反义疑问句. 前肯后否，前否后肯
陈述句+附加疑问句
一疑问部分的主语
1. 当陈述句部分的主语是everything, something, nothing 等指物的合成词是，疑问句主语用it.
Everything is arranged in a good order, isn’t it?
1-1 当陈述句主语部分是everyone, everybody, somebody, nobody, no one 等指人的合成词的时候，疑问句主语在正式语体中用he, 非正式语体中用they
Someone has broken the glass, isn’t he?
No one knows the history of this Museum, do they?
2. 当陈述部分是there be 句式，附加疑问句的主语也用there.
There’s something wrong, isn’t there?
There used to be a petrol station near the park, ______?
Answer: didn’t there?/ usedn’t there?
----当陈述句部分的谓语是used to时，疑问句部分用didn’t +主语或者usedn’t +主语
3.当陈述部分的主语是不定式，动名词，从句或this /that 时，疑问句部分的主语通常用it. Seeing is believing, isn’t it?
This is not as beautiful as that, isn’t it?
4.当陈述部分的主语是时不定代词one时，疑问句部分的主语可以用one(正式)或者you(非正式)
One can not survive without water, can you/one?
5.-1当陈述句部分是主从复合句，附加疑问句部分一般与主句的主语和谓语动词一致。
If you had come yesterday, you might have seen him, mightn’t you?
5-2但，当陈述部分的主句是第一人称+think，believe，suppose，suspect，except等结构是，附加疑问句往往与宾语从句中的主语和谓语保持对应关系，但是要注意否定的转移，I don’t think he will arrive here in time, will he?
5-3而该主语为非第一人称时，附加疑问句应与主句一致.(和5-1差不多)
They don’t believe she’s an engineer, do they?
二特殊反意疑问句
1. 祈使句中的附加问句。
1-1 “祈使句+附加疑问句”构成的附加疑问句中，疑问句一般用will you, won’t you, would you; 否定的祈使句之后的附加疑问句只可用will you.
Sit down, won’t you?
Be quiet, would you?
Don’t move the CD, will you?
When you have finished with that video tape, don’t forget to put it in my drawer, will you?
1-2 在以Let’s开头的祈使句之后，附加疑问句用shall we.
Let’s go shopping, shall we?
2.当陈述部分含有以下含有否定意义的词：few little seldom hardly rarely never not no no one nobody nothing none neither, 疑问句需要用肯定结构
Few people know him, do they?
He seldom gives his wife a present, hasn’t/doesn’t he?
3.当陈述句部分带有“有”含义的动词have/has/had，附加疑问句部分既可以用have/ has/had, 也可以用do/ does/did, 如果含义不是有，则必须用do/does/did.
You had breakfast, didn’t you?
He has a good memory, hasn’t/doesn’t he?
4.当陈述部分是I am 结构，疑问句部分在正式场合用am I not, 非正式口语中用aren’t I.
I’m lat, am I not/ aren’t I?
5.陈述部分是I wish 句式，表示询问或者征求意见时，疑问句部分用MayI?
I wish to shake hand with you, may I?
6. 陈述句部分含有情态动词时，附加疑问句部分助动词的选择：
陈述句部分含有ought to, 附加疑问句部分用ought 或should.
We ought to go there, oughtn’t/shouldn’t we?
陈述句部分含有Used to 附加疑问句部分用used 或did
He used to smoke forty cigarettes a day, usedn’t/didn’t he?
陈述句部分含有Need/dare附加疑问句部分用need/dare. 当dare/ need为实义动词时，疑问部分用do/does/did/.
He dare not say so, dare he?
She doesn’t dare to go home alone, dose he?
陈述句部分含有must 时附加疑问句部分通常用must, 但如must作“有必要”解释时，也可以用needn’t,表示一定，肯定推测意义时，也可以根据上下文用其他动词
He must have waited here for a long time, hasn’t he?
You must have to got up late this morning, didn’t you?
倒装（Inversion）与省略
1 完全倒装。
将整个谓语动词或者整个谓语部分都放在主语前面时，称为完全倒装。使用完全倒装的情况有：
（1）以here, there, now, then, from, out, in , down, up, away, on等副词开头的句子，且谓语动词都属于表示移动的含义，主语为名词时，如：
There followed a long silence.
Now come the long-waited guests.
From the distance came occasional shots.
Out rushed a tiger.
注意：如果上述情况中主语为代词，则句子不必倒装。如
Out he rushed.
Here he came.
(2) 地点状语置于句首，且主语为名词时。此类居中的谓语动词大多都是表示走动或者状态的不及物动词，go, come, stand, sit, lie等
Under the tree sat an old wrinkled man.
At the door stood a girl about the same height as mine
(3) 表语放在句首以加强语气时，主语要放在be动词后面形成完全倒装。
Below is the blue ocean.
(4) 有时为了强调，可将谓语部分的现在分词，过去分词或不定式置于句首，从而构成倒装。
Standing t the door is a charming girl.
