Unit 5 Language
How I Discovered Words
Helen Keller
The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher, Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.
On the afternoon of that eventful day, I stood on the porch, dumb, expectant.
I guessed vaguely from my mother's signs and from the hurrying to and fro in the house that something unusual was about to happen, so I went to the door and waited on the steps. The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring. I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me. Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.
Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line, and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? I was like that ship before my education began, only I was without compass or sounding-line, and had no way of knowing how near the harbor was. "Light! Give me light!" was the wordless cry of my soul, and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.
I felt approaching footsteps. I stretched out my hand as I supposed to my mother. Someone took it, and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me, and, more than all things else, to love me.
The morning after my teacher came she led me into her room and gave me a doll. The little blind children at the Perkins Institution had sent it and Laura Bridgman had dressed it; but I did not know this until afterward. When I had played with it a little while, Miss Sullivan slowly spelled into my hand the word "d-o-l-l". I was at once interested in this finger play and tried to imitate it. When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride. Running downstairs to my mother I held up my hand and made the letters for doll. I did not know that I was spelling a word or even that words existed; I was
simply making my fingers go in monkey-like imitation. In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words, among them, pin, hat, cup and a few verbs like sit, stand and walk. But my teacher had been with me several weeks before I understood that everything has a name.
One day, while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap, also spelled "d-o-l-l" and tried to make me understand that "d-o-l-l" applied to both. Earlier in the day we had had a tussle over the words "m-u-g" and "w-a-t-e-r". Miss Sullivan had tried to impress it upon me that "m-u-g" is mug and that "w-a-t-e-r" is water, but I persisted in confounding the two. In despair she had dropped the subject for the time, only to renew it at the first opportunity.
I became impatient at her repeated attempts and, seizing the new doll, I dashed it upon the floor. I was keenly delighted when I felt the fragments of the broken doll at my feet. Neither sorrow nor regret followed my passionate outburst. I had not loved the doll. In the still, dark world in which I lived there was no strong sentiment or tenderness. I felt my teacher sweep the fragments to one side of the hearth, and I had a sense of satisfaction that the cause of my discomfort was removed. She brought me my hat, and I knew I was going out into the warm sunshine. This thought, if a wordless sensation may be called a thought, made me hop and skip with pleasure.
We walked down the path to the well-house, attracted by the fragrance of the honeysuckle with which it was covered. Someone was drawing water and my teacher placed my hand under the spout. As the cool stream gushed over one hand she spelled into the other the word water, first slowly, then rapidly. I stood still, my whole attention fixed upon the motions of her fingers. Suddenly, I felt a misty consciousness as of something forgotten-a thrill of returning thought; and somehow the mystery of language was revealed to me. I knew then that "w-a-t-e-r" meant the wonderful cool something that was flowing over my hand. That living word awakened my soul, gave it light, hope, joy, set it free! There were barriers still, it is true, but barriers that could in time be swept away.
I left the well-house eager to learn. Everything had a name, and each name gave birth to a new thought. As we returned to the house every object which I touched seemed to quiver with life. That was because I saw everything with the strange, new sight that had come to me. On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.
I felt my way to the hearth and picked up the pieces. I tried vainly to put them together. Then my eyes filled with tears; for I realized what I had done, and for the first time I felt repentance and sorrow.
I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father, sister, teacher were among them-words that were to make the world blossom for me, "like Aaron's rod, with flowers". It would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me, and for the first time longed for a new day to come.
我是怎样识字的
在我记忆中，我一生最重要的日子是我的老师安妮·曼斯菲尔德·沙利文走进我生活的那一天。至今，每当我想起这一天仍会惊叹不已：是这一天把（我过的）截然不同的两种生活连在一起，那是1887年3月3日，离我7岁生日还有三个月。
我那个重要的日子的午后，我呆呆地站在我家的门廊上，心充满了期盼。从我母亲给我的手势和屋子里众人来来往往的忙碌中我隐约猜到将有不同寻常的事发生，于是我来到门口，在台阶上等着。午后的透过覆盖着门廊的忍冬花簇照射到我仰起的脸庞上。我的手指近乎下意识地抚弄着这些熟悉的叶片和花朵。它们刚刚抽叶开花，迎来南方温馨的春天。至于我的未来究竟会出现什么样的奇迹，我茫然不知。几个星期来，愤怒和怨恨一直折磨着我。这种激烈的情感争斗之后是一种极度的疲惫。
