当前位置:文档之家› 认知教学法 (英语)

认知教学法 (英语)

认知教学法 (英语)
认知教学法 (英语)

认知法

一、Brief introduction

认知教学法,又称认知-符号法,或认知-符号学习理论,是按照认知规律,调动学习者智力潜能,努力去发现和掌握语言规则,创造性地活用语言的一种外语教学法体系。

二、Basic theory

Like the Audiolingual Method, the Cognitive Approach looks for a rationale in linguistics and psychology.he Cognitive Approach seeks in transformational grammar and cognitive psychology a basis for second language teaching.

1 Transformational Grammar :Chomsky maintained that language is an intricate rule-based system;Every normal human being is born with a LAD(language acquisition device).It is competence that a child gradually acquires, and it is this language competence that allows the child to be creative as a language user.

2 Cognitive psychology: Cognitive psychology emphasis on the various mental processes used in thinking, remembering, perceiving, recognizing, classifying, etc.The Cognitive Psychologist hold that learning must involve organization of material and learning should be structured.Structure has given meaning to parts previously incomprehensible.

三、characteristics

1)认知法明确指出,外语教学应以学生的认知活动为主,而不应让

教师主宰课堂。采取直接法和听说法的教师往往主观设计各种教学环节,

认知法却要求教师的备课建立在学生认知的特点上,根据学生认知过程

进行教学。

2)认知法的一个重要特点是反对机械模仿,注重培养学生的创造性

思维,鼓励学习和使用外语中的创新精神。为此,认知法要求让学生明

确每堂课甚至每一练习的教学目的,无论是学习语言知识还是技能训练

都强调理解其中的内容,使学生能根据教学目标创造性地学习。

3) 认知法的教学重视语法,必要时可用母语进行教学。然而,认知

法的语法教学又与语法翻译法不同,它要求通过有意义的练习达此目的。

同时,认知法根据认知心理学的原理,强调教学必须遵循从学生已知,

即已掌握的知识,到未知,即新知识领域的认识过程,它不同于语法翻

译法大量使用的演绎法。

) Knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.

2) Rules are taught deductively.

3) Competence comes before performance.

4) The learner is the center of classroom teaching./learner-centered class.

5) Language practice is the main form of classroom teaching.

6) Learning is based on understanding.

7) Cognitive Approach gives equal importance to all the four skills.

8) Mistakes are unavoidable.

1. The Cognitive Approach concentrates on the learner’s processes of knowledge rather than on mechanistic procedures imposed upon his by the teacher. At the level of linguistic theory, it signals a rejection of the view that language is external to the mind of the individual. Cognitivism states that ①knowledge of language rules facilitate learning.The basic tenet of the Cognitive Approach which is different from that of the Audiolingual Method is, while in the Audiolingual Method, teachers were warned not to tell the learner about the language, that is, not to teach grammar. ②Grammar are taught deductively.In the Cognitive Approach, teachers are required to tell the learner about the language, because knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.

1. The Cognitive Approach concentrates on the learner’s processes of

knowledge rather than on mechanistic procedures imposed upon his by the teacher.

2. At the level of linguistic theory, it signals a rejection of the view that

language is external to the mind of the individual.

3. At the level of phychological learning theory, it signals a rejection of

stimulus-response models.

4. At the level of teaching techniques, it signals the environment of

deliberate grammar teaching as an aid to learning.

5. Cognitivism states that ①knowledge of language rules facilitate

learning.

6. The basic tenet of the Cognitive Approach which is different from

that of the Audiolingual Method is, while in the Audiolingual Method, teachers were warned not to tell the learner about the language, that is, not to teach grammar. ②Grammar are taught deductively.

In the Cognitive Approach, teachers are required to tell the learner

about the language, because knowledge of language rules facilitates learning.

8. It is believed that knowledge of language rules form the learner’s

language foundation. They must learn the rules of the language before applying them. ③Competence comes before performance.

9. The Cognitive Approach holds that grammar is important, but is

never taught for its own sake. The learning of grammar should be

conducted in a functional way so that students may apply what they have learned to actual communicative situations.

10. The Cognitive Approach believes that learners play a decisive role in

foreign language learning.

11. To achieve the teaching objectives, the teacher must understand the

psychology of the learner.

12. Positive attitude, confidence, strong motivation and correct learning

method all play a part in the success of language learning.

13. Since ④the learner is the center of classroom teaching,⑤ language

practice should be the main form of learning.

14. Opportunities should be provided so that students can develop the

ability of using the target language through active participation in

language communication.

15. In a Cognitive classroom, it is the teacher’s responsibility to teach the

students not only language knowledge and language skills, but also the ability to learn by themselves.

16. The Cognitive Approach insists that ⑥learning is based on

understanding. Human type learning is different from animal type

learning which is the result of stimulus-response. Language learning is

a creative process. The students can only perform after they have

understood the system of the language. We can’t imitate without

activating a cognitive process.

