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1 The method of scientific科研方法不过是人类思维活动的必要方式的表达，只是对一切现象进行推理并给予精确而严谨解释的方式。你们都多次听说过，科学家在工作中使用的是归纳法和演绎法。在某种意义上说，他们借助于这些方法设法从自然界中找出某些自然规律，并根据这些规律建立起自己的理论。
2 Creative ideas not only produce创造性的思想不仅能产生出适合时代和环境要求而自身生存的因素，而且在环境改变的压力下，可以由新的形式取代旧的形式。例如，民主作为一种思想起源于古希腊，并从那里传播至西欧和美洲。但民主并没有保留古希腊的形式，而是经历了数次改革过程。实质上民主是动态发展的，且根据不同地区需求而改变。因此，民主政府在形式上各不相同。
3 In the new age of movement by employees to different jobs, recruits to the labor market can expect to change their careers every ten years, and jobs even more frequently. This new development in the shape and movement of the workforce throughout Western business is partly a result of the way that layers of middle management are being removed, leaving more workers responsible for their own development. Having workers take responsibility for their own development might be dramatic, but it is now the norm.
在雇员经常变换工作的新时代，劳务市场上的新成员可望每十年变换一个职业，变换工作的频率甚至更高。这种遍及西方商界的劳动力的模式和流动形式，是一个新的发展趋势。其部分原因在于中间管理层逐步取消，致使越来越多的工人自己负责个人的发展。让工人承担自我发展的责任也许颇具戏剧性，但如今已成了准则。
4 Official attitudes to population growth vary from country to country depending on the level of industrial development and the availability of food and raw materials. In the developing countries where vastly expanded populations press hard upon the limits of food, space and natural resources, a government's first concern will be to place a limit on the birthrate. In a highly industrialized society, where the decreasing birthrate may lead to a falling market and unemployment, the government may well prefer to see a slowly increasing population.
由于工业发展水平和获取食物及原料能力的不同，各国政府对于人口增长的态度也各不相同。在发展中国家，人口急剧膨胀对有限的食物、空间和自然资源带来极大压力，因此政府首先关注的是人口控制。在高度工业化的国家里，由于人口减少会导致市场萎缩和失业，政府很可能更愿看到人口缓慢增长。
5 Negotiating involves persuasion and compromise, but in order to participate in either one, the negotiators must understand the ways people are persuaded and compromise is reached within the culture of the negotiation. Two traits in particular that cause cross-cultural misunderstanding are directness and impatience on the part of American negotiators. They often insist on realizing short-term goals. Foreign negotiators, on the other hand, may value the relationship established with their counterparts, willing to invest time in it for long-term benefits.
谈判包括说服和妥协，但是为了参与其中任何一项活动，谈判者必须懂得如何在谈判的文化背景下说服对方和达成妥协。导致跨文化误解的两个突出特点是美国谈判者的直截了当和缺乏耐心。他们经常坚持实现短期目标。而外国的谈判者可能会珍视与对手建立的联系，愿意投入时间，获取长期利益。
6 Once upon a time, bold claims were made about computer, the future and the "paperless office". A quick reality check confirms that the computer, far from reducing the amount of paper, has actually increased it. These days, thanks to fast printers and copiers, producing a high quality document on paper has never been easier. And that is despite the enormous increase in the volume of documents that never see paper, such as E-mail. Consequently, paper is supposed to be playing an important role in offices in the near future, at least in the several decades to come.
曾几何时，有人对计算机、未来和“无纸化办公”做过大胆的预测。然而，实际情况明显反映出计算机不仅没有减少纸张数量，相反却使之增加。目前由于高速打印机和复印机的出现，制作高质量纸张文档已变得极为容易。尽管诸如电子邮件那样的不以纸张形式出现的文档数量还在迅猛增长，但人们对纸张的需求却并没有因此减少。因此，人们认为至少在不久的将来，在即将到来的几十年中，纸将继续在办公室中扮演重要的角色。
7 The work itself is absorbing, complex and challenging. It is not confined to one or a few product lines, market areas, types of buyer, marketing management
skills, or functional specializations. You will have to acquire a knowledge of many aspects of business activity. You must understand government laws, policies and regulations, both at home and abroad. You must gain an insight into international trade practices and at least the elements of commercial law.
工作本身是有趣、复杂并具挑战性的，但它并不局限于一个或几个生产线、市场、买方类型、市场管理技能或职能的专业化。你必须获取多方面的商业活动的知识，理解国内外政府的法律、政策和规章，敏锐地洞察国际贸易行为，至少要深刻理解商法的几个组成部分。
8 If there is any single factor that makes for success in living, it is the ability to profit by defeat.
Every success I know has been achieved because the person was able to analyze defeat and actually profit by it in his next undertaking. Confuse defeat with failure, and you are doomed indeed to failure. For it isn't defeat that makes you fail; it is your own refusal to see in the defeat the guide and encouragement to success.
如果生活中有一个导致成功的因素的话，那就是从挫折中吸取教训的能力。据我所知，一切成功的取得，都是因为当事人能够分析挫折，并在下一次的事业中实际地得益于上次的挫折。如果把挫折与失败混同起来，那么你注定要失败。因为使你失败的，不是挫折，而是你自己不愿意在挫折中看到那引导和鞭策你走向成功的因素。
9 How exactly does solar heating work? There are two main types of solar heating systems: hot-air and hot-liquid systems. The parts of each system are: a collector, a storage unit, a thermostat, and an auxiliary heating unit. At present, solar heating systems can be bought（buy）through local heating contractors or architects. New designs and mass production may lower the cost of solar heating systems in a few years. Then energy from the sun may provide the answer to our need for a new, cheap, clean source of energy.
太阳能到底是如何供热的呢？太阳能供热系统主要有两大类：热气和热水系统。两种系统的部件包括收集器、储存设备，恒温器及其辅助供热设备。目前，可以通过当地供热承包商和建筑师购买太阳能供热系统。几年后，新的设计和批量生产可能会使价格降下来。这样，太阳能就可以为我们提供新型、廉价、清洁的能源，满足我们的需要。
10 With so great a proportion of the young people entering higher education there is a problem of maintaining academic standards, and the process can be painful. Half of those who embark on higher studies fail to graduate. The number who “drop out” after one or two years is disturbingly large, though there is evidence that even incomplete university study gives a person better career prospects than none at all. On the other hand, one in five of all who receive bachelors' degrees go on to take higher degrees, so the number of people receiving higher degrees each year, representing at least six years' study at university level, is by now over 100,000.
受高等教育的青年如此之多，于是便有了坚持大学学术标准的问题，而这有时是煞费苦心的。高等学院有一半学生不能毕业，学一两年后退学者多得惊人。然而，有迹象表明，一个人即使大学肆业也比根本未上大学要有更好的就业前景。另一方面，五分之一的学士学位获得者继续攻读更高学位。因而，如今每年获得更高学位的人数表明起码在大学深造了六年的人已超过了10万之多。
11 Broadly speaking, the Englishman is a quiet, shy, reserved person who is fully relaxed only among people he knows well. When he encounters strangers or foreigners he often seems uneasy, even embarrassed. You have only to witness a commuter train any morning or evening to see the truth of this. Serious-looking businessmen and women sit reading their newspapers or dozing in a corner, no one speaks. In fact, to do so would seem most unusual. An English wit, pretending to be giving advice to overseas visitors, once suggested, "on entering a railway compartment shake hands with all the passengers." Needless to say, he was not being serious. There is an unwritten but clearly understood code of behavior which, if broken, makes the person immediately the object of suspicion.
概括地说，英国人是安静、害羞和保守的。他们只有在他们非常熟的人之间才会感到很放松。当他们遇到陌生人或外国人时，他通常会感到不适，甚至难堪。这些你都可以从早上或晚上来来往往的火车上发现。表情严肃的人们坐在角落里看报或打瞌睡。实际上，这样做是不同寻常的。一个英国智者，假装向外来参观者提出忠告，有一次建议说：“一上火车，便同车厢里的每一位乘客握手”，不用说，他不被人认为是严肃的。这是一个不成文的规则，一旦打破了它，别人就会对你的动机有怀疑。
12 You leave the palm trees in Union Square---the heart of San Francisco---and from the shop signs and the faces around you, you will notice that in the city
live people from many nations--Austrians, Italians, Chinese and others--giving each part a special character. More Chinese live in China Town than in any other part of the world outside China. Here, with Chinese restaurants, Chinese post-boxes, and even odd telephone-boxes that look like pagodas, it is easy to feel you are in China itself.
当你离开位于圣弗朗西斯科城的心脏联合广场的棕榈树的时候，从商店招牌和你周围人的面孔可以看出，在这个城市居住的人们来自许多国家，包括澳大利亚人，意大利人，中国人等等。这些给这个城市的每个角落都带来了特色。在中国城的中国人比其它任何一个国外城市的都要多。在这里，有中国餐馆，中国邮箱和像庙宇一样的电话亭，让人很容易感到自己是在中国。
13 American researchers have developed a technique that may become an important tool in fighting AIDS. The technique stops the AIDS virus from attacking its target—cells in the body's defense system. When AIDS virus enters the blood, it searches for blood cells called T4 lymphocytes. The virus connects to the outside of T4 lymphocytes, then forces its way inside. There it directs the cells' genetic material to produce copies of the AIDS virus. This is how AIDS spreads.
美国科学家发明了一项新技术。这项新技术可能在治疗爱滋病的过程中成为一个重要的工具。这项技术能够阻止爱滋病病毒攻击人体免疫系统的细胞。当爱滋病病毒侵入血液时，它会寻找一种被称为T4的淋巴细胞。这些病毒先把T4淋巴细胞从外部连接起来，然后侵入其中。在那里，这些病毒命令细胞的遗传材料复制爱滋病病毒。这就是爱滋病传染的原因。
14 Scientists are searching for ways to destroy nuclear weapons in space to make nuclear weapons powerless and no longer useful. This has become known as "Star Wars". Supporters of the Star Wars defense system hope that this would not only protect a nation against an actual nuclear attack, but would be enough of a threat to keep a nuclear war from ever happening, Opponents of Star Wars are worried that a system might introduce nuclear weapons into outer space and might not completely protect the nation against attack. Some missiles might "leak through" the Star Wars defenses. Or the computers that run the system might not work properly.