你可曾在航海时遇上过浓雾？那时，你仿佛被困在了触手可及的一片白茫茫中，不见天日。你乘坐的巨轮，靠测深锤和测深线的指引，举步维艰地靠向海岸，既紧又焦急不安；而你则心里怦怦直跳，等着什么事情发生。我在接受教育之前正像那艘巨轮，所不同的是我连指南针或测深线都没有，更无从知晓离港湾还有多远。我的心灵在无声地疾呼：“光明！给我光明吧！”而就在那个时刻，爱的光芒洒在了我的身上。
我感觉到有脚步由远及近，于是我伸出了手，以为会是母亲。有人抓住了我的手，将我抱住并紧紧地搂在了怀里。正是这个人的到来，把整个世界展示给我，最重要的是，给我带来了爱。
在老师来到我家的第二天上午，她把我带到了她的房间，给了我一个玩具娃娃。这娃娃是帕金斯学校的小盲童们送给我的礼物，劳拉·布里奇曼给娃娃穿上了衣服，不过这些是我在后来才知道的。我玩了一小会儿之后，沙利文小结慢慢地在我的手上拼出了“d-o-l-l”（玩偶）这个词。我一下子便对这种手指游戏产生了兴趣，而且试着模仿它。当我终于正确地拼出了这几个字母时，心充满了孩子气的喜悦和自豪。我跑到楼下找到母亲，伸手拼出了“玩偶”所含的字母。当时我并不知道我是在拼一个单词，甚至还不知道有“单词”这么回事；我只是像猴子那样用手指进行模仿。在接下来的几天里，我就这样，虽然并不知词识义，却学会了拼写好些单词。这些单词中有“别针”、“帽子”、“杯子”，还有些动词，如“坐”、“站”和“走”。但是等我懂得了每样东西都有名字时，已经是我和老师在一起好几个星期之后的事了。
一天，我正在玩我的新玩具娃娃，这时，沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃放在我的膝上，又给我拼了一遍“d-o-l-l”，想让我懂得“d-o-l-l”这个单词适用于这两件东西。就在当天早些时候，我曾和她因“m-u-g”和“w-a-t-e-r”这两个词发生过争执。沙利文小姐想让我记住“m-u-g”是“大杯”，而“w-a-t-e-r”是“水”，但我却总是把这两个词的意思给弄混。失望之余她暂时搁起这一话题，但一有机会她就马上旧事重提。我却对她一遍又一遍的努力感到忍无可忍，于是就抓起新的玩具娃娃，狠狠地砸在了地板上。当我感觉到脚边摔碎的玩具娃娃时，产生了一种强烈的快感。在这种强烈的情感发泄之后，我没有一丝伤感或懊悔之情。我从没有喜欢过那个玩具娃娃。在我所生活的那个无声、黑暗的世界里是没有柔情或情感的。我感觉到老师已把碎片扫到了壁炉炉床的一边，此时我有一种满足感，因为让我不快的东西已不复存在了。她给我拿来了草帽，我知道我将要走出屋子，到温暖的下。一想到这（如果一种无法用言语表达的感觉也可以称为想法的话），我便高兴地又蹦又跳。
我们沿着小路来到了井房，井房上布满了忍冬，它的芳香深深地吸引了我们。有人正在抽水，老师把我的一只手放到了喷水口下方。凉爽的水流过我的一只手，这时她在我的另一只手上拼写了“水”这个词。开始她拼得很慢，接着拼得很快。我站在那儿一动不动，所有的注意力都集中在她手指的移动上。刹那间，我朦胧地意识到了些什么，仿佛记起了被久久遗忘的什么东西——那是一种恢复思维的激动。不知怎的，语言的奥秘一下子展现在我的面前。这时我明白了，“w-a-t-e-r”指的就是从我手上流过的那美妙无比的凉爽的东西。这活生生的字眼唤醒了我沉睡的灵魂，赋予了它光明、希望和喜悦，使它获得了自由！诚然，障碍依然存在，但那是一些假以时日终究会被消除的障碍。
我离开井房，心中充满了求知的欲望。万物皆有名，而每个名字又引申出一种新的概念。在我们回家的路上，我感到我触摸到的每件东西似乎都有生机。那是因为我在用刚刚赋予我的新奇的眼光看待每样东西。进门时我记起了那个被我摔破的娃娃。我摸索着来到了路床边，捡起那些碎片，试着把他们拼接在一起，但却徒劳无益。这时我的眼里满是泪水，因为我意识到了自己先前干了些什么，而且有生以来第一次感到了悔恨和难过。
那天我学会了很多新词。现在我已记不清都是些什么词了，但我还记得其中有“妈妈、爸爸、姐妹、老师”。这些词使得整个世界在我面前绽放，“有如亚伦的神杖，开满了鲜花”。在这个重要的日子就要结束时，已很难找到一个比我更加幸福的孩子了。我躺在自己的小床上，回味着这一天所给予我的欣喜，渴望着新的一天的到来。这是我有生以来从未有过的期盼。
Not Just Parrot-Talk
Scientists have taught a parrot English. So what? This time, it seems, the bird not only says the words but also understands them. Alex, an African grey parrot residing at America's Purdue University in Indiana, has a vocabulary of about 40
words with which he identifies, requests and sometimes refuses more than 50 toys. He seems to manipulate words as abstract symbols—in other words, to use a primitive form of language.
In many birds, communication takes the form of simple, stereotyped signals. Some birds, like parrots, are capable of learning huge repertoires of phrases by mimicking each other or other species. But, until now, there has been no evidence that any bird could make the big leap to associating one sound exclusively with one object or quality.
Alex can. Dr Irene Pepperberg, his trainer, exploited the natural curiosity of the parrot to teach him to use the names of different toys. The trainer and an assistant play with the toys and ask each other questions about them. To join in, the parrot has to compete for the trainer's attention.
The results have been spectacular. Alex rapidly learned to ask for certain objects, identifying them by words for shape, colour and material (e.g. three-cornered green paper, or five-cornered yellow wood). He is asked to repeat words until he gets them right and is then rewarded by being given the object to play with. Dr Pepperberg believes it is important that the bird is not rewarded with food, because that would make him think of words as ways of getting treats rather than as symbols for objects.
Twice a week, Alex is tested and he normally gets about 80 % of the objects right. The mistakes are usually small omissions (for instance, he forgets to name the colour of an object) rather than specific errors. To discover if he really is able to grasp concepts like colour and shape, he is shown entirely novel combinations. When first shown a blue piece of leather he said "blue hide" even though the blue objects he had previously seen were all keys or made of wood. This suggests that he is aware that words are building blocks that can be used in different combinations.
Still, a vocabulary of adjectives and nouns hardly amounts to mastery of a language. The scientists have been looking for evidence that Alex understands more complicated ideas. One unexpected breakthrough was when he learned to say "no". He picked this up from the conversations between the trainer and her assistant and seems to understand at least one meaning of the word—rejection (for instance, when Dr Pepperberg tries to play with him and he does not feel like it). He can also count to five when asked how many objects are being shown.
There are occasional hints that he has grasped even more advanced concepts but Dr Pepperberg is cautious. Public reaction to the abilities of chimpanzees to use
sign language has recently descended from excitement to bitterness and nobody dare make extravagant claims any more. It is not that people doubt the ability of apes to accumulate a large vocabulary of signs. The argument is about whether apes can understand syntax.
