当前位置:文档之家› 写作中真正实用的英语语法

写作中真正实用的英语语法

写作中真正实用的英语语法
写作中真正实用的英语语法

第三节写作中真正实用的英语语法

据考证,“语法”一词源于希腊语“Grammatike”,意指体现于写作过程中的“文字的技巧”,它是语言运用的规则,构建句子的框架,遣词造句的黏合剂,也是英语各项技能的基础,尤其在写作过程中起着举足轻重的作用。

但四、六级考试改革中对语法题目的减少使很多人误以为语法的地位被削弱,加之近年来重视综合技能的各类语言理论的出现,使得一部分考生在写作复习过程中完全摈弃对语法部分的准备,久而久之,形成了“轻语法,重语感”的习惯。而另一部分考生则缺乏必要的语法运用能力,他们可以准确解答语法题目,却不能在作文中灵活运用语法写出漂亮句子。这些考生文章的共同特点就是只有其意,不见其形。

语言是思维的外衣,准确的语法是高分作文的重要必备条件。如果考生能在写作中娴熟地运用语法技巧,就可以使文章逻辑严密,形神兼备。

鉴于语法体系庞大繁杂而备考时间有限,此节内容无法涵盖整个语法体系,只能选择写作中出现频率较高的语法进行重点讲解,如状语前置、倒装、虚拟语气、强调句等,并辅以例句讲解,希望能够帮助考生扫除写作中的语法障碍,轻松闯关。

状语前置

一般而言,英语句子中,状语成分的位置是可前可后的。但状语的前置是六级作文中常用的句式。所谓状语前置,就是把修饰动词的状语结构,如分词短语,

介词短语,动词不定式结构等放到句首。

这一句式的最大优点就是断句自然,让单调的句子有跳跃的节奏感。请看下面句子:

1)With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.(随着工业化进程的发展,全世界的能源需求都在增加。)

2)Once lushly forested, this region has seen more than 80% of its original vegetation cut down or burned. (这个地区曾经丛林密布,但现在80% 的原生植被被砍伐或焚烧。)

3)To reach millions of people who watch television, advertisers are willing to pay big money. (为了能抓住千千万万的电视观众,广告商们不惜花费巨额资金。) 在以上例句中,状语的前置使得句子结构分明,避免了后置的平庸化,尤其是第二个句子中的状语部分,既简洁又有力,本身就是一个出彩的表达,如果放置到句尾就不会出现这种效果了。而第三句中不定式目的状语的前置还在一定程度上起到了强调的作用。

倒装

倒装又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。倒装的作用是为了强调或平衡句子结构。

倒装本身是较复杂的高级结构,如果在六级写作中能加以正确运用,就特别能打动阅卷老师。最重要的是,倒装句所表达出来的意思较普通句式更精彩,也

更有分量。

具有否定意义的词或短语置于句首时(除否定词修饰主语外),句子一般要写成部分倒装句。这类词或短语常见的有:not, never, seldom, hardly, rarely, scarcely, by no means, under no circumstances, in no way, at no time, no sooner …(than), hardly …(when), not only …(but also), not until…,等。例如:

1) By no means are they satisfied with their present income. (他们对目前的收入一点也不满意。)

2) On no account should we just pursue the economic benefits without any regard to our environment. (我们决不能仅仅追求经济效益而毫不顾及环境。) 全部倒装则需要把整个谓语放在主语的前面去而构成倒装语序。如:

3)People have different personality types, and connected to these types are different learning styles. (人们有着不同的个性类型,而与此类型相连的是不同的学习方式。)

倒装常见形式还有:一,as引导的让步状语从句有时也会用倒装,如Inexperienced as we are, we can fling ourselves into our work body and soul. (尽管缺乏经验,但我们会全身心地投入到工作中去。)二,“only+状语”位于句首时, 用部分倒装。这是很多考生喜欢使用的句式,如:Only in this way can we become fully developed individuals. (只有这样,我们才能成为全面发展的个体。) 三,so...that结构中,有时要强调so所修饰的形容词或副词,常将so 连同它所修饰的形容词或副词一起提前放在句首。如:So serious was the problem that it aroused wide-ranging attention of the general public. (这个问题如此严重,引起了公众的广泛关注。) 四,省略了if的虚拟条件句、某些表示祝愿的句子、以及某些让步状语从句,等等也要用倒装句式。May your company become prosperous.祝贵公司生