科学家正在研究能够使核武器在空间失效的方法。这也就是著名的“星球大战”。星球大战防御系统的支持者希望它不仅能够保护一个国家免受核武器的攻击，而且对核大战的爆发也有足够的威慑作用。星球大战反对者担心一套系统能够引导核武器进入外层空间而防御系统并不能保证一个国家完全不受伤害。一些导弹会从导弹防御体系中漏网，而计算机也有可能不会正常运行。
15 Much has been written about Chaplin's art and his legendary career, and opinions have varied widely. But perhaps the commentator who called him "the most universal human being of our time" came closest to the truth. Those who have called him a genius stress the timeless and universal qualities in his work. It is an art filled with tragic undertones and deep human feeling, with which an audience cannot help but become involved and identified. It is for these reasons, I believe, that the figure of "Charlie" has kept its grip on generation after generation.
许多有关卓别林的艺术、传奇般的职业和评论的作品有很大的差异。但也许称他为“在我们的时代里最普通的人”的评论家的评价更接近现实。那些称他是天才的人只是强调了他们没有时间和他们的工作太普通而已。正是这充满无言的悲剧和深深的人物情感，得到了观众的认同。由于这些原因，我相信，“查理”这个角色会一代一代地流传下去。
16 The increase in the price of oil has brought the world to its senses. Governments are searching for a suitable alternative, but so far in vain. They are considering how they can make better use of the two other major fuels, coal and natural gas, but they have found that neither can take the place of oil in their economies. In recent years there has been a growing concern for the environment and coal is not a popular fuel with environmentalists. Coal mines are ugly, and their development has a serious effect on animal and plant life; coal itself is a heavy pollutant. Natural gas, the purest of the three fuels, is also the most limited in supply.石油价格的提高给这个世界带来了很大影响。各国政府都在寻求一个合适的替代品，但至今没有任何进展。他们正在考虑如何更好地利用另外两种主要燃料煤和天然气，但他们发现没有一个可以替代石油在经济发展中的地位。近年来，由于对环境的担忧日益增长，煤成了环境保护主义者不受欢迎的燃料。煤是肮脏的，它的发展对动植物的生活带来巨大影响，煤本身就是很强的污染品。天然气这个燃料中最干净的燃料的供应却十分有限。
17 Computers can work through a series of problems and make thousands of logical decisions without becoming tired. Computers can reach solutions to
problems in a fraction of the time it takes men to do the job. Computers can replace men in dull, routine tasks, but they are not creative and cannot exercise value judgments. Computers have no originality; they work according to the instructions given them. There are times when computers seem to operate like mechanical "brains", but their achievements are not very spectacular when compared to what the minds of men can do.
计算机可以轻而易举的解决一系列问题和做出上千个逻辑判断。因为，计算机也能够在很短的时间内找到解决问题的途径，所以人们用它来完成工作。计算机代替人们完成单调的、程式化的任务，但它们没有创造性，也不能做出有价值的决定。计算机是没有创造性的，它只会按照事先给它安装的程序工作。虽然计算机像机械“脑”一样自行操作的时代已经到来，但它与人脑比较起来还是万万不及的。
18 Successfully coping with conflicts in the workplace is crucial to one's professional growth. It's a survival skill of the 90's for both men and women. Unfortunately, most women are ill-prepared to handle confrontation. As little girls, we have been conditioned to be nice, gentle, and make friends with everyone. Indeed, conflict was not only absent from our games but was to be avoided at all costs. We were told it was not the right thing to do. However, conflicts in adult life are inescapable. They must be dealt with.
在人的职业生涯中，成功地处理工作中的冲突是至关重要的。这是九十年代时男人和女人都有效的仅存的方法之一。不幸的是，许多女人没有准备好要处理即将遇到的问题。作为一个小女孩，我们把她限定为可爱、温柔，同任何人交朋友。确实，我们应该不惜一切代价将抵触从我们活动中消除。事实告诉我们互相抵触是不正确的。然而，在成人生活中，互相冲突也是不可避免的。这些冲突应该得到很好的处理。
19 Gravity, the force of the earth's attraction, governs the atmosphere just as it governs solid objects. The pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the earth's surface at sea-level is equal to that of a weight of 15 pounds acting on every square inch; this pressure acts in all directions. It is because the pressure acts in all directions, comparatively weak things like boxes, bottles and animal bodies do not bend or break under the pressure of the air. But if we descend into the sea to a depth of 33 feet, the pressure on our bodies increases by 15 pounds extra per square inch.
重力，地球的吸引力，像控制着固体一样控制着大气层。在海平面上的大气压力相当于每平方英寸15磅。这个压力是作用在各个方向上的，正是因为如此，比较弱的东西比如箱子，瓶子和动物的身体才没有被大气层压力压扁。但当我们潜入海底33英寸的深度时，在我们身体上的压力会每平方英寸再加15磅。
20 Just as the Industrial Revolution took over an immense range of tasks from men's muscles and enormously expanded productivity, so the microcomputer is rapidly assuming huge burdens of drudgery from the human brain and thereby expanding the mind's capacities in ways that man has only begun to grasp. With the chip, amazing feats of memory and execution become possible in everything from automobile engines to universities and hospitals, from farms to banks and corporate offices, from outer space to a baby's nursery.
像工业革命带来的成果大量取代了劳动并带来巨大生产力一样，微型电脑的使用也把人们从巨大枯燥的脑力劳动中解放出来，从而大大的扩展了人脑的能力，使人们只付出很少的劳动就能获取了。由于具有很强的存储能力和执行能力的芯片的大量使用，我们从大学到医院，从农场到银行和公司办公室，从外太空到婴儿护理，到处都可以发现自动化设备。
21 It is clear that health is the foundation of one's future success. If you become sick, it is nearly impossible to pursue your career effectively, much less make your dreams come true. On the other hand, if you are strong and healthy, you can go all out to overcome the obstacles that lie ahead of you. Now that we know that health is the resource of our energy, we should do something to maintain and enhance our health. First, we should exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, we might as well keep good hours. If we get up early, we can breathe fresh air and see the sunrise. Undoubtedly, this habit can do wonders for our outlook on life.
众所周知，健康是一个人走向成功的基础。如果你病了，就不可能高效率地工作，当然也就更不可能梦想成真。另一方面，如果你很强壮而且非常健康，你就会克服挡在你面前的各种障碍。现在我们知道健康是精力资源的一部分，我们应该保持和提高我们的健康。第一，我们应该天天锻炼，以增强我们的肌肉。第二，我们也要时刻保持好的时间观念。如果我们起的早，我们就应该呼吸新鲜空气，看一下日出。毫无疑问，这个习惯会使我们的生活变得精彩。
22 What can we do about water pollution in order to survive on earth? First, we can make great efforts to clean up polluted water and limit further pollution. Second, we can insist that water pollution control laws be passed and strictly enforced. Third, we can personally help to prevent water pollution by not throwing anything into streams or lakes. Finally, we can also protect ourselves against polluted water. If we go on a camping trip, for instance, we can avoid drinking water that is unsafe and avoid swimming in water that is polluted. By doing so, we may be able to live a healthier life.
对于水污染，我们应该怎样做才能在地球上生存呢？首先，我们应尽我们最大的努力治理污染的水源并避免进一步的污染。第二，我们坚持控制污染的法律要严厉的贯彻执行。第三，我们应从自身做起，保护水不再受到污染，例如不向河里或湖里随便仍东西。最后，我们要保护自己不受水污染的危害。如果我们进行野外旅行，我们要避免喝污染的水并且不要在污染的水里游泳。这样做才会使我们的生活更健康。
23 Today more and more married women are working outside the home. For most of them the reason is obvious: they must work if their families are to survive. But what about those who don't really have to work? Do the rewards justify their efforts? The answer is pretty clearly yes. The most obvious benefit is financial. The rising costs of living have forced many women to work simply to keep their families going. A second benefit, particularly for women in their late thirties or forties, is the relief from the boredom of housework. They want a change from the deadly routine of washing clothes, making beds, cleaning the furniture, mid the like.
目前越来越多的已婚妇女在外工作.她们中的大部分原因很简单，她必须工作以养家糊口，但那些没有必要工作也能维持家庭的妇女呢？是要使自己的努力得到证明吗？回答是肯定的。最明显的益处就是在经济上不断增长的生活消费迫使妇女去工作以养家糊口。第二个益处，特别是对三四十岁的妇女，是对已厌倦的家庭生活的缓解。她们愿意从像洗衣服，收拾床具，擦家具这类讨厌的家务事中跳出来。
24 Like many people, I enjoy traveling very much. I think it is the best way to spend a holiday, because it is not only interesting but also educating. By traveling you can not only get pleasure but also acquire knowledge. First, it can be quite refreshing to go into the outside world after living in the same place for a long time. You will have a chance to see beautiful scenery, to taste various local flavors and to experience different local customs. All this can be a lot of fun. Second, you can expand your mental horizon through traveling. While visiting the famous mountains and great rivers, you will certainly get more knowledge about our country.
像许多人一样，我也非常喜欢旅游。因为它不但有意思而且又能陶冶情操，所以我认为旅游是度假的最好方法。通过旅游，你不但能够玩的高兴而且能够获得许多知识。首先，在一个地方呆很长时间之后再去一个新的地方就会使人的精神焕然一新。你将会有机会看到美丽的风景，吃到精美的当地小吃，还有经历不同的地方风格。这些都太有意思了。第二，通过旅游能提高你的精神境界。当游览那些著名的大山大河的时候，你将会获得关于我们国家的更多知识。
25 What happens when you smoke a cigarette? In just three seconds a cigarette makes your heart beat faster and shoots your blood pressure up. It replaces oxygen in your blood with carbon monoxide and leaves cancer-causing chemicals to spread through your body. As the cigarettes add up, the damage adds up. It's the total amount of smoking that causes the trouble. The younger you start smoking, the greater your danger will be. For instance, if you're fifteen, you will have smoked many more cigarettes by the time you're thirty than someone who started at twenty. And people who start young tend to become heavy smokers. Heavy smokers run a greater risk.
