非谓语动词在翻译中的运用
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非谓语动词在高考翻译中的应用
【2005年至2009年的上海翻译部分真题】
1.(2005年上海高考翻译第2题)
多吃蔬菜和水果有益健康。
(good)
Eating / Having more vegetable and fruits / fruit does good to/ is good for one’s health.
2.(2006年上海高考翻译第5题)
外出旅游时务必注意保护环境,为他人着想。
(sure)
Be sure to pay attention to protecting the environment and be considerate / think of others if / when / while traveling / doing traveling.
3.(2007年上海高考翻译第3题)
我忘了提醒他面试的时间。
(remind)
I forgot to remind him of the time for the interview.
4.(2008年上海高考翻译第5题)
我对学生所谈的电子产品一无所知,我发现自己落伍了。
(ignorant)
Being ignorant of the electronic products the students are talking about, I find myself left behind.
5.(2009年上海高考翻译第3题)
只喝一杯咖啡就会使我整晚睡不着。
(keep)
Drinking only a cup of coffee will keep me awake all night.
6. (2010年上海高考翻译第3题)
看到奶奶有些睡意,他拉上窗帘并把电视的音量调低了。
(turn)
Seeing Grandmother was sleepy, he drew the curtain together and turned down the TV.
【非谓语动词在高考翻译中的地位】
由以上六年非谓语动词出现在高考翻译中的频率,我们可以看出:动词的非谓语形式是中学英语语法的重点和难点,也是每年高考热点中的热点, 考纲要求掌握:非谓语动词的时态和语态;他们在英语句子中的作用;非谓语动词的基本用法和含义,非谓语动词在句子中可以充当多种句子成分,比如主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语等;掌握非谓语动词充当相同句子成分时的辨析;掌握非谓语动词在不同的语境、语义下的运用。
【定义和作用】
非谓语动词就是不能作谓语的一种动词形式,主要包括不定式、动名词和分词(现在分词和过去分词),即:to do, doing和done, 。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分。
【非谓语动词的特征】
三种非谓语动词都具有动词的特征,虽然它们没有人称和数的变化,但是它们都能带自己的状语或有时跟宾语。
它们都有各自的特征:分词具有形容词和副词的特征;动名词具有名词的特征;不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征。
【不定式】
1.不定式在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语、补足语或状语。
其中,不定式做状语时,可以分为目的状语、结果状语及原因状语。
2.不定式的形式:to be, to do, to be doing, to be done, to have done, to have been done
【不定式的功能与用法】
1)作主语
To see is to believe. 眼见为实。
(百闻不如一见。
)
注意:常用不定式做主语的句型有:
1.It+be+名词+to do。
2.It takes sb.+some time+to do。
3. It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth. (常见形容词: difficult , important, necessary, impossible, etc.)
4.It+be+ adj.+of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth.
(常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc. 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词,这类词通常是用来形容一个人的品质体征)
2)作表语
Her job is to clean the hall. 他的工作是打扫大厅。
3)作宾语
He was very happy to meet two foreigners and wanted to learn all about Europe.
注意:能够接不定式作宾语的动词很多,常见的有:afford, agree, aim, ask, bear, begin, bother, care, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, forget, hate, help, hesitate, hope, i ntend, learn, like, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, pretend, refuse, remember, try, wait, want, wish。
4)作宾语补足语
It is an interesting study and can help you avoid difficulty in communication.
注意:某些动词(大都是感官动词)接动词不定式作宾语补足语时,通常不带to,但是当其用于被动语态时to还原。
下面的口诀可以帮助大家记住这些动词:“四看(see, watch, notice, observe)三使役(let, have, make)二听(hear, listen to)一感觉(feel)。
”
能够接带to的不定式作宾语补足语的动词有很多,常见的有:advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, direct, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, invite, oblige, order, permit, persuade, press, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn。
5)作定语
Do you want to make more friends but lack the confidence to talk to people you do not know?
注意:某些不及物动词作定语时需要加上一个介词,即构成“不定式+介词”结构,这个介词是不可省略的。
例如:Give me a pen to write with. 给我一支笔写字。
另外,还有一种“介词+which+不定式”的结构也可以作定语。
例如:The young couple needs a lot of money with which to buy a new house. 这对年轻夫妇需要一大笔钱,用来买房子。
6)作状语
Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year to visit her.
注意:①有的语法学家将形容词后的不定式归到宾语。
这类形容词有:able, afraid, anxious, careful, content, content, determined, foolish, prepared, ready, slow, willing等。
②在强调目的状语时,不定式前可加上in order或so as,即通常我们所说的“in order to/so as to”词组。
有时候为了突出强调目的时,还可将这个词组置于句首,但so as to较少用于句首。
③在so… as to, enough to, only to, too…to等结构中,不定式表示结果。
例如:
Will you be so kind as to open the window? 劳驾您打开窗户好吗?
【不定式练习】
1.要保持健康,就得远离多脂食品。
﹝greasy food﹞
To keep healthy, keep away from greasy food.
2.我们老师极力主张要得高分必须大量操练。
﹝urge﹞
Our teacher urged on the necessity of sufficient practice to achieve a high score.
3. 你最好与几家银行洽谈你的住房贷款事宜,以确定哪一家最适合你。
﹝approach several banks﹞
You’d better approach several banks for your house loan to make sure which one best suits you.
4. 如何解决这个问题依旧使设计师们困惑。
﹝designers﹞
How to solve this problem is still puzzling the designers.
