英文原文
Wheel gears spreading to move is a the most wide kind of the application spreads to move a form in the modern machine. Its main advantage BE:The.
①spreads to move to settle, work than in a moment steady, spread to move accurate credibility, can deliver space arbitrarily sport and the motive of the of two stalks；Power and speed scope
② applies are wide；
③ spreads to move an efficiency high, =0.92.0.98；
④ work is dependable, service life long；
⑤ Outline size outside the is small, structure tightly packed.The wheel gear constituted to；from wheel gear, stalk, bearings and box body decelerates a machine, useding for prime mover and work machine or performance organization of, have already matched to turn soon and deliver
a function of turning , the application is extremely extensive in the modern machine.
⑥ Local deceleration machine much with the wheel gear spread to move, the pole spread to move for lord, but widespread exist power and weight ratio small, or spread to move ratio big but the machine efficiency lead a low problem.There are also many weaknesses on material quality and craft level moreover, the especially large deceleration machines problem is more outstanding, the service life isnt long.The deceleration machine of abroad, with Germany, Denmark and Japan be placed in to lead a position, occupying advantage in the material and the manufacturing craft specially, decelerating the machine work credibility like, service life long.But it spreads to move a form to still take settling stalk wheel gear to spread to move as lord, physical volume and weight problem, dont also resolve like
The direction which decelerates a machine to is the facing big power and spread to move ratio, small physical volume, high machine efficiency and service life to grow greatly nowadays develops.Decelerating the connecting of machine and electric motor body structure is also the form which expands strongly, and have already produced various structure forms and various products of power model numbers.Be close to ten several in the last yearses, control a technical development because of the modern calculator technique and the number, make the machine process accuracy, process an efficiency to raise consumedly, pushed a machine to spread the diversification of movable property article thus, the mold piece of the whole machine kit turns, standardizing, and shape design the art turn, making product more fine, the beauty turns.
Become a set a machine material in 21 centuries medium, the wheel gear is still a machine to spread a dynamic basic https://www.doczj.com/doc/c618380489.html,C tool machine and the craft technical development, pushed a machine to spread to move structure to fly to develop soon.Be spreading to move the electronics control, liquid in the system design to press to spread to move, wheel gear, take the mixture of chain to spread to move, will become become soon a box to design in excellent turn to spread to move a combination of direction.The academics that is in spread move the design crosses, will
become new spread a movable property article the important trend of the development.
Essential character：Reduction gear、Bearing 、gear 、mechanical drive
Summary
This time graduate the design to have the contents a to design concerning the machine that decelerate the complets system.
Decelerating the machine is a kind of from close to move in the rigid wheel gear in the hull is an independent complete organization .Pass thisa design can then the first step controls general simple a set of complete designs step and methods of the machine.
This time graduate the design to introduce the type function of the deceleration machine and constitute the etc. primarily , made use of all.directionsly learned the knowledge .Such as:Machine graphics ,the metals material craft learns the theories knowledge that business trip etc.already learn. In actual production can analysis definitely reach agreement .The general type that decelerate the machine has:The cylinder wheel gear decelerates the machine ,cone wheel gear decelerates the machine ,wheel gear.cochlea pole decelerates the machine ,stalk park type decelerates machine ,assembles type decelerate machine ,couplet type decelerate machine ,couplet type decelerate machine .
Further educated in this time design independent ability that engineering design, set up the right design thought controls the in common use machine spare parts ,the machine spread to move the device with the simple machine design of method with step ,the consideration that request synthesize usage the request of economic craft etc . make sure the reasonable design project .
Key phrase: reducer rigidity technolic components/zeroporat
Precent/project
Planetary gear reducer gear reducer than the normal small size, light weight, high efficiency and transmission power range, etc, widely applied gradually. At the same time its drawbacks are: material quality, complex, high precision manufacturing, more difficult to install, design complex calculations than the average speed reducer. but on the planet as people drive technology further in-depth understanding and knowledge as well as the introduction of foreign planetary transmission and absorption of technology to drive the structure and contain its way are constantly improving, and continuously improve the level of production technology, can produce a better planetary gear reducer.
According to a general load of gear strength, geometric dimensions of the design calculation, and then to carry out transmission ratio conditions, concentric condition, the assembly conditions, design and calculation of the adjacent conditions, thanks to the number of planetary gear transmission, also must be contained institutions and the design of floating volume calculation.