意兴隆!(尤其常见于应用书信文体类题目中)。

另外,在想强调地点时可以把地点状语放在句首,后面用主谓倒装。这样做的好处之一是倒装后把真正的主语放到了句子的末尾,后面还可以继续加从句。如:Along outside of the front fence ran the country road, which is usually dusty in the summer time. (篱笆外面是一条乡村路,夏季常常满是尘土。)

从句

从句的种类很多,这里概括地谈一下在写作时从句起到的作用:首先,从句可以使句子和句子间的关系更加紧密,更好地表现上下文的关联性和文章的整体性。其次,句子的结构和逻辑关系会通过从句的引导词或连接词较清楚地展现出来。再次,可以使写作中出现长短不一的句式,丰富文章的形式。如:

1)As paper is biodegradable, it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded (纸张是可生物降解的,所以当我们把它扔掉的时候,它不会对环境造成很大的威胁。)

2)While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news, it is unlikely that television will replace the newspaper completely. (人们可能更喜欢从电视上获得最新消息,但是电视不可能完全取代报纸。)

3)Unless effective solutions are worked out, the problem of pollution will eventually get out of hand. (除非制定出解决问题的有效办法,否则污染问题将难以控制。)

虚拟语气

虚拟语气让不少考生感到头疼不已,它的多种形式,尤其是混杂时态的虚拟

句使得他们望而却步,不敢在写作中进行尝试,害怕由于误用而出现适得其反的作用;但是,反言之,如果一旦考生写出漂亮的虚拟语气的句子,也可以因为扎实的语法基础而为作文提分。

虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用相对要容易点,可以表示过去,现在和将来的情况。考生需要记住这三种不同的情形的基本特点是时态退后:同现在事实相反的假设,条件从句用一般过去时;主句用should( would) +动词原形;同过去事实相反的假设,条件从句用过去完成时,主句用should(would) have+ 过去分词;与将来事实相反,条件从句用一般过去式或were to…或should+动词原形,主句用should( would) +动词原形。

这里主要强调比较复杂,比较特殊的虚拟语气在写作中的运用。

一,混合条件句

由于主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间,这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同。如:

If we human beings hadn’t destroyed the balance of ecology, we would live in a world with abundant species of wild life today. (如果我们人类没有破坏掉生态平衡,那么今天我们所生存的世界仍然会有大量的野生生物物种。) 二,It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形,should 可省略。如:

It is necessary that we channel our energy not only into study but into fostering other abilities at college. (在大学里,我们既要把精力放在学习上,也要放到其它能力的培养上。)

三,在在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的宾语从句中,如order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +

(should) do,也可用于suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,即(should)+动词原形。

如:My idea is that we (should) call for more people to join in the efforts to protect wide animals. (我认为,我们应该号召更多的人保护野生动物。)

强调句

强调手法是常见却容易忽略的句式,记住它们,就可以让英语六级写作更加出彩。一两个强调句就可以使平淡的行文中出现点睛之笔,让人眼前一亮。下面介绍几种常用的实用强调句型:

一,运用助词“do”表示强调。

Most people do believe that lack of water poses a threat to the world. (大多数人的确相信缺水会对世界构成威胁。)

People who save others in case of emergency regardless of their own lives do deserve our respect. ( 在紧急情况下不顾生命危险救助他人的人确实值得我们尊敬。) 二,运用双重否定。这是一种“负负得正”的常见句型,以否定的形式加否定的词语来表示无以复加的肯定概念。本来平直的叙述可以通过这种小巧的变化引起读者注意,增加表达效果。如:

It was not unusual to hear people complain about the traffic jams in big cities. (在大城市听到人们抱怨交通堵塞是很寻常的事情。)

There is no doubt that tourism is the staple source of income in the coastal villages. (毫无疑问,旅游业是沿海村落的主要收入来源。)

三,运用强调句式。

It is a compulsion to write, more than talent, that makes a writer. (成就作家的是写作

的冲动,而非才能。)

总之,任何一句正常的陈述句都可以通过改造变化为强调句或双重否定,只要稍加思考,比如使用最高级,或者添加一个表示程度的副词或词组,有意识地变化一下句式,就可以为作文锦上添花了。

