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Darwinism Reflected in the Call of the Wild
1 Introduction
1.1 The life of the writer
Jack London (1876-1916) is an American realistic writer. He wrote many masterpieces in his whole life, such as The Call of the Wild and The White Fang and so on. His writings are not only read extensively by native America, but also are welcomed by people from all over the world. His writings often present us a strange and unusually extensive world, describing cruel fighting between human being and nature as well as complicated social relations between human and human. And his writings reflect his great approval of …the survival of the fittest? of Darwin and Social Darwinism of Spenser. London thought that only those who could adapt to society and those were strong enough could survive at last. London?s experiences influenced his writing of The Call of the Wild. London?s family was very poor in his early years, so little London had to shoulder a very heavy burden of supporting his family. In order to survive in the hostile environment, people must compete with others in every respect, such as social status, reputation, money, food, etc. In 1897, which was the beginning of what Mark Twain called “The Gilded Age”, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope? (Liu, 36) At that time, London joined a group of people who were crazy for gold. But he failed in discovering gold. However, during this period, he had finished reading Charles Darwin?s the Origin of Species, and greatly appreciated the principle of the survival of the fittest. Moreover, Herbert Spencer?s social Darwinism had a great influence on him. London holds that unlike the natural forces, the social forces were more horrible and more terrible to be conquered. They were with the unbearable poverty and the great despair after the disillusion of hope. If one did not want to be defeated, he should behave like a Darwinist who would dare to leave the slum, with two fists clenched, to challenge to the whole society and break its traditional ideas, which were based on the custom of putting the interests of the majority of people in the first place. The masterpiece …The Call of the Wild? also reflects the society in his times and his own struggle to get upper class and
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1.2 The brief summary of the Call of the Wild
The Call of the Wild tells a story of a gigantic dog, called Buck, who formerly lived at Judge Miller?s big house in the sun-kissed Santa Clara Valley. He led a comfortable life and had nothing to worry about such as bad weather or food shortage. However, his peaceful and easeful life was over and everything changed after he was kidnapped and sold to the Northland. From then on, Buck became a sled dog. The cold weather, the terrible Husky dogs, the fights, his dead friend and many other things made Buck realize that he was surrounded by savages. There was no fair play, only fight and struggle could help him. Gradually, he became accustomed to new surroundings and got control of new environment. His capability to rule and his great intelligence and good judgment were wonders to everyone. And he often heard some voice of the Wild. Then Buck was sold once more. He had two stupid owners who treated dogs badly and almost killed Buck. They have no ideas about how to use sled dogs and how to distribute food. Therefore, they ended up with tragedy. The last owner John Thornton who rescued Buck，was very intimate with him. But life was hard for Buck. When they lived in a forest, the Yeehats, an India tribe killed all the people, include John. Buck was very angry, so he killed most of the Yeehats. He was very pound of himself, because he killed human, and human were game forbidden to all the wild animals. John was dead. His last tie with man was broken; man and the claims of man no longer bound him. At last, he was ready to answer the call of the wild. He, hunted with wolves, side by side with his wild brothers, shouted as he ran. Sometimes, he raised his head, and with wolves, he sounded the call of the wild. That is the most wonderful voice and hopeful future for Buck. Many cruel facts made Buck have a good understanding that there is no goodness and kindness in this world. There is only one rule: kill or be killed; eat or be eaten off. (London 4) That is too easy. Fight and war like breath are natural and essential. There is no right or wrong, only life and death. He changed from a civilized dog into a merciless and crafty dog. In order to survive, one has to act as Buck did.
2 Darwin’s Theories
It is important to know Darwin?s theories at first and then to understand Darwinism. Darwinism originally included the broad concepts of transmutation of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance when Charles Darwin published On
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊the Origin of Species, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories, but subsequently referred to specific concepts of natural selection, the Weismann barrier or in genetics the central. The term was coined by Thomas Henry Huxley in April 1860, and was used to describe evolutionary concepts in general. There are two works wrote by Darwin. In 1859, Charles Darwin (1809-1882) published ‘The Origin of Species’, its full title is on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life. In this book, he proposed the principle of survival of the fittest. “With the change of the environment, living things should make some adjustments in order to live longer” (Dickens18). Moreover, individuals less suited to the environment are less likely to survive and less likely to produce; individuals more suited to the environment are more likely to survive and more likely to produce and leave their inheritable traits to future generations, which produces the process of natural selection (Darwinism, Wikipedia). Natural selection goes on all the time. When environmental conditions change- which they always do- some characteristics turn out to be helpful in the new scheme of things. Individuals with an advantageous trait have a better chance of surviving enough to reproduce and pass the trait long. Aware of weaknesses in his own family, he was sure that families would naturally refuse such selection and wreck the scheme. There are three key concepts of Darwinism: the first one is variation (all forms of life); the second is heredity (similar organic to next generation); the final one is the struggle for existence (the survival of the fittest).
In 1871 Darwin proposed The Descent of Man, in which he applied the principle of “evolution by natural selection to human beings” (Dickens, 27) . Darwin was not the first person to treat human beings as animals, but his arguments brought greater plausibility to that point of view. He contended that humankind?s moral nature and religious sentiments, as well as its physical frame, would develop in accordance with the requirements of survival.
