Unit 1 The Evolution of Management as a Field of Study
evolution n.the process of developing发展
generalize v.to infer from many particulars概括
autobiography n. the biography of a person written by that person 自传
memoir n.an account of the person experiences of an author 回忆录，自传
extremely ad. Being in or attaining the greatest or highest degree 极度地
anthropologist n. someone who studies anthropology 人类学家
perspective n.the way in which a situation or problem in judged so that proper consideration is given to each part 合理观察，视角
turnover n. the number of workers hired by an establishment to replace those who have left in a given period of time 人员更替数
approach n. the method used in dealing with or accomplishing 方法
contingency n. a possibility that must be prepared for可能事件，可能出现的情况dynamic a.characterized by continuous change 不断变化的
confrontation n. discord or a clash of opinions and ideas 观点或思想的不断冲撞
incur v. to acquire or come into 获得
compromise v. something that combines qualities or elements of different things折中interdependent a. mutually dependent 互相依存的
characteristic n. a feature that helps to identify 特性
popularity n. the quality or state of being popular 普及
sole a. of or relating to only one individual or group 单独的
reliance n. the act of relying or the state of being reliant 依赖，依靠
sufficient a. being as much as is needed 充足的
alliance n.the act of becoming allied or the condition of being allied 结盟
demographic n. of or relating to demography 人口统计
complement v. to serve as a complement to 补足
Unit 2 The Scope of Management
entail v. to have, impose, or require as a necessary accompaniment or consequence 伴随conform v.to act or be in accord or agreement 使和谐一致
envision v.to picture in the mind 想象
affordable a.that can be afforded 买得起的
strive v.to exert much effort or energy 努力
mission n.special assignment given to a person or group 任务
informercial n. a commercial television program or relatively long commercial segment offering consumer information 商业信息片
franchise n.authorization granted to someone to sell or distribute a company’s goods or services in a certain area 特许经营权
tactical a.of, relating to, or using tactics 战术的
departmental a. 部门的
peer n. a person who has equal standing with another or others 同等的人，与他人在爵位、阶级或年龄上相当的人
interpersonal a.relating to, occurring among, or involving several people 人与人之间的foster v.to promote the growth and development of 促进
pervasive a. having the quality or tendency to pervade or permeate 渗透性的
stakeholder n.one who has a share or an interest 股东
flourish v.to be in a period of highest productivity 活跃
automotive a.moving by itself 自动的
nonroutine n.非常规程序
analogue n.something that bears an analogy to something else 类似情况
Unit 3 What are Orgnizations ?
beast n.something a thing 事物
organization n. a group of people with special purpose, such as a club or business 团体，组织，机构，社团
invention n.something invented 发明物
contrivance n.device or tool, esp. one made by an individual for a particular puipose 发明物；
器械
patronage n. all the patrons of a shop, hotel, etc, as a group 为了赞助而产生的
impact n.the force of an idea, invention, system, etc. 影响力
perspective n.the way in which a matter is judged, so that consideration and importance is five to each part 判断事物的方法
association n. the act of joining or the state of being joined with somebody or something 联合；结合；结交
very a. (used for giving force to an expression)(用于强调)正是；完全；实在
whim n. a sudden idea or wish, often not reasonable 突起的（怪）念头；一时的兴致
fancy n. an image, opinion, or idea imagined and not based on fact 无事实根据的幻觉，意见或看法
achieve v.to finish successfully 完成；实现
soul n. a person 人；灵魂
guidelines n.the main points about something which is to be dealt with 指导方针；行动纲领
bridge v. to build a brige across 架桥
gap n. an amount of distance pr difference 差异；差距；歧异
by virtue of in virtue of 依靠；由于
survival n. something which has continued to exist from an earlier time 生存
behavior n.way of behaving 行为；举动
subset n. a set contained within a set 子集
maintenance n.the act of maintaining 维持；维护；保养；赡养
turnover n. the number of workers that are hired by a firm to fill the places of workers who have left in a particular period 人员更新
efficiency n.the state or quality of being efficient 功效；效率；效能
intellectual a. concerning the intellect 智力的
limitation n. the fact or conditions of limiting or being limited 限制事实或状态
chart https://www.doczj.com/doc/c614744020.html,rmation written or draw in the form of a picture graph, etc. , usu. With the intention of making it understood 图表