17. The teacher should always make sure that students understand what

they are doing.

18. In a Cognitive Approach classroom, meaningful learning and

meaningful practice are emphasized during the entire learning

process. In a meaningful process like second language learning,

mindless repetition, imitation and other rotely oriented practices have

no place in the classroom.

19. The Cognitive Approach ⑦gives equal importance to all the four

skills. Any of them could get priority according to the goal of the course

and the needs of the students. It is held that the receptive

skills----listening and reading----should precede speaking and writing,

because they are the means of developing and expanding

competence, without which there will be no performance. Especially in

a Foreign Language learning situation, written materials can help

learning.

20. When a foreign language learner can resort to all the possible target

language resources, learning will be more effective.

四、Principle

1以学习者为中心自学为主:以学生为中心教学为指导充分发挥学生自主

性创造性

2理解基础上进行学与练:强化汉语环境,自觉学习与自然习得相结合

3认知法的教学目是为了使学生的语言能力能接近以所学语言为本族语的人的水平。认知法所指的“语言能力”是生成转换语法理论所主张的内化语法规则的能力,它体现在听说读写四种技能之中.要求听说读写全面训练:听说读写全面要求,分阶段侧重,口语、书面语协调发展。

4利用母语、对错误进行有分析的指导:利用母语进行与汉语的对比分析,严格使用母语或中介语

5运用电教手段营造教学情境:加强直观性充分利用现代教学技术

五、comment

1 advantage and disadvantage

1)Advantage:

(1)认知法强调培养学生的创造性思维,这是传统外语教学法的薄弱之处。在外语教学中发展创造性思维和提倡创造性精神不仅能从根本

上提高学生的外语水平,而且有利于加强对学生总体的素质教育,符

合新世纪对人才的要求。

(2)认知法主张外语学习必须理解语言规则,语言练习必须有意义并结合学生的生活实际,有利于调动学生学习的积极性,也有助于提高

使用外语的准确性(accuracy)和得体性(appropriateness),这恰

恰是听说法所欠缺的。

2)Disadvantage:

(1)使用认知法时,讲解语法必须恰到好处。若费时过多或讲解过于详尽,就可能走到语法翻译法的老路上去。同时,认知法强调语言练习必须有意义,全盘否定机械操练,在实际教学中并不可行。

特别是在初学阶段,一定数量的机械练习是不可避免的。因此,如何处理语法教学和机械操练与有意义练习的比例仍然是认知法需要探讨的问题。

(2) 认知法的另一个缺点是未强调培养学生的交际能力。在使用认知法时应多开展课外活动,为学生使用外语进行交际提供更多的条件和机会。

(3)较多地运用在教本国人学外语上,缺乏用认知法教外国人学外语的实践,因此尚需在理论和实践上加以探索

2 Contribution

(1)最大的贡献是提倡以学习者为中心,注重调动学习者积极性

(2)对其他的教学方法进行了批判性的继承,把认知心理学及当代心理学引入对外语教学中。

福师《英语教学法》在线作业二满分答案

福师《英语教学法》在线作业二 s 1. 按照执行任务的方式,任务可以分为拼版式任务、信息差任务、解决问题式任务和做决定式任务 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: B 满分:2 分得分:2 2. 根据阅读的技巧,阅读有跳读、掠读和细读之分。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: B 满分:2 分得分:2 3. 日常记录指的是记录学生学习过程或反应的非正式笔记,一般通过直接观察记录下来。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: B 满分:2 分得分:2 4. 语言与文化密不可分,语言有很丰富的文化内涵;英语学习中有许多跨文化交际的因素。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: B 满分:2 分得分:2 5. 中学英语教学法是一门综合性的应用科学和实践性很强的学科。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: B 满分:2 分得分:2 6. 在接受学习过程中,学习内容是以问题的形式呈现出来的,学生是问题的发现者。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: A 满分:2 分得分:2 7. 直接法要求直接用外语思维,强调模仿和感知是外语教学的基础。外语学习主要靠机械模仿句子。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: B 满分:2 分得分:2 8. 在学科学习策略的运用上,已有的知识会影响学习策略的选择,也就是说学习者的外语水平不同会导致使用不同的策略。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: B 满分:2 分得分:2 9. 语法从描写的对象看,可以分为教学语法、参考语法以及语言学语法。 A. 错误 B. 正确 正确答案: A 满分:2 分得分:2 10. 外语教学包含两个层次,一是让学生了解语言知识,二是语言性练习。 A. 错误 B. 正确

英语教学法教程教案(王蔷)

英语教学法教程教案 A Course in English Language Teaching 主讲:姚向礼 教材:《英语教学法教程》 主编:王蔷 出版社:高等教育出版社 绪论外语教学法主要流派 Teaching approaches & Methods Approaches & methods of Language Teaching 众说纷纭,现以学习理论作为分类标准,将学派分为认知性的,连接性的和综合性的三大类。并简介翻译教学法,自然教学法,直接教学法,认知教学法,功能教学法,在这之前首先概述一下拉丁语教学法、。 ①拉丁语教学法,指(15-16世纪)为欧洲语言的极盛时期,学校里教授作为外语之拉丁语的直觉模仿法。它在(15——16世纪)为语法模仿法:16世纪末到17世