3 Darwinism Reflected In the Call of the Wild
3.1 Adaptation to the changed environment and condition
According to Natural Selection of Darwinism, individuals that are more "fit" have better potential for survival. The concept of fitness is central to natural selection, individuals have to make adaptations to the changed environment and condition so as to fit in and survive.The destiny of those who could not fit the environment would be to
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊disappear forever. It is not the strongest of the species that survive, but the one most responsive to change. (Darwin, 2011) To start with, Buck, as a dog living in the Southland where warm and comfortable days were very common and snow was unusual. Therefore, he sniffed the snow curiously, and then licked some up to his tongue when he arrived in the Northland. Buck had no idea about the primitive world-Northland. However, by then he learned the lesson from Curly, and her tragedy was not only the reflection of savages in the wild world, but also a failed example of those who were unable to adapt to new environment as well as the survival of the fittest. Curly was too tender and friendly, and she did not realize that the environment had changed and made no adaptations to it, so her tragedy was inevitable. Therefore, when facing the cruel competitive situation, those merciful characteristics are apparently a fatal weakness. Curly did not change, and she also did not realize the environment she had to adapt to. On the contrary, Buck behaved actively; he knew that he was able to fit the new environment by changing himself. At first, he could not put up with cold weather and had no idea how to sleep in the earth filled with heavy snow. In Judge Miller?s place, he was used to sleeping at the Judge?s feet on wintry nights. However, in the Northland, he did not have such privileges, so he had to change and learned from his mates how to deal with the problem of sleeping. From Billee, he began to know to dig a hole for himself of fastidiousness, which had characterized his old life. What?s more, he could eat anything no matter how terrible those foods were as well as he ate fast as possible as he could in order to avoid other dogs who could steal his food. And he could absorb every nutriment, make them a part of his body and then turn into energy. Moreover, his sight and scent became keen and accurate; he could even hear the faintest sound in his sleep. He learned to bite ice out when it froze between his toes, and when he was thirsty, he knew how to use his legs to break the ice to drink. The most remarkable ability was that he could scent the wind and forecast it a night in advance. Learning from the dog, Dub, Buck stole the bacon and never got caught by owner, but he stole was not for joy of it, but for hunger. Those reflected in London? writing:
This first theft marked Buck as fit to survive in the hostile Northland environment. It marked his adaptability, his capacity to adjust himself to changing conditions, the lack of ..., he accommodated himself to the new mode of life.
3.2 Rebellion to the new orders in a wise way
On The Origin of the Species, every creature should comply with new orders in a new environment and rebel the orders wisely so as to survive. There were two orders Buck met in Northland, which was totally different from the environment he formerly lived; one was the law of club, the other was the law of fang. In the process of Buck?s adaptation to the
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊primitive environment, the hard-won values of the conscious and the vitality and power of the unconscious are no longer at war, and adapting to his environment involves adapting a new set of values, which enhances the vitality of the unconscious. (肖楠，2006）At first, he learned the first lesson from the man in red sweater he never forgot that he stood no chance against a man with a club. A man with a club was a law-giver, a master to be obeyed, thought not necessarily conciliated.(London 2) The club was a revelation. It was his introduction to the reign of primitive law, and he met the introduction halfway. (Kaposi, 260) The law of club played an important role in teaching Buck the weakest in the wilderness and served as the first external force of evoking Buck? wild nature. If we say that …the law of club? is the key that opens for Buck the door to the wild world, then those dogs Buck encounters are his teachers who instruct him how to survive in the wild world. He knew there was no fair play and only the strong could survive. Then the shock of Curly?s tragedy, he was forced to another shock soon. The he was treated as a working animal to haul a sled, but he was too wise to show his opposition to new law of fang. The husky dog killed Curly; it was the wolf manner of fighting, to strike and leap away. Buck learned that there was no fair play, and once down, that was the end of you. (London, 78) And he also respected the law of fang. From two experiences, it is obvious that Buck had treaded the first step to fit the hostile environment in the Northland. Buck, as the new comer to Northland and do the laborious work for the first time, facing the valiant leader-dog Spitz?s bully, he took no action to tackle that, pretending that he obeyed the rules of Spitz and was unwilling to revolt against the cruel treatment of Spitz when he taught Buck to haul sled and beat him when he made mistakes. He was abode by new orders cleverly and rebelled them wisely. It was not until he was strong enough that he fought with Spitz. Buck was too intelligent and smart to challenge Spitz?s leadership at first, he waited for the best chance to compete with him and get the leadership.
3.3 The survival of the fittest
In the natural environment, living organisms face many problems, such as competitions, predation and climate conditions. The survival of the fittest in Darwinism is that individuals with favorable characteristics are better adapted to their environment and then they are more likely to survive and breed; In The Call of the Wild, Buck was a killer, a dog that once preyed, living on the things that unaided, alone, by virtue of his own intelligence, strength and prowess, surviving triumphantly in a hostile environment where only the strong survive. He must defeat the other animals so that he could survive. Buck?s first unforgettable lesson was given by Curly, a good-natured dog. When she wanted to get close to a husky and to show his kindness, she was attacked without warning. In addition,
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊about two minutes after, she went down, she was nearly torn into pieces. Buck witnessed the whole scene, and from it, he learned that there was no fair play. Though many people experience the same miserable situation, they have no sympathies to each other. Once given the chance, they also play the position of the stronger using their strength to bully the weaker, crushing the weaker pieces. He must master or be mastered; while to show mercy was a weakness. Mercy did not exist in the primordial life. It was misunderstood for fear, and such misunderstandings made for death. Kill or be killed, eat or be eaten, was the law. (Raby, 66) It seems that only one law works in the world, both men and beasts obeying the law of club and of any, in another world, only the fittest can survive.