predict v.to see or describe in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason, etc. 预言；预测
Unit 4 Developing Qpality and Competitive Advantage
innovative a. marked by or given to innovations 革新的，创新的
optimize v.to make as perfect or effective as possible 使最优化，使尽可能底完善或有效medieval a.relating or belonging to the Middle Ages 中世纪的
tenant n.one that pays rent to use or occupy land, a building, or other property owned by another 佃户
usher v.to precede and introduce 宣告，展示介绍；开始，开创
exotic a. intriguingly unusual or different 异乎寻常的；奇异的
strenuous a.requiring great effort, energy, or exertion 艰巨的，需要巨大努力、能量或投入的
hazardous a. marked by danger 带有危险性的；危险的
artificial intelligence the ability of machine to perform those activities that are normally
thought to require intelligence 人工智能
navigational n.an original type, from, or instance that serves as a model on which later stages are based or judged 原型
chassis n.the rectangular steel frame, supported on springs and attached to the axles, that holds the body and motor of an automotive vehicle 底盘
carousel n. a circular conveyor on which objects are displayed or rotated 旋转式传送带outmaneuver v. to overcome by artful, clever maneuvering 智胜，在机智、谋略上胜过CEO Chief Executive Officer 执行总裁
Unit 5 Competitive Industry Environment Analysis
long-term a. involving, maturing after, or being in effect for a long time 长期的aggregation n. a group or formed by this 集合体
carbonated a. containing carbon dioxide 充了碳酸气的
root beer n.以黄樟油、冬青油为香料的无醇饮料
ale n.any of various type of beer, esp. one that is pale in color 麦酒
caffeine n. a bitter white alkaloid,C8H10N4O2 咖啡因
alignment n.the act of aligning or the condition of being aligned 结盟
meaningless a.having no meaning or significance 无意义的，无价值的
withdrawal n.retreat of military force in the face of enemy or after a defeat 撤退
vertical integration垂直统一管理
interactive a.acting or capable of acting on each other 互相作用的
deli n. a delicatessen 熟食店
buffet n. a meal at which guests serve themselves from various dishes displayed in a table or sideboard 自助餐
nutrition n. the process of nourishing or being nourished 营养
slacken v.to make or become less vigorous 缓和
pharmaceutical a. of or relating to pharmacy or pharmacists 制药的
neuroscience n.any of the sciences, such as neuroanatomy and neurobiology, that deal with the nervous system 神经科学
inflammatory a. characterized or caused by inflammation 发炎的
niche n. a special are of demand for a product or service 产品或服务所需的特殊领域preemptive a.undertaken or initiated to deter or prevent an anticipated, usually unpleasant situation or occurrence 先发制人的
entrant n.one that enters, especially one that enters a competition 参加竞赛者
cellular phone n.便携式电话
dramatically ad.catching and holding the imagination by unusual appearance or effects 戏剧地，引人注目地
replenishment n.something added to complete a thing, make up for a deficiency 补给，补充backward integration 后向合并
alleviate v. to make more bearable 减轻
oleomargarine n. margarine 人造黄油，人造奶油
tinplate n. very thin sheets of iron or steel covered with tin 镀锡铁皮；马口铁
maturity n. the state or quality of being fully frown or developed 成熟
shakeout n. 经济衰退
cereal n. a grass such as wheat, oats, or corn, the starchy grains of which are used as food 谷物
razor n. a sharp-edged cutting instrument used especially for shaving the face or removing other body hair 剃刀
Unit 6 Materials and Process ~ Management of a Company
inventory n.the quantity of goods and materials on hand 库存
submit v. to commit to the consideration or judgment of another 使……听从
bidder n. one who attempts to win a contract by bidding 投标人
obsolete a. outmoded in design, style, or construction 过时的
establish v. to set up 建立
resource n.the total means available to a company for increasing production or profit, including plant, labor, and raw material 储备力量
stockpile v. a supply stored for future use, usually carefully accrued and maintained 储存calculate v. to make an estimate of 计算
interchange v. to give and receive mutually 交换
telecommunication n.the electronic systems used in transmitting messages, as by telegragh,
cable, telephone, radio, or television 电讯
executive n. a person or group having administrative or managerial authority in an organization 经营管理人
simulation n. representation of the operation or features of one process or system through the use of another 模拟
principle n. a fixed or predetermined policy or mode of action 准则