Planetary gear drive according to the composition of basic enough pieces can be divided into: 2KH, 3K, and KHV are three. If the meshing of gears by the way, can be divided into: NGW-type, NN-based, WW-type, WGW type, NGWN type and N-type and so on. I designed planetary gear is 2KH NGW planetary transmission type.
● What is the ball screw?
So that the movement of objects, generally speaking, the movement will need to generate power, directly or indirectly through other organizations to convey to the Department of the final movement. Case of the automobile, gasoline engine, due to the combustion piston to move up and down, and through intermediaries ultimately delivered to the wheels to make it happen rotary motion.
Today's world, able to represent the mechanical and plant a variety of sports organizations, we can say without exception, have some form of motor conduction institutions. Ball screw is rotary motion into linear motion, or linear motion into rotary motion of the most reasonable product.
● ball screw specialties
1, compared with the sliding torque of ball screw 1 / 3
As the ball screw of the screw shaft and the wire between the mother doing a lot of ball rolling motion, so the movement can get higher efficiency. And compared to the last slide ball screw drive torque to 1 / 3 of the following, that is required to achieve the same results of dynamic movement to use the scroll ball screw 1 / 3. Was helpful in saving.
2, high precision to ensure
Ball screw is made in Japan De mechanical device world's highest level of coherence produced, especially in research and cutting, assembly, Jian Chage processes of the factory environment, the temperature ? humidity proce a strictly controlled quality management Youyuwanshan system so that accuracy can be fully guaranteed.
3, micro-feed may
As the ball screw is the use of ball movement, so a very small starting torque, does not appear as a creeping phenomenon of sliding movement can ensure accurate micro-feed.
4, no backlash, high rigidity
Ball screw can be added to the pressure, the pressure due to the axial clearance can reach negative values, and then get a higher rigidity (within the ball screw ball through to add to the pressure in actual use mechanical devices, because of ball The repulsion can increase the rigidity of the Department of silk mother).
5, high-speed feed may
Ball screw, sport, high efficiency, small heat, so can achieve high-speed feed (Sports).
First:what is reducer
Reducer is a dynamic communication agencies, the use of gear speed converters, motor rotational speed reducer to the Rotary to be few, and have greater torque institutions.
The reducer role
1) velocity at the same time increase the output torque, torque output ratio by motor output by slowdown, but the attention should be paid to exceed the rated torque reducer.
2) the speed at the same time reduce the inertia load, the inertia of deceleration than reduced to the
square. We can look at the General Motors has a value of inertia.
The type of reducer
General helical gear reducer has reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, a worm reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, Cycloid reducer, a worm reducer, a planetary friction CVT mechanical machines.
Common reducer
1) worm reducer is the main characteristics of a reverse self-locking function, can be larger than a slowdown, input shaft and output shaft axis is not the same, nor in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high.
2) Harmonic Harmonic Drive reducer is controllable using flexible components to transfer elastic deformation and dynamic movement, not volume, high precision, but the disadvantage is that flexible wheel limited life, impatient shocks, rigidity and pieces of metal relatively poor. Not too high speed input.
3) planetary reducer its comparative advantage is compact structure, the return gap small, high precision, and have a long life span rated output torque can be done great. However, a price slightly expensive, the requirements of parts before assembly
1. Rolling cleaning with gasoline, kerosene other parts cleaning. All parts and Xiangbenna not allowed to have any impurities exist. Gear box and the inner wall (Worm), unprocessed surface has not been coated twice erosion-resistant oil paint, box has the outer surface coated primer and paint color (color requested by host).
2. Parts coated with a face wash after lubricants
Second, the requirements of installation and adjustment
1. Rolling installation Rolling bearing inner ring should be installed at the shaft shoulder close to gap must not pass 0.05 mm thick Cypriot feet.
2. Bearing axial clearance of the clearance can not be adjusted bearings (such as deep groove ball bearings), axial clearance of 0.25 to 0.4 mm; the clearance adjustable bearing axial clearance numerical table. Click Tapered Roller Bearings axial clearance; angular contact ball bearing axial clearance
3. Gear (Worm) meshing tooth space available Cypriot side foot of lead or pressure. Will be lead wire on the alveolar, and then turning gear and squash lead wire, measuring two teeth side was crushed lead wire thickness and the size of which is adjacent teeth.