Examples which seem to show them doing so are few and disputed. For instance, Washoe, the first and most famous of the talking chimpanzees, once pointed to a swan and signed "water bird". Or did she? Dr Herbert Terrace of Columbia University pointed out that she might simply have signed "water" and "bird" in quick succession.
Other sceptics argue that, in the course of a lifetime, it would be surprising if such apes did not occasionally produce syntactical combinations of signs by pure chance. A more serious criticism is that the apes are responding to unconscious cues from their trainers.
Unconscious cueing is known as the "clever Hans effect" in honour of a famous horse in nineteenth-century Germany. Hans appeared to knock out the answers to mathematical sums with his hoof. In fact, the horse was not doing the sums but was responding to subtle signs from the crowd which told him when to stop. When the crowd did not know the answer, Hans could not do the sum.
Dr Pepperberg believes that her experiments are free of such an effect because speech is less easy to cue than sign language. She argues that this makes talking parrots better subjects than signing apes for probing the limits of animal intelligence. She would like to see Alex (or, even better, a young parrot) compared with children to see if the bird discovers ideas in the same order as the children do and exactly where the children leave the bird behind.
外国口音
第一节
对我来说，我的确倾向于以口音来判断我所遇到的人。我并不是说自己是势利小人，只喜欢有上流社会口音的人；但是，跟一个新结识的人在一起，我从来都不会感到自在，只有在我能够根据他们说的话判断出他们是哪里人之后，感觉才会不同。如果是个英国人，我还能判断出“啊，他是利物浦人”，或者“他可能上过公立学校”，我就会觉得更自在。这样我就知道该和他谈些什么以及他能够告诉我些什么。
（如果）对方是外国人，也一样。就个人而言，我喜欢外国人说话带点明显的口音，这样我就知道自己是在和法国人、加纳人、波兰人或别的什么国家的人交谈。所有对我来说，外国人话大力气改掉自己的本族语口音，想方设法去说标准英语，似乎是毫无意义的。如果对方很明显是法国人，我就知道没有必要（与他）谈论板球或开爱尔兰人的玩笑。坦率地说，
我觉得外国口音更吸引人。我无法解释为什么，但如果说话人带有外国口音，那么即便是说最最普通的事，也会显得妙趣横生。
第二节
尽管如此，（口音）得有个限度，要能让人听懂。如果口音太重，你非得费劲地去弄明白对方想要说什么，就会妨碍谈话的进行，而且交谈也就无法连贯，（因为）你的设法把对方的声音整理成能够明白的话语。我所指的并非是这么重的口音，而是那种让你马上明白对方是哪国人，但又不妨碍你听懂他的话的那种口音。我认为大多数外国人都有这样的口音，真的。老实说，只有极少数听觉特别灵敏、模仿能力极强的人才能说还算纯正的英国英语。即使能够那样，他们的英语听起来也会很可笑，因为他们可能学会的是一种非常明显的地方口音，甚至是与自己的气质特点完全不相称的上流社会口音。但是大多数学英语的外国人都非常热衷于去掉自己的外国口音，并且为此浪费了很多时间。
第三节
换一个角度来看，我得理解他们，甚至钦佩他们。因为我自己法语说得还可以，如果别人认为我是法国人，我就感到很开心，如果别人一听就知道我是英国人，我也会感到很泄气。同样的，对我来说，带英国口音的法语实在是太难听了，而且当我听自己的同胞在糟蹋法语时，总是感到很不自在。所以我想外国人听到自己的同胞说蹩脚英语时，也会有同感的。然而，法国朋友告诉我，略带英国口音的发育丝毫不会令他们感到难受，相反，还相当动听呢。我还听说佩特拉·克拉克之所以能在法国成为成功的歌手，部分原因是因为她的英国口音。所以我想，最著名的说英语的法国人之一，就是那位叫莫里斯·瓦利埃的演员，他靠一口明显的法语口音成就了一番事业。其实若他愿意，他也许可以不带那么重的口音。
我把他和我的一个显然很有语言天赋的法国朋友进行对比。我的这个法国朋友和我一起在英国的时候，总被人误认为是受过良好教育的英国人。因为他的说话方式，我的应该朋友便以为他对英国生活的某些方面非常了解，而这些只有在英国生活多年才会了解的。因而夜里从酒吧回来以后，他经常得让我解释一些事情给他听。我不知道他花了多少时间纠正口音，但或许他更应该花时间扩大词汇量和加强对英国的了解。既然英语是这样一种国际性的语言，我认为我们应该接受更多的口音，而学习者更应该注重（语言）结构和词汇的学习而不是口音（的纯正）。
Science Looks Twice at Twins
If twins interest you, Twinsburg will fascinate you.
Every summer since 1976, this little town outside Cleveland, Ohio, has been invaded by twins. Last summer 2,356 sets of twins showed up from around the world to watchand take part in parades, fireworks, magic acts, a 5K race, and more than
100 contests: contests to honor the oldest twins, the youngest, the most alike, the least alike, the twins with the widest combined smile.
Had you been there, you might have noticed a large group of scientists who also attend the festival. Some come seeking clues to the causes of health problems—skin diseases, cancer, and heart attack, for example. Others are interested in how it feels to be a twin. But of all the scientists, perhaps the ones doing the most important—and most controversial—work are those who study nature and nurture, that age-old question of how we come to be the kind of people we are.
Why are some of us good at math, or writing, while others excel at art or basketball? What causes the differences in our intelligence, talents, and tastes? Are they largely determined by the genes we inherit from our parents (nature)? How much do our experiences in life (nurture)—the social environment we grow up in—have to do with it?
If you were a scientist interested in this question, wouldn't you love to study identical twins? Just think of it: two people who developed from the same fertilized egg. That is, two people with the exact same set of genes. Any differences between such identical twins would have to be the result of differences in their environment. But could you also say that any similarities were the result of having the same genes?