To be carefully considered are the following questions.
2 部分倒装
指将助动词置于主语前，谓语其余部分置于主语后是部分倒装。下列情况使用部分倒装： (1)否定词及含有否定意义的副词或者词组置于句首时hardly, scarcely, rarely, little, seldom, nowhere, no sooner…than,hardly/ barely/scarcely…when, not until…,at no time决不, by no means, on no account,决不in no way, in no case, on no condition, in/under no circumstances 等.
---no sooner…than…/hardly…when引导时间状语从句,主句用过去完成时,"than"后面的从句用一般过去时.
In no way am I responsible for what has happened.
No sooner had the bell rung than the students rushed out of the classroom.
（2）以Only修饰状语开头的句子，要部分倒装。
Only last week did they get married.
Only if I get a job will I have enough money to get the camera.
Only if both sides accept the agreement will a lasting peace to be established in this region.
注意:only属于主语的一部分时，不可用倒装结构。
Only a few people understood his point.
(3)以下列副词或者短语开头的句子，句子要部分倒装：so, such, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point.
Such was the weather that I could not go out.
To such a degree did the story touch me that I took notes of it.
(4)句首为so, nor, neither等副词，表明前句说明的情况也适用于该句，句子通常要部分倒装。
He didn’t say anything. No/Neither did his assistant.
People in Britain rest two days a week. So do Chinese.
注意当so放在句首只是对对方所述的内容表示肯定时，不用倒装
Tom wants to complete the important. So he does.
(5) 虚拟条件句可以省略连词if,把从句中的助动词（were, should/might或had）移至主语前面，形成部分倒装。
Had you been here (If you had been) last night, you would have met her.
Be any person (If any person be ) guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. Were I you (if I were you) , I would go to look for him.
(6) AS 和though 引导的让步状语从句中通常用倒装结构，把句中的表语，状语，谓语动词放在句首。
Small as it is, an atom can still be seen.
Sick as she was, she came to work.
Much as he needed for a new car, he decided not to borrow it from bank.
二省略
1. 并列句中，如果后面句子和前面句子有相同的成分，往往都会省略，以避免重复。
To some smile is very easy, and to others (smile is) so hard.
I guess Lisa will dance in the party but Jane won’t.
The central provinces have floods in some years, and drought in others.
This may preserved the elephant from being wiped out as well as other animals (from being) hunted in Africa
2.复合句中从句的句尾和主句想重复时，从句的句尾部分可以省略。
Mary is going to sweep the floor because Alice won’t ( sweep the floor)
He may leave if he wishes to (leave)
3.在以if, when, though, although, as, as if, 等连词引导的从句中，如果从句中主要动词是be, 可将主语和动词be 省去
He is very good at dancing, though (he is ) very old.
When (he was) asked about the advertising campaign of the new product, the manager said it was a great success.
This is an illness that can result in total blindness, if left untreated.
4.用do, so, do so, mot等替代居中的一部分。
4-1 do代替主动词，如
Laura looks very happy. She always used to do ( look very happy), I remember.
4-2 do so 替代谓语结构，有时可以和do that, do it 交替使用。
He said he would tell me the news, but he didn’t do so/that/it.
4-3 so+助动词+主语，该结构中的主语与前一句的主语指代不同的对象，表示…..也是如此。
I was tired, and so were they.
They want to see the famous basketball match and so do I.
4-4 so+主语+助动词该结构中的主语指的就是前一句话中的主语，表示说话人认同对方的看法，意为可不是嘛，的确如此
They will win the championship, so they will.
4-5 so 或not 可代替that 从句，常与I’m afraid, expect,fear, guess, hope, suppose, think等词语搭配。
Is he coming? I believe so/ I hope not.
4-6 So 与not 可用来代替if 后面的从句。
Have you got a free evening next week? If so, let’s have dinner, if not, I’m going without you.
虚拟语气
一IF 非真实条件句中的虚拟语气
由if引导的非真实条件句表示对现在、过去、将来的事实进行假设时，主句与从句中
2.省略if 的虚拟条件句的用法
在虚拟条件句中，如果从句中有were, had 或should 等词时，可将if省去，把were, had 或should等提到主语前，引起倒装。如果没有则不可以
Had it not been for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam.
Should you have further problems with your printer, contact your dealer for advice.
3.错综时间虚拟条件句
If they had invited me, I would go with them now.
Would you be surprised if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?
二介词或介词短语表示虚拟条件
Without(没有) but for(要不是) in the absence of (如果没有) were it not for(要是没有) but that(若不是)
But for their help, we could not have finished the work on time.
Without electricity, there would not be modern industry.
In the absence of gravity, there would be no air around the earth.
三宾语从句中的虚拟语气。
1. wish 引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气主要形式为：
对现在的假设，从句谓语动词一般为过去式（be用were）
对过去的假设，从句的谓语动词用had+过去分词/ could/would have+过去分词
对未来的愿望时，从句的谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形
Sometimes I wish I lived in a different time and a different place.