4. Tooth contact dot cylinder gear tooth contact Dot 2-10-4; bevel gear tooth contact Dot 2-11-4; Gearing contact Dot 2-12-4
Third, seal requirements
1. Box partition between the surface does not allow any pads filled, but can be coated or water glass sealant to ensure that the seal;
2. Assembly, the bolt tightening box, before using 0.05 mm Cypriot-foot inspection Covers Block with me and between the sealing surface;
3. Shaft seal should stretch to smear grease. The seal should be installed in strict accordance with the requirements
Forth, lubrication requirements
1. Rationally determine the types of lubricants and greases and grades
2. Bearing lubrication fat, grease filled in the general Fatliquor space can be 1 / 2 to 2 /
3.
3. Lubricants should be regularly replaced, the new reducer used for the first time, the operation of oil-7 ~ 14 days, according to the situation can be after every 3 to 6 months for first oil.
Fifth, the test requirements
1. Empty operation: at rated speed is, anti-running 1 to 2 hours;
2. Load test: at rated speed, rated load operation, the oil temperature balance to date. On the gear reducer, requested the pool temperature is not more than 35 oC, bearing temperature rise no more than 40 oC; the worm reducer, requested the pool temperature not more than 60 oC, bearing temperature of not more than 50 oC;
3. Entire testing process for the smooth operation, noise, not loosening the fixed link, sealed, not with the
Sixth, packaging and transportation requirements
1. Protruding shaft and its annex should Oiler packaging;
2. Handling, lifting may not use screw rings and lug all of the above technical requirements are not necessarily listed, and sometimes also by other projects, mainly by the specific design requirements.
Seventh. Technical requirements
1. Assembly, all parts cleaning with kerosene, gasoline Rolling cleansing, while the existence of any debris. Oil is not painted wall corrosion coatings twice;
2. Backlash with lead wire mesh test of not less than 0.16 mm, lead wire Backlash may not exceed the smallest of the four times;
3. Used Tu-color dot test. Tooth high point of contact by not less than 40% of contact spots on teeth not less than 50 per cent. Can be used when necessary, grinding or scraping after grinding to improve contacts;
4. Bearing axial cl earance should be adjusted: φ40 0.05 - 0.1 mm, φ55 0.08 - 0.15 mm;
5. Test reducer subdivision surface, the contact surface and seal, oil spills are not allowed.
Split-Tu allowed to paint or water glass seal and allow the use of any filler;
6. Engine lubricants to the contents N100 provisions height;
Below I introduce our country reduction gear the development present situation
First, the domestic reduction gear many by the gear drive, the worm drive primarily, but has the power and the load ratio generally is small, or velocity ratio great and mechanical efficiency excessively low question.Moreover, in the material quality and the technological level also has many weakness, the large-scale reduction gear question is specially more prominent, the service life is not long.The domestic use large-scale reduction gear (above 500kw), many from overseas (for example Denmark, Germany and so on) imports The 60's start few tooth reduction gears and so on difference transmission, cycloid pin gear transmission, overtone transmission which produces has the velocity ratio to be big, volume small, mechanical efficiency higher merit? .But its transmission theory limit, cannot transmit the oversized power, the power all must be smaller than generally 40kw. Because in the transmission theoretically, the technological level and the material quality aspect has not broken through, therefore, has not been able fundamentally to solve the transmission power in a big way, the velocity ratio big, the volume small, the weight light, mechanical efficiency higher these requests basically.The 90's initial period, the home appears three links (gear) the reduction gear, is one kind of outside stable motion gear drive reduction gear, it may realize the great velocity ratio, transmission load ability is also big. Its volume and the weight are all lighter than the dead axle speed reducer gear, the structure is simple, the efficiency is also high.Because this reduction gear three axle parallel structure, therefore caused the power/volume (or weight) the ratio is still small.Also its input axis and the output shaft on the identical spool thread, this do not have in the use many inconveniently. Not only Beijing Institute of Technology develops in successful " stable motion speed reducer gear " to have outside three link reduction gear merit, but also has the big power/weight (or volume) the ratio, as well as the input axis and the output shaft on identical spool thread merit, is at the domestic leading position.The home has the minority college and the factory and mining enterprise does the research work to in stable motion gear drive certain principles, has published some research paper, in has done some work using the cycloidal tooth crop rotation stable motion reduction gear.