Not really. Remember, most twins share a similar environment—same house, food, relatives, and so on. The only way you could accurately measure the effects of nature and nurture would be to study identical twins raised apart, in different environments.
Over the last ten years, a team of scientists led by psychologist Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. has studied about 65 pairs of identical twins who were raised apart. They've also studied about 45 fraternal twins who were raised apart.
The scientists bring each pair of twins to the University of Minnesota for a week of intensive testing. Doctors and dentists on the team give the twins thorough physical examinations. They record the twins' height, weight, eye color, ear shape, and head length.
Meanwhile, psychologists give the twins 1Q and personality tests. To measure personality, the psychologists try to determine things like how much the twins worry, whether they are cautious or reckless, and how creative they are. They measure these and other traits by the twins' responses to statements such as "I rarely, if ever, do anything reckless" and "The flamesof a wood fire stimulate my imagination". By the end of the week, each twin has answered about 15,000 questions.
Bouchard's team has been startled by the similarities between twins raised apart. The twins often have surprisingly similar gestures and postures, for instance. In pictures, many of the twins strike nearly identical poses. And some of the identical twins discover they have led remarkably similar lives.
The first set of identical twins Bouchard studied, the "Jim twins", were adopted by different families four weeks after they were born. They grew up in Ohio, 45 miles away from each other. When they were reunited at the age of 39, they discovered a series of striking similarities. Both were named Jim. Both drove the same model blue Chevrolet, liked woodworking, chewed their fingernails, and owned dogs named Toy. Both started having late-afternoon headaches at the age of 18.
The sort of similarities the Jim twins discovered are common with the twins the Minnesota team has studied. Some critics of the Minnesota study say the coincidences are not surprising. They argue that everyone's life has enough details that a number of coincidences are bound to exist. What's more, for every coincidence discovered by a pair of identical twins raised apart, a skeptic could point to a vast number of undiscovered differences. The same two twins might have different model television sets and support different football teams. But the differences would go unreported since they would not surprise anyone.
But beyond the coincidences, the Minnesota scientists have gathered and analyzed a mountain of data about the twins' health, intelligence, and personalities. And according to Bouchard, the data on the identical twins raised apart show clearly that nature—the genes we inherit—exerts a notably strong influence over our lives. The Minnesota team has found that these identical twins are remarkably similar in physical traits such as height, fingerprints and heart rates. Adult identical twins also tend to have similar medical histories, developing the eye disease glaucoma at the same time, for example.
The Minnesota team has reported that intelligence also seems to be influenced much more by genes than by environment. Despite being raised by different families, separated identical twins studied by Bouchard's team earned identical or nearly identical scores on adult intelligence tests.
But most surprisingly, the Minnesota team finds that genes play a big part in shaping our personalities—helping to determine whether we respect tradition and like to follow rules, for example, or whether we're dedicated nonconformists. According to Bouchard, the genes you were born with have a lot to do with whether you are confident, cheerful, and optimistic, or whether you have a negative view
of the world. "The study shows in a very persuasive way that genes influence every aspect of behavior," says Nancy Segal, a psychologist with the Minnesota team.
Other scientists disagree. How can you study whether intelligence is inherited, they ask, when there are so many different ways just to define intelligence? The same problem applies to other traits, they say.
Bouchard himself makes the point that even the most closely matched twins he has studied are different from each other. So even though genes may have a strong influence over our lives, they're not the only influence. Our day-to-day experiences help to mold us too.
You know what that means: you still have to study for tests!
不只是鹦鹉学舌