纪,由于民族语渗入学校,拉丁语教学法主要为词汇模仿法。先后提出了自觉性原则和直观性原则。这一时期的两大代表人物①惜提哈(ratch1571-163500))②夸美纽斯教学法Conienius(1592_1670) ①德国论点是通过经验与分析去学习一切。认为只从理论途径得到的记忆才是可 靠的。词汇翻译法,自觉对比法,认真教学法。 二、联结性的教学法学派 特点:经验主义的哲学观点;重视外语话语与实物,观念,概念等外部世界与思维的直接联系;侧重口头操练。 自然教学法(绝对排斥本族语的教学法) 直接教学法(自然教学法发展起来的)(一种习惯) 听说教学法 视听教学法 功能教学法(又名意念法,交际法或意念——功能—交际法 三、综合性的教学法学派,来源于直接法与翻译的综合 自觉实践法 折衷法(又是极端) 分阶段教学法 一、语法翻译法(Translation Method) The grammar translation Method(Reading Method ,classical Method ).In China, it is called old method and is probably the most widely known and has been the most widely used of all approaches to language teaching .Although there have been many developments in language teaching, especially in the teaching foreign language ,grammar-translation method in still used today in various forms .And the main drill in translation. The mains features are as the followings. 1.Classes are taught in the mother tongue,with little active use of the target lauguage. 2.Much vocabulary is taught in the form of lists of isofated words. 3.Long elaborate explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 4.Little attention explanations of the intricacies of grammar are given. 5.Often the only drills are exercises in translation disconnecfecl sentences from the target language into the mother tongue. 6.little or no attention is given to pronunciation. 希腊文、拉丁文、通过翻译来学习外语。 认为背诵文法规则是学习外语的捷径,使用的课本,开始是孤立的单词和孤立的语法例句,都是从希腊文和拉丁文的名著里摘引出来的。 Advontedges: 1.在外语教学里创建了翻译的教学形式; 2.在外语教学里利用文法、利用学生的理解力,以提高外语教学的效果; 3.着重阅读,着重学习原文或原文文学名著; 4.使用方便。只要教师掌握了外语的基本知识,就可以拿着外语课本教外语,不需要什么教具和设备。 Disadvanfudges: 1.忽视口语教学。在教学里没有抓住语言的本质; 2.忽视语音和语调的教学; 3.过分强调翻译,单纯通过翻译手段教外语,不利于培养学生用外语进行交际的能力,易使学生在使用外语时对翻译有依赖性;

多种英语教学法在英语教学中的应用

【摘要】在英语教学的发展史上有很多种不同的教学法,我国英语教学也在其发展阶段应用过不同的教学法,本文通过对几种英语教学法的分析,论述了如何在英语教学中将不同的教学法应用在英语教学中。 【关键词】英语教学法高中英语因材施教 一、英语教学法简介 英语作为全世界被应用范围最广的语言,其教学方法的发展已经经历了数百年,在这期间形成了许多不同种类的教学法。每一种教学法的提出与发展都有其时代的特点。以下介绍几种我国应用过的主要的英语教学方法。 1.语法翻译法。语法翻译法作为早期的英语教学方法注重学生对语法的学习,由于起源于拉丁语教学法,拉丁语作为世界上最难以学习的语言之一,语法的重要性可想而知。语法教学法的特点就是侧重阅读能力的培养;充分利用母语并且依靠母语讲解语言语法知识;反复进行母语和目标语的互译。 2.听说法。听说法起源于20世纪40年代的美国,由于第二次世界大战的爆发,美国军队需要在短期内培养能够掌握外语的人才,听说法应运而生,采取一系列措施和方法强化和训练士兵的听说能力,对于这种“简单粗暴”的外语学习方法,在各国引用后又加以改善,使其在英语教学中形成了自己的特点,强调听说的重要性;强调语言是其母语者日常所说;强调语言是一系列行为习惯。听说法以行为主义为理论基础。 3.交际法。交际法主要理论依据是海姆斯的交际能力理论和韩礼德的系统功能语言学。交际法以交际能力的培养为主,认为外语学习以需求为主;社会交际功能为语言的主要功能;而外语学习的目的就是培养学习者在特定的环境下如何恰当的使用语言进行交流。交际法的特点为:分析学生会对外语的需要;教学过程要以培养交际能力为目的;在交际活动的过程中更好的学习语言。 二、英语教学法在我国的应用历程 在英语教学中的几种主要的教学法我国都有过应用,尤其语法翻译法。在我国最初开始重视英语教学的阶段,国内的英语教师数量并不多,而且教师的质量也并不高,英语教学被认为与母语有异曲同工之处,所以语法翻译法就成为了主要的教学方法。那时的英语应用主要停留在翻译和阅读上。 随着我国和世界的接触日益频繁,对英语学习者的要求也越来越高,于是在20世纪60年代听说法传入了我国。由于听说法更注重实际的交流,英语学习不仅仅停留在纸面上,而是在交谈中。在教学中,教师更加注意句型的教授,并且开始强调英语式的思维。语法翻译法到听说法的过渡对我国英语教学是一次比较大的挑战也是必不可少的部分。 20世纪80年代以来,交际法的出现对我国的英语教学提出了新的挑战并且逐渐在国内受到欢迎,交际能力的培养开始逐渐的受到重视。这是由于改革开放为我国带来了巨大的发展机会,英语作为“世界的语言”是人们在很多方面都必不可少的工具。到了九十年代后期,国内的英语教师的数量和质量已经有了飞跃式的提高。学习者的眼界开阔了,对于英语学习的需求也在提高。小学初中也都开设了英语课,这就使学生可以在英语学习的最佳阶段接触英语学习。在高中阶段就可以对学生的交际能力进行培养和提高。 三、英语教学法的共同应用 1.阅读教学。阅读教学在英语教学中的地位非常重要,在我国的大多数英语考试中都占据着极高的分值,所以阅读教学的策略就变得极为重要。语法翻译法虽然属于英语教学法中比较传统的老式教学法,但在阅读教学中的应用价值依然不能忽视。英语考试随着学生年龄的增长和学生层次的增加,阅读的难度也越来越大。很多考生在阅读文章时就会发现虽然单词的意思都理解但是整个句子的含义却无法理解。这就是我国学生在学习英语时语法知识掌