Second, the stable motion speed reducer gear principle of work synopsis, the stable motion speed reducer gear is refers to in a counter gear transmission, a gear in the stable motion generator actuation mean plane parallel motion, meshing through tooth profile between, actuates another tooth crop rotation dead axle to decelerate the rotation, the realization reduction gear function.The stable motion generator may use the parallelogram organization, either sine organization or cross slide organization.This achievement uses the parallelogram organization to take the stable motion generator. The stable motion generator may be the hypothesized use parallelogram organization, also may be the entity use parallelogram organization.Has the practical value stable motion gear mechanism for in counter gear organization, therefore may divide into the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement and the external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement two kind of situations.Outside the stable motion gear reduction organization, its internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuates the external gear and makes the deceleration rotation output.This organization also calls three links (gear) the reduction gear. As a result of the internal
tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers establish outside the annular gear tooth ring, therefore its size is not compact, cannot solve the volume major problem.? In stable motion gear reduction, its external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuation internal tooth crop rotation deceleration rotation output.As a result of the external tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers can establish in the external gear tooth ring, reduced the organization overall size greatly. Because in stable motion gear mechanism transmission efficiency high, volume small, input output coaxial line, therefore by widespread application prospect.
Third, this project technical characteristic and key technologies? 1. this project technical characteristics, in this new " stable motion speed reducer gear " and domestic and foreign had the speed reducer gear compares, has the following characteristic: (1) velocity ratio scope is big, gets up from I=10, may reach most greatly several thousand.If manufactures the great velocity ratio the reduction gear, then demonstrates this reduction gear the merit.(2) transmission power scope is big: And may connect a body manufacture with the electric motor. (3) structure simple, the volume small, the weight is light.Reduces about 1/3 compared to the existing speed reducer gear.(4) mechanical efficiency is high.95 (5) this reduction gear input axis and the output shaft are on the identical spool thread.This reduction gear see Table 1 with other reduction gear performance comparison. Because lacks the data, various reduction gears power/load ratio which in the table arranges in order is most superior.? Table 1? Each kind of reduction gear comparison model power (kw) reduction gear ratio quality (kg) QI-450? 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250? 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW (Germany)? 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 Note: NP-100 is in the stable motion speed reducer gear, the SEW reduction gear quality contains the electrical machinery.2. this project key technologies? May know by Figure 2, in “stable motion sp eed reducer gear " is by annular gear Z2, external gear Z1 and the parallelogram organization combination becomes.Its transmission principle is: The electrical machinery input rotary motion, the external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, its center of circle path is a circle, makes the dead axle rotation with it meshing annular gear. Because external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, therefore name stable motion gear mechanism.The gear parallel migration needs to have the auxiliary body help realization, may use (6~12) to sell the axis, the roller takes the hypothesized auxiliary stable motion organization, also may use the eccentric shaft to take the entity auxiliary stable motion organization.In the stable motion speed reducer gear key technologies and the essential craft are the composition parallelogram component size computation and the request processing precision, the gear teeth main parameter choice. These factors will all affect the transmission ability and the transmission quality.Overall speaking, the group cost reduction gear various spare parts all request to have the high precision, they will be deciding the reduction gear overall transmis3. this project survey this project has obtained the Chinese practical new patent, the patent number: ZL95227767.0? .? This project trial produced the first prototype from 1995 (power 2.5kW, after velocity ratio I=32), with some factory and mine cooperation, has one after another designed following several kind of different powers, the different velocity ratio reduction gear.(1)
electrically operated on rollers gate uses the reduction gear, power 550W, velocity ratio I=26, is united as one body with the electrical machinery.sion quality. (2) mixer uses the reduction gear, power 370W, velocity ratio I=17.(3) some military goods use two kind of reduction gears, one kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=23.5; Another kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=103 two level of transmission reduction gear.(4) steel mill large package rotary abutment reduction gear, power 7.5kw, velocity ratio I=64.(5) steel mill table reduction gear, power 7.5kw, transmission I=11. In this patent foundation, has developed one kind of new ultra-large reduction gear, the power may reach 1000kw, at present is developing subminiature (outlook size for a millimeter level) miniature reduction gear.