当你吸烟的时候会有什么发生呢？在很短时间内一支香烟会使你的心跳速度加快并促使你的血压升高。它会用一氧化碳取代血液中的氧气并留下致癌物质散布到你全身。随着吸烟量的增加，对人体的损害也在增大。吸烟的总量是造成麻烦的主要原因。你开始抽烟的时候越年轻，给你造成的危害越大。举个例子，如果你15岁开始抽烟，那么等你到30岁时需要抽的烟比从20岁开始抽烟的人要多的多。
26 As well as the huge cultural differences between China and the UK, simple things can be just as hard. Roads are causing my biggest problems. In major cities in the UK it is illegal in many residential areas for cars to drive at more than 30 miles per hour. In Beijing it seems to be a lot faster. Cars must also stop at zebra crossings if a pedestrian is waiting. So I stand at the road waiting for cars to stop for me, only to find--usually 10 minutes later--that not one single driver does this.
由于中国和英国之间存在着巨大的文化差异，简单的事情往往变的复杂。交通是我们最大的问题。在英国的主要城市里，汽车在居民区时速超过30英
里是违法的。北京时速要高的多。如果有行人等待，汽车应该在有斑马线的路口停下。但我们站在那里等汽车停下来，却发现，足足有十分钟没有一辆汽车那样做。
27 In many countries the art of public speaking is encouraged and taught in schools, colleges, universities and clubs. The benefits are of course enormous. The ability to speak effectively in public promotes self-confidence, clarity of expression, professionalism and conversational ability. Many students recognized that being able to speak in public is a skill essential to their career. Not only will they have to be able to give presentations to clients and colleagues and verbal reports to their managers, they may one day have to give a formal speech to hundreds of people.
在许多国家里，在公共场所讲话是受到鼓励的。人们一般从学校，大专院校和俱乐部中学到这方面的知识。这方面学习的益处是非常大的。在公共场所中有效的谈吐可以增强自信心，并且使人提高说话的清晰度，专业度和交际能力。许多学生认为能够在公共场合下说话是在他们的职业生涯中要掌握的必不可少的技能。如果具备了这项技能，他们不仅能够与他们的同伴交流和向上司生动地汇报，而且有一天能够在面对几百号人的场合下正式地演讲。
28 Being left-handed, however, is a distinction that cannot quite shake off the prejudice that its practitioners are less intelligent or unskillful with their hands. Schools in many countries may allow children to write with their left hand in the meantime, but the idea that children should be reeducated to write with the right hand has not yet been removed from the heads of many parents and grandparents.
艾伯特.爱迪生和罗纳多.大卫都是用左手写字的。比尔.克林顿和比尔.盖茨也是用左手写字的优秀成员。尽管这样，还是不能改变人们对用左手写字的人的偏见。他们认为用左手写字的人会智力偏低或有技能缺陷。在许多国家里的学校都允许孩子们同时用左手写字，但对于习惯于用右手写字的孩子也并不加以干涉，这些习惯都从父母亲或祖父母那里学到的。
29 In order to transmit an event such as the Olympics via satellite, television signals are first changed into radio waves, which are then sent from a station on earth to an orbiting satellite. The satellite receives the radio waves, amplifies them, and sends them back to earth, where another station picks them up and changes them back into television signals. Because any form of sound or visual information can be converted into radio waves, satellites are capable of transmitting not only television broadcasts, but telephone calls and printed materials such as books and magazines.
为了传输一个事件要通过卫星来传输，例如奥运会。首先将电视信号转化成电磁波，然后通过地球上的台站发送到卫星上。卫星接收到电磁信号后，将其放大，然后把它发送回地球上的台站，地球上的台站接收到它们，并将它们转化为电视信号。由于声音和图像信息都可以被转换成电磁波，卫星不仅有能力传输电视广播，也能传送电话信号和文字材料如书和杂志。
30 An airplane flies because the air moving over its wing is moving at a speed different from the speed of moving under its wing. This happens because the wing is curved upward so the air which moves over the top has to travel farther than the air at the bottom. Because it has farther to go, it moves more quickly. This difference in speed produces a difference in air pressure. The air pressure under the wing is greater than the air pressure on top of the wing. The low pressure lifts the wing up from above, while the high pressure pushes it from below. This pushing and pulling force is called lift.
飞机能够飞行是因为在机翼上的空气流动速度与机翼之下的空气流动。因为机翼向上弯曲，所以通过机翼上方的空气流动要比机翼下方的要远。由于空气流动的越远，空气速度就会越快。空气速度上的差异产生不同的气压。在机翼下的气压要高于机翼之上的气压。低气压在飞机上部起一个向下的拉力作用，而高气压在飞机下部起个向上的推力作用。这个推拉力的合力就称为托举力。
31 Systems exist in industrial countries to treat industrial wastes. But many of these methods do not work well in developing nations. One reason is cost. Many waste treatment technologies used in industrial countries cost millions of dollars and many developing countries can not pay the price. Another problem is the nature of the wastes themselves. Many industrial nations worry most about wastes like paper and manufactured goods. Paper products make up thirty percent or more of the wastes in cities in Europe. But in Latin America, paper products make up only ten to twenty percent of the wastes. Developing nations have a bigger problem with used agricultural products and human wastes.
发达国家用专门的系统处理垃圾。但这种方法在发展中国家却不能奏效。一个原因是钱。由于许多在发达国家中使用的设备价值数百万美元，而这个
价格是发展中国家不能承受的。另外一个问题是垃圾本身。许多发达国家担忧的是像造纸业和商品制造业所产生的垃圾。在欧洲，造纸业产生的垃圾占据城市所产生垃圾的30%以上。但在拉丁美洲，造纸业产生的垃圾仅占总垃圾量的10%-20%，发展中国家在用农产品和生活垃圾方面有更大的问题。
32 It is quite possible that man has reached a resting place in his evolutionary development.
Unless vast changes occur in the physical condition of the earth, man, as we know him, will be here for a long time. Come back 100,000 years from now and you will probably recognize him as a member of your own species. We can expect few evolutionary surprises because we seem to have mastered the trick of living without the need of changing physically. Instead of growing fur on his back, man uses warm clothing and central heating. In place of horns and huge muscles, he invented tools and earth-moving machinery.
很可能人类处于他进化时期的“休息期”。
除非地球上的物理条件大幅度地改变。人类将在很长一段时间内保持现状。就算回到100 000年前，你也会发现当时的人也是你同伴中的一员。我们几乎不能从人类的进化的奇迹，因为我们掌握了生活的方法而不需要进行身体上的变化。不用长毛，人们做衣服来保持温暖。不用长角和巨大的肌肉，人们发明工具和足以令世界改变的机器。
33 Until recent years, we could only speculate on what life was like for an unborn baby. Then, major advances in ultrasound scanning began opening a window to the womb; doctors could view every movement of the baby on a television-like screen. The pictures show unborn babies yawning, sucking, grasping, stretching, blinking and making faces, in short, all the things they will do after birth. The unborn trains for life after birth like an athlete preparing for a meet. He doesn't need to breathe, yet he practices breathing motions. He doesn't need to eat or drink, yet he drinks his amniotic fluid (羊水).
直到近几年前，我们还只能推测出人类在未出生的时候是什么样子。最近，先进的超声扫描仪开始在人的肚皮上开了一个“窗口”，医生们可以在类似电视的屏幕上观察胎儿的一举一动。图片显示未出生的小孩会打哈欠，允吸，抓捏，伸展，眨眼和做鬼脸，一句话，他们做了所有出生后才做的事情。胎儿为出生后的生活锻炼像是比赛前的运动员在做准备活动。他不需要呼吸但他练习呼吸动作。他不需要吃喝但他喝羊水。
34 People once thought of the languages of backward groups as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is possible that language in general began as a series of grunts and groans, it is a fact established by the study of "backward" languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenious pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas.
人们曾经认为那些落后部落的语言是野蛮，不发达的，并充斥着呼噜声和抱怨声的。当一种语言大部分是由一系列呼噜声和抱怨声组成的时候，那么当学习这门“落后”语言时就不能学到描述这个世界的语言了，这样的事实就产生了。用我们的标准，许多不闻名的语言都是非常复杂的，精细和天才般的搭配来表达思想。
35 So long as the bulk of the population remains on the land as subsistence farmers, a modern industrial society cannot develop. The farmers do not produce enough extra food to feed the workers needed in nonagricultural pursuits. Nor can workers be released from the farms to the factories while so many hands are needed for traditional methods of cultivation. And farmers who are not producing anything for the market cannot go to the market as purchasers themselves.
Local demand for consumer goods does not expand. There is thus no stimulus to local industrial production. Agriculture must, therefore, yield workers and savings to the new industrialized, urbanized sectors if a modern economy is to be achieved.
只要大量的人口像维持生计的农民一样被捆在土地上，一个现代的工业社会就不会发展起来。农民不会生产足够的余粮去养活那些非农业的工人。由于用传统的方法耕种时需要很多的人手，所以没有农民从土地上解放出来到工厂去做工。同时不能生产什么东西拿到市场去卖的农民自然也就买不到什么东西。当地对商品的消费需求不能扩大，因为没有对当地工业产品的刺激。要使现代经济形成，农业必须产生工业者以拯救新兴的工业，以及新兴的城市。
36 Sometimes certain eras or events from our past receive little or no attention. This might be because there is little information available on these subjects, or because the subjects are controversial or shameful, and we are reluctant to face them. But when we ignore or deny a part of our past, we fail to learn the lessons
that history can teach us, and we neglect people who are part of that history. These people and their history can become "invisible", and in time we can forget that they ought to be part of what we think of as history.