其他

由于篇幅所限,对写作中用到的其他语法不能一一列举,仅以形式主语为例:I find it frustrating that I can’t speak other languages. (不能讲其他语言让我觉得很沮丧。)

It is a disturbing fact that many children leave school without being able to read. (令人担忧的是,很多孩子没有阅读能力就离开了学校。)

以上两句的真正主语由于太长,为了避免头重脚轻,使句子结构更加合理,巧妙地运用了it做形式上的主语,而把真正的主语放到后面,使之更加符合表达习惯。

最后,要提醒考生们的是,文不厌改,不管原来是什么样的句式,都可以通过使用一些技巧来进行改进,比如,把两个短句用非谓语动词形式合并成一个;恰当运用省略和替代使行文更加简洁;或者运用被动语态使陈述的语气更加客观;运用补足语使句子描写更加细致到位;运用比较结构以突出事物特征和优缺点等。所以,只要平时注意积累,活学活用,就可以写出文才飞扬、令人赞叹的好文章!

英语语法大全

《英语语法大全》 1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns). 专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等,普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns) 物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。 归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:

1.2其它名词复数的规则变化 1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数: 如:two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较:层楼:storey---storeys story---stories 2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时: a.加s,如:photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b.加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c.均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时: a.加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; c.均可,如:handkerchief:

英语语法大全(完整版)

【学英语必看】 《英语语法手册》 在实用英语备受青睐的现在,大家在学习英语和准备各种考试时,总是把 听说读写放在首位,诚然,学习语言重在实践。但是,请不要忽视语法的作用,特别是在阅读和写作中,他能帮助你分析清楚句子结构,准确抓住句子的要点,更能帮你写出复杂而优美的长句。 以下为你整理《英语语法手册》全集,不需背诵记忆,只要静下心阅读一遍,就能有所收获! 宝宝更希望你能把他们融在平时的阅读写作里. [英语语法手册]关于词类和句子成分 根据词的形式、意义及其在句中的功用将词分为若干类,叫做词类。一个 句子由各个功用不同的部分所构成,这些部分叫做句子成分。 学一个词,要学它的发音、拼法、意义,也要记它的词类;更重要的是要 了解它和其他词的关系,及其在句中作什么句子成分。如China is in East Asia(中国位于东亚)一句中的China这个单词所属的词类是名词,在句子中作主语。 词类(parts of speech) 英语的词通常分为十大类: 1)名词(noun,缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称,如pen(钢笔),English(英语),life(生活)。 2)代词(pronoun,缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词,如we(我们),his(他的),all(全部)。 3)形容词(adjective,缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词,如great(伟大的),honest(诚实的),difficult(困难的)。 4)数词(numeral,缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词,如four(四),eighteen(十八),first(第一),eighth(十八),hundred(一百)。

牛津小学英语语法复习

牛津小学英语语法复习 一、时态 1.一般现在时 (1)表示经常发生的动作或事情,通常用“usually, often, every day, sometimes,always,never”等词。 2.现在进行时, (1)表示正在发生的动作,通常用“now,look”. (2)基本形式: be + 动词+ing eg: I am(not) doing my homework. You/We/They are(not) reading. He/She/It is(not) eating. What are you doing? Is he reading?

3. 一般过去时态 (1)表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用“last week, just now, yesterday”等词。 (2) be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were I/He/she/it was(not)…. You/we/they were…. 一般疑问句was, were 放在句首。 (4)动词过去式的变化: 不规则动词的变化: 原形过去式原形过去式原形过去式原形过去式sweep swept teach taught have had go went keep kept think thought do did find found sleep slept buy bought eat ate say said feel felt drink drank is/am was take took read read give gave are were mean meant put put sing sang drive drove meet met cut cut begin began speak spoke make made let let ring rang write wrote see saw fly flew run ran ride rode come came