I wish I were as strong as you.
He didn’t go to the party, but he does wish he had been there.
I wish prices would come down.
2. had hoped 表示过去没有实现的愿望，意为“本来想要，但愿”，其后的宾语从句用would+动词原形表示虚拟
I had hope that I wouldn’t bare you by talking about my children.
3. would rather, would sooner, would just as soon, might as well, would prefer之后的宾语从句用虚拟语气表示愿望，意为宁愿，但愿。
表示对现在或将来的愿望：would rather/sooner+主语+动词过去时（be 动词用were）
表示对过去的愿望：would rather/sooner+ 主语+动词过去完成时
I would rather I had not gone to the party yesterday evening.
I would rather/ sooner you came tomorrow.
4. 在表示命令，建议或要求等动词后的宾语从句中要求用虚拟语气，谓语形式为“should+动词原形”这类词包括：ask, advise, request, commend, decide determine, insist, intend, prefer, propose, order, recommend, imagine
I suggested that you should try to understand him
They demanded that the aggressor troops should be withdrawn immediately.
四主语从句中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气用于主语从句中的常见结构是”“It is +形容词/名词/过去分词+ that 引导的主语从句”主语从句的谓语动词为should+动词原形。
形容词：advisable, appropriate, desirable, essential, fundamental, imperative,命令的important, necessary, proper, urgent, vital
名词：a pity, a shame, no wonder that
过去分词：arranged, desired, requested, suggested, recommended, required, demanded.
It is highly desirable that a new president should be appointed for this college.
五：表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议，命令，主张，目的，愿望等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中常用虚拟语气，谓语动词的形式（should）+动词原形
这类名词包括：suggestion, proposal, requirement, order, demand, decision, advice, desire, idea, importance, instruction, necessity, motion, preference, recommendation, resolution, request.
His desire is that he should be buried next to his wife.
The suggestion that the mayor should present was accepted by everyone.
六状语从句中的虚拟语气
1.在as if 或as though 引导的方式状语从句中，若从句中的内容并非现实，则需要虚拟语气表示从句与主句动作同时发生，从句谓语用were 或动词过去时
表示从句动作可能在将来发生，从句谓语动词用would/could+ 动词原形
表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句谓语用“ had+过去分词”
It seems as if it was (were) spring already.
It seems as if he would recover.
It seems as if she had been to England.
注意as if 引导方式状语从句时，如果说话人对从句表达的内容比较有把握，则用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
2. Even if 的虚拟和if一样
Even though 不用虚拟
Even if he were my brother, I would not trust him
Even though he is my brother, I don’t trust him
3. 在whatever, whenever, whoever, wherever, however, no matter wh- 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为may+动词原形（指现在或将来）或“ may+完成式（指过去）”，主句结构不限。
I will be waiting for him no matter how late he may come.
4.在though, although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句的虚拟语气结构为“should+动词原形”，主句结构不限。
Although/ Though he should often be late, he is a good student.
5. lest, in case, for fear that “以防，万一，唯恐”引导的目的状语从句常用虚拟语气，谓语动词用should+动词原形。Lest, for fear that 从句中的should可以省去，incase从句中的should通常不可以省略，但是in case引导的从句可以用陈述语气
He took the raincoat with him lest it rain.
I obeyed her lest she be angry
I will not make a noise for fear that I should disturb you
In case he comes, let me know(陈述语气)
七其他句型中的虚拟语气
1. It is (high/about) time 结构
在It is (high/about) time that 后面跟虚拟语气，谓语动词通常用一般过去式，有时也用should +动词原形，意为该是干。。。的时候了
It is high time that we went home now
注意：It’s the first/second/third time that…表示一种经历，that从句要使用完成时态
It’s the fifth time that he has rung you in a week.
That was not the first time he had betrayed us. I think it’s high time we took strong actions against him
2. If only 引导的感叹句表示“但愿，要是…就好了”其用法和wish基本相同。
If only he were here.
If only I had not been busy yesterday!
If only you would listen to our advice.
3. intend/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或was/were+不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般按时虚拟语气，表示“本打算、计划、想要”
I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
6.时态的一致（sequence of tense)
再复合句，从句主要时宾语从句中的时态，常常受主句谓语动词的影响
6-1 如果主句的谓语动词为现在时或将来时，从句中的谓语动词该用什么时态就用什么时态
She knows you have been in Beijing for eight years
Can you tell me when you finished/will finished the work?
6-2 如果主句中的谓语动词为一般过去时，从句中的谓语动词要用过去相关的时态
如果从句中动作与主句动作同时发生，从句中必须用一般过去时或过去进行时
在主句动作之前，从句用过去完成时。
后，从句用过去将来时。
Lucy said she was busy then(同时）
I did’t know that she had been to Paris twice. 之前
They did’t know when they would have a rest. 之后
The student said there were a few points in the essay he had found impossible comprehend.
