中南大学2012级博士生综合英语考试试卷

2012年南京大学考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Cloze 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．As the world’s largest grain exporter, the United States has______power over the world food distribution system.A．assortedB．unrivaledC．compoundedD．intrigued正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

assorted“组合的；混杂的”；unrivaled“无敌的，无比的，至高无上的”；compounded“复合的，化合的”；intrigued“好奇的；被迷住的”。

根据句意能与power(控制权)搭配的形容词只能是unrivaled。

故答案为B。

2．The gap between what we know and all that can be known seems not to______, but rather to increase with every new discovery.A．clarifyB．eliminateC．diminishD．extinguish正确答案：C解析：动词词义辨析。

空后的but一词表示转折，所以此空应填入与increase 意思相反的词，选项中只有diminish(使减少；使变小)符合这个要求。

故答案为C。

eliminate“排除，消除”；extinguish“熄灭；压制”。

3．Fun is what we experience during an act. Happiness is what we experience after an act. It is a deeper, more______emotion.A．compellingB．abidingC．violentD．sophisticated正确答案：B解析：形容词词义辨析。

Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。

2012年中国传媒大学考博英语真题(总分80, 做题时间180分钟)VocabularyIn this part there are twenty sentences with a missing word each. There are four choices marked A, B, C and D for you to make a choice. You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet A with a single line through the centre.1.Greece was the ________ of Western culture.SSS_SINGLE_SELAcradleBhomelandCoriginationDbattlefield该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:A句意：希腊是西方文化的摇篮。

cradle摇篮。

homeland家乡；祖国。

origination起源，开始。

battlefield战场。

2.Cats ________ on mice.SSS_SINGLE_SELAfeedBliveCpreyDnourish该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C句意：猫捕食老鼠。

prey on捕食。

feed on以……为食。

live on以……为食；靠……生活。

nourish滋养，为……提供营养。

3.The Olympic Games were telecast ________ all over the world.SSS_SINGLE_SELAsimulatedBseparatelyCsimultaneouslyDespecially该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C句意：奥林匹克运动会在全世界同时进行电视转播。