科学家们已经教鹦鹉学英语了。那又怎么样呢？这次这只鹦鹉似乎不仅会说话，而且还明白这些话的意思。亚历克斯是一只灰色的非洲鹦鹉，住在美国印第安纳州的普渡大学。它掌握了大约四十个词，以此来辨认、索要、有时甚至是拒绝五十多种玩具。他似乎能熟练地把词作为抽象的符号加以运用——换句话说，似乎会使用初级形态的语言。
很多鸟交流时采用简单、固定不变的符号。有些鸟，例如鹦鹉，能通过相互模仿或者模仿其它鸟类而掌握大量的用语。但是，将一个声音只与某个物体或特征联系起来，此前尚无证据表明任何鸟类能够实现这一大飞跃。
亚历克斯却可以。它的训练员艾琳·佩柏伯格博士利用鹦鹉天生的好奇心教它使用不同玩具的名称。训练员和一名助手边玩玩具，边就这些玩具相互提问。鹦鹉要想加入进去一起玩的话，就必须赢得训练员的注意。
（训练）结果十分惊人。亚历克斯很快就学会了运用表示形状、颜色和材料的词来确定要索取的东西（例如，三角的绿纸，或是五角的黄木头）。训练员要求它反复说这些词，直到说对了为止，然后才把那件东西奖给它玩。佩柏伯格博士认为不能奖给它是无。这点很重要，因为那样会使它把词语当成是得到食物款待的手段，而不是表示物体的符号。
亚历克斯每周接受两次这样的测试，通常它能搞对80%的物体。它犯的错往往是一些小疏漏（例如忘了说某样东西的颜色），而不是具体的错误。为了了解它是否真正掌握了颜色和形状等概念，训练员给它展示了一些全新的组合。当第一次看到一块蓝色的皮革时，它会说“蓝色兽皮”，尽管它以前看到的蓝色物体都是钥匙或木制品。这表明它已意识到词汇就像积木一样，可以进行不同的搭配。
但是，仅学会一些形容词和名词离掌握一门语言还相差甚远。科学家们一直都在寻找证据，证明亚历克斯懂得更复杂的概念。一个令人意想不到的突破在它学会说“不”时实现了。这个词是它从训练员以及助手之间的谈话中学会的，而且它似乎至少明白这个词的一个含义——拒绝（例如，当佩柏伯格博士想和它玩，而它不想玩时）。如果问它眼前有几件东西时，
它还能够数到5。
偶尔有线索表明，它掌握了更为高级的概念，但佩柏伯格博士对此却很谨慎。公众对于黑猩猩能使用手势语的反应最近从兴奋转为批评，因而无人再敢做出过分的断言了。这并不是说人们怀疑猿猴没有能力积累大量的手语词汇。辩论的焦点在于猿猴是否能懂得句法。
证明猿猴能懂得句法的例子既少而且又有争议。比如说，华休——第一只也是最著名的能说话的大猩猩——曾指着一只天鹅，用手语表示“水鸟”。它果真是这个意思吗？哥伦比亚大学的赫伯特·特勒斯博士指出，它或许只是连续很快地表达了“水”和“鸟”两个概念而已。
其他持怀疑态度的人士争辩道，这样的猿猴，若在它的一生中都不能偶尔纯粹碰运气地表达几句符合语法的话，那倒要令人惊讶了。更严厉的批评认为，猿猴事实是在对它们的训练员们不自学的暗示做出反应。
这种不自觉的暗示被称作“聪明的汉斯效应”，这是为了纪念19世纪德国的一匹名马。汉斯似乎会用自己的蹄子敲击数学加法的答案。其实这匹马并不会做数学题，它只是会对人群给它的微妙暗示做出反应，这些暗示告诉它什么时候该停下来。当人群不知道答案时，汉斯也就不会做加法了。
佩柏伯格博士认为她的实验不存在这种效应，因为口语比身势语更难以给提示。她认为要探测动物智力的极限，会说话的鹦鹉较之打手语的猿猴是更好的研究对象。她希望把亚历克斯（或更佳的对象，年幼的鹦鹉）和儿童进行比较，看它探知概念的顺序是否和儿童一样，并准确地知道儿童在哪些方面超过它。
Unit 1 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。 相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持
不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。 如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 ２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 ３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 ４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 ５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。 ６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实
Reading comprehension 1略 2 BDCAC AADBB Vocabulary 1. 1) A. entertaining B. entertainment C. entertained D. entertainer 2) A. recognizable B. recognized C. recognition 3) A. tempting B. temptation C. tempt 4) A. reasoned B. reasoning C. reasonable D. reason 5) A. analyzed B. analytical C. analyst D. analysis 6) A. valuable B. valuation C. valued/values D. values 7) A. humorist B. humor C. humorous D. humorless 8) A. understandable B. understanding C. understand D. misunderstood 2. 1) a sense of responsibility 2) a sense of safety/security 3) a sense of inferiority 4) a sense of superiority 5) a sense of rhythm 6) a sense of justice 7) a sense of shame 8) a sense of helplessness 9) a sense of direction 10) a sense of urgency 3. 1) Lively behavior is normal 2) Fast cars appeal to 3) diverse arguments 4) I asked my boss for clarification 5) sensitive to light 6) Mutual encouragement 7) made fun of him 8) persists in his opinion/viewpoint 9) to be the focus/center of attention 10) we buy our tickets in advance 4. 1）certain/sure 2) involved 3) end 4) behavior 5) disciplining 6) agreed 7) individually 8) first 9) response 10) question 11) attempt 12) voice 13) directly 14) followed 15) trouble Unit 2 便笺的力量 Reading comprehension 1略 2 FFTFTFTFTTFTFT Vocabulary 1. Creating Compound Words
Unit1 Section A 公交司机和乘客一起救护老人 昨天上午9点钟，当26路公交车在中华路行驶的途中，司机看到一位老人正躺在路中，一位妇女正在老人身边大声呼救。 这位24岁的公交司机王平，没有丝毫的犹豫就停下了车。他从车上下来，询问那位妇女发生了什么事。她说这位老人有心脏病，需要送往医院。王先生知道他必须马上行动起来。他告诉（车上的）乘客他必须送老人去医院。他希望大多数或者全部乘客下车等下一班车。但令他惊讶的是，所有的乘客都同意和他一起去（医院）。部分乘客帮助王先生把老人搬到车上。 多亏了王先生和乘客们，医生们及时挽救了那位老人。一位乘客说：“许多人不想帮助别人是令人痛心的，因为他们不想惹上麻烦。但是这位公交车司机没有考虑自己，他只考虑去救人。” SectionB 他失去了胳膊但是仍然登山 阿伦罗尔斯顿是一位对登山感兴趣的美国人。作为一名登山者，阿伦习惯于冒险。这是他做的刺激的危险运动之一。有好多次因为事故，阿伦险些丢掉性命。在2003年的4月26日，当他在尤他州登山的时候，他发现自己陷入了非常危险的境地。 在那一天，当阿伦独自在山里登山时，他的胳膊被一块2000千克的石头压在了下面。因为他的胳膊拿不出来，所以他在那里困了五天，希望有人能够发现他。但是当他的水喝光以后，他知道他将不得不做点事情来挽救自己的生命。那时他还不准备死。所以他用刀子切除了自己一半的右臂。然后，用左胳膊对自己进行了包扎，以至于不会失血过多。完成这些以后，他爬下山，寻求帮助。 失去胳膊以后，他写了一本书《在顽石与绝境之间》。这就意味着你在一个艰难的似乎无法走出的境地中。在这本书中，阿伦讲述了做正确决定的重要性，以及掌握命运的重要性。他对登山的挚爱如此的强烈以至于经过这次经历后，他仍然继续登山。 我们有和阿伦一样的勇气吗？让我们在发现自己处在一个“顽石与绝地间”的境地前考虑一下，在我们不得不做出生与死的选择前考虑一下。 Unit2 SectionA 学生志愿者 来自河畔高中的马里奥格林和玛丽布朗每周拿出几小时去帮忙朋友。 马里奥喜欢动物，想成为一名兽医。每周六的上午，他在一家动物医院做义工。马里奥相信通过做义工能够帮助他得到将来梦想的工作。他说：“做义工是一项艰苦的工作，但是我想了解更多关于如何照顾动物的知识。当我看到动物们变得健康以及它们的主人脸上的快乐表情时，我就有一种强烈的满足感。” 玛丽是一位读书爱好者。在她四岁的时候，就能够自己读书。去年，她决定尝试做一个课后读书活动的志愿者。她仍然在那里一周一次帮助儿童们学习读书。“儿童们坐在图书馆里，但是你能在他们眼睛里看到，通过每一本新书，他们正在踏上不同的旅途。在这里做义工，对我来说实现了梦想。我能做我喜欢做的事情并且同时可以帮助比尔呢。”