状语从句
如果一个从句用作状语，功能相当于副词并修饰动词、形容词或整个句子，那么这就是状语从句
一时间状语从句 Adverbial Clause of Time
1. 引导时间状语从句的常用连词有
连词： after, as, before, once, since, till, not until, as soon as, when, whenever (no matter when) while, as long as, no sooner…than…, hardly/ scarcely/barely…when…
副词：immediately, directly, instantly
名词短语： the moment， the minute, the instant, the second, everytime等
介词短语： by the time等
Tom had scarcely/hardly/ seen me when/before he left the room.
Directly I received your letter, I came back at once.
Each time he came to Shanghai, he would call on me.
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.
2.在no sooner…than…和scarcely/barely/h ardly…when (刚…就…）结构中，若把no sooner, scarcely, hardly, barely 放句首，需要用倒装结构. 主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时
No sooner had I reached home than it began to rain.
Hardly had I set down when he stepped in.
3. 由till 或until 引导的时间状语从句。
till 和until 一般情况下两者可以互换，但时从句位于句首时，只能用until, 强调句型中多用until. 为“it is not until…that…”如果主句中的谓语动词时shunjian动词时，必须用否定形式，如果主句中的谓语动词时延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但在肯定句中，表示直到。。。为止，在否定句中表示直到。。。才
I didn’t go to bed until/till my father came back.
It was no until the meeting was over that he made a call to his wife. 直到散会之后，他才打了个电话给妻子。
please wait until i finished the book 请等到我看完这本书为止。
二地点状语从句
1.地点状语从句可由下列引导词引导： where， wherever, everywhere, anywhere 等。
Put in articles where it is necessary in the following passages.
Wherever he went, he was warmly welcome.
2.有时，where引导的地点状语从句兼有抽象条件含义，可放在主句的前面。
Where there is a will, there is a way
Where there is water, there is life.
三条件状语从句
1.条件状语从句（adverbial clause of condition) 的引导词有if, unless, only if只要, if only,
（但愿。。。就好了），as/so long as(只要), provided/ providing that (假如) ,suppose/supposing that( 假如），on condition that(条件是。。。）in the event that(倘若)， in case that(万一）
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.
I’ll lend it to you as long as you handle it with care.
She will go unless it rains tomorrow.
Supposing that his words should prove to be true, what you have reported would be false.
2条件句you两种：一种真实的条件句，表示现实色或可能会变为现实的条件，用陈述句语气。另外一种时非真实的条件句，用虚拟语气。
详见“虚拟语气”部分
3. only if 和if only 的区别。
Only if you work hard will you achieve success.你只要努力就会成功
If only we had arrived at the airport in time, we could have met him. 要是我们按时赶到机场，我们也许就能见到他
If only it would stop snowing.要是不下雨了该多好
四原因状语从句。
1.引导原因状语从句（AdverbialClause of Cause) 的连词或复合词有：because, as,since,
for,now that, in that既然因为, seeing that, considering that, on the grounds that.
Because/Since/As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.
She disliked him on the grounds that he is lazy.
A gas differs from solid in that it has no definite shape.
2， because, since, as 和for 表示原因时的区别。
because, since, as 表示因果关系语气由强到弱，在强调句原因状语从句，只能用because 引导。
for 引导的分句只是对前面分句加以解释，说明推断的理由，并且职能后置。
It was because he was late that he didn’t go with us.
The fuel must have been finished, for the engine stopped.
3. not…because否定because 引导的从句
在由because引导的主从复合句中，如果主句中含有否定词 not，则可能是否定because引导的从句。
She didn’t marry you because you had money= She married you not because you had money. The mountain is not famous because it is high= The mountain is famous not because it is high.
五让步状语从句
1.让步状语从句（adverbial clause of concession) 的引导词有although/though/while(虽然),
as, even if/ even though (即使), however(尽管），whatever(不管），no matter how/what/when/where/ (不管怎样／什么／哪里／何时）。。。whether…or(不管是。。。还是。。。）granted that(即使）for all that(尽管如此）
in spite of the fact that(尽管）， regardless of the fact that(尽管）
Though/Although he has a lot of money, yet he is unhappy.
Don’t open the door, no matter who comes.
注意： despite, in spite of, for all 也表示尽管，但是后面只能接名次结构，不可以接从句。Despite( In spite of /For all) the bad weather, we enjoyed our holiday.
2. no matter+疑问句（who, what, where, when, how) 引导让步状语从句相当于“疑问词＋ever”
Don’t trust him, no matter what(= whatever) he says.
注意当疑问词＋ever 引导名词性从句时，不可用“ no matter＋疑问词”互换。
如 I will eat whatever you give me.
I will eat no matter what you give me—wrong one 不对，不可以互换
3. no matter whether…or…结构通常将 no matter 省略，形成由whether...or..(not)引导的让步状语从句，表示“不管。。。。还是。，，”当从句中含有be 动词时，可进一步省略，表达成be＋主语＋。。。or。。。
She listens to the music for one hour everyday, be she free or busy. (= whether she is free or busy)
Be he poor or rich, I will marry him.