The life in the Northland taught Buck a lesson; there was only the cruel fight to survive and no human sympathy. The lead-dog Spitz sensed that Buck might be a dangerous rival, so he never lost an opportunity to bully Buck. And it was too much for Buck when he found his nest was occupied by Spitz. From then on, it was doomed that the fight between them was unavoidable, and only one could continue to live. Buck began to openly threaten Spitz?s leadership and interfered with Spitz when he was punishing the culprits. His master …knew he was behind all the trouble and Buck knew he knew; but Buck was too clever ever again to be caught red-handed?. The last fight between Buck and Spitz further proved the principle of the survival of the fittest. London wrote:
Buck possessed a quality that made for greatness-imagination. He fought by instinct, but he could fight by head as well. He rushed, as though attempting the old shoulder trick..., There was a crunch knock him over, then repeated the trick and broke the right fore leg. After the death of Spitz, Buck took up the duties of leadership, and he excelled in giving the law and making his mates obey it. The solidarity came back to the whole team under the rule of Buck. His fighting successfully proved his strongest to survive in the new land. After two experiences of being sold, Buck with his team was replaced with a new team again. Buck and his fellows were sold to two men who wanted to venture towards the North. The new owners, Hal and Charles, are less professional and skilled. Without any experience, they take so much luggage that the dogs could not afford it. And then six other dogs were brought to join their team, but they were weak and useless. However the most terrible thing was that there was not enough food for traveling. Soon, the stupid owners found the food began to run out, but the road only be passed a quarter. One dog, already injured, then died quickly and the new dogs all started to starve. One after one, the six foreign dogs was not able to escape from death. The owners quarreled among themselves and showed little sympathy to the dogs. People were exhausted, and so did the dogs. The dogs died one by one. There were only five dogs remaining alive in the team. “They were not half living, or quarter living. They were simply so many bags of bones in which sparks on life fluttered faintly.”(London, 2012) Those dogs that died were unable to fit the
┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊装┊┊┊┊┊订┊┊┊┊┊线┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊┊environment and they were not strong to survive which proved the survival of the fittest. Based on Darwinism?s …the survival of the fittest?Buck successfully achieved his transformation; what?s more, he made full use of his own advantages to adapt to the new environment and even became the leader of a group of wolves.
3.4 The law of jungle
Learned by Darwinism, the main body of the law of jungle is the weak are the prey of the strong. The strong can survive no matter how terrible the environment is. The law is cruel and merciless. The tragedy of Curly proves the law of jungle concretely. Curly was also a newcomer to the wild and had no idea about the law of the wild. She was the weak and was unable to realize that the environment had changed, so she was torn into pieces by the strong. Then Buck was learning from his experience, the primitive instincts begin to awake deep inside his heart. He tapped into this ancestral memory and fights for competition and survival. After winning Spitz and along with the continuance of the journey, the desire of dominion gradually increases in Buck?s heart. At first, the tragedy of Curly proves the weak are the prey of the strong and the stronger has no sympathy to the weaker. "Kill or be killed, dog eat dog and eat or be eaten, kill only to eat, not from anger or sport". (The law of jungle, Wikipedia) Therefore, different from the civilized world, the law of jungle is the symbolic of the cruel wilderness. Spitz often took advantage of other inferior?s weakness. He even smiled when Curly?s tragedy was happening. The darkness and ruthlessness were portrayed most vividly. Facing this kind of surroundings, Buck chose to be the strongest. But in fact, the brutal competition and wild nature forced him to make the choice. The humanity and courtesy no longer exist on Buck; instead, the beastliness totally pushed him to another peak. Their war was thrilling indeed. Buck not only adapted to the cruel environment but also handled a cleaver with skill. There exist the external dangers in the wild, not only from the same species and others, but also the inexorable life condition. Then Buck was sold again to people who worked for government. His owners had a hard journey, so after thirty days?work, the dogs were exhausted and wear down. Soon they are replaced with a new team, and Buck and his fellows were sold to two men who wanted to venture towards the North. On the journey, the dogs died one by one. Buck was stronger, or he would die. Fortunately, Buck was saved by John Thornton at last. After death of his beloved owner John Thornton, he answered the sounding of the wild. The Law of the Jungle is as "the code of survival in jungle life, now usually with reference to the superiority of brute force or self-interest in the struggle for survival."(The Oxford English Dictionary, John Simpson, 1989)Buck knew the law of jungle well,that?s why he survived and became the leader of a group of wolves.
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4 Conclusion
From the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century, it was not only a period that many philosophical schools contended, but also a period of the formation of Jack London?s thoughts. London was very proud of his ability to absorb so many philosophical schools. But he did not realize that these philosophies conflicted mutually. The principle of Darwinism? survival had tremendous impact on London, which made London recognize the existence of the natural law of competition.
Buck adapted to the hostile environment and his return into the world, which revealed London?s determination to climb up to the upper class and to be stronger in the struggle for existence. The Call of the Wild is the most popular work of Jack London. Throughout the whole story, the thought of Darwinism is reflected everywhere. Influenced by the theory proposed by Charles Darwin, it?s easy to find that the great effort that the protagonist Buck makes to survive in the savage world. Whether Buck is passive or active, from his experience, we know that the most flexible is the fittest, changing and adapting to surroundings is the only choice to survive. Only the strong can survive by natural selection which nature gives no sympathy to the weak and treat everyone equally. What?s more, it is not difficult to notice how Buck to rebel new orders in a wise way. Buck took active actions to know the new orders and tackle them cautiously and wisely. Moreover, the law of …the survival of the fittest?also exists in The Call of the Wild elsewhere, only the individuals with favorable characteristics are better adapted to their environment and can be more likely to survive and breed. And the weak are the prey of the strong, only the stronger can survive and proper at last.
In a conclusion, after this study of The Call of the Wild, no matter how controversial his thought is, Darwinism is reflected throughout the novel. And under the influence of Darwinism, London showed us his spirit of persistent struggle against harsh life and tenacious search for a free life by the protagonist Buck, who acts like a human being, takes advantages of himself as much as possible to fit the new environment and be a master of the new environment.
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Bibliography
[1] Darwin Charles, On the Origin of Species, [M] 1859.
[2]Liu，Huaitao, Jack London?s Pursuit of Philosophy and Belief. [M] Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2004.
[3] London Jack, The Call of the Wild and White Fang. [M] New York: Signet Classics, 1991.
[4] London Jack, The Call of the Wild. [M] Ed. Richard Ellman. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
[5] London Jack, the Call of the Wild, [M] China Astronautics Press, 2012.
[6] Raby Peter ed. Wolfs in the Wild. [M] Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2005.