eliminate v. ti get rid of 消除
multifunction a. 多功能的
flexible a. responsive to a delay 可变通的；灵活的
holdup n. an interruption or a delay 停顿
incentive n. something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort 诱因；动机
coordinate v. to harmonize in a common action or effort 调整
Unit 7 Operating Statement of a Company
wholesale a. of, relating to, or engaged in the sale of goods in large quantities for resale 批发clarity n. clearness of thought or style 清晰
readability n.interesting or easy to read 易读，可读性
concise a. expressing much in few words 简明的，简洁的
inventory n. the quantity of goods and materials on hand 库存
gross sales 销售总额
net sales 扣除销货折扣和退货后净额
margin n.the minimum return that an enterprise may earn still pay for itself 最低利润
gross profit 毛利，总利润，利润毛额
sales salaries 销售人员的工资
advertising expense 广告费用
office salaries 办公室或一般文秘人员工资
miscellaneous a. made up of a variety of parts or ingredients 混杂的
seemingly ad. apparently; ostensibly 表面上地
skeleton n. a supporting structure or framework 构架
invoice n. a detailed list of goods shipped or services rendered, with an account of all costs 发货清单
refund n. a repayment of funds 退款
cancellations n. the act or an instance of canceling 取消
Unit 8 Human Resource Management: An Overview
utilization n. making use of 利用；使用
mesh v. to connect 结合；相合
representative n. a person acting in place of one or more other 代表；代理
capital n.money used for starting a business 资金
primary a.chief; main 主要的
supervisor n.one who is in charge of a particular department or unit, as in a governmental agency or school system 监督；管理人员
cosmetic n. a preparation such as face-cream, body-powder, etc. , intended to make the skin or hair more beautiful 化妆品
substantive a. expressing existence 表示存在的
insight n.the power of using one’s mind to understand something deeply, without help from outside information 洞察力；见识
catalyst n. a substance which, without itself changing, causes chemical activity to quicken 催化剂
energizer n. something or somebody that gives energy to 使活跃的人或物
quit v. infml to stop and leave 停止；辞职
recruitment n.招聘，招工
mission n. a group of people, esp. people acting for their country, who are sent abroad for special reason 使团，代表团；任务，使命
plague v. to cause continual discomfort, suffering, or trouble to, to make rather angry 折磨，烦恼；使得灾祸
compensation n. 赔偿金，赔偿费，赔偿物
self-esteem n. one’s good or too good opinion of one’s own worth 自尊心；自大，自负
北京地区成人本科学士学位英语统 一考试 2011.11.05 Part I Reading Comprehension （30%） Directions ：There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A ，B ，C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage： The reflective towers of New York City ，which is on the Atlantic migrating （迁徙的）route ，can be deadly for birds. “We live in an age of glass，” said https://www.doczj.com/doc/c614744020.html,urel ，an architect.（76）“ It can be a perfect mirror in certain lights ，and the larger the glass，the more dangerous it is.” About 90，000 birds are killed by flying into building in the city each year. Often ，they strike the lower levels of glass towers after searching for food in nearby parks. Such crashes are the second-leading cause of death for migrating birds, after habitat （栖息地）loss, with an estimated number of death ranging up to a billion a year. （77）As glass office and apartment towers have increased in the last decade, so, too, have calls to make them less deadly to birds. San Francisco adopted bird-safety standard for new building in July. The United States Green Building Council , a nonprofit industry group that encourages the creation of environmentally conscious buildings , will introduce a bird-safety credit this as part of its environmental certification process. There are no easy fixes , however. A few researchers are exploring glass designs that use ultraviolet （紫外线的）signals, but they are still in their infancy. Covers, dot patterns, shades and net are the main options available. Often , only one section of a building needs to be changed. “ You don‘ t necessarily have to treat every window ,” https://www.doczj.com/doc/c614744020.html,urel said. “ It would be too expensive to do the whole building. ” The Jacob Convention Center, which has been undergoing alterations , is the most recent building to voluntarily correct the problem of bird crashes. The architects used less reflective glass and dot patterns. 1. What is the main idea of the passage？ A. New York is a city of glass towers. B. Glass tower are dangerous for migrating birds. C. New York adopted new safety standards for buildings. D. Glass towers are a new trend in the United States. 2. What is the number one cause of death for migrating birds？ A. Climate change B. Habitat loss C. Lack of food D. Crashing into buildings. 3. What does the word “fixes” in the third paragraph probably mean ？ A. Choices B. Explanations C. Solutions D. Developments 4. ___ are used in the alteration of the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. A. Dot patterns B. Shades C. Nets D. Covers 5. Which of the fowling statements is TRUE according to the passage？ A. In many cases, the whole building needs to be altered to prevent bird crashes. B. The Jacob K.Javits Convention Center is the first building to deal with the problem of bird crashes. C. About 90 , 000 birds are killed due to habitat loss in New York City each year. D. Unfortunately , glass designs that use ultraviolet signals are still in their early stages. Passage 2 Question 6 to 10 are based on the fowling passage： Today‘s students have grown up hearing more about Bill Gates than F.D.R. , and they live in a world where amazing innovations （革新）are common. The current 18-year-olds, after all, were 8 when Google was founded by two students at Stanford；Mark Zuckerberg founded Facebook in 2004 while he was Harvard and they were entering high school. Having grown up digital （数字的）, they are impatient to get on with life. The easiest way to find kids like these is to check in on entrepreneurship （企业家才能）education , in which colleges and universities try to prepare their students to recognize opportunities and seize them. A report published last year by the Kauffman Foundation , which finances programs to promote innovation on campuses, noted that more than 50, 000 entrepreneurship programs are offered on two-and four-year campuses—up from just 250 courses in 1985. Lesa Mitchell , a Kauffman vice president, says that the foundation is extending the reach of its academic influence , which used to be found only in business schools. Now , the concept of entrepreneurship is blooming in engineering programs and medical school , and even in the liberal arts. “Our interest is the programs ,” she says. “ We need to spread out from the business school.” Either as class projects or on their own , students in a variety of majors are coming up with ideas, writing business plans and seeing them through to prototype and , often, market. In their spare time , students in agricultural economics at Purdue invent new uses for bean ；industrial design majors at Syracuse, in special laboratory , create wearable technologies. （78）The entrepreneurship movement has its critics , especially among those who see college as a time for extensive academic exploration. “I just don ‘t think that entrepreneurship ranks so high in terms of national need ,” says Daniel S.Greenberg, author of Science for sale：The perils, Rewards and Delusions of Campus Capitalism. Leonard A.Schlesinger , Babson College‘s president, says that the question of whether innovation can really be taught is “ an age-old argument” 6. When Google and Facebook were established , the founders were still ____ . A. in high school B. in the army C. in primary school D. at college 7. According to the passage, what is the main purpose of entrepreneurship education ？ A. To prepare students for future academic life
工商管理学位英语考试模拟题—阅读理解题 1. The English have the reputation of being very different from all other nationalities. It is claimed that living on an island separated from the rest of Europe has much to do with it. Whatever the reasons, it may be fairly stated that the Englishman has developed some attitudes and habits distinguishing him from other nationalities. Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, and reserved person among people he knows well. Before strangers he often seems inhibited, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a railway compartment any morning or evening to see the truth. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing(打盹)in a corner, and no one speaks. An English wit once suggested to overseas visitors, "On entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers." Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior, which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object of suspicion. It is well known that the English seldom show openly extremes of enthusiasm, emotion etc. Of course, an Englishman feels no less than any other nationality. Imagine a man commenting on the great beauty of a young girl. A man of more emotional temperament might describe her as "a marvelous jewel", while the Englishman will flatly state "Um,
