thread_info[n_thread].serial;
inFile>>thread_info[n_thread].entity;
inFile>>thread_info[n_thread].delay;
inFile>>thread_info[n_thread++].persist;
inFile.get();
} //end while
inFile.close();
for( int i = 0; i < (int)(n_thread); i++)
{
if(thread_info[i].entity == 'R' || thread_info[1].entity == 'r')
{
// Create Reader thread
h_Thread[i] = CreateThread( NULL, 0, (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)(RP_ReaderThread), &thread_info[i], 0, &thread_ID);
}
else {
// Create Writer thread
h_Thread[i] = CreateThread( NULL, 0, (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)(RP_WriterThread), &thread_info[i], 0, &thread_ID);
}
} //end for
// waiting all thread will been finished
wait_for_all = WaitForMultipleObjects(n_thread,h_Thread,TRUE, -1); printf("All reader and writer thread have finished Operating.\n");
closeMySemaphore(&WriterS);
closeMySemaphore(&ReaderS);
}// end readerPriority
void wait(MySemaphore* myS)
{
WaitForSingleObject(myS->s1, INFINITE);
myS->c--;
if(myS->c < 0)
{
SetEvent(myS->s1);
WaitForSingleObject(myS->s2, INFINITE);
}
SetEvent(myS->s1);
}
void signal(MySemaphore* myS)
{
WaitForSingleObject(myS->s1, INFINITE);
myS->c++;
if(myS->c <= 0)
{
SetEvent(myS->s2);
}
else
{
SetEvent(myS->s1);
}
}
////////////////////////////////////
// reader priority -- reader thread
// p: reader thread info
///////////////////////////////////
DWORD WINAPI RP_ReaderThread(void* p)
{
DWORD m_delay;
DWORD m_persist;
int m_serial;
//get info froam para
m_serial = ((ThreadInfo*) (p)) -> serial;
m_delay = (DWORD) (((ThreadInfo*)(p)) -> delay*INTE_PER_SEC); m_persist = (DWORD) (((ThreadInfo*)(p)) -> persist*INTE_PER_SEC);
Sleep(m_delay);
printf("Reader thread %d sents the reading require .\n",m_serial);
wait(&ReaderS);
if(readcount == 0)
{
wait(&WriterS);
}
readcount++;
signal(&ReaderS);
// read file
printf("Reader thread %d begins to read file.\n",m_serial);
Sleep(m_persist);
//exit thread
printf("Reader thread %d finished reading file.\n",m_serial);
wait(&ReaderS);
readcount--;
if(readcount == 0)
{
signal(&WriterS);
}
signal(&ReaderS);
return 0;
}
////////////////////////////////////
// Reader priority -- writer thread
// p: writer thread info
///////////////////////////////////
DWORD WINAPI RP_WriterThread(void* p)
{
DWORD m_delay;
DWORD m_persist;
int m_serial;
//get info froam para
m_serial = ((ThreadInfo*) (p)) -> serial;
m_delay = (DWORD) (((ThreadInfo*)(p)) -> delay*INTE_PER_SEC);
m_persist = (DWORD) (((ThreadInfo*)(p)) -> persist*INTE_PER_SEC);
Sleep(m_delay);
printf("Writer thread %d sents the writing require .\n",m_serial);
// wait resource
wait(&WriterS);
// write to the file
printf("Writer thread %d begins to write to the file.\n",m_serial);
Sleep(m_persist);
//exit thread
printf("Writer thread %d finished Writing to the file.\n",m_serial);
//release resource
signal(&WriterS);
return 0;
}
3.实践结果
基本数据：
?源程序代码行数：256
?完成实践投入的时间（小时数）：5
?资料查阅时间：1.5
?编程调试时间：3.5
测试数据设计
“ex5.dat”中测试数据为：
1 R 3 5
2 W 4 5
3 R 5 2
4 R 6 5
5 W 5 3
测试结果分析
待所有读进程执行完毕后写进程才开始一一执行，结果正确。
4.实践体会
实践过程中遇到的问题及解决过程
在调试时，一开始总会出现某个进程sents require的信息重复出现两次，但该线程只执行过一次的现象，调整显示代码的位置得不到正确的结果。后将读写进程函数由void RP_ReaderThread(void* p); void RP_WriterThread(void* p);改为DWORD WINAPI RP_ReaderThread(void* p);DWORD WINAPI RP_WriterThread(void* p);并在函数体最后加上return 0语句。该问题顺利解决。
实践体会和收获
通过此次实验，我学会了事件对象的使用方法，并深入了解了P、V算法的机制及用其解决读着-写者问题的实现方法。同时我也锻炼了自己的编程能力。
5.参考文献