中南大学 2008 年博士研究生入学考试英语试题 参考答案与解析 Paper One Part I Using of English Section One Vocabulary and Structure 1【答案】 A 【解析】从题目中 neither side 可以看出，是两方在讨论，所以应该是 one side and the other side。本句采用了岛状结构，起强调作用。强调“双方在争论中没有达 成协议”，因为双方都不愿让步。所以正确答案是 A 选项 2【答案】 D 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 lightest 最轻的；furthest，最远的；smallest， 最小的；faintest，模糊的。the faintest idea 意思是，一点概念没有。句意是，我 对你的意思一点也不明白，你能再讲清楚点么？所以正确答案是 D 选项，如 We haven't the faintest idea what the murderer looks like.（这个杀人犯长得怎么样我们 连一点概念也没有。。） 3【答案】 A 【解析】语法题。it's no good doing something 的意思是，做某事无济于事。这 里的 good 还可以替换成 use，it 可以替换成 there。据此，可以推出正确答案是 A 选项。句意是，我还不知道什么时候可以去度假，现在做决定没有意义。 It’s no如 good crying now!（现在哭也没用了！。） 4【答案】 B 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 give away 赠送，泄漏；give off 发出（光，声 音等），散发出（气味）；give in 认输，投降；give up 停止，放弃。句意是加装 了防护过滤器以后，这烟囱已不再散发成股的废气到大气中去了。根据句子意思 推出正确答案是 B 选项，如 As motor vehicles burn fuel, they give off carbon monoxide as a waste.（汽车燃烧燃料时，会产生废气—一氧化碳。。） 5【答案】 A 【解析】语法题。might as well 的意思是，还是……的好。句意是，为了赶上 明天的早班火车，我们还是现在就出发的好。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 A 选项，如 Business is terrible I might as well pack up. （生意很不好做--我还是关门 算了。。） 6【答案】 D 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 force 力量；consideration 考虑，体贴；rainfall 雨量；dearth 缺乏。句意是，各国和大陆经济的稳定性受自然资源的丰富或匮乏 的影响。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 D 选项，如 Many soldiers died because of dearth of food.（很多士兵因为缺少粮食死去。。） 7【答案】 D 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 pull on 穿，戴；full in 全额；full up 吃饱了； pull through 度过危机，恢复健康。句意是，他近来总是生病，但最后还是康复 了。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 D 选项， If we can pull through this recession,如 we will be in good shape.（如果我们能渡过这段经济不景气的时间，我们就会好 多了。。） 8【答案】 C 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 anomalous 反常的；strategic 关键的，战略(上) 的；embarrassing 令人尴尬的；piquant 辛辣的，开胃的。句意是，因为政治过分 强调权宜之计，会支持仅仅几个月攻击过的候选人，所以常常把候选人弄得很尴 尬。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 C 选项，如 The profuseness of his thanks was embarrassing.（他再三表示感谢使人很不好意思。。） 9【答案】 D 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 cut away 切去，切掉；cut down 削减，杀死； cut up 切碎；cut off 切断，阻断。句意是，当整个地区被洪水隔断时，政府派直 升机送食物。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 D 选项， Just when she had reached如 the most important point we were cut off.（她刚刚讲到最要紧的地方，我们的电话 就被切断了。。） 10【答案】 B 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 vagary 变化莫测；stricture 谴责；apologue 寓 言；machination 阴谋。句意是，任何允许贿赂蓬勃发展的公职人员都应受到谴 责。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 B 选项。习惯用语 pass/make strictures on/upon (sb.)的意思是，攻击, 责难；弹劾。 