有时某些我们过去发生的事件和年代不被注意。可能是因为他们对主题没有多少有效的信息，或者那个主题太具有争议或是可耻的，我们不愿去面对它们，但当我们忽视或否认我们的过去的时候，我们就不能学到历史能教给我们的那些东西，我们也就会忽视那些在那些历史中的人。那些人和他们的历史变得“视而不见”，到那个时候我们也就想忘了他们就应该是我们所认为的历史。
37 People who are physically handicapped (crippled , blind ,deaf ) frequently complain that they feel isolated and lonely and that other people avoid them. It appears that these feelings, unfortunately, are connected to a painful reality. Experts in nonverbal communication say that people do, to some extent, avoid the physically handicapped. Given a choice, they will usually maintain a greater distance than they would with a non-handicapped person. They will usually avoid sitting beside a handicapped person. The message of this spatial behavior is not lost on the handicapped. It often confirms their sense of being different.
有生理缺陷的人（瘸子，瞎子，聋子）都抱怨说他们被孤立了，生活很孤独，所有的人都在躲着他。这表明，这些感觉已经不幸地与他们痛苦的现实联系起来。非口头交流的专家说人们在很大程度上都尽量避免和身体有缺陷的人交往。如果让他们做个选择的话，他们更愿意接近身体各方面都健全的人。他通常不坐在残疾人身边。在残疾人中，这种存在空间的行为也没有消失。这通常也证明了他们的不同心态。
38 Problems at the international level continue to be difficult to resolve. Five years after the Law of the Sea entered into fore, the United States is one of only eight countries worldwide that still has not ratified it. Also, the international convention addressing fish that swim across political boundaries is not yet in force and lacks support from key fishing nations. After nearly a decade of political wrangling, voluntary, guidelines to address land-based pollution still have not won the support of national leaders. And while a. global ban on a dozen long-lived synthetic chemicals that threaten ocean life is close to becoming a reality, industry introduces hundreds of new ones that quickly become part of marine food chains each year.
国际上的一些问题通常很难解决。《海洋法》已经颁布实施五年了，可美国至今依然是国际上八个不履行该法规的国家之一。国际会议认为鱼游过国界不是外力所为或是对以捕鱼为主要来源的国家的特殊支持。经过十年的争吵，志愿者协会仍然没有就陆基污染这个问题达成一致协议。当一项关于生产十几种对海洋生物有害的化学物质的禁令颁布实施的同时，工业每年已经生产出上百种这样的有害物质排放进大海。
39 The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities. The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best king; and its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-improvement. The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doing; and they who are the most persistent, and work in the truest spirit, will usually be the most successful.
生命中最伟大的成就往往通过最简单的方法和日常定量的练习来实现。用心过好平常生活中的每一天，认真履行职责，抓住每一个机会向成功者学习他们的经验吸取失败者教训，这样才能使一个真正的强者有努力的方向和自我完善与发展的空间。只有沿着前人走过的路坚定走下去，就一定能到达成功，而且，成功最终一定会属于坚持不懈者，属于真心实意者。
40 It might be tempting to dismiss Shakespeare's reputation as a bit oversold, were it not for some pretty impressive facts. Shakespeare is the most widely-read author in history, having been translated into more than 100 languages. His plays are also the most filmed in history, having been turned into more than 300 movies since the first (King John) was made in 1899. And the plays continue to pack audiences into theatres around the world. Even 400 years after his death, Shakespeare is still pulling in the crowds.
莎士比亚的威望可能已经过时了，但他的伟大的作品却源远流长。莎士比亚是历史上最受读者青睐的作家。他的作品被翻译成一百多种文学。从1899年的《约翰国王》开始算起，他的作品已经被拍成300多部电影了。这些电影使观众涌向世界各地的电影院。甚至在他去世了400年之后，他依然受人爱戴。
41 An American doctor who wants to perform the world's first head transplant has conceded the host body would probably reject the new addition. But he believes more research would eventually find a way to overcome the rejection the way the success rate of heart transplants has soared in the past 20 years. Robert
White, who has successfully transplanted the heads（head_头脑，居首位）of monkeys and dogs, is ready to move on to humans, in an operation he estimates would cost at least $ 1 million. But he admits without millions of dollars more being spent on research, the pioneering head transplant would be fraught with danger.
一个美国医生想要完成人脑的移植手术，在手术过程中身体会对新增的大脑有排斥作用。随着近二十年来的心脏移植手术成功率的增长，他相信更多的研究会找到一个克服身体对外来事物排斥的方法。罗伯特.维特，已经成功地将猴子和狗进行了大脑移植，目前，正在准备对人脑实施这种手术。估计至少要花费大约一百万美元的费用。由于他承认没有更多的钱用于进一步研究，所以第一例人脑移植手术充满着危险。
42 Scientists have developed a slimming drug that successfully suppresses appetite and results in a dramatic loss of weight without any apparent ill effects. The drug interferes with appetite control and prevents the build-up of fatty tissue. Laboratory mice given the drug lost up to a third of their total body weight. Within 20 minutes of being given the drug, called C75, the mice lost interest in eating and survived apparently content on just 10 per cent of the food they would normally eat.
科学家们成功的研制出了一种减肥药。这种减肥药能够成功地减弱你的食欲并且能够使你在体重下降的同时，对身体健康没有任何影响。这种药能控制食欲并且阻止脂肪的形成。在实验室中，服用该药的老鼠减少了大约1/3的体重。当服用了这种被称为C75的药20分钟后，老鼠不再想进食了，而且只吃了它们平时食量的1/10并生活的很好。
43 Communication in Beijing has developed rapidly in recent years. Various business services like domestic and foreign electronic letters, ritual letters, handing-off advertisement, and express mail delivery are added in post offices. The program-controlled telephones have increased at a speed of 100,000 sets every year. The portable phones and other means of communication also grow fast. The ground station of satellite communication, a state key project, is also under construction. Public telephone boxes and magnetic card phone boxes can be seen everywhere. The express-delivery cars shuttle back and forth in the streets; the delivery and exchange of information makes the whole city full of vitality and opportunities.
近年来，北京的通信事业发展非常快。邮局里添加了许多商业服务如国内和国外的电子信件，常规信件，手传广告，快速邮寄等等。程控电话以每年100 000部的速度增长。手机和其它通信工具的数量也在飞速增长。卫星通信的地面台站，一个国家的关键性项目也在建设之中。公共电话和磁卡电话也随处可见。邮政快递车在街上来回穿梭，信息的传送和交换给整个城市带来了生机和活力。
44 A system of modifying the amplitude of the carrier waves at an audio rate is called "Amplitude Modulations", or "AM". Earlier practically all radio sets worked on this principle. There is one fault to be found with AM sets; they pick up static, a popping or crackling noise that sometimes makes radio reception very poor. Static is caused by lightning or by certain electrical machines that give off electromagnetic waves. These waves, which are much like the waves from a broadcasting station, are picked up by the receiver. During electrical storms, the static may be so bad that no radio programs can be heard at all.
调整音频载波的振幅的系统叫调幅，简称AM。在早期所有的收音机都是按照这一原则工作的。这种以“振幅调制”为基本设置的收音机有一个缺陷，它们接收静电干扰信号，噼噼啪啪的噪音使收音机的接收效果比较差。静电干扰就是闪电或特殊的电器发出的电磁波。这些波像广播站发出的电磁波一样能够被接收器接收。在电子风暴期间，静电干扰非常强以至于收音机不能正常使用。
45 No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exception can be found to any rule. The word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated（集成的、完整的、使集成在一起）into the scientific community and may not fully share its values.
The growth of specialization with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implies greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend is most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training.
在科学领域，专业和业余没有什么明显的界限，除非可找到某种限定。在某种意义上说，业余这个词意味着这个人不能完全介入这个科学群体和不能完全共享它的价值。专业化的产生是长时间训练的结果，专业人士意味着比业余人士能够解决更多的问题。这个趋势在科学的一些领域如数学和实验室训练中更为明显。
46 We in the industrialized countries must take our own negative effects on the global environment seriously, and deal with our wastes and emissions, rather than raise a scolding finger toward other poorer countries. If developing countries feel that industrialized countries are trying to divert attention from their problems by focusing on the problems of poorer countries, then we risk wrestling endlessly over these issues rather than solving our common problems.
在工业国家的人们必须正视自己对全球环境恶化所带来的消极影响，处理我们产生的垃圾和废物。这比指责发展中国家要好的多。如果发展中国家感到发达国家正试着改变他们针对发展中国家环境问题的态度，那么，我们与其冒无休止争论的风险，就不如安心解决我们共同的环境问题。
47 The more is discovered about the intricate organization of the nervous system, the more remarkable it seems that genes can successfully specify the development of that system. Human genes contain too little information even to specify which hemisphere of the brain each of a human's 1011 neurons should occupy, let alone the hundreds of connections each neuron makes. For such reasons, we can assume that there must be an important random factor in neural development.
人们发现构成机体的组织越复杂，基因细胞就越能成功的载入机体的发展。人体基因细胞包含太少的信息，以致于不能单独执行大脑的指令。每半个大脑半球通过1011条神经与身体的基因细胞相连。每条神经元可以为基因细胞建立数百对连接。由于以上原因，我们可以假定在神经细胞的发展中有很重要的随机因素。
48 The recent change to all-volunteer armed forces in the United States will eventually produce a gradual increase in the proportion of women in the armed forces and in the variety of women's assignments, but probably not the dramatic gains for women. This is so even though the armed forces operate in an ethos of institutional change oriented toward occupational equality. The difficulty is that women are unlikely to be trained for any direct combat operations.
近年来，在美国的武装力量中女兵占的比例呈现递增趋势，而且在武装力量中女兵所接受的任务种类也越来越多，但没有给女兵特别丰厚的酬劳。这是武装力量按民族惯例对以前职业平等的定位上所做的改变。难题是女兵不能像男兵一样进行任何战斗操作的训练。
49 If a stone is dropped into a quiet pool of water, a disturbance is created where the rock enters.
The disturbance is not confined to that place alone but sets into motion the particles of water with which it comes in contact until it reaches particles at the edge of the pool. In all this disturbance, the particles move over short paths about their initial positions, and only the disturbance moves through the water. The medium（媒介物、中间中等、媒介、媒体、周围状况、培养基）as a whole does not progress in the direction of motion of the wave.