4. as 和though 引导的让步状语从句通常用倒装结构，as必须用，though可用可不用。这种倒装通常是把从句的表语状语或谓语放在句首。作表语的名词如果有不定冠词a／an，在倒装句结构中，前面不能再加定冠词
Selfish as/though he is, he is not without merits.
Fool as he is, T om couldn’t have done such a thing.
Much as/though I like English, I am going to choose civil engineering
as my major.
5. While 引导的让步状语从句时，只能放在句首，意义上相当于although.
六方式状语从句
方式状语从句( adverbial clause of manner) 可由下列引导词引导：as，as if，as though, the way, how 等。
She closed her eye as though /as if she were tired.
Do it the way( that) you ere told.
虚拟：1.在as if 或as though 引导的方式状语从句中，若从句中的内容并非现实，则需要虚拟语气
表示从句与主句动作同时发生，从句谓语用were 或动词过去时
表示从句动作可能在将来发生，从句谓语动词用would/could+ 动词原形
表示从句谓语的动作发生在主句动作之前，从句谓语用“ had+过去分词”
It seems as if it was (were) spring already.
It seems as if he would recover.
It seems as if she had been to England.
注意as if 引导方式状语从句时，如果说话人对从句表达的内容比较有把握，则用陈述语气。
It looks as if it is going to rain.
七比较状语从句
1.比较状语从句( adverbial clause of comparison) 的引导词有as…as, the same as, such…as,
than, what.
Jack run as fast as Mike (does) .
2. as 和than 连接的比较状语从句中常常省去同主句相同的部分，只留下对比的部分；也常用替代词 do或其他助动词或情态动词的某种形式代替与主句相同的谓语部分。
Tom is more diligent than Bod (is).
Jack work as hard
3. AS A is B, so C is D= C is D as/ what A is B.
As you treat your friends, so treat your book.
Reading is to the mind what food is to the body.
八目的状语从句。
目的状语从句中（adverbial clause of purpose) 可由下列引导词引导： so that, in order that, in case, lest, for fear that.
I study hard, so that not fail in the examinations.
Write the telephone number down in case you forget.
九结果状语从句
1.so/such… that的意思是如此...以至于...
1-1so+adj/adv+that从句
He was so angry that he couldn't speak.’
1-2 so+adj+a/an+单数名词＋that
He is so clever a boy that (=such a clever boy that) we all like him.
1-3 so+adj+复数名词＋that 从句
they are so brave men that saved people from earthquake.
1-4 so +adj+不可数名词＋that 从句
1-5 such＋ a／an ＋单数名词＋that从句。
it gave him such a shock that his face turned white.
2. so/ such that引导结果状语从句时的意思是“结果，所以”
she sat behind me so that i could not see the expression on her face.
the shock was such that she was almost driven mad.
3.so much…that和so much so that比 so..that 和so that在语气上更强。
i was so much tired that i couldn’t walk on.
she is hungry, so much so that she had to go to begging.
2016年英语专业四级考试词汇语法真题 参考答案与解析 11. How can I concentrate if you _________ continually ______ me with silly questions? A. have… interrupted B. are… interrupted C. had… interrupting D. were… interrupting 选A。虽然我觉得更应该说you are continually interrupting me with silly questions。不过这里用现在完成时表示的是一个动作发生过成为过去经历，有可能多次发生，也就是打断一次、两次、三次等等不断重复到现在。 12. Among the four sentences below, Sentence ___ expresses the highest degree of possibility? A. It may take a long time to find a solution to the problem. B. It might take a long time to find a solution to the problem. C. It could take a long time to find a solution to the problem. D. It should take a long time to find a solution to the problem. 选D。四个里把握度最高的是should，其次是may，最后是might和could。 13. She is a better speaker than _____ in the class. A. any boy B. the other boys C. other any girl D. all the girls 选A。主语是she，女的，所以不能选B。C的正确说法是any other girl。 14. Nobody heard him sing, ______? A. did one B. did he C. didn’t they D. did they 选B。根据专四语法出题依据的书《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦）317页，nobody这种附加疑问句，书面语里用he。口语里偶见they。实际上，现代英语里为了避免有语言歧视（为什么只有he，没有she），很多人都避免只用he，而多改为they。 15. I can’t put up with ________. A. that friend of you B. that friend of yours C. the friend of you D. the friend of yours 选B。根据专四语法出题依据的书《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦）57-58页，这种双重属格结构所修饰的名词可带a, any, some等表示非确定特指的限定词，但通常不带定冠词。比如a daughter of Mrs. Green’s, any/some daughters of Mrs/ Green’s。 16. There has been an increasing number of _______ in primary schools in the past few years. A. man teacher B. men teacher C. man teachers D. men teachers 选D。合成名词复数，man/woman这种，两种都要变成复数，比如women drivers。