5. 最好的推销他们品牌的方法是集中精力真正提高他们产品的内在质量。
﹝the true intrinsic quality of their products﹞
The best way to promote their brand names is to focus on improving the true intrinsic quality of their products. 【动名词】
1. 动名词在句子中可以做主语、宾语、表语和同位语。
2.动名词通常用来表示笼统及泛指的概念或一个完成的动作。
【动名词的功能与用法】
1)作主语
It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 牛奶打翻了,哭也无益。
注意:当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语,通常用在It is no use/ no good/a waste of time/ a great fun+doing…这些句子结构中。
2)作表语(表示主语所具有的特征)
The situation is encouraging.
3)作动词宾语
Have you finished writing the article?
注意:有些动词后只能接动名词作宾语,这类动词常见的有:admit, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish, imagine, include, keep, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, stop, suggest等;短语动词有give up, insist on等。
为了帮助大家记忆,现将最常用的10个动词的首字母缩略在一起:MEPSKARFI(梅不是咖啡)(M-mind, E-enjoy, P-practise, S-stop, suggest, K-keep, A-avoid, R-risk, F-finish, I-insist on)。
4)作介词宾语
I wrote him and his wife a thank-you note for helping me
5)作定语
The Iron Curtain was the statesman Winston Churchill’s term for the dividing line between eastern and western
Europe. 铁幕是政治家温斯顿•丘吉尔使用的术语,指东欧与西欧的分界线。
【动名词练习】
1. 逃避困难是目光短浅的表现。
﹝avoid﹞
Avoiding difficulties reflects shortsightedness.
2. 运动后立刻喝太多水对健康有害。
﹝immediately﹞
Drinking too much water immediately after doing some sports exercise does harm to your health.
3. 将采取更实际的措施来阻止这种疾病的蔓延。
﹝spread﹞
More practical measures will be taken to prevent this kind of disease from spreading.
4. 我认为劝他戒酒是没有用了。
﹝advise﹞
I think it no use advising him to quit drinking.
5.她坚持自己一个人做实验。
﹝insist﹞
She insisted on doing the experiment on her own.
【分词和独立主格】
1.分词在句子中可以做定语、表语、状语或宾语补足语和主语补足语。
其中分词做状语时,可分为时间状语、原因状语、让步状语、条件状语、结果状语、方式状语和伴随状语。
注意分词做状语时,分词的逻辑主语就是主句中的主语。
2.非谓语动词中,分词有现在分词和过去分词。
3.独立主格可以做原因状语、时间状语和伴随状语。
要注意在独立主格中,分词being一般可以省略。
【现在分词的功能与用法】
1)作表语
This English story is very interesting. 这篇英语故事非常有趣。
2)作宾语补足语
We felt the house shaking. 我们感觉房子在摇晃。
3)作定语
If you see soldiers wearing sky-blue helmets, they are United Nations peacekeepers.
如果你看见士兵戴着天蓝色的头盔,他们就是联合国维和人员。
4)作状语
Having experienced quite a few earthquakes in Hawaii already, I didn’t take much notice.
5)现在分词的否定结构
现在分词的否定结构是由“not+现在分词”构成。
例如:
Not having received a reply, I sent her an e-mail again. 没有收到回复,于是我又给她发了一封电子邮件。
(注意不可以写成:Having not received a reply,…)
6)现在分词独立结构
“名词(或代词)+现在分词”构成现在分词的独立结构,这个名词或代词就是现在分词的逻辑主语。
这种结构常用于书面语,置于句首或句末,作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、方式或伴随动作。
Weather permitting, we will go climbing the mountain. 时间允许的话,我们去爬山。
(表示条件)He guiding us, we had no trouble in finding his house. 他引着我们,我们毫不费劲就找到了他的家。
(表示方式)
【过去分词的功能与用法】
1)作表语
Are you interested in this TV play?
2)作宾语补足语
His English is so poor that he cannot make himself understood.
3)作定语
English is now an international language, spoken by about 750 million people.
4)作状语
Born into a poor farmer’s family in 1931, Dr Yuan graduated from Southwest Agriculture College in 1953.
【分词和独立主格练习】
1. 中国,这个世界上增长最快的经济体,已经被视作世界工厂,年生产家大约占所有家电的75﹪。
﹝household appliances﹞
China, the world’s fastest-growing economy, has been considered the world’s factory , annually producing about 75 percent of all household appliances.
2.在数学测试中她得到了90分,每辜负她母亲的期望。
﹝expectation﹞
She got 90 points in her math tes t, living up to her mother’s expectation.
3. 在教练的帮助下,他刻苦训练,最终获得成功,这使人们对他刮目相看。
﹝end up﹞
With the coach’s help, he trained hard, ending up in success, which enabled people to look at him in a different way.
4. 看在钱的份上,他还是决定做兼职。
﹝motivate﹞
Motivated by money, he made up his mind to do a part-time job.
5.沿着她父亲的脚步,她长大后想做一名外交官。
﹝diplomat﹞
Following in her father’s footsteps, she wants to become a diplomat when she grows up.
【实战演习】
1.当时,那位出租车司机别无选择,只能求助于游客。
(choice)
2.应该鼓励学生将课堂所学的知识运用到实践中去。
(apply)
3.勤洗手是避免疾病传染的有效方法之一。
(infect)
4..小组讨论有助于更好地理解课文。
(help)
5.我希望尽快收到你的照片。
(hope)
6.我忘了提醒他面试的时间。
(remind)
7.我们打篮球的时间到了。
(time)
8.他设法把游客及时送到了机场。
(manage)
9. 应该鼓励年轻人按照自己的特长选择职业。
(encourage)
10.我对学生所谈的电子产品一无所知,我发现自己落伍了。
(ignorant)。