论文-浅谈语块教学法在英语教学中的应用

浅谈语块教学法在英语教学中的应用 论文关键词:认知语言学语块教学法英语教学 论文内容摘要:认知语言学是语言学的一门分支学科。认知语言学涉及人工智能、语言学、心理学、系统论等多种学科。本文从认知角度谈语块教学,通过介绍语块理论及语块教学法在英语教学中的应用,探讨如何提高学习者语言的地道性和流利性,从而切实提高英语教学质量。 语块,即词汇短语(lexical phrase),就是事先预制好且被频繁使用的多个词的组合,这种词汇组合有自己特定的结构和相对稳定的意思,可整体或稍作改动后作为预制组块供学习者提取和使用。由于语块的概念突破了传统上的单词、词汇的范围,且作用已远远超出了词汇搭配等的范围,而是扩大到整个句子、甚至语篇的领域,所以语块教学将是带动整个英语教学的最佳突破口。 一.语块的分类 (一)多词词汇:如 as well as,传统上,这些词汇被归为词组,而现在则被看作多词词汇的特殊形式,作为语篇衔接的形式,它们不仅在理解上而且在书写时都作为像单词一样的整体的形式来看待。 (二)高频搭配:也就是那些以较高频率出现的单词组合。 (三)惯用表达式:主要指说话者可以用来整体存储的语言构块,包括谚语、警句、交际套语等形式。包括那些形式是固定或半固定的。如:Have a nice day. Once upon a time.

(四)句型框架:为表达某个概念提供一个句子框架,并且框架内容允许一定的变化。如:I think(that)+陈述部分。如I think that it’s a good idea.I think that you’re right. 二.语块教学法的理论依据 20世纪70年代开始出现的词汇法教学(the lexical approach)认为语言习得的一个重要组成部分即理解和产出词块的能力,因为学习者正是通过这些词块来逐渐了解语言系统本身并熟练掌握和使用某种语言。由于词块突破了传统上的单词、词汇的范围,它的作用已远远超出了词汇搭配等的范围,扩大到句子甚至语篇的领域,所以词块教学将是带动整个英语教学的最佳突破口,符合现在提倡的整体教学思路。 三.实施语块教学的措施 (一)培养外语学习者的语块意识 语块是记忆组织单位,由以往形成的语块连结而成,并作为一个整体被储存和提取。由于受传统词汇教学模式的影响,过去语块一直没有到认可,语块化的优势严重被忽视,因此当务之急是要树立和培养语块意识。这要求教师要了解语言的本质属性———语块化,复合词、多元词、搭配、习惯用语、句子构造成分以及篇章框架,这些都可能是语块化的具体表现形式,要将语块理论内化为大脑中的知识。 (二)熟读语块 语块是相对固定的,不是随意生成的,它不用经过语法分析,在交际过程中作为一个整体语言单位。因此,学生在识记的过程中,要将语块作为一个整体进行对待,而不是作为粘在一起的单个的词看待。教师要充分调动学