i 一、谓语动词63. In his plays Shakespeare _____ his characters live through their language. （2008）A. would make B. had made C. made D. makes 58.The committee has anticipated the problems that ____in the road construction project. （2007）A. arise B. will arise ?C. arose D. have arisen 59.The student said there were a few points in the essay he ____impossible to comprehend. (2006)A. had found B. finds C. has found D. would find （2007） 60.He would have finished his college education, but he______ to quit and find a job to support his family. （2007）A. had had B. has C. had D. would have 54. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday.(2005) A. will come B. was coming C. had been coming D. came 55. _________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. (2005) A. I was and always will be B. I have to be and always will be C. I had been and always will be D. I have been and always will be 56.Jack __ from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. 2003 A. has been missing B. has been missed C. had been missing D. was missed 2. For some time now, world leaders ___out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction. 2002a. had been pointing b. have been pointing c. were pointing d. pointed 二、非谓语动词： 非谓语动词 – 分词 逻辑主语与从句中动词的主动与被动的关系。 64. ______ at in his way, the situation doesn't seem so desperate. （2007） A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look 55.If not ______ with the respect he feels due to him, Jack gets very ill-tempered and grumbles all the time. (2004)A. being treated B. treated C. be treated D. having been treated not counting = not including 不算 （视为固定用法） 63.There are only ten apples left in the baskets, ______ the spoilt ones. (2006)A. not counting B. not to count C. don't count D. having not counted 65. "The man preparing the documents is the firm’s lawyer" has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT(2009) A. the man who has prepared the documents... B. the man who has been preparing the documents... C. the man who is preparing the documents... D. the man who will prepare the documents... 非谓语动词 – 动名词
历年(1994-2012专四语法词汇题汇总及答案附 714 道词汇模拟题2012 年 51.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT A.Twenty miles seems like a long walk to him.B.No one except his supporters agree with him.C.Neither Julia nor I were going to the party.D.Few students in my class are really lazy.52.Which of the following determiners限定词can be placed before bothsingular count nouns and plural count nouns A.many a B.few C.such D.the next 53.Which of the following reflexive pronouns 反身代词is used as anappositive同位语A,He promised himself rapid progress.B.The manager herself will interview Mary.C.I have nothing to say for myself.D.They quarreled themselves red in the face.54.My boss ordered that the legal documents ____ to him before lunch.A.be sent B.were sent C.were to be sent D.must be sent 55.Which of the following sentences expresses WILLINGNESS A.By now she will be eating dinner.B.I shall never do that again.C.My brother will help you with the luggage.D.You shall get a promotion.56.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT A.How strange feelings they are B.How dare you speak to me like that C.What noise they are making D. What a mess we are in 57.which of the italicized parts functions as a subject A.We never doubt that her brother is honest.B.The problem is not who will go but who will stay.C.You must give it back to whoever it belongs to。 D.It is clear that the crime was done deliberately.58.which of the italicized parts functions as an object A.He doesn’t like the idea of my speaking at the meeting.B.It is no use your pretending not to know the matter.C.My parents strongly object to my going out alone at night.D.Her falling into the river was the climax of the whole trip.59.All the following sentences have an appositive EXCEPT A.She bought herself a pair of new shoes.B.Only one problem still remains-the food.C.My friends all understand and support me.D.She liked her current job,teaching English.60.Which of the following best explains the meaning of“Shall we buy the tickets first” A.He said that we were going to buy the tickets first.B.He requested that we buy the tickets first.C.He suggested that we buy the
英语专业四级历年语法试题 虚拟语气部分 1. If you _____ in such a hurry, you _____ sugar into the sauce instead of salt. (TEM4-1992-50) A. were not, would not put B. were, would put C. had been, would have put D. had not been, would not have put 2. _____ their help, we would not have succeeded. (TEM4-1992-55) A. Hadn’t been for B. Had not it been for C. It hadn’t been for D. Had it not been for 3. She asked that she _____ allowed to see her son in police custody. (TEM4-1993-50) A. would be B. could b C. be D. was 4. _____ your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.