工商管理专业英语重点 一．名词解释： 1.what is a manager? 答： A manager is a person who plans,organizes,directs,and controls the allocation of human ,material,financial,and information resources in pursuit of the organization’s goals. 2.What is the difference between middle managers and first-line managers? 答：The heavier emphasis onmanaging group performance and allocating resources represent the most important differences between first-line ang middle managers. 3.How can you characterize top-managers’ work? 答：Top managers spend most of their day(over 75 percent) planning and leading.pressures and demands on top managers can be intense. 4.What is the one of natural outcomes of outsourcing? 答：Modular corporations come into being. 二．选词填空 1.Adrian was in charge of the allocation of available funds. 2.Our firm is oriented towards the export side of the business. 3.The on-time delivery of goods is required in the contract. 4.The graphic display s will be heloful to illustrate the increase of the output. https://www.doczj.com/doc/c614744020.html,panies cannot survive fierce competition without innovative personnels. 6.Keeping the accounts is part and parcel of my job. 7.The CEO and other high-level executives are often referred to as top management. 8.The tasks that managers do include planning,organizing,leading,andcontrolling the work of an organization. 9.Functional managers supervise employees having expertise in one area,such as accounting,humanresources,sales,finance,marketing,or production. 10.general managers are responsible for the operations of a more complex unit,such as a company or a division. 11.He carried out a number of frauds on trusting people who lent him money.. 12.He would not havesucceeded in such a risky business if he had not been such a clever entrepreneur. 13.They could not tell the commcnding officer from his subordinates. 14.The two old rivals vie for the frist place. 15.Some people cannot be trusted to work wihout supervision. 16.Half of the medical supplies have already been allocated to the victims of the earthquake. 17.Can you differentiate this kind of rose from the others? 18.The factory has laid off workers because of the drop in sales. 19.They were blame for their failure to hold down expenditure. 20.The company has slashed the costs of the project in order to seize the last chance to survive. 21.The company is try ing to diversify its range of products so that they can get more market shares. 22.Mr. Black realized that his company was in dire straits and it went bey ond him to deal with the whole situation. 23.Tom, my next door neighbor, is exempt form military service because of his poor health. 24.With the economic environment improved , his company’s sale in that area is getting less susceptible to the crisis. 25.Mr.White declared that he was not liable for his partner’s debts.
2005春工商学位英语（4） 一、语音单选题 1、period A. request B. perseverance C. recognize D. require 答案 B. 2、pressure A. directly B. oxygen C. absence D. camera 答案A 3、geography A. regret B. envy C. remark D. deck 答案C 4、creature A. effect B. energy C. reduce D. belief 答案D 5、replied A. entered B. asked C. stepped D. added 答案A 6、counter A. country B. south C. tough D. enough 答案B 7、scatter A. laboratory B. separate C. gravity D. various 答案C 8、twinkle
A. windy B. drink C. footprint D. interesting 答案B 9、eyebrow A. town B. follow C. slow D. fellow 答案A 10、schoolyard A. coo B. cook C. poor D. childhood 答案A 11、He just couldn't ___what in the world she had been talking about all the time. A. figure out B. catch on C. set out D. work on 答案A 12、Children who are over-protected by their parents may become_____ A. hurt B. damaged C. spoiled D. harmed 答案C 13、The bridge was named _____ the hero who gave his life for the cause of the people. A. after B. with C. by D. from 答案A 14、I'd like to ______the lessons once more before we take the exam tomorrow. A. go for B. go over C. go round D. go about 答案B 15、Depending on____, Mary led us through an unknown part of the forest. A. intuition B. sense C. vision D. image 答案A 16、My camera can be _____ to take pictures in cloudy or sunny conditions.