英语教学法模拟试题及答案

《英语教学法》模拟试题1及答案 1. Which of the following is true of second language learning A. Natural language exposure. B. Informal learning context. C. Structured input. D. Little error correction. 2. What type of learners can benefit most from real object instruction A. Individual learners. { [5. Tactile learners. C. Auditory learners. D. Visual learners. 3. What type of intelligence is cooperative learning best suited for A. Interpersonal intelligence. B. Intrapersonal intelligence. C. Logical intelligence. D. Linguistic intelligence. ? 4. What does the following practise * Peer and I v. vent to the cinema yesterday. Peter and * I went to the cinema yesterday. Peer and I zoent to the * cinema yesterday. Peer and I zoent to the cinema * yesterday. A. Stress. B. Articulation. C. Liaison. 》 D. Intonation. 5. What learning strategy can the following help to train Match the adjectives on the left with the nouns on the right. H cavy Day Nice Baby Close Building Light Rain Tall Friend $ Cute Smoker

英语教学法操作原则

英语教学法操作原则 湖北应城二中----詹丽 提要:在我国,英语作为一门外语,是学校课程的一部分,是升入高一年级学校入学考试中的一个科目。围绕英语教学的问题,本篇论文就英语教学中的四条教学原则(语言输入原则、使用母语原则、实践性原则、处理几种关系的原则)进行了理论阐述,并在理论阐述基础上,列举了一些例子来阐明在英语教学中应当如何遵循这些原则以及如何运用英语教学中的一些技巧和方法。从中我们更好更快地学习和教授英语。 关键词:英语教学原则 我国英语教学从1862年起,迄今已有100多年历史。按照传统观点,英语教学法是对英语教授方法的研究。因此,人们一直在努力寻求能适用于一切环境,奏效于各种不同类型学生的理想和编写出达到这个目的的理想教材,与此同时,也创立了一系列的教学方法,譬如语法翻译法、听说法、情景法、视听法等等,但其教学效果却未能达到人们所期待的要求。由此人们逐渐意识到,他们忽视了教学中的一个极为重要的方面,英语教学法的研究对象不应单是教的方法,有关教的探讨应以对学习的研究为基础,对这两方面的共同研究构成了英语教学法。英语教学法是一门独立的学科,它既研究教也研究学,是一个复杂的过程。作为一名英语教师,应该如何根据语言理论,结合实际,设计并运用各种教学技巧和方法,是一个值得我们深思的问题。 一、语言输入的原则: (1)语言输入对语言习得或学习是必不可少的。埃利斯在他的著作《理解第二语言习得》一书中,总结了第二语言习得中对待语言输入的三种观点——行为主义的观点、先天论的观点和相互作用的观点。行为主义的理论视语言为一种人类行为,强调外语环境对语言学习的作用。这种学习模式总结为:刺激——反应——强化。因此,语言输入是行为主义学习模式中不可缺少的,没有语言输入对学习者的刺激,便不可能有反应,语言学习就变成了无木之本。 与行为主义相对立的,先天论者强调人们天生固有的学习语言的能力,认为语言输入仅仅是激活内在语言习得机制的触发器。没有语言输入,语言习得机制不能激活,语言习得自然也不会发生。因此,从先天论者的观点来看,语言输入在语言学习中是不可缺少的。 从相互作用的观点来看,语言习得是学习者心里能力与语言环境相互作用的结果。语言需诶下者的语言处理加工机制决定和受制约于语言输入。如果无语言环境,无人的心里能力与语言环境的相互作用,就不可能有语言习得。综上所述,在第二语言习得或外语学习的过程中,语言输入起着十分重要的作用。因此,在英语教学中,教师应注意在课堂上尽量多讲英语,让学生获取尽可能多的语言输入量。此外,在注意量的同时,质的方面也要注意。语言输入应为学习者所理解,或适合学习者水平,适合学习者水平的语言输入,应是比学习者语言水平稍高一点的语言材料,这不仅可以激发学习者去思考,也能使学习者学会新语言。因此,作为英语教师应该向学生提供尽可能多的适合于他们水平的语言输入。 (2)获取语言输入的途径从环境来分,可分为课内语言输入和课外语言输入;从形式来分,有声音和文字两种形式。 在我国,在课堂里获取语言输入是学习外语获取语言输入的主要途径。教师可以向学生提供声音和文字等形式的语言输入,二主要又是声音形式的语言输入。例如,开始上课时,教师可以用英语说:Good morning,every one.教师要求学生打开课本到某一页时,可以说:Open your books at page. 组织听录音时可以说:Let’s listen to the tape.上课结束,教师可以说:Class