Graduation design task
First, a design
Monorail Driver Design reducer
Second, the design of the original data
1 Monorail drive reducer Power Rating: 7.5 KW;
2 Monorail reducer drive the total transmission ratio: 15 around;
3 Monorail reducer drive car driven by the side of the output shaft from the race distance of not more than 200 mm;
4 Monorail reducer drive the total length of less than 420 mm, the width is not more than 450 mm and the total height of not more than 690 mm;
Third, the equipment and the working environment
This can be used to mine underground, open-air, dust, humidity, air quality, bad comparison bad work environment, and the operational requirements of a safe space.
Fourth, the design requirements
To meet the application requirements under the premise that the minimum cost of manufacturing. From the following aspects considered;
(L) to streamline the shape of each parts, machinery simple structure;
(2) merge the functions of spare parts, reducing the types or quantities of spare parts;
(3) Application of the new structure, new technology, new materials, product reliability;
(4) decomposition components, its assembly, the assembly of the most simple structure;
(5) similar to parts of the division;
(6) standards for similar products by product serial number sequence analysis;
(7) The realization of the common parts of the product and standardization.
(8) assembly equipment design a map (0), the Six Parts (3), the design specification of a (not less than 30,000 words), and the design of technical and economic analysis
中文译文
摘要
齿轮传动是现代机械中应用最广的一种传动形式.它的主要优点是：
①瞬时传动比恒定、工作平稳、传动准确可靠，可传递空间任意两轴之间的运动和动力；
②适用的功率和速度范围广；
③传动效率高，=0.92.0.98；
④工作可靠、使用寿命长；
⑤外轮廓尺寸小、结构紧凑.由齿轮、轴、轴承及箱体组成的齿轮减速器,用于原动机和工作机或执行机构之间,起匹配转速和传递转矩的作用,在现代机械中应用极为广泛.
国内的减速器多以齿轮传动、蜗杆传动为主，但普遍存在着功率与重量比小，或者传动比大而机械效率过低的问题.另外，材料品质和工艺水平上还有许多弱点，特别是大型的减速器问题更突出，使用寿命不长.国外的减速器，以德国、丹麦和日本处于领先地位，特别在材料和制造工艺方面占据优势，减速器工作可靠性好，使用寿命长.但其传动形式仍以定轴齿轮传动为主，体积和重量问题，也未解决好.
当今的减速器是向着大功率、大传动比、小体积、高机械效率以及使用寿命长的方向发展.减速器与电动机的连体结构，也是大力开拓的形式，并已生产多种结构形式和多种功率型号的产品.近十几年来,由于近代计算机技术与数控技术的发展，使得机械加工精度，加工效率大大提高，从而推动了机械传动产品的多样化，整机配套的模块化，标准化，以及造型设计艺术化，使产品更加精致，美观化.
在21世纪成套机械装备中,齿轮仍然是机械传动的基本部件.CNC机床和工艺技术的发展,推动了机械传动结构的飞速发展.在传动系统设计中的电子控制、液压传动、齿轮、带链的混合传动,将成为变速箱设计中优化传动组合的方向.在传动设计中的学科交叉,将成为新型传动产品发展的重要趋势.
关键字：减速器轴承齿轮机械传动
摘要
这次毕业设计是由封闭在刚性壳内所有内容的齿轮传动是一独立完整的机构.通过这一次设计可以初步掌握一般简单机械的一套完整的设计及方法，构成减速器的通用零部件.
这次毕业设计主要介绍了减速器的类型作用及构成等，全方位的运用所学过知识.如：机械制图，金属材料工艺学公差等以学过的理论知识.在实际生产中得以分析和解决.减速器的一般类型有：圆柱齿轮减速器、圆锥齿轮减速器、齿轮.蜗杆减速器、轴装式减速器、组装式减速器、轴装式减速器、联体式减速器.
在这次设计中进一步培养了工程设计的独立能力，树立正确的设计思想掌握常用的机械零件，机械传动装置和简单机械设计的方法和步骤，要求综合的考虑使用经济工艺等方面的要求.确定合理的设计方案.
关键词：减速器刚性工艺学零部件方案
行星轮系减速器较普通齿轮减速器具有体积小、重量轻、效率高及传递功率范围大等优点，逐渐获得广泛应用.同时它的缺点是：材料优质、结构复杂、制造精度要求较高、安装较困难些、设计计算也较一般减速器复杂.但随着人们对行星传动技术进一步的深入地了解和掌握以及对国外行星传动技术的引进和消化吸收，从而使其传动结构和均载方式都不断完善，同时生产工艺水平也不断提高，完全可以制造出较好的行星齿轮传动减速器.