如果一块石头被投入一个平静的水塘中，在石头投入的地方振动就产生了。这个振动不会局限于一个地方，它会向它周围的水面上移动直到水塘的边缘在所有的振动中，微粒都在原地做路径很短的上下振动，只有振动这个状态会通过水向前传播。在波的运动方向上，整个介质是不会前进的。
50 Riding is no longer a battle of constant strain and pain. The bicycle tour is something to savor rather than to endure. Cyclists have discovered the idle delights of taking it slow, stopping to admire the wildflowers along the road and escaping from the hubbub of daily routine. In keeping with this new philosophy, many companies offer organized bicycle tours that range from weekend outings in the forest to week-long adventures rolling down the mountains.
骑单车不再认为是一个夹杂紧张和痛苦的战斗。骑自行车观光比忍受更有一番滋味。骑自行车者发现骑着自行车漫漫地走有一种悠闲的快乐，可以停下来欣赏一下路边的野花，也可以从日常喧嚣的生活程式中解放出来。由于这个哲学新发现，许多公司组织自行车旅行，周末去大森林进行一周的征服大山的探险。
51 The "standard of living" of any country means the average person's share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living, therefore, depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. "Wealth" in this sense is not money, for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy: "goods" such as food and clothing, and "services'' such as transport and entertainment.
在许多国家里，生活标准意味着人们对这个国家生产的商品和服务的占用。因此，一个国家的生活标准，最终取决于这个国家制造财富的能力。这里的财富不是金钱，因为我们维持生计靠的不是钱而是钱买来的东西。这些东西包括商品例如事物和衣服，服务例如交通和娱乐。
52 We do not generally think of the tongue as being one of the most vital parts of the human body, and taste is sometimes regarded as the least important of the five senses. Yet the tongue performs many necessary functions, and in fact we would have great difficulty in managing without it. Centuries ago some criminals were punished by having their tongues cut out and this was a much more serious loss than we might think.
我们通常并不认为舌头是人身体上最重要的器官之一，味觉的重要性通常也被排在五大感官中的最后一位。但是舌头在执行许多必需的功能，没它们的帮助我们在日常生活中就会遇到很大的难题。数个世纪前，一些被割掉舌头以示惩罚，他们才发现自己受到了超乎想象的损失。
53 Perhaps the most famous rare animal is the panda. Twenty years ago it was nearly extinct.
Now, its numbers are growing again. It has even become a symbol for wildlife conservation. But many other species have been less lucky than tile panda. Some are already extinct. Today, many more are in serious danger. This is because man hunts them, and destroys their habitat ( home for wildlife). Is it too late to save wildlife? The issue has aroused great concern of experts as well as that of the public。
也许著名的珍稀动物是大熊猫，二十多年前它几乎绝迹。目前，它们的数量又重新增长起来。这甚至被当作是动物保护标志。但是许多其它的物种就远没有大熊猫的幸运。一些物种已经灭绝。现在，有更多的物种都濒临灭绝。这是因为人类猎杀它们，或破坏它们的生活环境。保护野生动物已经为时已晚了吗？这个论点引起了专家们和公众的普遍关注。
54 No country should appear superior to another in the U.N. Each member's rights and duties are the same. All must contribute to the peaceful settlement of international debates and difference, and members have agreed not to rely on the threat or use of force against other states. Although the U.N. has no right to interfere with any state's internal affairs, it tries to make sure that non-member states act according to its principles of international peace and security.
在联合国里没有一个国家可以表现得高人一等。所有成员的权利和义务都是相同的。所有成员都必须致力于国际争端的和平解决。成员国不允许依赖武力或武力威胁反对其他的国家。虽然联合国没有权利去干涉任何一个国家的内政，但它可以依据国际和平和安全的原则确认非成员国的行为。
55 When young people get their first real jobs, they may face a lot of new, confusing situations. They may find that everything is different from the way things were at school. It is also possible that they will feel uncomfortable and insecure in both professional and social situations.
Eventually, they realize that university classes can't be the only preparation for all of the different situations that arise in the working world.
当年轻人开始干第一份真正的工作时，他们也许会遇到许多新的，有迷惑性的问题，他可能会发现所有的事情都和学校里的完全不相同。他们也有可能对他们的专业和社会地位感到不舒服和没有安全感。最终，他们认识到大学时代并不是为应付工作中各种不同情况的唯一准备期。
56 Let us suppose that you are in the position of a parent. Would you allow your children to read any book they wanted to without first checking its contents? Would you take your children to see any film without first finding out whether it is suitable for them? If your answer to these questions is "yes", then you are just plain irresponsible. If your answer is "no", then you are exercising your right as a parent to protect your children from what you consider to be undesirable influences. In other words, by acting as an examiner yourself, you are admitting that there is a strong case for censorship.
我们假定你在父母亲的位置上。你会允许你的孩子去读一本没有经过你检查过内容的书吗？你会允许你的孩子任意去看一部没有经过你事先发现适合他们看的电影吗？如果你对这些问题的回答是“是”，那么你就是一个非常不负责任的家长。如果你的回答是否定的，那么你就是在履行作为一个家长的权利，这可以使你的孩子不受你所认为的不良影响。换句话说，我们承认这个检查很有必要。
57 According to psychologists , an emotion is aroused when a man 心理学家认为，当人看到一些好的或坏的事情的时候，情感就产生了。当一个人看到一个物体飞奔过来要伤害到他时，他这时的感觉被称为害怕。当那个人想攻击它以消除危险时，我们称这时的感觉是愤怒。当我们认为某些事情能帮助我们时，高兴和爱的感觉就产生了。一份情感不能由外界的东西产生，它只能通过人的思想产生。
58 Without string from our firesides we may roam to the most 没有家的吸引，我们可能漫步在世界上最偏僻的角落，或者翱翔在那片牧群的美丽地方，在那里我们也可以听到来自天堂的天籁般的乐音。科学，艺术，文学，哲学所有这些人的思想，行为以及数百代人的经历，都在世界书库中为我们积累。
59 The overseas visitors may be excused for showing surprise at the number 在一天之中，英国人之间提到天气的次数之多，使外国游客感到惊奇。英国人常以谈天气取代通常的问候。“天气真不错呀!”“好极了!”这是人们可以常常听到的，它们取代了“你早，你好吗？”虽然外国人可能认为这未免有点夸张，可笑，但值得指出的是，如果他也能用这种方式和英国人打招呼，那时他有好处。如果他想同一位英国先生（或女士）交谈，但又不知道如何谈起，他完全可以谈谈天气。这是一个万无一失的话题，即使是最寡言少语的英国人也会搭配。
60 Optimism and pessimism are both powerful forces , and each of us 乐观主义和悲观主义都是很强的力量，我们每个人都要选择其中之一，它能影响我们
的发展前途和期望。在每个人的生活中都有许多好的或坏的事情（悲伤和幸福的事情，高兴和痛苦的事情），这些为乐观主义和悲观主义的选择提供了一个合理的基础。我可以选择大笑或哭泣，选择祝福或诅咒。这都是我们自己的决定。我们想选择哪个观点来面对生活呢？是在希望中站起来还是在绝望中倒下去呢？
61 To Americans, being on one's own suggests that one is a fully independent and functioning part of the whole, capable and willing to make choices. Choices define who and what Americans are and for that process to work people have to be willing to make choices. Being on one's own means that you are capable of balancing your needs and desires with other people's in some sort of proper symbiotic relationship. Being alone suggests that you have not established yourself enough to be a proper "other" to somebody else who is already independent on their own.
对于美国人来说，要独立意味着这个人已经完全的独立，并有能力和意志力做出选择。选择使美国人将担任一个什么样的角色，为了以后的工作，人们不得不有毅力做出选择。独立意味着你有能力权衡你的需要和欲望，并同各种各样的人建立合适的共存的关系。如果你感到很孤独说明你还没有很好的变成独立者中的一员。
62 The more I see of the internet, the more enthusiastic I am. We're living through a period of dynamic change. America is ahead just now, with over 50 per cent of the population online; Britain is next, then Japan, with the rest of Europe lagging surprisingly behind. But it won't be long before everyone catches up. In the third world especially, the internet will be a liberating force that will power democracy and economic growth. But when greatly involving themselves in the wonderful world of internet, have they ever troubled to think about the negative effects it has brought to us?
我浏览网页越多，我就越有激情。我正生活在一个有着巨大变化的时代。美国以超过50%的人口在线而排名首位，下一个是英国，然后是日本，欧洲的其他国家也令人惊奇地尾随其后。这在不久以前还不是每个人都能上网的。特别是在第三世界，网络成为一个解放力量，它能促进民主和经济的增长。但是当他们接触这个精彩的网络世界的同时，有没有想过它的负面影响呢？
63 The birth of the computer and its American operating systems gave English a nudge ahead; that of the Internet has given it a huge push. Any web-linked household today has a library of information available at the click of a mouse. And, unlike the books on its own shelves or in the public library, maybe four-fifths is written in English. That proportion may lessen, as more nonEnglish sites spring up. But English will surely dominate.
计算机的产生和它的美国式的操作系统使得英语在这个领域独占熬头，而网络将其进一步的推广。今天任何一部由服务器连接的家庭用户通过鼠标的点击都可以有一个拥有有用信息的信息库。并且，它并不像我们在公共图书馆里放着的我们自己的书一样，它有五分之四是英文版的，虽然随着非英文网站的大量出现，英文资料的比例将会缩小，但英语将依然在网络中占统治地位。
64 In the United States, more than a third of all students are women. Although many women who have received higher education do not spend the whole of their lives following careers for which their education has prepared them, it is accepted that the benefits of a university career are useful even for those who do not work in the ordinary sense. Many women work as teachers, particularly in junior schools; but only a small minority of university teachers are women, and very few women indeed are heads of departments or in other very senior positions.
在美国，三分之一以上的学生是女生。虽然很多受过高等教育的女士不能根据她们所学专业而找到合适她们的工作，但是相对于那些没有工作的普通人来说，大学学位还是有效的，这一点是可以被接受的。许多女士担任了教师的职位，特别是在初级学校。只有极少数的女士成为大学老师，更少的女士可以担任一个部门的领导或进入某个高层领域。
65 The most common excuse for so much TV is "there isn't anything else to do." What a sad commentary that life is so empty that the most constructive thing we can do is vegetate in front of a box. Like alcohol and drugs, TV can be enormously destructive to personal relationships. Look at our society. You do not need to be a psychiatrist to know that TV has played an important role in the increase of violent crimes in our country.