词块与词块教学研究

在外语教学中结构主义教学法和交际教学法先后出现,并占据主要地位。结构法强调语言知识的学习,但忽视对学生的外语运用能力的培养;交际法强调外语教学过程交际化,在教学活动中仅教授满足交际需要的最基本语法,忽视了语言知识的系统学习。针对这两种教学法的弊端,词块教学法应运而生。词块,作为融合“形式”和“功能”的综合体,体现出语义、句法及语用之间的关系,能够促进语法规则的发展,有助于语言表达的地道性和准确性,实现语言学习的应用目的。近年来,词块在外语教学中的作用受到了越来越多的语言学家和语言教学专家的重视。 词块被描述为语言单位长度不等的“块”,一般指同现频率较高、形式和意义较固定的大于单词的结构。在研究中被冠以不同名称,如:词块(chunk)(Sinclair1991)、词汇短语(lexical phrase)(Nattinger&DeCarrico1992)、词束(lexical bundle)(Biberet al.1999,2004;Cortes2004)、词丛(cluster)(Scott2004)、程式化序列/表达(formulaic sequence/ex-pression)(Wray2000;Lancker-Sidtis&Rallon2004)、短语结构(phraseology)(Renouf1992;Stubbs2002)。其他常见于文献的不同说法还有:预制语块(prefab)、多词单位/表达(multi-word unit/expression)、复现词组(recur-rent word combination)等。另外,计算语言学领域常用的“n元结构”(Ngram)也是同义术语。[1]无论其名称如何,词块在语言教学中具有其自身的优势。下面从语义学和心理语言学角度来论证词块习得和语言产出的优势。 一、理论基础 (一)语义学 “语义场理论”是现代语义学中十分重要的理论之一。“场”理论研究的是事物或现象之间的相互关系,有某种关系的事物或现象必然或可能聚集在同一个“场”内。传统语义学关于词义的“聚合关系”和“组合关系”研究成果为“语义场”理论奠定了基础。20世纪30年代,“语义场理论”是由德国学者特雷尔最先提出的。特雷尔认为,一种语言的整个词汇意义并不是单个词汇意义的叠加,词汇也不是孤零零地存在于词汇系统中,在一个语义场的范围内,各个词之间是相互联系的;每个词的意义不是取决于它的所指意义或者是这个词的某一个意义,而是取决于这个语义场内与之共现具有与之相同的语义功能的诸词的意义。词块关注的是一系列连续的或非连续的、经常共现的词汇的组合,因此,语义场理论为通过词块来确定和掌握词的意义提供了理论基础。 (二)心理语言学 培养学生应用语言的能力,即培养他们用所学语言知识产出语言的能力。语言的产出包括口头和书写两种方式。对于言语产生过程出现了自动化过程和控制性过程的争论。自动性的研究经历了从上世纪七八十年代自动化处理和受控制处理的两分法到上世纪80年代中期以后将自动性视为从陈述性知识向程序性规则转化的连续体的过程。Segalowitz认为自动性具有快速、不停顿(ballistic)、独立于负载(load-inde-pendent)、不费力和无意识等特征。言语的流利性与自动性密不可分,并取决于言语产生的自动化程度,如:编码过程的自动化和使用套语等过程就对二语流利性的发展至关重要。下面我们用Levelt's model的模型来解释词块对语言输出的作用(见图1) 。 图1Levelt语言产出模型 Levelt's model的语言产生模型表明语言产生是一个十分复杂的过程,包括三个重要部分:概念化过程、言语组织过程和发音阶段。其中言语组织过程还包括词汇编码、语法编码和语音编码。要在很短的时间内同时处理这些过程,即使对记忆能力强的人也是十分困难的。词块具有融形式-功能、语法-语义-词汇为一身的特点,在语言的计划和形成过程中可以在多个点被同时提取,这样大大减少了提取时间。具体来说,在大脑里存储大量的词块,学习者在遇到合适语境刺激时就不用逐个地选择合适的单词,再把这些单个的单词按照一定的语法规则组成合适的片段,再把他们按照语音系统规则发出来。这个复杂的过程被简化为一步就是选择合适的词块。同时由于学习者不用再把单个词按句法组合,而是使 第24卷第3期2011年3月 长春理工大学学报(社会科学版) Journal of Changchun University of Science and Technology(Social Sciences Edition) Vol.24No.3 Mar.2011 词块与词块教学研究 [摘要]词块教学法逐渐成为外语教学的一个热点。本研究以语义场理论和Levelt模型为理论基础,论证了词块对语言输出的作用。以词块为单位,在大学英语教学中实施“关注—强化—输出”的词块教学思路为词块教学提供了可行性方案。 [关键词]词块;语义场;Levelt模型;关注—强化—输出模式 [中图分类号]H319[文献标识码]A [作者简介]张洪莲(1977

英语教学法试卷(附答案)

中学英语教学法 1.第1题 According to Clark, Scarino and Brownell, the main components of a task include ____. A.exercises, exercise-tasks and tasks B.new language items, time and learning culture C.a purpose, a context, a process and a product/outcome D.pre-task, task cycle and language focus 您的答案:C 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 2.第2题 As far as vocabulary teaching is concerned, which of the following is NOT the uncertainty that still remains? A.which vocabulary items should be taught and learned. B.how vocabulary can be taught and learned most effectively. C.whether vocabulary should be taught or not. D.What constitute a vocabulary item. 您的答案:C 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 3.第3题 According to the Cognitive theory, a language learner acquires language ____ which enables him to produce language. A.structures B.habbits C.skills https://www.doczj.com/doc/c614393349.html,petence 您的答案:D 题目分数:2.0 此题得分:2.0 4.第4题 Which of the following are not one of the principles of communicative language teaching proposed by Richards and Rodgers (1986)? https://www.doczj.com/doc/c614393349.html,munication principle B.Task principle C.Meaningfulness principle