大学英语语法试题及答案(2).doc

大学英语语法试题及答案(2) 第 2 单元题目: 1.More people visit the Air and Space Museum honoring men and women who have pioneered flight and the exploration of space than _____ any other monument or museum in the entire country. A) visit B) to visit C) visited D) visiting 题目: 2.I work in a little room off the main entrance _____ museum, checking coats and other articles which people do not want to carry around as they tour the building. A) to B) of C) at D) for 题目: 3.What apparently had happened, three years ago, was that Kate _____ to a different building. A) went B) has gone C) had gone D) would go 题目: 4.She had waited at another museum for days and had spent all her money _____ to find Sidney. A) tried B) trying C) to try D) try 题目: 5.Without facts we cannot form a worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge _____ our thinking. A) which to be based B) which to base upon C) upon which to base D) to which to be based 题目: 6.Helen believes if a man robs her of five dollars it is the same as if he _____ a hundred. A) takes B) will take C) took D) has taken 题目: 7.He had a cottage which consists _____ three rooms, a bathroom and kitchen. A) of B) with C) in D) by 题目: 8.Behind him Paul could hear the angry man _____ to break the door open. A) trying B) to try C) tried D) try 题目: 9.Some companies have introduced flexible working time with less emphasis on pressure _____. A) than more on efficiency B) and more efficiency C) and more on efficiency D) than efficiency 题目: 10.The gardener is taking care of the place, no one _____ there at present. A) living B) lives C) lived D) to live 题目: 11.The City Bank will pa fifty pounds to _____ who helps the police to catch the man. A) someone B) nobody C) anyone D) somebody 题目: 12.When Paul Carson saw the big red American car coming towards him, he stopped his won car at the side, _____ room for it to pass. A) to make B) made C) making D) make 题目: 13.What bothers me is _____ I paid for all this stuff that we don't want anymore. A) what B) that C) which D) who 题目: 14.A hinge joint is _____ permits forward and backward movement of a door. A) the B) whose C) what D) those 题目:15.Garage sales in the United States serve many purposes _____ cleaning out unwanted items and making money. A) besides B) except for C) except D) apart from 题目: 16.This is _____ the most difficult job I have ever tackled. A) by rights B) by itself C) by oneself D) by far

上海牛津小学英语语法知识总结(最新整理)

?一般情况下,直接加s 如:read-reads,swim-swims ?以s,x,sh,ch,o结尾,加es 如:wash-washes,watch-watches,do-does ?以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加es 如:study-studies,fly-flies ?不规则变化如:have-has 4、一般现在时的句型转换: 肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 They watch TV every day.They don’t watch TV every day. —Do they watch TV every day? —Yes, they do. / No, they don’t. She watches TV She doesn’t watch— Does she watch TV every day?

every https://www.doczj.com/doc/c617491759.html, every day.—Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t. 现在进行时 1、定义:表示现在或现阶段正在进行或发生的动作。句中常有now,look,listen等词。 如:I am washing clothes now. Look! Liu Tao is climbing the tree. Listen! Jane is singing in the music room. 2、构成:be动词(am/is/are)+ 动词现在分词(V-ing) 3、动词现在分词构成: ?一般是在动词原形后加ing 如:read-reading,drink-drinking,eat-eating,look-looking ?以不发音的e结尾的动词,去掉e,再加ing 如:write-writing,make-making,ride-riding,take-taking ?以重读闭音节结尾,如末尾只有一个辅音字母,要双写这个字母,再加ing 如:sit-sitting,swim-swimming,put-putting,run-running,stop-stopping,get- getting,begin-beginning,jog-jogging,forget-forgetting 4、动名词其实就是动词的现在分词,它既有名词性质(可作主语),又有动词性质(可带宾语)。 如:Asking the way My hobby is collecting stamps. He is good at skating. 5、现在进行时的句型转换: 肯定句否定句一般疑问句及回答 —Is he running now? He is running now.He isn’t running now. —Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.

英语语法与作文

历年中考英语常考英语语法250例(一) 2012-02-17 14:17:43 [来源]:互联网[作者]:佚名 大中小 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 (比较级 and 比较级)表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易) 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…(直接接想要的东西) eg : ask you for my book 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen 14 at the beginning of …………的起初;……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心,自信 eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test 18 be + doing 表:1 现在进行时 2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原)能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing 20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧,害怕……eg : I'm afraed to go out at night I'm afraid of dog 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 eg: I'm allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气eg : Don't be angry with me 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高

大学英语语法大全-太经典了

大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如: He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?) 3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法: (1)派生名词:①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如: inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词:①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥ Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如:snowy, sunny,