?[1]汤子灜著.《计算机操作系统》（修订版）[M]. 西安：西安电子科技大学
出版社. 2000
?[2] Abraham Silberschatz ,Peter Baer Galvin and Greg Gagne. 郑扣根等译.操作
系统概念第六版，翻译版. [M].北京：高等教育出版社. 2004
中职学校研学旅行的现状分析与有效实施策略2012年，教育部启动中小学研学旅行工作研究项目，在安徽、江苏、上海、西安、山东等省市地区、直辖市选择部门分学校开展研学旅行试点工作。此后，项目组逐步扩大试点范围，稳步推进研学旅行的实验工作，历经几年，试点工作取得了一定的成效，但也存在一些制约研学旅行开展的实际问题。为此，2016年11月，教育部等11个部门印发了《关于推进中小学生研学旅行的意见》(以下简称《意见》)，对全国中小学研学旅行工作的推进提出明确要求，将研学旅行纳入中小学教育教学计划，要求各地采取有力措施，推动研学旅行健康快速发展。 《意见》指出：“中小学生研学旅行是由教育部门和学校有计划地组织安排，通过集体旅行、集中食宿方式开展的研究性学习和旅行体验相结合的校外教育活动，是学校教育和校外教育衔接的创新形式，是教育教学的重要内容，是综合实践育人的有效途径。” 研学旅行的现状分析 (一)研学旅行试点工作取得的成效 研学旅行工作从项目启动至今已有4年时间，试点地区积极探索，积累了有益经验，取得了显著成效。 1.意义和价值得到认可 研学旅行活动是教育部门和学校组织的学生集体旅行，将研究性学习和旅行体验相结合的校外教育活动。对学生而言，参与研学旅行不仅能开阔视野增长见识，还能让他们体验与同龄伙伴集体出游的乐趣。对家长而言，研学旅行对孩子具有更强的教育价值和功能。对学校而言，研学旅行有助于培养学生的社会责任感、集体意识，加深学生对自然、社会、文化的理解，丰富教育的内涵，具有校内学习无法替代的功能。因此，研学旅行活动的价值和意义得到学生、家长和学校的广泛认可。 2.形成了良好的工作机制 研学旅行活动原则上是面向所有学生开展的，而不只是少部分学生才能参与，这就给研学旅行活动的组织和管理带来很大压力，学校需要对活动进行精心设计和明确分工。从目前实施的情况看，开展研学旅行的学校在带领学生外出前，
广东高考·读写任务专项训练 I. （编写说明：美国研究者认为，学校里应该教学生10项基本社交技巧，因为那是学业有成的关键。10大社交技巧分别是：倾听他人讲话;按部就班;遵守规则;不被干扰分心;向他人求助;按先后顺序说话;与他人好好相处;遇事保持冷静;对自己的行为负责;为别人做点好事。） 文章来源：https://www.doczj.com/doc/c67820597.html,/big5/20090911/wvh091739.asp?source=UpFeature（华尔街日报） 阅读下面的短文，然后按照要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。 Like all children, Perry, age 9, wants friends.Once Perry tried to make a friend at his New Haven, Conn.,this year, he imitated a move that he had seen his 15-year-old brother make with his pal -- he gave another, much bigger child a playful push. The big guy's response: A punch in the face, leaving Perry with a bloody nose. In many classrooms, Perry might simply have been regarded as naughty and a troublemaker. But Barbara Giangreco, a mental-health therapist(治疗专家) who works in child-care centers and preschools, understood that what Perry wanted to do was just trying to be friendly and make friends with others.So Barbara Giangreco made efforts to work with his mother and teacher on helping him use words to reach out to other kids. Now all the adults involved agree that Perry's social skills have improved significantly. He is making friends, and while he still has conflicts with other kids sometimes, he knows how to apologize and make peace. Experts say that most teens struggle with their feelings, and the only way they can communicate is often through behavior. [写作内容] 1．以约30个词概括这段短文的内容； 2．然后以约120个词就“To master some social skills”这一主题发表你的看法，内容包括： (1).你认为掌握社交技巧对我们来说必要吗?为什么? (2).你认为我们在校要学会那些社交技巧; (3).你的感想。 [写作要求] 1．在作文中可以使用自己亲身的经历或虚构的故事，也可以参照阅读材料的内容但不得直接引用原文中的句子； 2．作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 [评分标准] 概括准确，语言规范，内容合适，篇章连贯。 II （编写说明：在人类的漫长的进化历史过程中，唯有战胜对手的幸运儿才能赢得大自然的青睐，拿到参加下一场物种角力的入场券。然而，大自然并不只是沿着单一的路线前行，“合则双赢，争则俱败”，体现互助与合作精神的共生或许也是影响历史进程的另一重大因素。）
非常实用的高考英语“读写任务”写作模板 【对比观点题型】 （1）要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 (写作步骤：1．有一些人认为……；2．另一些人认为……；3．我的看法……。) The topic of ①-----------------（主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-----------------（支持A的理由一）. What is more, ③-------------(理由二). Moreover, ④---------------(理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-----------------(支持B的理由一). Secondly (Besides), ⑥------------------（理由二）. Thirdly (Finally), ⑦------------------(理由三). From my point of view, I think ⑧----------------（我的观点）. The reason is that ⑨--------------------(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice. （2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点。 