《英语教学法》作业

《英语教学法》作业 Part I Basic Ideas in Language Teaching Directions: In this part, there are 24 statements about teaching in English, and four answers after each one. You are to choose from each of the following statements the best answer according to what we have learnt in the book of “A Course in English Language Teaching”. 1. To learn a language means to learn these structural items so as to be able to understand and produce language. A. This is the behaviorist view of language. B. This is the structural view of language. C. This is the functional view of language. D. This is the interactive view of language. 2. Learners should know the grammar and vocabulary, but as importantly they should know the rules for using them in s whole range of communicative contexts. A. This is the behaviorist view of language. B. This is the structural view of language. C. This is the functional view of language. D. This is the interactive view of language. 3. According to cognitive theory, . A. students learn language by repeating what teachers say B. students are asked to think and create C. students learn a language as animals do things D. students respond when teachers give stimulus 4. By audio-lingua method, students should always . A. be allowed to create their own sentences based on their understanding of certain rules B. be trained to form good habits in learning C. relate their rules learned to their uses in real life D. be able to communicate with others in practice 5. Language is regarded as a communicative tool, whose main use to build up and maintain social relations between people. A. This is the interactional view of language. B. This is the functional view of language. C. This view of language has no basis of theory. D. The view may be out of date in language teaching. 6. What is the main idea of Communicative Approach? A. To teach language in a global and meaningful way. B. To teach language in a communicative method. C. To teach language in training of habits.

王蔷主编的《英语教学法教程》第二版-unit1

Unit 1 Language and Language Learning Aims of the unit In this unit we will discuss some general matters about language learning and teaching. We are going to discuss five questions on particular: 1.How do we learn language 2.What are the common views on language 3.What are the common views on language learning 4.What are the qualities of a good language teacher 5.How can one become a good language teacher 1.1How do we learn languages Mach of human behavior is influenced by their experiences. The way language teachers teach in the classroom is to some extent influenced by the way they learned languages. This is especially true in foreign language teaching. Before we discuss language learning theories, let us first reflect on our own language learning experience. Task 1 Below is a list of interview questions on how people learn a foreign language. In the first column, write down your own responses. Then interview three other students in your class and enter their responses in the other columns. Discuss your findings in group of 4 and draw some conclusion.

词块教学法在高中英语写作教学中的应用

词块教学法在高中英语写作教学中的应用 词块法是在外语教学提倡以应用为目的的背景下兴 起的新的语言教学理论。本文揭示词块教学对高三学生在写作能力的影响,实验表明,词块教学法能有效提高学生的写作水平。 关键词:词汇短语;词块教学法;高三学生;英语写作 一、词块积累对写作的影响 语言专家们对词块做出了不同的分类,按照其结构可以分为四类:(1)多词组合:指具有习语性质的固定词组。如“by the way”,“to be frank ”等等;(2)惯用表达式:指形式固定或半固定的具有语用功能的单词组合。如“It’s up to you”,“Need a hand”等等;(3)限制性短语:这类词块是由某些固定结构形成的框架式短语,语言使用者可以根据需要进行替换。如“as far as…concerned”,“to one’s surprise/astonishment”等等;(4)句子框架结构和引语:这类词块指为整个句子提供框架的词汇短语及引语。如:“Help yourself to some…”,“Give my regards to your …”等等。从词汇层到句子层,词汇组块形式从完全固定的表达到半固定的表达,其间断性越来越大,灵活性依次增强,这就为语言学习者掌握词块,从而创造性地使用词块提供了可能。

词块是语言使用者在语言输入和输出过程中频繁使用的,具有特定语义和结构并以固定或者半固定形式存在的,有利于提高语言生成能力的短语,固定搭配,习惯用语和句式。例如:A friend of mine /put forward some suggestions on traveling/in his letter.这个句子可以看成是三个词块组成的。词块有如下特点:(1)预制性。每一种语言都存在着大量公式化的,预制性的词块。掌握大量词块是以后熟练和创造性使用语言的基础。(2)词块集语义,语境和语法为一体。也就是说,词块的使用是为了表达特定的意义,词块的构成有着一定的结构和规则。(3)约定性。许多词块是人们在语言行为过程中约定俗成的,它们按照特定的社会惯例而形成并有固定或半固定的搭配。如be superior to; by the way; the +比较级,the +比较级等等。 笔者主张有效利用词块来解决学生语言产出水平低的问题(包括语病百出,表达不符合英语语言习惯,母语干扰现象严重等)。这需要大量的有意识的积累。 三、优秀范文赏析 下面再以两篇范文为例来看一看什么样的文章才算是一篇优秀的文章? 以下是一位学生就“如何帮一位新同学融入新集体”所写的文章: Dear Li Ming,