对看电视太多的最平常的理由是“没有事做”。生活竟然过的如此空虚以至于我们干的最有意义的事情是坐在一个盆子前发呆。这是一个多么坏的消息。像酒精和毒品，电视对私人关系的破坏是很大的。看看我们的这个社会，我不必成为精神病专家就知道电视对我们国家中暴力犯罪的增长有着重要的作用。
66 What should we do with someone who is very sick or hurt and cannot get better? This is a difficult problem, and it is not easy for anyone to decide. Imagine a problem such as this: Suppose your father has a car accident. He is hurt badly and is unconscious; that is, he cannot think, speak, or hear. You take him to the hospital. The doctors tell you that his brain is dead, but they can help him breathe with a machine. The doctors tell you that your father will never wake up again.
对待一个伤的很重而又不会变好的人我们应该怎么办呢？这是一个很难的问题，不容易让人做决定。像这样做一下假设：假如你父亲遇到了车祸，他伤的非常严重已经没有意识了。也就是说，他不能思考，不能说话也听不到任何声音。你把他送往医院。医生说他的脑子已经死亡，但他们可以通过医疗设备使他呼吸。医生告诉你说你的父亲再也不会醒来。
67 One of the most striking characteristics of modern science has been the increasing trend towards closer co-operation between scientists and scientific institutions all over the world. What have been the reasons for this? One of the factors has been the growing complexity and widening scope of present-day research, which has resulted in the creation of large organizations employing great number of scientists and technologists in programs of directed research. This has inevitably led to the extension of many items of research beyond national boundaries.
现代科学家的一个最重要的特征就是日益增长的科学家与科学协会互相协作的趋势。是什么原因使然呢？其中一个原因是现代研究领域越来越复杂，它的知识面也变的越来越宽，研究成果的产生需要一个大组织协调众多科学家和在某一个领域的专家的创造合作而成。这也不可避免地导致许多研究领域已经超越了国界和限制。
68 In some countries with advance in industries, they have free education for all. Under this system, people, no matter whether they are rich or poor, clever or foolish, have a chance to be educated at universities or colleges. They have for some time thought that, by free education for all, they can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect nation. But we can already see that free education for all is not enough. We find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degrees than there are jobs for them to fill.
在许多工业发达的国家里，每个人都可以接受到免费的教育。在这个环境下，每个人，无论是富裕还是贫穷，无论是聪明还是智力低下，都有机会在大学或学院里受到教育。有时他们会这样想，对所有的人都进行免费的教育就会解决社会上的所有问题并建立一个完美的国家。但是我们已经看到为所有人都进行免费的教育是不够。我们发现在这样的国家里，许多人拿到了大学文凭却依然找不到工作。
69 If people want to solve the problem of waste, there is no time to be lost. They must work out ways of making use of good things which are just thrown away as waste. When a car gets too old, it may not run any more. But the metal that the car was made of is still good. It can be put to use again. When a bottle is empty, it goes out in the trash. But bottle glass can be ground into sand and used to pave streets.
如果我们想解决浪费的问题，那么时间紧迫。我们必须要找到对那些通常都被当作垃圾扔掉的东西的好的利用方法。当一部车太旧了以至于不能再行使的时候，它的金属还是好的，这可以被重新利用。当一个瓶子空了，它通常被当作垃圾扔掉，但是瓶子的玻璃可以渗入沙子中用来铺设街道。
70 The invention of electronic computers makes it possible to free man from the labor of complicated measurement and computation. A high-speed electronic computer can carry out up to one hundred million arithmetical operations in one second. A computation which would have taken years of human work in the past is now done in a few seconds. A number of various complicated problems which could not be solved before have been solved with the help of computers. Accurate measurement and exact computation arc the basses of modem engineering and scientific research. Every engineering worker must determine accurately the amount of any change that the material to be used undergoes in different conditions.
电子计算机的发明，把人从复杂的计算和测量中解放出来。一个高速的电子计算机一秒钟执行的数学计算可达一亿次。计算机在几秒钟内就可以完成人要干几年才能完成的任务。许多复杂的问题没有计算机的帮助是不可能解决的。精确的测量和准确的计算也是现代工程和科学研究的基础。每个工程师都必须能精确地决定在不同条件下用以作支撑材料在数量上的任何改变。
71 In the United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone calls made after 11:00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes it is a matter of life or death. The time chosen for the call communicates its
importance.
在美国，一般不习惯于在早晨非常早的时候给别人打电话。如果你在某一天很早给他打电话，而他正在刮胡子或吃早餐，这个时间的电话说明事情非常重要而且需要立刻引起关注的。一般打电话都是在上午十一点钟以后。如果有人在睡觉时间接到电话，他会认为这是一件生死攸关的事情，时间的选择对电话联系是非常重要的。
72 It is easy to understand why little girls often perform school tasks more satisfactorily than boys, especially if the task requires sitting still, obeying commands, and accepting the teacher's ideas. A girl may pass easily through the first few grades. While boys of her age bring home low marks, the girl may easily get good grades. Girls seem to have "brains" in school. Why, then, do so few girls become great scientists? Why is the most important thinking in adult society done by men? According to scientists, the answer is aggression.
为什么女孩子在完成学校交给的任务方面总是不如男孩做的令人满意呢？特别是在完成一些需要保持冷静，遵守命令和接受老师的意见方面。这一点是容易理解的。一个女孩子可能很容易通过低年级的考试。当与女孩同样年龄的男孩只取得很少分数时，女孩却更容易取得更高的分数。女孩看起来好像在学校里很有“脑子”。那么，为什么只有极少数的女孩成为伟大的科学家呢？为什么世界上在成人世界里最伟大的思想都是男人产生的呢？根据科学家的意见，回答是进取心。
73 A team of psychologists discovered this by placing mothers and their one-year-old babies in a room filled with toys. The room had a wall through which the scientists could observe what happened without being seen. From such observations and from conversations with mothers, the scientists learned something about the treatment of baby boys and baby girls. While the mother keeps her daughter close to her, she unconsciously trains her son to develop independence, to become aggressive and to be a problem solver.
通过将许多母亲和她们的一岁的孩子放到一个到处是玩具的屋子里观察，使这组心理学家有所发现。这个房间里有一面墙可以让科学家能观察到屋子里的事情而不被发现。通过观察和与母亲们的交谈，科学家们发现了一些关于在男孩和女孩对待方面的东西。当母亲一直保持与她的女儿近距离的同时，她不自觉地在锻炼她的儿子的独立性，来成为有上进心的和问题的解决者。
74 Most parents found it hard to accept their children's attitude. They themselves had been brought up to respect traditional values; they had also learned to respect money because it was scarce during their teenage years. They had married in the late 1930s or early 1940s, at a time when it was explained again and again that an unhappy childhood produces emotionally disturbed adults. A married couple's first duty, therefore, was to think of their children's happiness. On the other hand, while Mom and Dad were making sacrifices, they expected their children to obey the rules of "nice" behavior, and to grow up into adults that parents can be proud of. These were precisely the ideas that the young rebels of the 1960s rejected.
许多父母亲发现很难接受他们子女的态度。他们自己是在尊敬传统的价值观念的氛围中长大的。因为他们在十几岁的时候的生活困难使他们懂得了钱的重要性。他们在二十世纪三十年代或四十年代的前期结婚，这个时期在以往解释过多次，在这个时期不幸福的童年造就了一个意识上有偏差的成年。在这个时期，一对结婚的夫妇的首要职责就是要想方设法让他们的孩子幸福。另外一方面，当母亲和父亲都在为此做出牺牲的同时，他们也希望他们的子女能遵守“好”的行为准则，能成长为一个让父母感到自豪的人，而这些都是二十世纪六十年代的那些年轻的嬉皮士们所抵制的。
75 There are many aspects of the women's liberation movement. Some women agree with all of the goals of women's liberation. They want full equality with men in every aspect of life. In marriage, they want husbands and wives to share all of the work and responsibilities of a home and family. In work, they want women and men to have the same jobs and the same chance to succeed. They want women to be paid just as much as men are for the same work. Other women agree with some of the ideas of women's liberation. They want the same pay if they hold the same job as a man. At home, however, they do not expect their husbands to share in the cleaning, cooking, and other household jobs.
这里有很多妇女解放运动的目标。一些女性同意妇女解放运动的所有目标。她们想要在生活的各个方面能够与男人完全平等。在家庭生活中，她们想要和丈夫分担所有家务劳动，共同为这个家庭负责任。在工作中，她们想女人和男人有同样的工作，并且有同样的机会到达成功。其他的女性赞同妇女解放运动的一部分观点。如果她们得到一份男性相同的工作，那么她们想得到与男性相同的报酬。在家庭生活中，她们并不期望着她们的丈夫能洗
衣，做饭还有做其它家务劳动。
76 If your last job interview took place five or more years ago, you could be in for some big surprises when you reenter the employment market. Interviews are now much less likely to take the form of a cozy fireside chat. Neither, at the other extreme, should you expect an intimidating interrogation supposedly designed to test your ability to cope with stress. These traditional approaches have gone the way of tea trolleys(英式茶具车) and two-hour lunch-breaks.
如果你上一次面试是在五年或更长的时间以前，当你再次进入人才市场的时候你会感到很惊讶。面试再也不是一次形式随便的聊天了。也不是另一个极端，就是你期待着一次被认为测试你应付紧张的能力的亲密的质问。这些传统的方法如一起喝茶，午餐交谈都一去不复返了。
77 Though the majority of Americans would find it hard to imagine what life would be like without a car, some have begun to realize that the automobile is a mixed blessing. Traffic accidents are increasing steadily, and large cities are troubled by traffic jams. Worst of all, perhaps, is the air pollution caused by the waste gases. These gases are one source of the smog that hangs over large cities. Some of these gases are poisonous and dangerous to health.