11【答案】 B 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 frivolity 轻浮；estrangement 疏远；transmigration 移居；machination 阴谋。句意是，他们在离婚前就疏远了，在此期间她去全国 各地旅行了一圈，而他却呆在家里。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 B 选项，如 The trip will bring to an end years of estrangement between the two countries.（这次 访问将结束两国多年之间来的隔阂。。） 12【答案】 B 【解析】强调句型。it is not until ……that……的意思，直到……才……。句意 思，直到回到了家，她才想起和医生的约会。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 B 选项。注意，not until 单独使用位于句首时要倒装，如 Not until eleven o'clock did he come home.（他到十一点才回家。。） 13【答案】 B 【解析】句意是，谦虚的说，没有那个地方像家一样，可以随时回去。根据句 子意思推出正确答案是 B 选项。 14【答案】 B 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 so much as 和……一样(甚至)；rather than 与 其…倒不如，不是…而是；as 同样地；than 比。句意是，这小号吹的很吵，但我 烦得并不是他的大声，而是他的演奏缺乏技巧。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 B 选项，如 It is better to express your anger, rather than bottle it up.（生气宁可发泄出 来而不要闷在肚内。。） 15【答案】 C 【解析】语法题。 后省略了 he is。if句意是，要不是觉得别人对待他时的尊重， Jack 会非常生气，然后抱怨个不停。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 C 选项。 16【答案】 A 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 diminish 减少，减小，降低；portray 描写， 描绘；default 不履行义务，拖欠；affront 侮辱，冒犯。句意是，减缓或者妨碍身 体的代理权。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 A 选项，如 His illness diminished his health. （疾病侵蚀了他的健康。。） 17【答案】 A 【解析】语法题。the more……，the more……句型常表示，越……就越……， 是一个复合句，其中前面的句子是状语从句，后面的句子是主句。the 用在形容 词或副词的比较级前，more 代表形容词或副词的比较级。例如：The more he gets, the more he wants.（他越来越贪）。据此可知，正确答案是 A 选项。 18【答案】 B 【解析】固定搭配题目。catch up on 的意思是，赶着做某事。根据句子意思推 出正确答案是 B 选项，例如 He shut himself away for a month to catch up on his academic work.（与世隔绝一个月，力图把功课赶上去）。 19【答案】 D 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 adapted 适合的；equipped 配备有的；suited 适合的；fitted(大小)合适的, 按照实物尺寸做的。句意是，二楼房间所有的都装 有漂亮地毯，包括王子的房间。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 D 选项。 20【答案】 B 【解析】词汇辨别题目。 字典释义为 discover by observation，telldiscern；disclose 字典释义为 make known (something heretofore kept secret)；discover 字典释义为 reveal or expose；uncover 字典释义为 manifest or disclose，reveal。句意是，所有 官员都应公开个人财产信息。根据句子意思推出正确答案是 B 选项， I have no如 intention of disclosing their names.（我无意泄露他们的姓名）。 Section Two Cloze Test 21【答案】C 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 taught 教育，教导；driven 驾驶，驱使；guided 指导，导航；helped 帮助。奋进号航天飞机的指挥官引导航天飞机做后翻动作， 所以正确答案是 C 选项。 22【答案】A 【解析】四个选项的意思分别是 procedures 程序，步骤；stages 阶段，舞台； processes 过程，工序；meanders 蜿蜒。由上下文，指的是与安全相关的例行程 序，所以正确答案是 A 选项。 23【答案】B 【解析】固定术语，space station 表示空间站。所以答案是 B 选项。 24【答案】C 【解析】固定搭配题目。from nose to tail 表示从前到后的意思。句子的意思是 对航天飞机从前到后都进行拍照，所以这里应填 from，因此正确答案是 C 选项。 25【答案】D 【解析】这里需要填的是一个形容词性代词，所以排除了 A 选项 it’s 和 B 选 项 it，陶瓷贴在航天飞机的腹部，所以排除了 C 选项 camera’s。所以正确答案是 D 选项。 26【答案】D