Unit 1 Vocabulary 1 entertaining / entertainment / entertained /entertainer recognizable / recognized / recognition tempting / temptation / tempt reasoned /reasoning / reasonable / reason analyzed / analytical /analyst /nanlysis valuable / valuation / valued values /value humorist / humor /humorous /humorist understandable /understanding /understand /misunderstand Tanslation 1) Lively behavior is normal_for a four-year-old child. （活泼的举止是正常的） 2) Fast cars appeal to John, but he can’t afford one. （速度快的车对······有吸引力） 3) Dave required a lot of time to study the diverse argument. （多种多样的论据） 4) I asked my boss for clarification, and she explained the project to me again. （我要求我的上司为我解释清楚） 5) Photographic film is very sensitive to light. （对光很敏感） 6) Mutual encouragement can be a great help, especially in the early days. （互相鼓励） 7) Jimmy cried when people made fun of him. （拿他开玩笑） 8) John won’t give up. He persists in his opinion. （坚持他的观点） 9) Ted always wants to be the focus/center of attention. （成为注意的焦点） 10) Is it cheaper if we buy our tickets in advance? （我们提前买票） Unit 2 Translation 1.However the main drawback with this type of search engine (这种搜素引擎的主要缺陷) is its tendency to include too much information. 2. She is very generous with her time（她从不吝惜自己的时间）--- always ready to help other people. 3. You may have known someone else for 20 years and yet they will never be more than a casual acquaintance （他们永远只是泛泛之交）. 4. He doubted that the car was hers （他怀疑这车不是她的）because everyone knew she had no money. 5. It’s impossible to forget such horrible events---they will remain in the memory forever （它们会永远留在记忆中）. 6. In a world too often filled with uncertainties （在这样一个常常充满各种不确定性的世界上）, it is nice to have a safety net, something you can rely on. 7. The earthquake happened a year ahead of the prediction by the research group （比该研究小组的预报提前了一年）, but earthquakes are usually difficult to predict. 8. I don’t mind being awakened once or twice in the middle of the night by my roommate so long as she doesn’t make a habit of it （只要她不养成习惯）. Unit 3 Vocabulary 1.
Unit 1 Personality In-Class Reading 羞怯的痛苦 1 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。 2 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。 3 相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。 4能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。 5 如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感： 6 1．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。 7 2．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。 8 3．疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。 9 4．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。 10 5．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。
Unit 7 The Joy of Travel Transformative Travel Twenty-five years ago I felt like a wreck. Although I was just 23, my life already seemed over. The future appeared as much like a wasteland as the emptiness I could see while looking back to the past. I felt lost, without choices, without hope. I was stuck in a job I hated and trapped in an engagement with a woman I didn't love. At the time, both commitments seemed like a good idea, but I suppose it was the fantasy of being a successful, married businessman that appealed to me far more than the reality. I decided to take a class just for the entertainment value. It happened to be an introductory counseling course, one that involved personal sharing in the group. We were challenged to make commitments publicly about things we would like to change in our lives, and in a moment of pure impulsiveness, I declared that by the next class meeting I was going to quit my job and end my engagement. A few days later I found myself unemployed and unattached, excited by the freedom, yet terrified about what to do next. I needed some kind of transition from my old life to a new one, a sort of ritual that would help me to transform myself from one person into another. So I did something just as impulsive as my previous actions: I booked a trip for a week in Aruba. In spite of what others might have thought, I was not running away from something but to something. I wanted a clean break, and I knew I needed to get away from my usual environment and influences so as to think clearly about where I was headed. Once settled into my room on the little island of Aruba, I began my process of self-change. I really could have been anywhere as long as nobody could reach me by phone and I had the peace and quiet to think about what I wanted to do. I spent the mornings going for long walks on the beach, the afternoons sitting under my favorite tree, reading books and listening to tapes. Probably most important of all, I forced myself to get out of my room and go to meet people. Ordinarily shy, I now decided that I was someone who was perfectly capable of having a conversation with anyone I chose. Since nobody knew the "real" me, the way I had always been, I felt free to be completely different. It took me almost a year to pay off that trip, but I am convinced that my single week in Aruba was worth three years in therapy. That trip started a number of processes that helped me to transform myself. This is how I did it: I created a mindset that made me ready for change. I expected that big things were