英语教学法试题 (附答案)

英语教学法试题(1) Information for the examinees: This examination consists of THREE sections. They are: Section I: Multiple-choice Questions (30 points, 20 minutes) Section Ⅱ: Problem Solving (30 points, 50 minutes) Section Ⅲ: Mini-lesson Plan (40 points, 50 minutes) The total marks for this examination are 100 points. Time allowed for completing this examination is 2 hours. Section I: Multiple-choice Questions(30 points) Questions 1 -- 15 are based on this part. Directions: Choose the best answer from A, B or C for each question. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet. 1. Which of the following belongs to the communicative approach? A. focus on accuracy B. focus on fluency C. focus on strategies 2. Which of the following is characteristic of acquisition? A. form-focused B. accuracy-oriented C. meaning-focused 3. Which of the following statements about course design is NOT true? A. The general goals of a course should be specified based on the learners’ needs. B. The contents of a course should be selected to fit in with the learning experiences. C. The assessment activities should reflect those taught in a course. 4. Which of the following generally does NOT describe a CLT syllabus? A. The vocabulary and grammar structures needed for communicative objectives (e. g. telling directions, requesting information, expressing agreement, etc.). B. The skills required in typical situations (e. g. listening, speaking or writing skills). C. The grammar rule appropriate for social occasions (e. g. at a conference, at a party, in a grocery store, etc.) 5. Which of the following is most suitable for the cultivation of linguistic competence? A. sentence-making B. cue-card dialogue C. simulated dialogue 6. Which of the following activities is most likely interactive? A. mimicking B. role play C. problem solving 7. When a reader tries to guess the meaning of a new word based on the contextual clue, which one of the following approaches is he using? A. Bottom-up Approach. B. Top-down Approach C. Interactive Approach. 8. When a researcher reads an academic paper to see if it is relevant to his field of interest, which one of the reading skills is he using? A. Skimming. B. Scanning. C. Inferring. 9. Which of the following activities can be adopted at the pre-reading stage? A. re-arranging the materials B. brainstorming the topic C. writing a summary of the text 10. Which of the following activities can be used to get the main idea of a passage? A. reading to decide on the title B. reading to sequence the events C. reading to fill in the charts 11. What should the teacher try to avoid when selecting listening materials? A. The texts scripted and recorded in the studio.

英语教学法教程-王蔷主编

总目标是使学生在义务教育阶段英语学习的基础上,进一步明确英语学习的目的,发展自主学习和合作学习的能力;形成有效的英语学习策略;培养学生的综合语言运用能力。综合语言运用能力的形成建立在语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整合发展的基础上。语言技能和语言知识是综合语言运用能力基础。情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素。学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的先决条件。文化意识则是得体运用语言的保障,这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。 Principles of communicative language teaching(CLT) Communication principle:activities that involve real communication promote learning Task principle:activities in which language is used for carrying out meaningful taskspromote learning Meaningfulness principle: language that is meaningful to the learner supports the learning process Listening and speaking skills need to be refined in terms of the real communicative use,Students should have the chance to listen to and produce what is meaningful, authentic, unpredictable, and creative if possible. Reading is extract meaning or information and the learning of grammar and vocabulary is to facilitate the process Writing:In CLT, students have the chance to write to express their own feelings or describe their own experiences, thus making the practice of writing meaningful and authenticLanguage content (to incorporate functions); CLT just has only expanded the areas Learning process (cognitive style and information processing); and Product (language skills). Task-based Language Teaching (TBLT) Task-based Language teaching is, in fact, a further development of Communicative Language Teaching. It shares the same beliefs, as language should be learned as close as possible to how it is used in real life. It has stressed the importance to combine for m-focused teaching with communication-focused teaching Four components of a task A purpose: making sure the students have a reason for undertaking the task. If the students don't understand why they undertake the task, they will lost interest and the task will face failure. A context: the task can be real, simulated or imaginary, and involves sociolinguistic issues, such as the location, the participants and their relationships, the time and other important factors. A process: getting the students to use learning strategies such as problem solving reasoning, inquiring, conceptualizing and communicating. A product: there will be some form of outcome, either visible (a written plan, a play, a letter. etc.) or invisible (enjoying a story, learning about another country, etc.) The PPP Model & The 5-step teaching method 3p:Step I. Presentation Step II. Practice Step III. Production 5-step Model:Step I. Revision Step II. Presentation Step II. Presentation Step IV. Practice Step V. Consolidation Differences between PPP and TBL:1.The way students use and experience language in TBL is radically different from PPP 2.TBL can provide acontent for grammar teaching and form-focused activities.PPP is different in this aspect. Steps of designing a tasks:

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档