Unit one formal organization 正式组织 division of labor 劳动分工departmentalization 部门化 delegation 授权 stakeholders 利害相关者 organizational chart 组织结构图 flatter organization 扁平组织 cash flow 现金流量 trade credit 商业信用 short-term loans 短期贷款 commercial paper商业票据 life insurance companies 人寿保险公司pension funds 退休基金 bonds 债券 stocks 股票 unit two macroeconomics 宏观经济学 national income theory 国民收入理论inflation通货膨胀 deflation通货紧缩 the level of interest rates 利率水平international trade balance国际贸易平衡monetary policy 货币政策 fiscal policy财政政策 unemployment rate 失业率 price index 价格指数 the consumer price index 消费价格指数 the producer price index 生产价格指数 the GDP price deflator GDP 价格平减指数nominal GDP 名义GDP real GDP实际GDP disposable income 可支配收入 transfer payment 转移支付 substitution effect 替代效应 income effect 收入效应 equilibrium price均衡价格 equilibrium output均衡产出 oil embargo 石油禁运 multiplier effect 乘数效应 expansionary monetary policy扩张货币政策time lags 时滞 unit four industrial organization theory 产业组织理论
2013电大工商管理学位英语阅读理解 1.What does the first paragraph tell us? -The ape looks like human beings most. 2.which of the following sentences is TRUE? -Apes have weak legs but very strong arms. 3.Apes build nests in the trees but seldom sleep there for more than a night or two because_______. -They like to move from place to place in search of more food. 4.Among the three kinds of apes,_______. -the gorilla is the biggest. 5.The last pargagraph tells us that _______. -the intelligence of chimpanzees is similar to that of human children. 6.The special education mentioned in the text is mainly concerned with ________. -students who are either mentally or physically disabled. 7.A videodisc courseware is beneficial to those who have study difficulties because ________. -it allows the user to go back to where he wants to restudy. 8.According to Professor Healey,we may infer that mentally retarded children perhaps________. -need graphic representations in order to understand higher-order language concepts. 9.The best phrase that summarizes the main idea of the text is ______. -videodisc and special education. 10.The word "impairment"(Line3,Para.1) Probably means______. -disability. 11.In the first paragraph,the author implies that ______ are essential in achieving success. -ability and environment. 12.The word "frugal" (Line3,Para.2) means _______. -thrifty. 13.Some rich people consider themselves unsuccessful because _______. -they are not rich enough by their own standards. 14.The last paragraph implies that ______. -success means trying one's best at what one really likes. 15.This passage mainly talks about _______. -the difinition of success. 16.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? -Take Vacations in space. 17.The phrase "bread-and butter business"(Line2,Pare.1) most probably means ________. -The business to make a living 18.How much is the two-hour space tour for each person according to Space Adventures in Arlington?
Test 3 第一部分：交际用语（共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分）此部分共有5个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D四个选项中选出正确选项。 1-5 DCCCC 1. —Could you help me with my physics, please? 请问你能帮我做物理课作业吗？ —____________ 很抱歉不行。我马上要去开会。 A. No, no way. B. No, I couldn’t C. No, I can’t. D. Sorry I can’t. I have to go to a meeting right now. 2. —Could I speak to Don Watkins, please? 我能和Don Watkins说话吗？ —____________ 我就是。 A. I’m listening B. Oh, how are you? C. Speaking, please. D. I’m Don. 3. —Could I borrow your car for a few days? 我能借你的车用几天吗？ —____________ 当然可以。给你。祝你旅途愉快。 A. Yes, you may borrow. B. Yes, go on. C. Sure, here you are. Enjoy your journey. D. It doesn’t matter. 4. —Thank you for inviting me. 感谢您的邀请。 —____________ 谢谢光临。 A. I really had a happy time. B. Oh, it’s too late C. Thank you for coming D. Oh, so slowly? 5.—May I see your tickets, please? 可以看一下你的票吗？ —____________ 当然可以。 A. No, they are mine. B. No, you can’t. C. Sure. D. Yes, you can.