实用英语语法顺口溜

英语语法顺口溜 1. be的用法口诀 『我用am你用are, is连着他她它 单数名词用is,复数名词全用are 变疑问,往前提,句末问句莫丢弃 变否定,更容易, be后not莫忘记疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑』 2.时间名词前所用介词 『年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行 遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in 要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行 午前黄昏要用at,黎明用它也不错 at可用在时分前,说差需要用上to 多说多练要牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跑』 3.现在进行时 『look, listen是标志,现在进行正发生若问be用何形式,须看主语数、人称 He, She后面接is, We,you后are v-ing形式更好,三种构成要分清 一般问句be提前, be后not否定成』 4.一般现在时 『肯定句的现在时,不是三单用原形 是三单就加s,es,若是否定疑问句 没有be就加上do,遇见三单加does 如把does加在前,动词就要还原形』 5.一般过去时 『规则动词加-ed,不规则的必须记 否定形式疑问句,没有be就加did 如把did加在前,动词也要还原形』

6.名词的复数变化规律 『名词复数有规律,一般词尾要加s, 辅音字母+y型,变y为i然后加es ch, sh真有趣, s, x, es; f, fe 字母v来把它替, es在后面别忘记 字母0来真神奇,有生命es无生命s』 7.常用动词用法 『一些动词要掌握, have, let和make 此三动词是使役,注意观察听到see 还有feel和watch,使用它们要仔细,后接宾补略去to,此点千万要牢记 一感feel,二听hear, listen to 三让have, let, make和四看 See,look at,observe,watch』 8.一般疑问句机否定句 『一般问句并不难,谓语调到主语前 大写小写有变化,句末要把问号加 第一人称常变二,否定句就更简单 中间加上-not,谓语动词提到前』 9.动名词在句中的功能 『动名词语法功能,名词特征有动形 主宾表定都可作,动名现分要认清 现分不作宾和主,动名作状可不行 二词皆可作定语,混为一谈不允许 主谓关系视分词,动名一词无此义』 10.比较等级的运用 『原级用在as..as间,比较级用在than前and连接两个比较级,说明越来越怎样』 11.分词做状语 『分词做状语,概有七意义 时间和原因,结果与目的 方式加伴随,条件常出席 欲要记住它,必须常练习』

薄冰实用英语语法详解

被动语态 现在范畴一般现在时am/is/are made 现在进行时am / is /are being made 现在完成时has/have been made 过去范畴一般过去时was/were made 过去进行时was/werebeingmade 过去完成时had been made 将来范畴一般将来时shall/will be made 将来完成时shall/will have been made 过去将来时should/would be made 过去将来完成时should/would have been made 1. 被动语态的各种时态 被动语态(The Passive Voice)是动词的一种形式,表示主语是谓语动词的承受者。被动 语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章、新闻报道、书刊介绍以及景物描写。被动语态没有将来进行时、过去将来进行时和完成进行时形式。 (1) 一般现在时的被动语态 I am not so easily deceived. 我不会轻易上当受骗的。 Computers are widely used in the world. 计算机在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 (2) 一般过去时的被动语态 The car was seriously damaged. 汽车受到严重损坏。 Printing was introduced into Europe from China. 印刷术是由中国传入欧洲的。 (3) 现在进行时的被动语态 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题现在正在会上讨论。 The children are being taken care of by their aunt. 孩子们现在正由其姑妈照看。 (4) 过去进行时的被动语态 When I called, tea was being served. 当我来访时,正值上茶之际。 When they arrived,the experiments were being made. 他们到达时,实验正在进行。

小学四年级牛津英语语法总结

重点语法知识 冠词: ?不定冠词: a/an 表示不确定的“某一个” a用在辅音开头的名词前 an用在元音(a、e、i、o、u )开头的名词前 an + apple 、orange、 egg、elephant、 insect 、umbrella、 old、 hour、 honest ?定冠词:the表示特定的这个或那个 the sun 定冠词the用于特指、独一无二(the sun)、形容词最高级、序数词、海洋江河山脉岛屿等专有名词(the Yangtze River)、方位词、乐器(play the piano)、时间(in the morning) ?零冠词:球类运动(play football)、时间(at night)、季节月份星期(in spring ,in September, on Monday)、 名词复数: ?一般情况,单词变复数只需加s,如book—books, friend→friends; cat→cats ?凡是以s、ss, z、x、ch、sh或o结尾的词,后面只需加es。如; bus→buses; fox→foxes;等。 ?结尾以y ,而y之前是元音字母的话,只需加s 就行了。如; toy—toys、boy—boys.如果y前是辅音,去y加ies ?以-f或-fe结尾的名词,多为将-f或-fe改变为-ves。例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves。反例:roof→roofs ?以o 结尾的词,有生命加es 如;potato--- potatoes。但没有生命的加s (除个别特殊的) ?不规则变化单词 child---children tooth---teeth man…men woman…women mouse…mice foot…fe et ?单复数相同的词;fish sheep deer …… ?如果是不可数,例如液体,粉状的没有单复数形式。 如water milk jam meat flour rice power paper cloud honey sugar rice bread salt air juice pepper grass work