根据负载情况进行一般的齿轮强度、几何尺寸的设计计算，然后要进行传动比条件、同心条件、装配条件、相邻条件的设计计算，由于采用的是多个行星轮传动，还必须进行均载机构及浮动量的设计计算.
行星齿轮传动根据基本够件的组成情况可分为：2KH、3K、及KHV三种.若按各对齿轮的啮合方式，又可分为：NGW型、NN型、WW型、WGW型、NGWN型和N型等.我所设计的行星齿轮是2KH行星传动NGW型
●滚珠丝杠副是什么?
使物体运动时，一般来讲需要将动力产生的运动直接或通过其他机构间接地传达到最终运动部。以汽车为例，在发动机内由于汽油的燃烧使活塞上下移动，再通过中间机构最终传递到车轮使之发生回转运动。
当今世界中，能代表机械的、有各种运动机构的装置，可以说无一不是具有某种形式的运动传导机构。滚珠丝杠副是将回转运动转化为直线运动，或将直线运动转化为回转运动的最合理的产品。
●滚珠丝杠副的特长
1、与滑动丝杠副相比驱动力矩为1/3
由于滚珠丝杠副的丝杠轴与丝母之间有很多滚珠在做滚动运动，所以能得到较高的运动效率。与过去的滑动丝杠副相比驱动力矩达到1/3以下，即达到同样运动结果所需的动力为使用滚动丝杠副的1/3。在省电方面很有帮助。
2、高精度的保证
滚珠丝杠副是用日本制造的世界最高水平的机械设备连贯生产出来的，特别是在研削、组装、检查各工序的工厂环境方面，对温度?湿度进行了严格的控制，由于完善的品质管理体制使精度得以充分保证。
3、微进给可能
滚珠丝杠副由于是利用滚珠运动，所以启动力矩极小，不会出现滑动运动那样的爬行现象，能保证实现精确的微进给。
4、无侧隙、刚性高
滚珠丝杠副可以加予压，由于予压力可使轴向间隙达到负值，进而得到较高的刚性（滚珠丝杠内通过给滚珠加予压力，在实际用于机械装置等时，由于滚珠的斥力可使丝母部的刚性增强）。
5、高速进给可能
滚珠丝杠副由于运动效率高、发热小、所以可实现高速进给（运动）。
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
forced concrete structure reinforced with an overviewRein Since the reform and opening up, with the national economy's rapid and sustained development of a reinforced concrete structure built, reinforced with the development of technology has been great. Therefore, to promote the use of advanced technology reinforced connecting to improve project quality and speed up the pace of construction, improve labor productivity, reduce costs, and is of great significance. Reinforced steel bars connecting technologies can be divided into two broad categories linking welding machinery and steel. There are six types of welding steel welding methods, and some apply to the prefabricated plant, and some apply to the construction site, some of both apply. There are three types of machinery commonly used reinforcement linking method primarily applicable to the construction site. Ways has its own characteristics and different application, and in the continuous development and improvement. In actual production, should be based on specific conditions of work, working environment and technical requirements, the choice of suitable methods to achieve the best overall efficiency. 1、steel mechanical link 1.1 radial squeeze link Will be a steel sleeve in two sets to the highly-reinforced Department with superhigh pressure hydraulic equipment (squeeze tongs) along steel sleeve radial squeeze steel casing, in squeezing out tongs squeeze pressure role of a steel sleeve plasticity deformation closely integrated with reinforced through reinforced steel sleeve and Wang Liang's Position will be two solid steel bars linked Characteristic: Connect intensity to be high, performance reliable, can bear high stress draw and pigeonhole the load and tired load repeatedly.