[7] Simpson John, the Oxford English Dictionary, [M] 1989.
[8] “The Survival of the Fittest”, Wikipedia,
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c612294560.html,/w/index.php?search=the+survival+of+the+fittest&button=&title=S pecial%3ASearch.
[9] The law of jungle, Wikipedia, https://www.doczj.com/doc/c612294560.html,/wiki/The_Law_of_the_Jungle.
[10] 肖楠，On Jack London?s Concept of Animal Jungle in the Call of the Wild, [N] Science Information,2006.
2010-2011学年度下学期四年级必读书目考级试题 班级姓名等级 一、填空 1、《野性的呼唤》这部作品的作者是，故事叙述一名叫的狗历经磨难，最终回到自然的野生环境的故事。 2、巴克的第一任主人是名叫的法官。 3、由于体力超群、机智勇敢，巴克最终打败成为狗群的领队狗。 4、巴克有一种造就伟大的品质是。 5、在艰辛的拉雪橇途中，主人几经调换，巴克与最后的一位主人结下了难分难舍的深情厚谊。 6、在桑顿和马修森的打赌中，巴克五分钟内拉动了磅的雪橇，为桑顿赢得了美元。 7、巴克在离开营地，在入海的河流里捕捉，在这里他还杀死了一头被蚊子盯瞎了眼睛的。 二、选择： 1、在登上迪亚海滩的第一天，（）几乎被众狗撕成了碎片而丧命。 A、弗朗索瓦 B、索尔雷克 C、柯莉 2、在狗队中是（）至死也不放弃职责，坚持拉雪橇，以至于被混血儿用左轮手枪打死。 A、巴克 B、德夫 C、派克 3、在塔基拿河口，一天晚饭后，达布发现了一只（） A、雪兔 B、灰兔 C、山猫 4、巴克杀死了（），为它最后一任主人报了仇，回归森林。 A、爱斯基摩人 B、印第安人 C、美国人 5、在贝利河口，一向不声不响的（）突然疯了。 A、多丽 B、斯比茨 C、库那
二、判断： 1、佩罗是一名淘金者。（） 2、一年秋天，在一处凶险的河道里，桑顿掉进了水里。（） 3、巴克的第三任主人是苏格兰混血儿。（） 4、巴克最喜欢躺在火堆旁边，后腿盘在身下，前腿朝前伸着仰着头，眼睛望着火苗梦幻般眨着。（） 5、巴克在山涧源头遇到的巨大的雄性麋鹿有九英尺高。。（） 三、问答题 通过阅读《野性的呼唤》，你对巴克有哪些了解，你的读书收获是什么？并说说你的感受！ 附加题：还读了哪些书？可以介绍一下书的主要内容或者书中最喜欢的人物吗？
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野性的呼唤读后感精选范文2020 野性的呼唤读后感1 当我一看到是关于写动物的书，我便很高兴，特别是读过沈石溪先生写的几篇动物小说，如《斑羚飞渡》、《老马威尼》。而且对于《野性的呼唤》这本书也早有听说。看了之后的第一反应，便是将杰克·伦敦写的另一篇小说《白牙》结合起来。如果说谁更加幸运，这还挺难说的，因为一个得到了温馨、幸福的生活而另一个则是重返了森林，找回了自己原有的生活。但有点却是共同的:从原来的森林被人推到苦难中，再被善良的人用爱救了回来，从苦难中解脱出来。 巴克原是米勒法官家的一只爱犬，经过了文明的教化，一直生活在美国南部加州一个温暖的山谷里。后被卖到美国北部寒冷偏远、盛产黄金的阿拉斯加，成了一只拉雪橇的狗。它目睹了人与人、狗与狗、强者与弱者之间冷酷无情和生死争斗，于是为了生存，它学会了只求活命、不顾道义的处世原则，变得凶悍、机智而狡诈。最后，在森林中狼群的呼唤下，巴克狼性复萌，逃入丛林，重归荒野。在小说中，杰克·伦敦运用拟人手法，把狗眼中的世界及人类的本质刻画地淋漓尽致，反映了资本主义社会冷酷的现实和“优胜劣汰，适者生存”的客观现实。巴克渴望并奔向了自由，这也正是作家的追求和理想的体现。在巴克所遇到的狗与人中，充满了“棍棒与犬牙法则”也就是“胜者为王，败者为寇”的法则。巴克与其他的狗和人一样，充满了对于权力的占有欲望，于是巴克与一个个挑战者经历了长久的斗争，其中的第一个敌人也就是当时巴克所在狗对的头儿--斯皮茨，初出茅庐的巴
克斗得是遍体鳞伤，当最终还是将对手打到争夺了领袖地位。巴克的领域感也非常强，谁要是侵犯它的领域，要么归顺，要么倒下。 在巴克的一生中还有一个人十分重要--约翰·桑顿，是他在危急时刻救了巴克，并且给了巴克以无限的爱和温暖，桑顿在巴克的心中的地位可谓是举足轻重，然而也正是因为这点桑顿的死给了巴克沉重的打击，也迫使它走向野蛮。 《野性的呼唤》以一只狗的经历表现文明世界的狗在主人的逼迫下回到野蛮，写的是狗，也反映人的世界……我有点当心我会像巴克一样，一旦自己最重要的东西突然失去，我会不会也走向“野蛮”?我想应该不会，因为巴克是个野兽，野蛮是他的天性，野性会让它返回森林，它是别无选择的，因为城市里已经容纳不下它了。 野性的呼唤读后感2 不得不说，它作为一条狗，活出如此风采，当真是霸气了得。 充沛的阳光，精美的食物，并没有懒惰它的气魄。被辗转带到冰天雪地的遭遇，也没有拖垮它的身体。适应力和顽强的生存欲望，在它的身上体现的可谓是淋漓尽致。为真心疼爱它的主人赢得一千六百美元的赌金，是它懂得感恩的赤诚之心。最后化身为狼，是它最棒的结局!它就像一位尖子生交给老师的答卷，完美，无一丝瑕疵。 我一直以为，因为杰克?伦敦的过于崇拜达尔文等人的学说，所以在作品中，也会体现出来，而这如果用在人类的活动上，就显得有些粗暴和过简了，可如果用在动物小说上，便是完美的契合。我想他肯定也意识到了这一点，所以“海狼”的结局那么悲惨，而巴克却获得了
野性的呼唤英文阅读报告 A Report on 《The call of the wild 》 Introduction At the beginning of this century, many new writers emerged with the introduction of many new ideas. Jack London stories successfully reflect the contradictory views of man’s nature and destiny in and against the wild, and his "fight to survive" notion has gained him and his works timeless popularity, particularly, the Call of the Wild His most famous novel is the call of the wild . Although it is a story about a dog, Buck, it vividly depicts the life in the primitive North where people rushed for gold and fortune. Buck, used to belong to a judge, was kidnapped and sold to North. Then he became a member of a dog-team pulling a sled (雪橇). In the days of pulling a snow-sled, he learned to conform to the law of nature and obey the master. Finally, he found a basic instinct hidden inside him, which enabled himself to survive the tough environment. This is the call of the wild. Brief introduction