Some people believe that ①----------------（观点一）. For example, they think ②-----------------（举例说明）．And it will bring them ③-----------------(为他们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-------------(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-----------------(反对的理由之二)．From all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥------------------(我对文章所讨论主题的看法)． 【阐述主题题型】 要求从一句话或一个主题出发，按照提纲的要求进行论述。 （写作步骤：１．阐述某名言或主题所蕴涵的意义；２．分析并举例使其更充实。）The good old proverb ----------------（名言或谚语）reminds us that ----------------(释义). Indeed, we can learn many things from it. First of all, ---------------(理由一). For example, -------------------(举例说明). Secondly,----------------(理由二). Another case is that ---------------(举例说明). Furthermore, ------------------(理由三)．In my opinion, ----------------(我的观点). In short, whatever you do, please remember the saying ----------. If you understand it and apply it to your study or work, you”ll necessarily benefit a lot from it. 【解决方法题型】 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 （写作步骤：1．问题现状；２．怎样解决<解决方案的优缺点>。） In recent days, we have to face one problem------------A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状). Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another ---------------(解决方法二). Finally, -----------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处). 【说明利弊题型】 这种题型往往要求先说明一下现状，再对比事物本身的利弊，有时也会单从一个角度（利或弊）出发，最后往往要求考生表明自己的态度（或对事物前景提出预测）。
读写任务型写作,主要有两种writing styles,即:读记叙文写议论文:读议论文写记叙文。整篇文章由转述+表述(己述)构成,它充分展示考生的概括能力和语言能力. I.请阅读下面段落,概括全篇,并找出与之搭配的概括技巧。 Skill 1:Omit(省略) the details Skill 2 : Omit the repetitions Skill 3: Omit the example Skill 4:Use general(概括性) words instead of specific(具体的) words Skill 5:Put the main points of a dialogue in indirect speech 1.You can think of a way to manage your temper. Here are the tips: 1)We should try to calm down and figure out what we are really upset about. 2)Keep a diary. It can help you understand more about yourself and your feelings. 3)We can try to talk with our best friends to release stressful emotions. 概括:_______________________________________________________________ 2. Nowadays more and more teenagers try to be more independent from their parents and sometimes become very rebellious. They always want to wear long and strange hair style, which their parents complain about a lot. They also spend too much time on the Internet and playing computer games. 概括:_______________________________________________________________ 3. Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly, ―You put too much salt on your food, Paul. It’s not at all good for you!‖ Paul put down his knife and frowned, ‖Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful…like eating wood or sand…just imagine bread without salt in it 概括:________________________________________________________________ 4. She bought a lot of vegetables such as cabbage, carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes, potatoes and some eggs. She intended to invite all his friends for her birthday party at the weekend. 概括:__________________________________________________________________ Suggested answer: 1. Skill 3;There are many tips for you to manage your temper as follows. 2.Skill 1;Nowadays there is an increasing tendency that more and more teenagers try to behave independently and differently. 