管理学常用词汇 A 11 access discrimination ['?ks?s] [d?,skr?m?'ne??n]进入歧视 action research ['?k??n] ['ris?t?] 动作研究；行为研究 adjourning [?'d??n??] 解散期；解散阶段；中止阶段 adhocracy [?d'h?kr?si] 无固定结构的管理方式或组织；临时委员会组织；administrative principle [?d'm?n?stret?v] ['pr?ns?pl] 管理原则advanced negotiation[?d'v?nst] [n?,ɡo??'e??n]高级谈判 alignment[?'la?nm?nt] 结盟 artifacts ['a:rtif?kts]人工环境 artificial intelligence [,ɑrt?'f??l] [?n't?l?d??ns] 人工智能、巧匠avoiding learning [?'v??d??] ['l??n??]规避性学习 ambidextrous approach [,?mb?'dekstr?s] [?'pr?t?]双管齐下策略 B 9 balance sheet ['b?l?ns] [?it]资产负债表 bias['ba??s] 偏见 BCG matrix（ BCG:Boston Consulting Group['b?st?n] [k?n's?lt??] [gru ?p]） ['metr?ks] 波士顿矩阵，波士顿咨询集团矩阵 bona fide occupation qualifications [,b?un?'faidi] [,ɑkju'pe??n] [,kw ɑl?f?'ke??n] 善意职业资格审查 bounded rationality ['ba?nd?d] [,r???n'?l?ti]有限理性 bounded rationality perspective ['ba?nd?d] [,r???n'?l?ti] [p?'spekt ?v]有限理性方法
学位英考试试题-1 Part I Reading Comprehension (30%) Directions: There are three passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet. Passage 1 Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage: Archaeology, like many academic words, comes from Greek and means, more or less, “the study of old things”. So, it is really a part of the study of history. However, most historians use paper evidence, such as letters, paintings and photographs，but archaeologists (考古学家) learn from the objects left behind by the humans of long ago. Normally, these are the hard materials that don't break down or disappear very quickly—things like human bones and objects made from stone and metal. It is very unusual to find anything more than the hard evidence of history--normally, the bacteria (细菌) in the air eat away at soft materials, like bodies, clothes and things made of wood. Occasionally, things are different. In 1984, two men made an amazing discovery while working in a bog called Lindow Moss, in the north of England. A bog is a very wet area of earth, with a lot of plants growing in it. It can be like a very big and very thick vegetable soup—walk in the wrong place and you can sink and disappear forever. The men were working when one of them saw something sticking out—a human foot! Naturally, the men called the police，who then found the rest of the body. Was it a case of murder? Possibly--but it was a death nearly two thousand years old. The two men had found a body from the time of the Roman invasion of Britain. Despite being so old, this body had skin, muscles, hair and internal organs—the scientists who examined him were able to look inside the man's stomach and find the food that he had eaten for his last meal! Why was this man so well preserved? (76) It was because he was in a very watery environment, safe fi:om the bacteria that need oxygen to live. Also, the water in the bog was very acidic. The acid preserved the man's skin in the way that animal skin is preserved for leather coats and shoes. How did he die? Understandably, archaeologists and other scientists wanted to know more about the person that they called,“Lindow Man”. (77) His hands and fingernails suggested that he hadn't done heavy manual work in his life—he could have been a rich man. They found that he hadn't died by accident. The archaeologists believe that he was sacrificed to three different gods. 1. Which language does the word “archaeology”come from? A. French. B. Greek. C. Roman. D. German. 2. The word “these” in the first paragraph refers to_______. A. letters B. photographs C. paintings D. objects 3. Which of the following helped to preserve“Lindow Man”? A. Ice and Iow temperature. B. Bacteria and oxygen. C. Soil and energy. D. Acid and water. 4. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?