【标题】《荒野的呼唤》主题分析 【作者】龚琳 【关键词】适者生存；人性；自然主义 【指导老师】张亚军 【专业】英语 【正文】 I. Introduction Before there was Hemingway, Steinbeck, Kerouac, and Mailer, there was Jack London. Perhaps no other American writer led a life as exciting as that described in his fiction. Born in San Francisco to an unwed mother from a wealthy background. Jack London grew up in the slum area of Oakland, California, a place which he later called “the cellar of society.” Born out of wedlock on January 12, 1876, he never knew his father, William Henry Chaney, who had left Jack’s mother, Flora Wellman, before Jack’s birth. On September 7, 1876, Flora Wellman married John London, from whom her son Jack took his name. By the age of fifteen, London had turned delinquent. Barely seventeen, he signed aboard the schooner Sophie Sutherland, bound for Japan and the Bering Sea. Returning from the voyage in 1894, London began to be interested in the plight of the underprivileged and working classes, so he joined a group of militant workers who were going to Washington to protest the wretched working conditions in the country, caused by the Depression of 1894. He did not reach Washington, however; he deserted this “Industrial Army” in Hannibal, Missouri, and for a time he traveled around the country as a hobo. At Niagara Falls, he was arrested for vagrancy and sentenced to the Erie County Penitentiary. He was released after thirty days, and he quickly caught the first train heading West, arriving eventually in Oakland. It was probably soon after his release from the penitentiary that London became seriously interested in politics, and as a result, he joined an Oakland branch of the Socialist Labor Party in April 1896. Then soon afterward, he enrolled as a student at the University of California at Berkeley, where he attempted to further his studies in the most influential scientific and philosophic theories of the late nineteenth century—Darwinism, Social Darwinism, Nietzscheism, and Marxism. He soon became restless, though, and he left the university during his second semester as a student. From California, he went North, to the Klondike to search for gold, and his adventures there became the basis of many stories. In fact, two of his most famous novels, The Call of the Wild and White Fang,
野性的呼唤读书心得全新范文摘选 = 野性的呼唤整个故事以阿拉斯加淘金热为背景，讲述了在北方险恶的环境下，巴克为了生存，如何从一条驯化的南方狗发展到似狗非狗、似狼非狼的野蛮状态的过程。今日小编就为大家整理了关于野性的呼唤读书心得范文，欢迎借阅学习，一起来看看吧! 野性的呼唤读书心得1 《野性的呼唤》这本书的每一个细节，都促使我忍不住之后往下读，可能是读的太融入，而导致我连早饭也忘了吃。 这本书主要讲了一只壮健聪明的狗――巴克，在阿拉斯加荒野的残酷环境下，为了生存和群狗进行殊死的争斗，随后她身上狼祖先的野性逐渐恢复，最终最终逃进了原始森林，变成了狼。 令我印象最深刻的是：在荒无人烟的雪野里，在饥饿和野狼的威胁下，一个伤痛缠身、孤独一人的淘金者，和死亡作着殊死的搏斗。仗着求生的愿望，他不畏艰辛，拼死抗争，最终以坚强的毅力战胜死亡，奏响了一曲对人类精神和生命的赞歌。 告别了这一件件触目惊心的事件，我渐渐觉得，巴克是一只勇敢的“狗”，坚强的“狗”，还是一个能为了生命的永存而与死神殊死拼搏的一只神圣而伟大的狼。而促使他和死神斗争的是它那渴望让生命永远沸腾的活力火热的心! 应对巴克的种种精神，我显得有些惭愧，我往往应对自我立的誓言，不会坚强的去做，而会退缩。记得有一次开学，妈妈给我买了许多卷子，我决定在一个学期内，教师讲到哪里，我就写到哪里，可是到了开学，刚刚前两天我每一天按时完成作业，可是坚持的不到一个星期，便败下阵来，最终到了期末，一整沓卷子，也就是完成了不到四五张。 读了这本书以后，我渐渐明白了，不管是在生活中还是学习中，做事情都应当追求坚韧、坚持的信念，为了一个目标竭尽自我所能，终不后悔。遇到困难不要气馁，不要丧失信心，要转换自我的思想观念，树立目标，奋起直追。 野性的呼唤读书心得2 我觉得巴克很能适应环境。在红衣男人的棍子下，它懂得了服从和忍耐。刚到北极时，它不适应那里的寒冷与残酷，但很快，它就适应了那里的寒冷，并且变得坚强而又狡猾。 我觉得巴克勇猛而又机智。它想获得领头狗的地位，就咬死了领头狗，自己成为领头狗，并最终成为狗群的霸主。当面对狼群的挑战，巴克勇猛地击退狼群的攻击，最终被狼群接纳，加入到狼群的队伍中。 我觉得巴克很忠心。只要你对它好，它就会舍生忘死地回报你。巴克的主人被激流冲到河里了，巴克就不顾生死、坚持不懈地把主人救上了岸。 读了这篇小说，我觉得动物和我们一样，有一颗感恩的心，我们要善待它们，不能伤害