大学英语写作课程语法unit1语法和练习答案

第一单元语法部分参考答案 PART III GRAMMAR Subject- Verb Agreement When the subject is compound Reference for the Classroom Activities Summary: 1. A compound subject with and takes a plural verb in most cases, but when it expresses a singular meaning or when each of the singular subjects is considered individually, it takes a singular verb. 2.After a compound subject with or, nor, either…or, neither…nor, not …but,the verb agrees in number and person with the nearer part of the subject. 3.Intervening phrases or clauses not introduced by coordinating conjunctions do not affect the number of a verb. Such phrases are normally introduced by prepositions or prepositional phrases such as well as, as much as, rather than, along with in addition to, together with, with, plus, and including. When the subject expresses quantity Reference for the Classroom Activities All the sentences are correct. Summary: 1.Nominal phrases of time, money, weight and measurement normally take a singular verb. 2.Some words or phrases, such as all, most, alf, the last, the rest, take a singular or plural verb, depending on the meaning of the noun or pronoun that follows. 3.Phrases lik e lots of, heaps of , loads of take singular or plural verbs depending on the form of the nouns that follow. 4.In sentences with more than one or many a modifying the subject nouns, the verb should take a singular form though it is plural in meaning. When the subject is a relative pronoun, a what-clause, or in the there-be structure Reference for the Classroom Activities

写作中真正实用的英语语法

第三节写作中真正实用的英语语法 据考证,“语法”一词源于希腊语“Grammatike”,意指体现于写作过程中的“文字的技巧”,它是语言运用的规则,构建句子的框架,遣词造句的黏合剂,也是英语各项技能的基础,尤其在写作过程中起着举足轻重的作用。 但四、六级考试改革中对语法题目的减少使很多人误以为语法的地位被削弱,加之近年来重视综合技能的各类语言理论的出现,使得一部分考生在写作复习过程中完全摈弃对语法部分的准备,久而久之,形成了“轻语法,重语感”的习惯。而另一部分考生则缺乏必要的语法运用能力,他们可以准确解答语法题目,却不能在作文中灵活运用语法写出漂亮句子。这些考生文章的共同特点就是只有其意,不见其形。 语言是思维的外衣,准确的语法是高分作文的重要必备条件。如果考生能在写作中娴熟地运用语法技巧,就可以使文章逻辑严密,形神兼备。 鉴于语法体系庞大繁杂而备考时间有限,此节内容无法涵盖整个语法体系,只能选择写作中出现频率较高的语法进行重点讲解,如状语前置、倒装、虚拟语气、强调句等,并辅以例句讲解,希望能够帮助考生扫除写作中的语法障碍,轻松闯关。 状语前置 一般而言,英语句子中,状语成分的位置是可前可后的。但状语的前置是六级作文中常用的句式。所谓状语前置,就是把修饰动词的状语结构,如分词短语,介词短语,动词不定式结构等放到句首。 这一句式的最大优点就是断句自然,让单调的句子有跳跃的节奏感。请看下面句子: 1)With the expansion of industrialization, requirement for energy all over the world is on the rise.(随着工业化进程的发展,全世界的能源需求都在增加。) 2)Once lushly forested, this region has seen more than 80% of its original vegetation cut down or burned. (这个地区曾经丛林密布,但现在80% 的原生植被被砍伐或焚烧。) 3)To reach millions of people who watch television, advertisers are willing to pay big money. (为了能抓住千千万万的电视观众,广告商们不惜花费巨额资金。) 在以上例句中,状语的前置使得句子结构分明,避免了后置的平庸化,尤其是第二个句子中的状语部分,既简洁又有力,本身就是一个出彩的表达,如果放置到句尾就不会出现这种效果了。而第三句中不定式目的状语的前置还在一定程度上起到了强调的作用。 倒装 倒装又分为全部倒装和部分倒装。全部倒装是指将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态动词置于主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do, does或did等,并将其置于主语之前。倒装的作用是为了强调或平衡句子结构。 倒装本身是较复杂的高级结构,如果在六级写作中能加以正确运用,就特别