尽管大多数美国人都难以想象没有汽车的生活会是什么样子，但一些已经开始注意到机械化的交通工具不是只给人们带来幸福。交通事故的逐渐增加，许多大城市都有交通阻塞的麻烦。最不幸的是废气带来的大气污染。这些气体夹杂再雾气中笼罩着这些大城市。这些气体中的许多成分对人的健康是有毒害作用的。
78 Translation means the conversion of an expression into another language. To say plainly, it is an art to reproduce the exact idea of the author by means of a language different from the original.
From the above definition of translation we know that the original thought of the expression must be kept as exactly as possible. Nothing should be added to or taken away from the original work.
The duty of the translator is simply to change the vocabulary, not the thought. In translation, therefore, there are two essential elements: accuracy and expressiveness.
翻译意味着一种表达由一种语言向另一种语言的转变。简单地说，它是一种用另一种语言准确地表达作者思想的方法。通过以上对翻译的定义，我们知道必须要将作者的原意尽可能准确地表达。尽可能不要原文进行增删。翻译者的职责简单地讲就是改变词汇，不改变思想。因此，在翻译中，有两个最基本的因素是，准确和清晰。
79 The environment is everything around you. It can be living, like a forest, or non-living, like a rock mountain. An environment can be natural or man-made. There are many kinds of environments. There are cities, small towns, farms, oceans, lakes, deserts, grasslands, forests, and even more. Every environment has its own grouping of non-living things such as air, water, and soil. It also contains living things such as birds, fish, insects, and plants. Man-made environments, such as cities, have living things and non-living things. Every. environment is affected by temperature, winds, rainfall and other factors which we call weather or climate.
环境是我们周围的每一个事物。他们可以是有生命的例如森林，也可以是无生命的，如一座石山。环境可以是天然的也可以是人造的。这里有许多种环境，有城市，小镇，农田，海洋，湖泊，沙漠，草地，森林，等等。每个环境都有它的一组无生命的事物如空气，水和土壤。它也包括许多生命的事物例如鸟，鱼，昆虫，树木，人造环境例如城市，也有许多有生命和无生命的事物。每个环境都会受到温度，风，降水和其它一些我们称作是天气或气候的因素的影响。
80 Let's spend a day with a young businessman. He's out of bed early in the rooming. He is at work before many people finish breakfast. During the day, he makes decisions that result in large profits or losses. He works with thousands of dollars of expensive machinery requiring huge investments. His business is such that slight changes in the price of his products could put him into financial trouble or provide him with large profits. He may jump into a plane for a moment's escape into the peace of the sky or into his car for a night out in the town.
让我们看一个年轻商人的一天。他早上很早就起来了，当许多人在吃早饭的时候，他已经开始工作了。在一天之中，他做出了许多能导致巨大利润或损失的决定。他用价值数千美元的昂贵的机器工作，这需要极大的投资。他公司的产品的一点价格上的变化都能导致他有金融危机或能带给他巨大的
利润。他可能随时登机逃离到安全的角落，或者是在一个黑夜跳上汽车去往一个小镇。
81 Space is getting crowded. That's the latest worry, for many scientists. About ten thousand objects are orbiting our planet now. Some are satellites that have a job to do. Other items have finished their work. Parts of rockets may have been discarded during a flight and left behind in space, This is becoming a real problem. More items in space lead to more danger. Some of the objects now floating through space are just a few inches in size. But they can still do harm. If they hit a spacecraft or space-lab, they might destroy it.
太空正在变的拥挤。这是许多科学家最近才有的担心。大约有一万个物体环绕在我们星球的轨道上。有一些是有工作的卫星，另外的许多是已经完成它们使命的卫星。在飞行过程中堕落的火箭残影也有可能被留在太空。这是一个现实问题。这样的物体越多导致危险的可能性也就越大。许多漂移在太空中的碎片只有几英寸大小，但是它们依然能够造成伤害。如果它们撞上了太空飞行器或太空实验室，就会造成破坏。
82 Nearly everything we do in the modem world is helped or even controlled by computers.
Computers are being used more and more extensively for the simple reason that they are far more efficient than human beings. They have much better memories and can store huge amount of information. They can collect and analyze enormous numbers of facts very. quickly. This makes them suitable for all kinds of work. They can pay wages, reserve seat on planes, control machines in factories. They can even play chess, write poetry, or compose music. But perhaps the most interesting applications will be for personal use.
在这个现代化的世界里，我们几乎做任何事情都离不开计算机的帮助，甚至受计算机控制。电脑被用的越来越广泛的最简单的一个原因就是它们比人的效率更高。它们有很好的记忆力可以存储大量的信息。它们可以很快的收集和分析大量的事情，这可以使它们适合从事所有的工作。它们可以用于发放工资，预计飞机座位，在工厂里控制机器设备。他们还可以与你下围棋，写诗，或者编辑音乐。它可能是为个人所使用的最令人感兴趣的工具了。
83 We can help control weight by watching the amount of food or the amount of activity, or both. To keep the same weight, we must balance calories found in food and those used by the body. To lose weight, we must get fewer calories from food than the body uses. To gain weight, we must get more. It takes about 3,500 extra calories to make a pound of stored fat. For each pound to be gained or lost, there must be 3,500 calories more or 3,500 calories less in the diet than the body uses. 通过观察食物涉入量和运动量，可以帮助我们控制体重。为了保持体重，我们必须使我们从食物涉入的热量和身体消耗的热量达到平衡。为了减肥，我们必须使我们从食物中涉入的热量小于身体消耗的。为了增肥我们必须吃的更多，要使身体储存1磅脂肪，大约需要多出3500卡路里的热量。所以我们每有1磅的体重增加或减少，他们就必须使食品涉入的热量比身体消耗的多出3500卡或者少3500卡。
84 Failure is a thing that often occurs and no one can avoid. Everyone in the world has experienced the bitterness of failure. People's attitudes towards failure, however, are quite different. In the face of failure, some people are very disappointed and will never be able to recover. For them, failure is a bad thing. Some take a rather optimistic attitude. They hold that failure is the mother of success .Facing a setback ,they will draw a lesson, sum up their experience and continue to success in the days to come. As far as I am concerned ,I prefer the optimistic view. It is true that failure is a bad thing. But if we adopt a correct attitude, failure will be a good thing .
失败是经常发生的事情，没有人可以避免。在这个世界上的每个人都经历过失败的辛酸。人们对待失败的态度是极不相同的。面对失败，许多人非常失望并从此一蹶不振，对他们而言，失败是一个坏的事情。一些人采用了相当乐观的态度。他们认为失败是成功之母。面对挫折，他们会制定一个计划，总结他们的经验教训，继续为成功那一天的到来而不懈努力奋斗。就我而言，我会选择乐观的观点。失败是一个坏的事情不假，但只要我们采取正确的态度，失败也会成为一个好的事情。
85 We are good listeners in our own language because we have had years of practice. We understand the grammar and the words. We also understand the cultural style of our language. We know what to expect a person to say to us in almost any situation. We have been in similar situations many times. We can understand, even if we do not listen carefully. But this is not true with a foreign language. We must listen with our full attention about it. And we must try not to let the cultural style of our own language affect our understanding of the foreign language.
对于母语我们很容易就能听懂，是因我们经过了多年的练习。我们理解其中的语法和单词。我们也了解我们语言的文化方式。在几乎所有的场合下我
们都知道别人要与我们说什么。类似的场景我们经历过多次。甚至我们不认真听我们也可以听懂。这与说听外语是不一样的。我们必须聚精会神地听，而且我们必须尽力不要让我们母语的文化方式影响到我们对外语的理解。
86 Since the earlier times, trees have always been very useful and important to man who makes use of them in numerous ways for his daily life. Even today trees continue to serve man in so many useful ways. They provide man with food and fuel. Without trees it would be impossible to build houses, boats and even bridges. Furniture such as tables, chairs and cupboards is also made from wood. In hot regions, trees protect man from the fierce heat of the sun. They are also useful in preventing good and fertile top soil from being washed away during heavy rains. If there are no trees to hold back the soil with their roots, heavy rains would wash away the rich soil.
从很早的时候开始，树对人类来说是非常有用和重要的。人们可以用许多方法使它为日常生活提供许多便利。甚至今天树也在以许多有用的方法为人类服务。它们给人类提供食物和燃料。没有树就无法建造房屋，轮船甚至桥梁。一些家具和桌子，椅子，茶几都是用木头做的。在热带地区，树保护人们不受阳光的直接照射。在雨季它们能保护肥沃的地表土不被雨水冲走。如果没有树用它们的根固定着土壤，暴雨将会冲走肥沃的土壤。
87 With the development of an industrial society, the problem of pollution has become more and more serious, causing the need for the environmental protection movement. It advocates preventing wild animals from extinction and forests and grasslands from destruction. As time goes by, some members of the movement are beginning to believe that environmental abuses are caused not only by industrialization, but also by the social system itself. They try to create a new way of living, a way free of industrious wastes and pollution. This is supported by people from all walks of life, from government officials to housewives.
随着工业社会的发展，污染问题变的越来越严重，由此导致了环境保护运动。它倡导保护野生动物使之不会灭绝以及保护森林和草地使之不受破坏。随着时间的流逝，运动组织的一些成员开始相信环境恶化不只是因为工业化，而是由于社会系统本身。他们试图创造一种新的生活方式，一种没有工业垃圾和污染的生活方式。这已经得到了从政府官员到家庭妇女各个生活层次的人的支持。
88 A common question asked by my students is "How can we make our English more standard?” This is often fo llowed by "Should we study American English or British spoken English?" The plain fact is this--there is no single standard English. The language never developed into sufficiently different sub-groups as to prove a barrier to understanding. True, there are national and regional accents, but in none of the native English speaking countries has there been any significant effort to suppress these accents through education.