The Call of the Wild 野性的呼唤 1 To the north Buck did not read the newspapers． He did not know that trouble was coming for every big dog in California． Men had found gold in the Yukon， and these men wanted big， strong dogs to work in the cold and snow of the north． Buck lived in Mr Miller's big house in the sunny Santa Clara valley There were large gardens and fields of fruit trees around the house， and a river nearby． In a big place like this，of course， there were many dogs There were house dogs and farm dogs， but they were not important．Buck was chief dog；he was born here， and this was his place ．He was four years old and weighed sixty kilos ．He went swimming with Mr Miller's sons，and walking with his daughters ．He carried the grandchildren on his back， and he sat at Mr Miller's feet in front of the fire in winter． But this was 1897， and Buck did not know that men and dogs were hurrying to north-west Canada to look for gold．And he did not know that Manuel， one of Mr Miller's garden－ers， needed money for his large family． One day，when Mr Miller was out， Manuel and Buck left the garden together．It was just an evening walk， Buck thought．No one saw them go， and only one man saw them arrive at the railway station．This man talked to Manuel， and gave him some money ．Then he tied a piece of rope around Buck's neck． Buck growled， and was surprised when the rope was pulled hard around his neck．He jumped at the man．The man caught him and suddenly Buck was on his back with his tongue out of his mouth． For a few moments he was unable to move， and it was easy for the two men to put him into the train． When Buck woke up， the train was still moving． The man was sitting and watching him， but Buck was too quick for him and he bit the man's hand hard．Then the rope was pulled again and Buck had to let go． That evening， the man took Buck to the back room of a bar in San Francisco． The barman looked at the man's hand and trousers covered in blood． ‘How much are they paying you for this？’he asked． ‘I only get fifty dollars．’ ‘And the man who stole him—how much did he get？’ asked the barman． 第 1 页 共 42 页
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野性的呼唤答案 【篇一：野性的呼唤——读后感】 一首歌，小小的世界，这是狼群之歌。”（第七章发声的野生）这是 当最后一句话从我的眼中消失，我仍然可以感知这一首歌，一个野 生的歌曲回声，这使我头晕目眩，总是乐呵呵地没有质疑地陷入所 谓的文明世界。野生，不再是一个弱肉强食的象征，而是一个流出爱，热情，勇敢，忠诚，友情，风险，竞争和容忍的源泉，所有这 些美德可以很容易的在野性的呼唤中发现。 杰克伦敦（1876-1916）是世界著名的小说家。他的小说成功地反 映人的本质和命运，表达了他对野生的相互矛盾的看法，他和他的 作品特别是《野性的呼唤》，普及了他“为生存而战”的概念。 它讲述了一个名叫巴克的巨大的狗，原本生活在一个丰富而舒适的家，不幸被偷走，被迫学会作为一个阿拉斯加雪橇犬生存。一开始，巴克十分野蛮，不能陪伴人类。直到他偶然遇他挚爱的主人——善 良的约翰松顿。最后，约翰的偶然死亡打破了巴克与人最后的连接，驱使他进入他长期渴望的野生世界。在故事中，巴克和约翰轻而易 举地接受了自身野性的呼唤。说到巴克的想法，终有一天他会离开 他的主人约翰，他想做的只是帮助他完成淘金之旅。他“从那时起， 白天和黑夜，从未停止，在绝望中，他突然的飞行很长一段时间， 不待他（约翰）……”（第七章发声的野生）巴克希望永远记得约翰 的样子，他“两天两夜没离开营地，从不让松顿走出他的视线。他跟 着他工作，看着他夜间进入毯子又在早上离开……”（第七章）当我 读到这些话，我的眼泪夺眶而出。一个真正的人类能够这样献身于 忠诚和友谊吗？另一方面，约翰松顿不仅是一个爱狗的人也是一个 勇敢大胆的人。他是如此的简单直接，正是这种简单直接让他成为 一个乐于助人的随和的人。一旦一个目标扎根于他的心脏，似乎除 了死亡没有什么能阻止他去实现它。我不知道坚持是否是使一个人 成功的最重要的因素，但我知道的是，一旦拥有它，你离成功便不 远了。 杰克伦敦让我从喧嚣和绝望的城市中逃离，进入活生生的野生世界。在那里，我不能否认的巴克的吠叫对我的吸引力，它启发我去追求 几乎失去了一半的人类本性，并挖掘出生命真正的意义。我们能不 能大胆猜想一下，杰克伦敦是不是故意利用巴克给我们大家树立了 一个完美的人物模型（除去野蛮）？答案是肯定的。我们人类，作
读《野性的呼唤》有感最新范文5篇 这本书主要讲了巴克是一只壮硕的狗;它的主人是米勒先生，住在加州，之后因为不辛被曼紐尔卖给了城镇去拉金子，在这之间巴克受过许多许多的主人可是巴克是在最终一个主人身上第一次感受到了人类的爱。以下是小编整理的读《野性的呼唤》有感范文5篇，希望可以分享给大家进行参考和借鉴。 文学总是人学，尽管小说的主角巴克是一只狗。1000个人眼中有1000个巴克，作为在校大学生的我，读出了的是一个青年的转变过程。 刚开始巴克从嗷嗷待哺到逐渐成长的四年(大学躺着也中枪)来，它在法官家过的是悠闲、富足的贵族生活。恰如优秀青年在学校无忧无虑地学习，常年拿着专业课第一，各种奖项应有尽有。 可是，生活就像心电图，当一马平川时你已经挂了，要活着，必然是高低起伏的。巴克被人卖了，先受到了红汗衫男人的调教，得到了第一条醒悟： 在拿着棒子的人面前永远没有机会战胜他。(在一个高富帅拿着钱向你炫耀时没有机会战胜他。所以北爱中吴狄和安迪打赌是很傻很天真的。) 巴克之后又被带到了北极，正如在校青年正式踏入了社会。作者十岁左右就开始做报童和罐头工人，在街头斗殴中练就了一身本领，成了小流氓头。经历融化在作品里，变成了残酷社会的真实写照。第一次对巴克的触动就是生命的凋零。当同行的一条狗柯利热情地向前迎向一条爱斯基摩狗时却被不分青红皂白，也没有任何宣告，狠狠地咬了一口，又被三四十只爱斯基摩犬踩在身下，兴奋地叫着、咬着直至死亡。在南方(学校)，奉行着爱和友谊法则，尊重私有财产和个人感情是很自然很正常的事情;而在北方(社会)，肆虐的却是棒子和牙齿法则，谁还顾全研究仁义道德，谁就是傻瓜!谁遵守这些道理，谁就要被淘汰。 于是巴克开始学会了各式各样的生存，学会了不挑食(刚开始找工作不能挑三拈四的)学会了狡黠诡秘地偷窃(资本的原始积累)最终长成了一条壮壮的狗(扎稳根的青年)。 《这个杀手不太冷》中当小女孩问“生活是一向如此艰辛，还是仅仅小时候如此?”雷诺回答：“一向如此。”过了一关还有一关，接下来巴克碰到了领头狗(公司老总)的挑战。“它预料布克会是一个危险的对手。于是，它觉得应当先下手为强，只要有任何展示它牙齿的机会，它绝不错过。”而巴克学会了“把自我的野心掩藏起来，耐心地等待时机。”最终夺得了领头狗的位置，很快学会了管理手下的狗，让大家跑起来“像一条狗一样”