3.Skill 5;Kate asked Paul not to use too much salt on his food and told him many advantages of it. 4.Skill 4;To hold her birthday party at the weekend, she bought a lot of vegetables. II.请阅读下面文章,用30 个词左右概括全篇内容。 1. Advertising can be a service to customers. This is true when ads give reliable information about the goods advertised. Such information is needed if the customer is to make a wise choice when he buys something. It is useful because it can help the customer know more about the kinds of goods available in the shops. Printed ads do this job best. Customers can collect them and compare them. They can be used to check against the actual goods in the shops. Some ads are not very useful to the customers. Instead of helping the customer to satisfy his real needs, they set out to make him want unnecessary things by doing ads cleverly. The people who produce them understand our weakness. They set out to make us believe that what they advertise will make us cleverer, prettier, more handsome, if only we use it .For example, the voice on TV says, ―By using our SKII, it makes your skin crystal.‖ The screen shows a series of pictures
2008-2012广东高考英语基础写作、读写任务及范文 一、基础写作 2008年广东高考英语基础写作 第一节基础写作(共1小题，满分15分) 你很荣幸地成为2008北京奥运会的一名志愿者，负责编写奥运比赛项目的英语介绍。 [写作内容] 请根据以下中文提纲，编写射击项目的英语介绍： Version 1 Shooting, originated as a means of survival, developed into a sport only in the late 19th century. The sport first appeared in 1896, but none were contested during the 1904 and 1928 Games. The sport returned to the Olympics in 1932. Women were first allowed to compete in the Olympic shooting in 1968. The sport has grown steadily from just three shooting events at the 1896 Olympic Games to 17 today. Version 2 It was not until at the end of 19th century that shooting, originated as a means of survival, earned its status as a sport. Shooting became an Olympic event officially in 1896. Yet, twice in history (1904, 1928) shooting was suspended at the Olympics. It returned to the Games in 1932, and women were first allowed to participate in the competition in 1968. The sport has been growing steadily from 1896's three events to today's seventeen. 2009年广东高考英语基础写作 第一节基础写作(共1小题，满分15分) 你是校报小记者，最近进行了一次采访。以下是这次采访的情况： 时间：上周末 对象：眼科医生(eye-doctor)王教授 主题：我国中小学生近视(short-sightedness)问题 基本信息：(1)发生率：略高于50％ (2)人数：世界第一 专家解读：(1)原因：很复杂 (2)治疗：没有哪一种药物能治愈近视 (3)建议：不要过度用眼；多参加户外活动 (4)特别提示：如何握笔也和近视有关 [写作内容] 根据以上情况写一篇采访报道，并包括如下内容： 1．采访的时间、对象和主题； 2．中小学生近视的发生率及人数； 3．专家解读。
广东一轮复习模拟试卷（二）——读写任务 In his speech Li Hua spoke of an overseas Chinese student who couldn’t find a job because of his dishonesty. The story shows us that honesty really is the best policy. After reading this speech, I felt really sorry for the student who had ruined his own promising future just for some short-term benefits. On the other hand, I also thought it was correct to punish someone who had been dishonest. My classmate Wang Tao once made a similar mistake. During a math quiz, he was having trouble working out a problem. When the teacher looked away, he peeked and copied the answer from his classmate. He was glad that he had a high mark in the quiz. But when he came across a similar question in the final exam, he didn’t know how to solve it and eventually failed the test. From these stories, I really learned the lesson that honesty is the best policy. In life we are often tempted to be dishonest, but for a happy and guilt-free life we know what the best choice is.