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c618380489.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 平设计任何时期平面设计可以参照一些艺术和专业学科侧重于视觉传达和介绍。采用多种方式相结合，创造和符号，图像和语句创建一个代表性的想法和信息。平面设计师可以使用印刷，视觉艺术和排版技术产生的最终结果。平面设计常常提到的进程，其中沟通是创造和产品设计。共同使用的平面设计包括杂志，广告，产品包装和网页设计。例如，可能包括产品包装的标志或其他艺术作品，举办文字和纯粹的设计元素，如形状和颜色统一件。组成的一个最重要的特点，尤其是平面设计在使用前现有材料或不同的元素。平面设计涵盖了人类历史上诸多领域，在此漫长的历史和在相对最近爆炸视觉传达中的第20和21世纪，人们有时是模糊的区别和重叠的广告艺术，平面设计和美术。毕竟，他们有着许多相同的内容，理论，原则，做法和语言，有时同样的客人或客户。广告艺术的最终目标是出售的商品和服务。在平面设计，“其实质是使以信息，形成以思想，言论和感觉的经验”。
在唐朝（618-906 ）之间的第4和第7世纪的木块被切断打印纺织品和后重现佛典。阿藏印在868是已知最早的印刷书籍。在19世纪后期欧洲，尤其是在英国，平面设计开始以独立的运动从美术中分离出来。蒙德里安称为父亲的图形设计。他是一个很好的艺术家，但是他在现代广告中利用现代电网系统在广告、印刷和网络布局网格。于1849年，在大不列颠亨利科尔成为的主要力量之一在设计教育界，该国政府通告设计在杂志设计和制造的重要性。他组织了大型的展览作为庆祝现代工业技术和维多利亚式的设计。从1892年至1896年威廉?莫里斯凯尔姆斯科特出版社出版的书籍的一些最重要的平面设计产品和工艺美术运动，并提出了一个非常赚钱的商机就是出版伟大文本论的图书并以高价出售给富人。莫里斯证明了市场的存在使平面设计在他们自己拥有的权利，并帮助开拓者从生产和美术分离设计。这历史相对论是，然而，重要的，因为它为第一次重大的反应对于十九世纪的陈旧的平面设计。莫里斯的工作，以及与其他私营新闻运动，直接影响新艺术风格和间接负责20世纪初非专业性平面设计的事态发展。谁创造了最初的“平面设计”似乎存在争议。这被归因于英国的设计师和大学教授Richard Guyatt，但另一消息来源于20世纪初美国图书设计师William Addison Dwiggins。伦敦地铁的标志设计是爱德华约翰斯顿于1916年设计的一个经典的现代而且使用了系统字体设计。在20世纪20年代，苏联的建构主义应用于“智能生产”在不同领域的生产。个性化的运动艺术在2俄罗斯大革命是没有价值的，从而走向以创造物体的功利为目的。他们设计的建筑、剧院集、海报、面料、服装、家具、徽标、菜单等。J an Tschichold 在他的1928年书中编纂了新的现代印刷原则，他后来否认他在这本书的法西斯主义哲学主张，但它仍然是非常有影响力。Tschichold ，包豪斯印刷专家如赫伯特拜耳和拉斯洛莫霍伊一纳吉，和El Lissitzky 是平面设计之父都被我们今天所知。他们首创的生产技术和文体设备，主要用于整个二十世纪。随后的几年看到平面设计在现代风格获得广泛的接受和应用。第二次世界大战结束后，美国经济的建立更需要平面设计，主要是广告和包装等。移居国外的德国包豪斯设计学院于1937年到芝加哥带来了“大规模生产”极简到美国;引发野火的“现代”
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
中英文对照翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Policies for Development of Iron and Steel Industry The iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with
专业资料 学院： 专业：土木工程 姓名： 学号： 外文出处：Structural Systems to resist (用外文写) Lateral loads 附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文 抗侧向荷载的结构体系 常用的结构体系 若已测出荷载量达数千万磅重，那么在高层建筑设计中就没有多少可以进行极其复杂的构思余地了。确实，较好的高层建筑普遍具有构思简单、表现明晰的特点。 这并不是说没有进行宏观构思的余地。实际上，正是因为有了这种宏观的构思，新奇的高层建筑体系才得以发展，可能更重要的是：几年以前才出现的一些新概念在今天的技术中已经变得平常了。 如果忽略一些与建筑材料密切相关的概念不谈，高层建筑里最为常用的结构体系便可分为如下几类： 1.抗弯矩框架。 2.支撑框架，包括偏心支撑框架。 3.剪力墙，包括钢板剪力墙。 4.筒中框架。 5.筒中筒结构。 6.核心交互结构。 7. 框格体系或束筒体系。 特别是由于最近趋向于更复杂的建筑形式，同时也需要增加刚度以抵抗几力和地震力，大多数高层建筑都具有由框架、支撑构架、剪力墙和相关体系相结合而构成的体系。而且，就较高的建筑物而言，大多数都是由交互式构件组成三维陈列。 将这些构件结合起来的方法正是高层建筑设计方法的本质。其结合方式需要在考虑环境、功能和费用后再发展，以便提供促使建筑发展达到新高度的有效结构。这并
不是说富于想象力的结构设计就能够创造出伟大建筑。正相反，有许多例优美的建筑仅得到结构工程师适当的支持就被创造出来了，然而，如果没有天赋甚厚的建筑师的创造力的指导，那么，得以发展的就只能是好的结构，并非是伟大的建筑。无论如何，要想创造出高层建筑真正非凡的设计，两者都需要最好的。 虽然在文献中通常可以见到有关这七种体系的全面性讨论，但是在这里还值得进一步讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论。设计方法的本质贯穿于整个讨论中。 抗弯矩框架 抗弯矩框架也许是低，中高度的建筑中常用的体系，它具有线性水平构件和垂直构件在接头处基本刚接之特点。这种框架用作独立的体系，或者和其他体系结合起来使用，以便提供所需要水平荷载抵抗力。对于较高的高层建筑，可能会发现该本系不宜作为独立体系，这是因为在侧向力的作用下难以调动足够的刚度。 我们可以利用STRESS，STRUDL 或者其他大量合适的计算机程序进行结构分析。所谓的门架法分析或悬臂法分析在当今的技术中无一席之地，由于柱梁节点固有柔性，并且由于初步设计应该力求突出体系的弱点，所以在初析中使用框架的中心距尺寸设计是司空惯的。当然，在设计的后期阶段，实际地评价结点的变形很有必要。 支撑框架 支撑框架实际上刚度比抗弯矩框架强，在高层建筑中也得到更广泛的应用。这种体系以其结点处铰接或则接的线性水平构件、垂直构件和斜撑构件而具特色，它通常与其他体系共同用于较高的建筑，并且作为一种独立的体系用在低、中高度的建筑中。