Chapter 7: The Sounding of the Call Summary John Thornton pays off his debts with money he earns from the bet, and he sets off to the east to find a fabled lost mine that is supposed to make a man rich. Together with his other dogs and his friends Pete and Hans, he and Buck wander in the wilderness, hunting and fishing and living off the land, until they reach a shallow place in a valley full of gold. The men earn thousands of dollars a day panning for gold, and the dogs have nothing to do. Buck begins to feel wild yearnings. One night, he springs up from sleep with a start, hearing a call from the forest. He dashes through the woods and finds a timber wolf, one-third his size. Buck begins to circle the wolf and make friendly advances, but the wolf is afraid. Finally, the two show their friendship by sniffing noses, and the wolf leads Buck away through the forest. They stop to drink, and Buck remembers John Thornton. The wolf encourages him to keep following, but Buck starts back toward the camp. When he arrives, Thornton is eating dinner, and Buck showers him with affection. For two days, he never allows Thornton out of his sight. Then, he hears the call more loudly than ever and is haunted by recollections of his wild friend. He begins to stay away from the camp for days at a time, hunting his own food. Buck has two identities at this point: one as sled dog in Thornton’s camp, another as wild hunter in the forest. He kills a bear and fishes for salmon the river; when the moose come in the fall, Buck hunts them eagerly. He cuts a bull away from the pack to kill him and finally brings him down after four days. Then he heads back to the camp. On the way, he feels a strange stirring in the wilderness, of something new abroad, and he feels a premonition of calami ty. His feeling is proven correct when he finds Thornton’s dog Nig and one of the dogs bought in Dawson, both dying on the trail. As he approaches the camp, he sees Hans lying facedown, arrows covering him. He peers out to where the lodge had been and sees Yeehat Indians dancing in the wreckage. Buck charges, cutting their throats with his fangs and killing several of them. The Indians scatter, and Buck finds the rest of his camp, including Thornton, dead. Buck mourns his dead master but feels pride at having killed the Yeehats. Henceforth, he will not fear men unless they carry weapons. He hears the call of the wolf again. His ties to Thornton broken by death, he heads off to follow it. He finds the pack, and one wolf lunges for his throat, but he breaks its neck easily. Three others try but pull back. After half an hour they all draw back, and one of them approaches Buck in a friendly manner. Buck recognizes him to be the wolf he encountered in the woods. Buck joins the wolf pack, and the Yeehats notice a difference in the local breed of timber wolves as years pass. They also tell of a Ghost Dog that runs at the front of the pack, singing songs and leaping above his fellows. They tell of a haunted valley—where Thornton lies dead—where an evil spirit dwells, and where, every year, Buck comes and mourns for a time beside the stream before loping away to rejoin the pack.