新视野读写第三册课件Summary整理 Unit 1 My brother, Jimmy, was born with brain damage due to a difficult delivery. Accompanying my growing up was revolving around my brother’s life and protecting him from being picked on by other kids. Unfortunately, father, who was inseparable with Jimmy, died in 1991. Jimmy was a wreck and believed that the world he’d known was gone. Even worse, mother died six months later and I alone was left to look after Jimmy. After that, Jimmy moved to New York City to live with me for a while. But he still longed to live in parents’ house and he finally returned. So far, he has lived there for 11 years and blossomed on his own. I held a party for Jimmy’ 57th birthday just a few days after 9·11 disaster, but no one of the family could come. I called on my friends to help who brought ideal presents and made it a festive and merry occasion. I knew that the constant love and support of our friends and family would get us through all the hardships in life. There had never been any limitations to what Jimmy’s love could accomplish. Unit 2 It is not infrequent for the bodies of endurance athletes to be deficient in iron. In particular, female athletes often have this problem. Even moderate exercise can cause the problem. A study indicated that formerly inactive women showed a decrease in iron levels. Iron deficiency affects many women, including exercising women, health-conscious women, etc. There are 3 stages of iron deficiency. However, most people with low iron reserves don’t know they have a deficiency. So it’s advisable for people to have a yearly blood test. In addition, people are suggested to modify their diet or take supplements such as adding more iron-rich foods. Unit 4 The Statue of Liberty is a monument built to celebrate the US independence and the France-America alliance. Holding a torch high, the statue expresses welcome to people who have affection for peace and liberty. Inspired by a German doll, Ruth designed her American version of dolls called Barbie. With long limbs and an exaggerated breast size, Barbie is shapely and beautiful. Guided by artistic theories, Wood created the portrait showing the solemn pride of American farmers. Unlike other coins in the US, the buffalo nickel honored a pair of connected tragedies, the destruction of both buffalo herds and American Indians. The story of Uncle Sam evolves from a man who inspected meat for the US Army during the war to liberate the American colonies. There are many versions of Uncle Sam’s portrait, but the most famous is in the recruiting poster, in which he is a tall man with a white beard on his chin. Unit 6