牛津英语A牛津英语语法和练习题优选稿

牛津英语A牛津英语语 法和练习题 文件管理序列号:[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]

(四) 一、用所给词的适当形式填空: 1 This is _____(I) new classmate._____(she) name’s Sally. 2 That’s _____(we) English teacher. 3 _____(he) brother is my classmate. 4 _____(I) deskmate is Jill,_____(she) hair is long. 二、读句子,用适当的代词填空。 1Jack is my friend.______ sister is Kitty. 2What’s Jack’s sister’s name_ ____ name’s Kitty. 3Mr Li is our teacher.______ has got a red car. 4Who’s you r father?The tall man is _____ father. 5Has your brother got a big ball?No,_____ hasn’t. 6My father is a doctor._____is tall._____ car is black. 7-Is that ____ ruler- Yes,it’s _____ ruler. 8Eddie and I are cclassmate.That’s _____ classroom, 9-Are ____ in Class2 Yes,___ am. 10Look at these trees.____ are tall and green.______ roots(根) are long.

大学英语语法及练习

大学英语语法及练习 第一讲虚拟语气 I. 考点分析:分四级语法复习 虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式,用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况,以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。 虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题,我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题,有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有: 1. 虚拟语气的形式:分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要,因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比,以便于同学们记忆掌握。 2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如:If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时,可以省略if, 把它们前置。 例如:Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it.

Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?(万一黑死病再次出现,我们该怎么办?)4. 错综时间的条件句是难点,如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.(从句用过去完成时,主句用现在进行时) 又如:If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在,主句虚拟过去);If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去,主句虚拟将来); If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去,主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句,如:I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。 例如:Without electricity, there would be no modern industry.没有电就不会有现代工业。 But for your cooperation, we could not have succeeded in our experiment.没有你们的帮助,我们的实验时不可能成功的。 7.“Were it not for/Had it not been for+宾语”或“But that+从句”表示假设条件。 例如:Were it not for their assistance, we couldn’t have got over the difficulties. Had it not been for the reservoir, we’d never have been able to beat the drought. But that he saw it (=If he had not seen it), he could not have believed it. 8.providing, providing (that), on condition that, suppose, supposing引导的条件从句中,根据语意,可以用虚拟语气,有可以用述语气。 9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有:advice, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, direct(命 令)insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, resolve, suggest, urge, move(提议,动议)等;例如:The United Nations urged that he (should) withdraw his troops. (联合国敦促他撤军。) 10.常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有:advice, command, desire, determination, idea, motion, order, preference, recommendation, suggestion, insistence, proposals, request, requirement等; 例如:The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. (用于同位语从句) 邀请他的建议被否决了。 Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. (用于表语从句) 他们的要工资增加20%。 11.用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“It is/was + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句(用虚拟语气)”,例如:It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion.你有必要参加讨论。 It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane. 根据命令,那些药品必须空运到这儿。 常见的这类形容词、分词还有:advisable(合理的), anxious(急切的), appropriate(合适的), compulsory (强制的), crucial(紧要关头的),desirable(理想的), eager, essential(必要的), imperative(迫切的), important (重要的), impossible(不可能的), improper(不合适的), natural(自然的), obligatory(必须履行的),preferable (更好的), proper(合适的), strange(奇怪的)urgent(紧迫的), vital(至关重要的), demanded(要求的), required(要求的), suggested(建议的), desired(希望的)等。 II. 历届四级试题中的虚拟语气: 1. That tree looked as if it ______ for a long time. (93/1/52) A) hasn’t watered B) didn’t water C) hadn’t been watered D) wasn’t watered 2. It’s necessary ______ the dictionary immediately. (93/1/68) A) that he will return B) that he returned C) that he return D) that he has to return 3. We desire that the tour leader ______ us immediately of any change in plans. (93/6/48) A) inform B) informs C) informed D) has informed 4. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I ______ your advice. (93/6/70) A) follow B) had followed C)would follow D) have followed

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档