《野性的呼唤》（节选）阅读导读示例 杨妙新 【目标文本】小说［美］杰克·伦敦《野性的呼唤》（节选） 烦恼，无边无际的烦恼困扰着巴克。自从带领着它的家族逃亡到这个死寂的荒原上，它们已两天没进食了。长长的一队走在荒原上，灰色的毛映着遍地的黄沙，寥寥的几根枯草，远远望去就像乡间黄土地上那变黑了的河流。巴克一边走着，一边搀扶着它的妻子多莉。五天前为了躲避人类的捕杀，在逃亡的途中，多莉踩着了人类设置的捕兽夹。为了生存，巴克看着眼泪汪汪的妻子咬断了那只被夹的腿。现在伤口已经开始溃烂，加上两天没进食，多莉已是奄奄一息了。随着妻子身体的日益衰弱，巴克那散发出具有王者风范的蓝眸子也日渐淡下去。看着妻子干裂的嘴唇在自己的视野中一张一合，毫无办法的巴克发出了痛苦的低吼声。 “扑通”，身体碰撞大地的声音久久地回荡在荒原上——多莉倒在了地上，它再也没能站起来。 宁静，死一般地充斥着整个荒原，充斥在荒原上的狼群中。随即，一阵悲痛的呜呜声响起，却没有眼泪--它们已经流不出泪了。 像注射了兴奋剂一般，巴克望了妻子一眼，疾跑着上了一个山冈，仰首凄厉地嗥叫着。透过扬起的尘土，它那疾跑时趔趄的背影被躲藏在远处的人类尽收眼底。 “慢点，比尔，小心弄出声响惊动了它们。” “你这胆小鬼，盯了这么久，瞧它们那样，是动手的机会了。嘿，真想抚摸那毛茸茸的狼皮呀！嘿……” 夕阳由血红变成枯黄，映着遍地的黄沙，给人除了荒凉还是荒凉的感觉。疲倦的神色掩不住地挂在巴克的脸上，虽然，它努力使自己依旧保持王者的风范，但它太累了，它好想舒舒服服地睡上一觉，即便是空着肚子。 “嗨，弄好了没有？可千万别出什么差错啊！” “放心吧！戴夫，我们这次肯定会有大大的收获。” 夜幕中，挟着黄沙的风一阵紧似一阵，周围传来了人的脚步声。求生的本能使处于半睡半醒中的狼迅速地睁开了眼睛，警惕地围在了一起，又恢复了野性的眸子在黑暗中闪烁着蓝莹莹的利光，犹如利箭般射向持枪逼近的人类。 低吼声从巴克的喉骨间发出，它的脑海里浮现出多莉血迹斑斑的腿、母亲那被人类从身上扒下的皮毛和人类嚼食狼肉时发出的心满意足的笑声。嗥叫一声，巴克以迅雷不及掩耳之势向前扑去。突然，一张大网射了过来，紧围在一起的狼开始四处逃窜。有几只狼被网罩着，它们使劲地跳着、咆哮着、撕咬着，用牙齿扯着网绳，却不起丝毫的作用。敏捷的巴克跳到了一边，它没有被网罩住。但此时已红了眼睛的它再一次向前扑去。枪声响起，看着从乌黑的枪口里冒出的青烟，巴克完成了它一生最后的动作，顷刻间，血染红了沙。
《野性的呼唤》常考知识点梳理及阅读训练题 知识清单 1、《野性的呼唤》，又名《荒野的呼唤》，是美国作家杰克·伦敦创作的中篇小说。 2、作品讲述巴克原是米勒法官家的一只爱犬，经过了文明的教化，一直生活在美国南部加州一个温暖的山谷里。后被卖到美国北部寒冷偏远、盛产黄金的阿拉斯加，成了一只拉雪橇的狗。该作以一只狗的经历表现文明世界的狗在主人的逼迫下回到野蛮，写的是狗，也反映人的世界。 3、该作延续了杰克·伦敦小说的“生存”主题：生命总是在不断挣扎求存的过程中获得意义与力量。 4、小说以狗作为主人公，在一定程度上是对“人乃万物之灵长”这一观念的挑战。作者对人类的中心主义行为是带有批判性质的。
5、小说中狗的形象与人的形象形成鲜明对比。狗（巴克）勇敢、善良、忠诚、感恩，具备超强的适应力，卓越高超的领导能力，而人类大部分是虚伪、残暴的。 6、小说中的狗是有着生命自主赏识的。狗，不再是传统意义上简单的工具和附庸，而是具有自身价值和意义的生命强者。 7、在现实主义这一点上，《野性的呼唤》具有更深刻的揭示作用。生存环境的变迁，使巴克从一个文明社会的宠物变成了一个荒野深处的狠群之王，这是巴克的本性使然；同时这也是美国社会现实生活的真实写照。人与人之间尔虞我诈，弱肉强食，适者才能生存，竞争无处不在。这就是美国社会的现实。杰克·伦敦在这方面，对这一社会现实进行了无情的鞭挞。 8、《野性的呼唤》中作者采用第三人称全知全能的叙事角度来讲述故事，但是不同的是故事有时是从外界来讲述，有时又是通过小说的主人公巴克的眼睛来看世界。在小说第一章中的背景描写就是从外部以一个全知全能的角度来叙述；然而其后的场景中作者又转变了叙事角度，故事又不时地从巴克的视角被讲述。
【标题】分析《野性的呼唤》中巴克回归自然的原因 【作者】文程娟 【关键词】回归；原因；冷酷；追求与向往 【指导老师】吴学容 【专业】英语 【正文】 I. Introduction The Call of the Wild, written by Jack London, was a very famous work in literature field. American writer, Jack London, was very good at describing things and society in the shoes of animals, that is, in personification. So does this work. In this novel, the story happened in the process of gold rush where people need be nefit themselves on the basis of other’s loss or sufferings. Dog protagonist, Buck, was living in this circumstance. He experienced both the warmth and the coldness of human society. Jack London used the style of personification to describe the nature of human and the world in dog’s eye which can full reveal the coldness and cruelty of the Capitalist Society. There are many reasons, both in subjective and objective that led the return of Buck to the wild. Many scholars in domestic have made some studies of this work which were meaningful. It not only can help us learn some society and literary knowledge but also understand this classic work clearly and deeply. Buck’s return to the wild was not caused by one reason but many. The subjective ones were the characteristics of Buck himself which were hidden in human warmth and revealed in the struggles to survive. The main objective reason was the fact of Struggle for Existence that no one can escape, and other reasons included the coldness and cruelty of human society and the call of the wild. Buck’s life in this cruel and cold circumstance decided that his return to the wild was not occasional but inevitable. However, the author, Jack London, also made some drama effects. The experiences of Buck in human society were not the only purpose for Jack London to write this story, but to criticize the darkness of the Capitalist Society and reflect his wish, that is, the desire of freedom and dream. There will be five main reasons analyzed in this essay, including the characteristics of Buck; the brutal principle of Struggle for Existence; people’ behaviors in the process of gold rush; the call of the wild and the drama effect made by Jack London. Ⅱ. Literature Review A. The Background of the author—Jack London