作文专讲 作文是英语学习中的重点, 也是难点。要想写出流畅的作文, 必须多欣赏优秀范文,熟悉文章体裁,了解文章框架,形成写作套路,积累精美语言。只有记诵一定量的优秀范文, 才能保证写作的流畅输出! 同学们要注重错句改正及优秀句子的积累, 注重优秀范文的背诵和写作, 大家一定要积极参与其中, 不断提高自身对英语的感悟能力和使用能力! 要写出好的作文, 平时必须多看范文, 多分析范文。积累有用的词汇、词组和句型。每次作文评改后发回来,要及时改正所犯的错误, 以后不要再犯同样的错误。好的作文必须经过千锤百炼, 多练习多归纳多进步! “ 读写任务” 的写作过程: 1把握阅读材料的结构、思路、观点与意图; 2概括阅读材料的观点(论证过程 3在“ 写作内容” 的引导下写作。 在写概括的时候 , 不能添加自己的见解, 但是要用自己的语言概括。要做到开门见山,语言简洁 . 如果给的阅读材料是一个故事, 应该用最简练的语言来说明故事讲述了什么, 不能拖泥带水,而且要看原文是否有讲述该故事给你的启示或其中的一个道理。如果是说明性或描述性短文 , 你就必须用概括的文字来说明某种现象。 如果是议论文的阅读短文 , 则要尽可能客观简要地转述阅读材料的观点。 在议论部分 ,第一段开头语: 1 According to the passage, we know… 2 This article is mainly about… 3 The writer states that…
4 The passage tells us that… 第二段 :过渡词引出主题句 ---自己的观点 ---理由? 开头用语: ? I do agree with the author… ? In some way, I agree with …, but… ? This opinion sounds right but is hardly practical.? It is definitely not like that. As a matter of fact, …? From my personal angle alone… ? In my opinion,… ? From my personal point of view… ? As far as I’m concerned… 第三段 [最后一段 ] : 总结句开头用语: ? In conclusion,… ? In short,… ? To make a long story short,… ? In general,… ? In a word,… ? In belief,… ? On the whole,…
中小学研学旅行的现状分析与有效实施策略2012年，教育部启动中小学研学旅行工作研究项目，在安徽、江苏、上海、西安、山东等省市地区、直辖市选择部门分学校开展研学旅行试点工作。此后，项目组逐步扩大试点范围，稳步推进研学旅行的实验工作，历经几年，试点工作取得了一定的成效，但也存在一些制约研学旅行开展的实际问题。为此，2016年11月，教育部等11个部门印发了《关于推进中小学生研学旅行的意见》(以下简称《意见》)，对全国中小学研学旅行工作的推进提出明确要求，将研学旅行纳入中小学教育教学计划，要求各地采取有力措施，推动研学旅行健康快速发展。 《意见》指出：“中小学生研学旅行是由教育部门和学校有计划地组织安排，通过集体旅行、集中食宿方式开展的研究性学习和旅行体验相结合的校外教育活动，是学校教育和校外教育衔接的创新形式，是教育教学的重要内容，是综合实践育人的有效途径。” 中小学研学旅行的现状分析 (一)研学旅行试点工作取得的成效 中小学研学旅行工作从项目启动至今已有4年时间，试点地区积极探索，积累了有益经验，取得了显著成效。 1.意义和价值得到认可 研学旅行活动是教育部门和学校组织的学生集体旅行，将研究性学习和旅行体验相结合的校外教育活动。对学生而言，参与研学旅行不仅能开阔视野增长见识，还能让他们体验与同龄伙伴集体出游的乐趣。对家长而言，研学旅行对孩子具有更强的教育价值和功能。对学校而言，研学旅行有助于培养学生的社会责任感、集体意识，加深学生对自然、社会、文化的理解，丰富教育的内涵，具有校内学习无法替代的功能。因此，研学旅行活动的价值和意义得到学生、家长和学校的广泛认可。
2.形成了良好的工作机制 研学旅行活动原则上是面向所有学生开展的，而不只是少部分学生才能参与，这就给研学旅行活动的组织和管理带来很大压力，学校需要对活动进行精心设计和明确分工。从目前实施的情况看，开展研学旅行的学校在带领学生外出前，通常都有比较详尽的活动方案，每项具体工作也能够做到组织到位，责任到人。每次外出考察，学校也会设计比较明确的考察主题，并组织相关学科的教师围绕考察目的地设计相应的参观、考察、调研和学习的内容，不少学校还设计出学习任务单或研学旅行记录手册，从而确保研学旅行活动既有“行”又有“学”，并安全有序开展。 3.开发利用了社会资源 研学旅行活动需要学生走出学校，外出旅行，这就要求学校充分开发利用社会资源。首先，学校要从旅行路线中筛选有教育价值的资源，并围绕相关的资源设计内容丰富，形式多样的教育活动。其次，学生的外出旅行还需要相应的社会机构支持和配合，学校要与这些社会机构进行反复沟通和磨合，建立一定的工作机制和合作关系。例如，各地旅游景点需要提供适合学生的讲解和服务，旅行社要针对中小学生特点，设计安全性高、价格较低的出行方案等。 (二)研学旅行活动中存在的问题 1.学生安全问题带来诸多困扰 研学旅行活动参与学生人数多，每次外出少则几十人，多则几百人，学校的组织管理和安全保障压力很大，这也是很多学校校长和教师不愿意组织研学旅行活动的主要原因。大量的学生集体外出，在校外活动多日，学生每日的饮食、住宿、交通以及各种参观考察活动，随时可能出现各种意外情况，而每次带队外出的教师人数有限，一旦出现安全问题，学校就要面临来自家长和上级教育行政部门以及社会的多方压力和责难。很多家长尽管能够认同研学旅行的价值，但是对学生安全问题的担忧，使很多学校在能否让学生参与研学旅行这个问题上踌躇不定，犹豫不决。 2.活动效果尚未达到理想状态 近年来，组织研学旅行的学校范围不断扩大，参与研学旅行活动的学生人数也有明显增加，但整体实施效果和水平参差不齐，尚未达到理想的状态。一方面，