M1U2Home alone Act One Mom and Dad arrive back from vacation a day earlier than expected. The curtains are closed and the living room is dark when Mom and Dad enter. Dad: It’s so nice to be home! Mom: Yes, I can’t wait to surprise the boys! Suddenly the door opens and a soccer ball flies through the room. Eric runs in after it, followed by a big dog, walking very slowly. Eric: Mom! Dad! You’re back early! (looking around room, sounding frightened) But, but … you weren’t supposed to come home until tomorrow! The dog slowly walks to Mom and Dad. Mom: (bending to touch dog) Eric, he’s so tired and hungry! (looking at table) The money for dog food is gone, but Spot looks like he is starving! What did you do with the cash we left? Dad: And look at this room—garbage all over the place! Where is your brother? (shouting angrily) Daniel! Daniel: (running into room) Mom, Dad, I can explain … Dad opens the curtains and light comes into the room. The room is in a mess, with pizza boxes on the floor and dirty dishes in the sink. In the corner, there is a garbage can around which are pieces of garbage and waste paper. Mom and Dad both turn towards Daniel. Dad: (sounding very angry) Listen to me, young man—we left you in charge! We thought you could act like an adult, but look at the mess! I don’t know why the house is so dirty ... Mom: Daniel, we thought you were an adult, a person who would make good decisions ... Dad: How can we trust you any mo re? We won’t tolerate such behavior in our house! Daniel: (shouting) Stop shouting at me. I’m still a teenager! Why is everything always my fault? Daniel runs into his bedroom and shuts the door angrily. Mom and Dad look at each other as lights go out. End of Act One Act Two, Scene One Daniel and Eric’s bedroom. Eric sits on his bed. Daniel has his arms crossed and looks upset. Daniel: They never even gave me a chance to defend myself. I hate them! Eric: You don’t h ate them. I can tell them we had an emergency. Then they won’t be mad any more. Daniel: No, don’t tell them anything. Anyhow, they didn’t trust me. They don’t deserve an explanation. Let them think what they want. Eric: But Daniel, if they knew that Spot was sick and we used the money to take him to the clinic ... Daniel: And that we spent all of yesterday waiting there for him, and that is why we had no time to clean the house ... but no, Eric, why didn’t they ask me what happened instead of shouting at me? Act Two, Scene Two
Unit 1 Personality 羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实有待改进。７．记住，每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。要把它们作为增长见识的经历，从中受益。挫折往往会成为转机，随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如，你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而，在你就读的大学里，你可能发现这里教育的某一特点比你料想的好得多。８．有些人会使你感到自己无能，不要和这种人交往。去设法改变他们对你的态度或者改变你对自己的态度，要不就脱离这种关系。伤害你的人并不关心你的最大利益。９．留出时间休息，享受自己的业余爱好，并且定期地重新审定自己的目标。为此所花费的时间有助于更好地了解你自己。１０．多在社交场合中锻炼。不要把自己同他人隔离开来。设法一次结识一位朋友；最终你将能够娴熟而自信地在众人中周旋。我们每个人都是独一无二、难能可贵的个体。我们自有吸引人的地方。我们对自己了解得越多，就越容易充分发挥自己的潜力。不要让羞怯成为阻碍我们拥有丰富和成功生活的绊脚石。 Unit3 Social Problems
Unit 9 Music In-Class Reading Music to Your Gear 参考译文 音乐与开车 安迪·埃利斯 1 尽管音乐能使你胸中的怒气平息，但是开车时听音乐也会损害你的健康。近期研究表明，听声音很响的音乐会严重地影响司机的注意力，而且心理学家也提醒人们，不断地在车里放这种音乐是很危险的，尤其是处于车流中或在高速公路上开车时。 2 音乐有两个极端，任何一个极端都有可能带来危险。重金属音乐以其强烈的节奏会使人莽撞驾驶，而聆听处于另一个极端的优美的、令人舒心的音乐，会使司机过分放松，以至于丧失安全意识，陷入迷迷糊糊的欲睡状态。 3 英国汽车协会一直关注道路安全，它委托搞了一个项目，研究严重车祸与音乐之间的关系。这项研究发现，17至25年龄段的男人是最危险、最易产生车祸的群体。研究还发现，这个群体的人70%的开车时间都在听音乐。 4 快节奏或重金属音乐要是放得很响，会使人易怒好斗，开起车来就会冲劲十足，这种司机也就更容易去冒险。开车的速度受到了音乐的速度和节奏的控制。 5 在试验中，给那些自愿参加实验的司机听声音很响的音乐，他们说尽管他们不一定感到非要开快车，但的确发现自己换档更快了，加速也快了，刹车更急了。若是让这些司机听慢节奏的抒情曲，他们承认经常感到自己走神，他们在高速公路上长途开车时，至少有两位参试的司机发现自己不知不觉地在跨越车道标记。 6 这些自愿参试的司机（有些刚刚拿到驾驶执照）所发表的意见非常说明问题。十八岁的西蒙告诉英国汽车协会，“《走出地狱的蝙蝠》里的快节奏摇滚乐真会让人送命的。我发现自己不知不觉地越开越快。” 7 另一名自愿参试的司机一直在听ZZ Top乐队最流行的曲子，他说，“我一直在快速行驶，扯着嗓门唱歌，没有看见也没有听见那辆一直想超过我的消防车。” 8 还有些人说：“我陷入了深思”…… “人的感觉会变得麻木” …… “听不见别的汽车是个问题”，“我一直在随着音乐的节奏加快速度。” 9 一些慢节奏的背景音乐，如肖邦的音乐，会刺激人的大脑，使思维模式发生变化，激发阿尔法脑波，使人有一种舒服愉快的感觉。处于放松状态在大多数情况下对我们有好处，但开车时则不然。心理学家雪利?费希尔教授提醒人们说：“最大的危险是疲劳驾驶。有些音乐会使你无法集中注意力，甚至陷入轻度睡眠状态，那样就会造成可怕的惨祸。” 10 “问题的关键在于根据具体情况选择合适的音乐。刺激性的音乐适合在漫长、枯燥的道路上听，但是当交通状况糟糕时，或是交通拥挤时，这种音乐会分散你的注意力。” 11 然而，音乐也有其好的一面，正如英国汽车协会的心理学家罗伯特?韦斯特所指出的那样：“如果有些音乐影响我们安全行驶，那么反过来也是有道理的。