The development of plastic mould China's industrial plastic moulds from the start to now, after more than half a century, there has been great development, mold levels have been greatly enhanced. Mould has been at large can produce 48-inch big-screen color TV Molded Case injection mold, 6.5 kg capacity washing machine full of plastic molds, as well as the overall car bumpers and dashboards, and other plastic mould precision plastic molds, the camera is capable of producing plastic mould , multi-cavity mold small modulus gear and molding mold. --Such as Tianjin and Yantai days Electrical Co., Ltd Polaris IK Co. manufactured multi-cavity mold VCD and DVD gear, the gear production of such size precision plastic parts, coaxial, beating requirements have reached a similar foreign the level of product, but also the application of the latest gear design software to correct contraction as a result of the molding profile error to the standard involute requirements. Production can only 0.08 mm thickness of a two-cavity mold and the air Cup difficulty of plastic doors and windows out of high modulus, and so on. Model cavity injection molding manufacturing accuracy of 0.02 to 0.05 mm, surface roughness Ra0.2 μ m, mold quality, and significantly increase life expectancy, non-hardening steel mould life up to 10~ 30 million, hardening steel form up to 50 ~ 10 million times, shorten the delivery time than before, but still higher than abroad,and the gap between a specific data table. Process, the multi-material plastic molding die, efficient multicolor injection mould, inserts exchange structure and core pulling Stripping the innovative design has also made great progress. Gas-assisted injection molding, the use of more mature technologies, such as Qingdao Hisense Co., Ltd., Tianjin factory communications and broadcasting companies, such as mold manufacturers succeeded in 29 ~ 34-inch TV thick-walled shell, as well as some parts on the use of gas-assisted mould technology Some manufacturers also use the C-MOLD gas-assisted software and achieved better results. Prescott, such as Shanghai, such as the new company will provide users with gas-assisted molding equipment and technology. Began promoting hot runner mold, and some plants use rate of more than 20 percent, the general heat-thermal hot runner, or device, a small number of units with the world's advanced level of rigorous hot runner-needle device, a small number of units with World advanced level of rigorous needle-hot runner mould. However, the use of hot runner overall rate of less than 10%, with overseas compared to 50 ~ 80%, the gap larger. In the manufacturing technology, CAD / CAM / CAE technology on the level of application of a new level to the enterprise for the production of household appliances representatives have introduced a considerable number of CAD / CAM systems, such as the United States EDS UG Ⅱ,
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c618380489.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.doczj.com/doc/c618380489.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008