(TEM4-1994-53) A. Unless B. But for C. Except for D. Not for 5. It was recommended that passengers _____ smoke during the flight. (TEM4-1994-58) A.not B. need not C. could not D. would not 6. _____ you were busy, I wouldn’t have bothered you with questions. (TEM4-1994-62) A. If I realized B. Had I realized C. I realized D. As I realized 7. _____, he would not have recovered so quickly. (TEM4-1995-65) A. Hadn’t he been taken good care of B. Had he not been taken good care of C. Had not he been taken good care of D. Had he been not taken good care of 8. I _____ the party much more if there hadn’t been quite such a crowd of people
2008至2015年专四语法单选真题及句子结构汇总
2008-2013年专四语法句子结构成分真题集 II. 句子成分 【08年】 57. Which of the following is INCORRECT? A. All his lectures were boring. C. Her few friends are all fond of dancing. B. Half his money was gone. D. He invited many his friends to the party. 61. The following are all correct responses to "Who told the news to the teacher?" EXCEPT A. Jim did this. B. Jim did so. C. Jim did that. D. Jim did. 63. Which of the following adverbs can NOT be used to complete " _____ everybody came"? A. Nearly B. Quite C. Practically D. Almost 64. In "How much do you think he earns?" how much is ______ of the sentence. A. the subject B. the adverbial C. the object D. the complement 65. "The man preparing the documents is the firm's lawyer" has all the following possible meanings EXCEPT A. the man who has prepared the documents... B. the man who has been preparing the documents... C. the man who is preparing the documents... D. the man who willprepare the documents... 57. D. 本题是今年专四试卷中出现的新题型，对英语专业同学的语法知识提出了一个更高的要求。考查的是限定词位置的用法。英语中的限定词可分为前位限定词、中位限定词和后位限定词，一个名词前的限定词只能按照前位、中位、后位的顺序出现，其中两个前位或两个中位词不能同时出现在同一个名词前。many是后位限定词，而his是中位限定词，与限定词排序规则有悖，故D为答案。A选项中all是前位，his是中位，符合规则；B中half是前位，his是中位限定词；C中her是中位，few是后位限定词。 61. A. 对Who told the news to the teacher的标准回答是Jim did，即Jim did it的省略句。此外，还可以用其他代词指代问句中出现的内容，so和that都可以指代前
1. My pain ____ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: "Are you feeling all right?" A. must be B. must have been C. had been D. had to be 2. It is only when you nearly lose someone ____ fully conscious of how much you value him. A. do you become B. then you become C. that you become D. have you become 3. Just as the soil is a part of the earth, ___ the atmosphere. A. as it is B. so is C. the same as D. and so is 4. While driving along the treacherous road, ___ . A. my right rear tire blew out B. my right rear tire had a blowout C. I had a blowout on my right rear tire D. I had my right rear tire blowout 5. Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American Poetry is his insistence that ___________ it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzed C. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 6. __ there is little we can do to modify the weather, we can at least know what kind of weather to expect. A. Since B. When C. While D. Unless 7. This organization brought Western artists together in the hope of making more of an impact on the art community _____ any of them could inpidually and to promote Western art by women. A. rather than B. rather C. than D. other than 8. But the Swiss discovered long years ago that constant warfare brought them ___ suffering and poverty. A. anything but B. nothing but C. none other than D. no more than 9. After ___ seemed an endless wait, it was her turn to step into the doctor's office. A. it B. that C. what D. which 10. The board deemed it's urgent that these files ___ right away. A. had to be printed B. should have been printed C. must be printed D. should be printed 11. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience ___ on benches, chairs or boxes. A. having seated B. seating C. seated D. having been seated 12. __ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. A. To look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at 13. Nobody came to see me while I was out, ___ ? A. did they B. didn't they C. did she D. didn't she 14. You will see this product ___ wherever you go. A. to be advertised B. advertised C. advertise D. advertising 15. Suddenly ___ fire broke out in the room and everything in it was soon on ___ fire. A. /, a B. The, / C. a, / D. /, the 16. If you ___ Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldn't contact B. weren't to contact C. didn't contact D. hadn't contacted 17. Scientists think __ helps some trees to conserve water in the winter. A. when losing leaves B. leaves are lost C. that losing leaves D. the leaves losing
2014年英语专四语法真题 11.It’s essential that he_______all the facts first. A.is examining B.will examine C.examines D.examine D，虚拟语气题 12.Which of the follow italicized parts is used as an object complement? A.The front door remained locked. B.The boy looked disappointed. C.Nancy appeared worried. D.He seemed to have no money left. 13.Which of the following sentences is INCORRECT? A.Physics is an important school subject. B.The United States borders Canada. C.The Niagara Falls is in North America. D.Mumps is a kind of infectious disease. 14.The boys in the family are old enough for_____. A. schools B. school C. the school D. the schools 15.Which of the following italicized parts indicates a predicate-object relationship? A. He was reading Mary's letter in the room. B. You can buy men's shoes in this shop.