四年级下学期英语课文中文翻译 Lesson 1: Sara：你喜欢音乐吗，阳阳？ 阳阳：是的，我喜欢。我非常喜欢音乐。我听各种各样的音乐。但我最喜欢流行歌曲。 Sara：我也喜欢流行歌曲。但我最喜欢高雅音乐。我会钢琴。 阳阳：我会小提琴。有时间我们一起玩。 Lesson 2： 果果：你养宠物吗，玲玲？ 玲玲：不，我不养。但我喜欢猫。猫都很安静。猫也很可爱。 果果：我喜欢狗。狗是我们的好朋友。狗对我们帮助很大。 玲玲：是的。但狗太吵了。狗见了陌生人会叫。 Lesson 3： 爸爸：放学后你喜欢做什么，麦克？ 麦克：我喜欢做飞机模型。 爸爸：将来你想做什么? 麦克：我长大后想开真飞机。有朝一日我想飞到月球和火星。 爸爸：那也就是说你想当宇航员。你真棒！ Lesson 5： 妈妈：你怎么了，宝宝？ 宝宝：我觉得不舒服。我头很疼，妈妈。 妈妈：恐怕你是病了。你需要去看病。 宝宝：今天我不能上学了，太糟糕了。 Lesson 6： 宝宝：医生，我觉得不舒服。我头疼得厉害。 医生：唉！你发高烧了。张开嘴说“啊---”。 宝宝：你需要给我验血吗？ 医生：恐怕需要。你得了流感。这种药每天吃三次。你很快就会康复的。Lesson 7： 医生：你怎么了？ 麦克：我的右腿伤得很严重，医生。 医生：我来看看。哪疼啊？ 麦克：膝盖附近疼。 医生：恐怕我们需要拍一个X光片。
Lesson 9： 麦克：对不起，你能告诉我去图书馆的路吗？ 男人：哦，好的。就在那栋棕色楼的五层。 麦克：是在楼梯的右边还是左边呢？ 男人：在右边的第三个房间。 麦克：太谢谢你了。 男人；我很乐意。 Lesson 10： 女人：对不起。我正在找医院。我怎么才能到那呢？ 毛毛：就在附近。你看到那座有一个白色十字的灰色大楼了吗？ 女人：看到了。在那座红色大楼的右边。 毛毛：我正好顺路。我带你去吧。 女人：你太好了。真谢谢你。 毛毛：不客气。 Lesson 11： 女人：对不起，请问车站在哪啊？远吗？ 果果：不远。继续往前开车然后左转。你会在你的右边看见一个标志。 女人：我看到了。我应该先往前开然后左转。我会在我的右边看见一个标志。果果：是的。那个标志是红色和黄色的。你一定能看见。 女人：多谢。祝你一天过得愉快。 果果：你也是。 Lesson 15： 果果：五一就要到了。我们也叫它劳动节。在五月一日。 Sara：但是在美国劳动节是在九月的第一个星期一。 果果：在中国，劳动节是一个劳动人民的节日。那天你要干什么？ Sara：我们要去参观长城。 Lesson 16： 玲玲：儿童节就要到了。在六月一号。 麦克：儿童节你干什么？ 玲玲：全国的孩子们都庆祝这个节日。在那一天我们去电影院，公园，和博物馆。我们也会收到父母送的礼物。 麦克：我们学校每年都举办聚会吗？ 玲玲：是的。你们肯定会过得很愉快的。 Lesson 17：
Unit 1 Personality V ocabulary 1. 1) self-conscious 2) self-confidence 3) self-esteem 4) self-destructive 5) self-worth 6) self-concept 7) Self-awareness 8) self-assurance/self-confidence 2. 1)B 2)I 3)L 4)A 5)H 6)D 7)E 8)N 9)J 10)M 11)C 12)F 13)G 14)K 3. 1) profound 2) jealousy 3) numerous 4) overweight 5) overcome 6) eventually 7) slim 8) compliments 9) diminish 10) reassurance 11) detrimental 12) isolated 13) self-esteem 14) accented 4. 1) reflected 2) concerned/worried 3) profound effect/influence 4) viewed/regarded 5)sensitive 6) respond/react 7)eliminated 8)overcome my fear 9) concentrate on 10) made no comment Translation 1) You should spend a reasonable amount of time relaxing and exercising. 2) In general children are healthier and better educated than ever before. 3) When the right opportunity comes along, he’ll take it. 4) Every day he sets aside some time to be with his family and enjoy life. 5) I remember those dark streets and walking hand in hand with my father. 6) He finally failed to live up to his parents’expectations. 7) In contrast, our use of oil has increased enormously. 8) He succeeded in his efforts to overcome his fatal weakness. Part Four Writing and Translation 2. Translation Practice
Unit 1 Personality羞怯的痛苦 对许多人来说，羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安，感到不自然；也就是说，他们过分地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法：我给人留下的是什么印象？他们喜欢我吗？我讲话是不是傻里傻气？我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。很显然这种不安的感觉会对人产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中，而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常，人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如，具有积极的自我价值观或很强自尊心的人往往表现出自信。而由于自信，他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励，也能使自己感觉良好。自信者热情、自发地投入生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害；他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反，他们认为批评是一种提醒他们改进的建议。相比之下，羞怯的人自尊心较弱，往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他们（是否）在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感；他们觉得批评正好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴，因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞：“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然，尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质，过分的自我意识却是不利和有害的。能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢？幸运的是，人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的，因此正视自己的弱点和正视自己的优点一样重要。例如，大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难，就把自己列为差生，这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须现实。老是想那些不可能的事情会令自己觉得无能，甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时，我们正在自我否定。如果你害羞，这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感：１．认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同，羞怯感就会自然减弱。２．确定合理的目标。例如，在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起，你也许会怯场。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力，仅和一两个人交谈，你会感到更自在些。３．内疚和羞耻感是消极的情感。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情，（光）感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反，应该承认你犯了个错误，并决心在将来更加善解人意。４．所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。５．不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的、丑陋的，或者一个失败者。注重自己积极的方面。６．接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如，如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术，要把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心，你们还是好朋友，但你的烹饪技术也许确实有待改进。７．记住，每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。要把它们作为增长见识的经历，从中受益。挫折往往会成为转机，随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如，你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而，