专题检测卷(三十一) 读写任务 (建议用时: 40分钟) Passage 1 (2013·潮州二模) 阅读下面短文, 然后按要求写一篇150个词左右的英语短文。 Never Put off until Tomorrow What You Can Do Today We have been told never to put off until tomorrow what you can do today since childhood. However, there are still many people who like putting off the things that they should do today until tomorrow. They have no plans for their work and their time. As a result, they will not accomplish their goals in the end. For example, one Sunday I felt so tired after having a football match that I did not finish my homework even at night. I thought I could get up earlier to go to school the next morning so that I could finish my homework before class. But the next morning, I was not able to get to school in time because of the traffic jam. I was punished by the teacher. It taught me a lesson. From then on I made a determination that I would never put off anything important until the next day. Please remember: Work today, for you don’t know how much you may be hindered tomorrow. Seize the present day, cherish every minute you have now and trust the tomorrow as little as possible. 【写作内容】 1. 以约30个词概括上文的主要内容。 2. 以约120个词对“今日事今日毕”展开议论, 内容包括: (1)你读了本篇文章后的感想; (2)谈谈你对“今日事今日毕”的看法; (3)你平时是怎样合理安排时间, 及时完成老师布置的任务的。 【写作要求】 1. 作文中可以使用亲身经历或虚构的故事, 也可以参照阅读材料的内容, 但不得直接引用原文中的句子。 2. 作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称。 【评分标准】 概括准确, 语言规范, 内容合适, 语篇连贯。 _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________ Passage 2 (2013·茂名二模) 阅读下面短文, 然后按要求写一篇150个词左右的英语短文。 As a kid, I was a little fat. In college, I was less active, and I started blowing up. It got out of control when I went to law school. At the age of 30, I weighed 414 pounds. I was always tired. I have a family history of heart disease, and I was scared. I also wanted to look better. So a few weeks after my birthday, in the spring of 2006, I started to lose weight. Walking was all I could do at first. I started by walking to a subway stop a few blocks away instead of the one closest to my apartment. I gradually increased the distance. A year later, I started to run. At
高中英语读写任务专题突破---概括S ummary 读写任务的写作内容一般分为两个部分，即写作内容1为概括短文要点，还有写作内容2 则是就某个主题发表看法。然而，绝大部分的考生会忽略了写作内容2对写作内容1的导航作用，而一头扎进了阅读材料直接去阅读文章得出要点。事实上，所谓“读写任务”其实是“读”和“写”的有机结合，“读”的材料是为了后面的“写”提供情景，同样，“写”也是对“读”的材料的思考和延伸。因此在概括文章时，可考虑命题人提供的写作内容2的导航作用，因为它能够帮助大家更快地提高捕捉文章要点的速度与准确性。 一、概括的标准：抛弃次要，瞄准写作目的。 标准的概括一般第一句话是主题句，清楚明白地告诉了读者文章的写作目的，这句话的质量决定了概括的成败。后面的句子对主题句进行解释和支撑，凡是意义在主题之外的要毫不吝啬地予以删除。 二、概括的写作步骤： 1. 确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。 2. 寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。 3. 重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。 4. 重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。 口诀：缩长见短，省却细腻。 四、写概括的具体方法 1、写概括的步骤 A.定时态：如果阅读材料是过去时，那么基本时态用过去时；如果是现在的，那么基本时态用现在时；不过，模板的开头语一般为现在时如The passage tells us that----- - --. B.定人称：一般情况下采用第三人称来写作。（特殊如书信的，可能会使用第一、二人称；） C.定技巧：结合相关技巧，重新组句。