专四语法真题集 ( 1994-2007 ) 一、1994-2003 年专四语法真题集 1.独立主格结构 1.Agriculture is the country ' s chief source of wealth, wheat _________ by far the biggest cereal crop. a. is b. been c. be d. being (TEM-4 2003 ) 2.Time ______ , the celebration will be held as scheduled. a. permit b. permitting c. permitted d. permits (TEM-4 2003) 3.There ____ nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. a. to be b. to have been c. being d. be (TEM-4 2000 ) 4.____ no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. a. There was b. Since c. Being d. There being ( TEM-4 1996) 5.The country ' s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars __ the most important of these. a. have been b. are c. being d. are being ( TEM-4 1994 ) II.定语从句 1.Above the trees are the hills, ___ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. a. where b. of whose c. whose d. which 2003 2.They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, is something we had not expected. a. which b. it c. that d. what 2003 3.He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man ___ he was twenty years ago. a. which b. that c. who d. whom 2003 4.The experiment requires more money than _______ . a. have been put in b. being put in c. has been put in d. to be put in 2002 5.We' vejust i nstalled two air-conditioners in our apartment, __ should make great differences in our life next summer. a. which b. what c. that d. they 2002 6.Have you ever been in a situation ___ you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him? a. by which b. that c. in where d. where 2002 7.Firms that use computers have found that the number of staff ____ i s needed for
2013英语专业四级真题语法、完型填空题及解析 【完形填空原文】 Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modern state: Without it, it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us；nor the workers in government offices who look after our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves；nor the ministers and members of parliament(国会) who govern the country for us. By means of taxation, we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat. But everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about how taxation should be arranged. Should each person have to pay a certain amount of money to the government each year? Or should there be tax on things that people buy and sell? If the first kind of taxation is used, should everyone pay the same tax, whether he is rich or poor? If the second kind of tax is preferred, should everything be taxed equally? In most countries, a direct tax on persons, which is called income tax, exists. It is arranged in such a way that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows greater as the taxpayer’s income grows. In England, for example, the tax on the richest people goes up as high as ninety-five percent! But countries with direct taxation nearly always have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties”. Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops who really have to pay the duties, in the form of higher prices. In some countries, too, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is collected, but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things like jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is got but the tax is fairer, as the rich pay it. Probably this last kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement. 【语法题真题及解析】 51. Facing the board of directors,he didn't deny __________ breaking the agreement. A. him B. it C. his D. its 解析：本题考查动名词的逻辑主语。动名词可以有自己的逻辑（意义）主语，一般可以用名词所有格Tom‘s，代词宾格如him（口语），书面语情况下一般用物主代词his，their。本题选C，但我还是要吐槽，因为根本就不需要多此一举添加his, he didn't
英语专业四级语法词汇练习题（6） 所属：专四专八阅读：1021 次评论：7 条 [我要评论] [+我要收藏] 有关否定 1)双重否定最常见的形式有： no(not)...but...没有……不…… no(not)...without...没有……不，除……不 no(not)...unless没有……就不…… not...until直到……才…… 例如：There is no one but knows it.没有一个人不知道此事。 2)can not与副词too,enough, sufficiently, over,too much等词连用时，意为“无论怎样也不过分”，“越…越”。例如： You cannot be too careful.你越仔细越好。 We cannot praise him too much.我们无论怎样赞扬他也不过分。 近义词辨析 break, crack, crush, shatter,break, smash 这组词均含有“打破”或“挤碎”的意思。 break 是这组词中最常用的，指使某件东西破碎。 If you break that vase, you’ll have to pay for it.如果打破了那只花瓶，你就得赔偿。 crack 指打裂某物，但不一定打碎，因而通常不会成为碎片。 You may crack these nuts with a hammer.你可以用锤子把这些坚果敲开。 crush 强调挤压或踩的动作，毁坏程度取决于被压物的组织结构，或变形，或成小块，或可恢复原状。 To make wine, you first crush the grapes.若要造酒，需先将葡萄压碎。 shatter 打破某物，力大到使碎片飞出很远，常指整件东西完全被毁。 The explosion shattered most of the windows in the building.爆炸震碎了那座大楼的大部分窗玻璃。 smash 突出暴力，击打时动作较猛，被击打的东西往往完全报废。 He smashed the window with a brick.他用砖块击碎窗玻璃。
1994-20XX年专四语法真题集 By Wang Ying & Chu Xiuwei SFL, SWU 一、1994-20XX年专四语法真题集：已分类 I.独立主格结构 1. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop. a. is b. been c. be d. being TEM-4 2003 2. Time ______, the celebration will be held as scheduled. a. permit b. permitting c. permitted d. permits TEM-4 2003 3. There ____nothing more for discussion, the meeting came to an end half an hour earlier. a. to be b. to have been c. being d. be 2000 4. _____no cause for alarm, the old man went back to his bedroom. a. There was b. Since c. Being d. There being 1996 5. The country’s chief exports are coal, cars and cotton goods, cars ______the most important of these. a. have been b. are c. being d. are being 1994 II. 定语从句 1. Above the trees are the hills, _______ magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface. a. where b. of whose c. whose d. which 2003 2. They overcame all the difficulties and completed the project two months ahead of time, _____is something we had not expected. a. which b. it c. that d. what 2003 3. He is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is not the man_______ he was twenty years ago. a. which b. that c. who d. whom 2003 4. The experiment requires more money than _______. a. have been put in b. being put in c. has been put in d. to be put in 2002 5. We’ve just installed two air-conditioners in our apartment, ______should make great differences in our life next summer. a. which b. what c. that d. they 2002 6. Have you ever been in a situation _____you know the other person is right yet you cannot agree with him?