我的学生经常问我的一个平常的问题是“我怎样才能使我的英语更标准化呢？”一般会紧接问“我应学美国口语呢，还是英国口语？”。简单的事实是没有单独的标准英语。这门语言永远也不会发展成为完全不同的分支，比如在理解上有障碍。事实上，有许多国家性和地区性的方言没有一个母语是英语的国家能通过教育在消除方言中取得任何重大效果。
89 Scientists were thinking about communications satellites. They wanted to produce satellites big enough to separate a large number of different signals, amplify them and then relay them powerfully. And they wanted to put each of these satellites into an orbit which would keep it over one point on the surface of the turning world. With four satellites of this kind--two over the Atlantic, one over the Pacific, and one over the Indian Ocean--we could send radio, television, and telephone signals from any one place to any other place on the surface of the earth..
科学家一直在思考通信卫星。他们想要制造一个足够大的卫星可以在其中分隔出许多不同信号的接收器，将接收到的信号放大后再以大功率将它们发射出去。他想要把这些卫星发射到一个轨道。在这个轨道中卫星将位于与转动的地球保持同步的某一个点上。有四颗这一类卫星（两颗在澳大利亚，一颗在太平洋上空，一颗在印度洋上空）。我们就可以在地球上任何一个地方发送无线电，电视，电话信号到另一个地方了。
90 If one takes a sample of the element gold and starts breaking it into smaller and smaller and smaller pieces, it seems reasonable that one will eventually reach a "smallest possible piece" of gold that could not be divided further and still be called gold. This smallest possible unit of gold would be, a gold atom. An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist and still have the qualities of the element. Thus, the atom is the limit of chemical subdivision for an element.
如果有人拿一块金元素的标本并把它分成很小很小的一小片，直到在还被称作为金的时候合理地分成最小的一片。这最小的单元就是金原子。原子是
一种元素，能够存在并保持它原有属性的最小的微粒。因此，对一个元素来说，原子是化学分割的极限。
91 When we buy a postage stamp to put on a letter, we are paying the post office for taking the letter. The post office cannot do it for nothing. Post offices have to be built. Postmen and other people who work in post offices have to be paid. The truck, ship, train or airplane which carry our letters all have to be paid. When we buy the stamp, we are paying for our share of the expenses.
This is called "postage". At a time the amount of postage to be paid depended on how far the letter had to travel. A letter that had to go a long way costs more than a letter which didn't have to go so far. But this was very difficult to work out.
当我们买邮票往信封上贴时，我们就为信件给邮局付了费。邮局不可能无偿为你效劳。建邮局需要花费，邮递员和其他工作在邮局的人需要花费，运送信件的卡车，轮船，火车和飞机都需要花费。当我们买邮票时，我们就为这些花费尽了一份力。这就被称为邮资。有时，邮资的多少取决于信件传送的距离。一封传送的距离比较远的信件要比传送的距离比较近的花费要高一些。但这个是很难计算的。
92 A market is commonly thought of as a place where commodities are bought and sold. But there are markets for things other than commodities, in the usual sense. There are real estate markets, foreign exchange markets, labor markets, short-term capital markets, and so on; there may be a market for anything which has a price. And there may be no particular place to which dealings are confined. Buyers and sellers may be scattered over the world and deal with one another by letter, telephone, telegram, cable, fax or email.
一般地认为，市场是一个在那里商品可以进行买卖的场所。但在这里的市场所买卖的东西不同于一般观念上的商品。这里有真正的评估市场，对外贸易市场，人才市场，短期资本市场等等。这个市场里的每件商品可能都有价格，这个市场里的交易可能不会局限在一个特定的地方。买卖双方可能遍布全世界，他们通过信件，电话，电报，电缆传真及电子邮件来处理事务。
93 The world's population is expected to increase by 40 percent within the next 20 years. This presents a major problem. The population keeps growing. But each year, about seven million hectares of farmland are taken out of production. The soil no longer may contain the minerals needed to grow crops. It may contain too much salt left from irrigation. The top soil may have been washed away in rains or blown away by wind or the local water supply may be dried up or polluted with agricultural chemicals.
在接下来的二十年里，全球人口预计要增长40%。这是我们面临的主要问题。人口在增长，但是每年全世界大约有700万公顷的农田不再适合耕种。在这些土壤中不再含有庄稼所需的矿物质。它可能含有灌溉所留下的大量的盐。表面的土壤可能被雨水冲走或被大风吹走，也可能是局部水资源干涸或者是水资源受到农业化学物质的污染。
94 Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory, for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience leads to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection.
练习（或复习）可以巩固和维持对一项任务或已经学过的东西的记忆。隔段时间没有练习的话已经学会的东西就会被遗忘，而且要改变的结果并不是很明显。然而，突然忘记这种可怕的事情是可以被改变的。从某种意义上说，遗忘的能力可以被解释为是在动物的自然选择的过程中留下来的产物。事实上，当一段感情上痛苦的经历造成严重的恐慌时，遗忘也许会缓解你的心情。然而，遗忘幸存于自然选择中是一个怎样的过程呢，这个进化论的解释可能会让这个问题很难理解。
95 Already biologists studying the cell's inner workings and the various methods of cloning have made discoveries that may ultimately lead to breakthroughs in the fight against cancer, control of the aging process, and the conquest of more than 100 presently incurable human genetic diseases. Cloning may also bring about new strains of livestock. To restrict cloning-related research would mean closing the door on an important area of knowledge. To continue to probe the secrets of the ceil, however, is perhaps to uncover the secret of human cloning. And given the nature of man, if it can be done it will be done. What then is the answer?
生物学家正在研究的细胞的内部活动和多种克隆方法已经取得重大进展，并最终会导致在治愈癌症方面的突破，可以控制年龄的进程，并能征服100
多种代表性的不可治愈的人类基因疾病。克隆也可以带来有关家畜的新的限制。限制克隆相关的研究意味着关上了通往一个重要的知识领域的大门。继续探索细胞的秘密，然而可能会揭开人类克隆的秘密。当揭开了人类本性的秘密后，将要发生的就都可能发生了，在这之后的答案是什么呢？
96 Both the sun and moon pull on the earth with a force called gravity. Although the sun is many times larger than the moon, the moon is much closer，so its pull on the oceans is twice as strong as the sun's. In addition, the effect of the moon's path around the earth causes a second force that combines with gravity to produce the twice-daily rise and fall of ocean waters that we call tides. The distance between the water level at high and at low tide is called the tidal range (潮差). The normal range is about 1 m, but it can be as small as a few centimeters.
太阳和月亮对地球的拉力被称为万有引力。虽然太阳比月亮大许多倍，但月亮离地球更近，所以它对海洋的拉力是太阳的两倍。另外，月球在围绕地球旋转的过程中产生与地球的引力相结合的第二种力，这种力造成了一天两次的海洋水的上涨与下落，这被称之为潮汐，海水在最高点和最低点的距离我们称之为潮差。标准的潮差是1m左右，但也有可能只有几公分。
97 "We physicists work with time every day," said a Nobel Prize winner, "but don't ask me what it is. It's just too difficult to think ',about." Recently I saw a definition that attempted an answer: "Time is nature's way of keeping everything from happening all at once." That may be as good a definition as any. Throughout much of history time was looked upon as a flow like a river.
Even for the remarkable English scientist Sir Isaac Newton, the flow of time was uniform. But with the arrival of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity, time was first seen as a dimension giving a unified picture of events in time and space.
“我们物理学家每天随着时间工作”。一个诺贝尔奖的获得者说。“但不要问我时间是什么，这是一个很难思考的问题”。最近我看到了一个定义试图来回答它“时间是保持任何事情不会突然发生的一种自然方式”。这可能是目前最好的解释。综观历史，时间像一条流动的河。
98 I think there are some great new ways to learn. The main advantage with the Internet is the interactivity. When you are watching a TV program, you are just watching. If you have a video tape of course you can stop and go back and watch again, but it's really a one-way medium. The Internet is two-way. of course the Internet is still in it's infancy, it's just beginning. There are a lot of limitations due to the current speed of the Internet connection most people have. It is difficult to do a lot of really complicated things on-line, but I think that this is developing quickly.
我认为这里有许多学习的新方法。网络最大的优势在于它的互动性。当你在看电视节目的时候，你就只是在看。如果你有一盘录像带，当然你可以将它停止再倒带回去，重新看一遍，但是这实际上是单向煤质。网络是双向的。当然网络依然只处于它的幼年期，它才刚刚开始。由于当前许多人的网络连接速度还比较低，所以网络受到了许多限制。在线干许多真正复杂的工作是很难的，但我认为网络已在飞快的发展。
99 Freedom arouses strong feelings for Americans. The idea of liberty binds people together in this "land of the free". However, problems still exist. One individual's freedom can conflict with the rights of others. Someone once said, "you have the freedom to swing your fist around if you want. But your freedom ends where my nose begins." People can also become too concerned about their own rights. They might demand special treatment. No, the path to freedom is not completely smooth. Even so, for Americans, no other road is really worth traveling.
美国人对自由有强烈的共识。自由的观念让人们聚集在这个“自由的大陆”。然而，问题依然存在。个人的自由可能与其他人的权利发生冲突。有人曾经说过：“如果你愿意的话你有自由挥动你的拳头，但如若碰到了我的鼻子，那么你的自由就没有了”。人们变的太关注他的权利，他们可能要求特殊的对待。追求自由的道路并不十分完美，即使如此，对美国人来说，没有其它的路值得他们去走。
100 Who are these individuals and what do they want'? Generally, people who break into computer systems are called "hackers". Irrespective of their aims, they tend to inspire a certain admiration because they are extremely clever and infinitely more knowledgeable than the average computer user. Breaking into computer systems, whether it is on the Internet, in a bank or a government office, is an illegal activity. However, "ordinary" hackers who penetrate and explore systems just for the intellectual challenge are regarded as less dangerous than "crackers".
这些人是谁，他们想干什么呢？一般地，侵入计算机系统中的人被称为“黑客”，不考虑他们的目标的话，他们是很容易让人产生敬佩感的，因为他们非常的聪明有比一般的计算机用户要高明的多的知识。侵入计算机系统，无论是网络的还是银行或政府机构办公室的，都是违法行为。然而，一般
的黑客只是为了智力上的挑战而侵入和漫游系统的被认为其危险性要比那些“疯子”小的多。