华中科技大学2012年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅰ Cloze（0.5×20＝10％）Comedian George Carlin has a routine in which he talks about how humans seem to spend their lives accumulating "stuff." Once they've gathered enough stuff, they have to find places to store all of it. If Carlin were to update that routine today, he could make the same observation about computer information. It seems that everyone with a computer spends a lot of time acquiring data and then trying to find a way to store it.For some computer owners, finding enough storage space to hold all the data they've acquired is a real challenge. Some people invest in larger hard drives. Others prefer external storage devices like thumb drives or compact discs. Desperate computer owners might delete entire folders worth of old files in order to make space for new information. But some are choosing to rely on a growing trend: cloud storage.While cloud storage sounds like it has something to do with weather fronts and storm systems, it really refers to saving data to anoff-site storage system maintained by a third party. Instead of storing information to your computer's hard drive or other local storage device, you save it to a remote database. The Internet provides the connection between your computer and the database.On the surface, cloud storage has several advantages over traditional data storage. For example, if you store your data on a cloud storage system, you'll be able to get to that data from any location that has Internet access. You wouldn't need to carry around a physical storage device or use the same computer to save and retrieve your information. With the right storage system, you could even allow other people to access the data, turning a personal project into a collaborative effort.&shy;So cloud storage is convenient and offers more flexibility, but how does it work? Find out in the next section.There are hundreds of different cloud storage systems. Some have a very specific focus, such as storing Web e-mail messages or digital pictures. Others are available to store all forms of digital data. Some cloud storage systems are small operations, while others are so large that the physical equipment can fill up an entire warehouse. The facilities that house cloud storage systems are called data centers.At its most basic level, a cloud storage system needs just one data server connected to the Internet. A client (e.g., a computer user subscribing to a cloud storage service) sends copies of files over theInternet to the data server, which then records the information. When the client wishes to retrieve the information, he or she accesses the data server through a Web-based interface. The server then either sends the files back to the client or allows the client to access and manipulate the files on the server itself.Cloud storage systems generally &shy;rely on hundreds of data servers. Because computers occasionally r equire maintenance or repair, it's important to store the same information on multiple machines. This is called redundancy. Without redundancy, a cloud storage system couldn't ensure clients that they could access their information at any given time. Most systems store the same data on servers that use different power supplies. That way, clients can access their data even if one power supply fails.Not all cloud storage clients are worried about running out of storage space. They use cloud storage as a way to create backups of data. If something happens to the client's computer system, the data survives off-site. It's a digital-age variation of "don't put all your eggs in one basket."Passage 1Recent years have brought minority-owned businesses in the United States unprecedented opportunities - as well as new and significant risks.Civil rights activists have long argued that one of the principal reasons why Blacks, Hispanics, and other minority groups have difficulty establishing themselves in business is that they lack access to the sizable orders and subcontracts that are generated by large companies. Now Congress, in apparent agreement, has required by law that businesses awarded federal contracts of more than $500,000 do their best to find minority subcontractors and record their efforts to do so on forms filed with the government. Indeed, some federal and local agencies have gone so far as to set specific percentage goals for apportioning parts of public works contracts to minority enterprises.Corporate response appears to have been substantial. According to figures collected in 1977, the total of corporate contracts with minority businesses rose from $77 million in 1972 to $1.1 billion in 1977. The projected total of corporate contracts with minority businesses for the early 1980's is estimated to be over 53 billion per year with no letup anticipated in the next decade. Promising as it is for minority businesses, this increased patronage poses dangers for them, too. First, minority firms risk expanding too fast and overextending themselves financially, since most are small concerns and, unlike large businesses, they often need to make substantial investments in new plants, staff, equipment, and the like in order to perform work subcontracted to them. If, thereafter, their subcontracts are for some reason reduced, such firms can face potentiallycrippling fixed expenses. The world of corporate purchasing can be frustrating for small entrepreneurs who get requests for elaborate formal estimates and bids. Both consume valuable time and resources, and a small company's efforts must soon result in orders, or both the morale and the financial health of the business will suffer.A second risk is that White-owned companies may seek to cash in on the increasing apportionments through formation of joint ventures with minority-owned concerns. Of course, in many instances there are legitimate reasons for joint ventures; clearly, White and minority enterprises can team up to acquire business that neither could acquire alone. But civil rights groups and minority business owners have complained to Congress about minorities being set up as “fronts (a person, group, or thing used to mask the identity or true character or activity of the actual controlling agent)”with White backing, rather than being accepted as full partners in legitimate joint ventures.Third, a minority enterprise that secures the business of one large corporate customer often runs the danger of becoming-and remaining-dependent. Even in the best of circumstances, fierce competition from larger, more established companies makes it difficult for small concerns to broaden their customer bases: when such firms have nearly guaranteed orders from a single corporate benefactor, they may truly have to struggle against complacency arising from their currentsuccess.1. The primary purpose of the text is to[A] present a commonplace idea and its inaccuracies.[B] describe a situation and its potential drawbacks.[C] propose a temporary solution to a problem.[D] analyze a frequent source of disagreement.2. The text suggests that the failure of a large business to have its bids for subcontracts result quickly in orders might causes it to[A] experience frustration but not serious financial harm.[B] face potentially crippling fixed expenses.[C] have to record its efforts on forms filed with the government.[D] increase its spending with minority subcontractors.3.The author would most likely agree with which of the following statements about corporate response to working with minority subcontractors?[A] Annoyed by the proliferation of “front” organizations, corporations are likely to reduce their efforts to work with minority-owned subcontractors in the near future.[B] Although corporations showed considerable interest in working with minority businesses in the 1970’s, their aversion to government paperwork made them reluctant to pursue many government contracts.[C] The significant response of corporations in the 1970’s is likely to be sustained and conceivably be increased throughout the 1980’s.[D] Although corporations are eager to cooperate with minority-owned businesses, a shortage of capital in the 1970’s made substantial response impossible4 According to the text, civil rights activists maintain that one disadvantage under which minority-owned businesses have traditionally had to labor is that they have[A] been especially vulnerable to government mismanagement of the economy.[B] been denied bank loans at rates comparable to those afforded larger competitors.[C] not had sufficient opportunity to secure business created by large corporations.[D] not been able to advertise in those media that reach large numbers of potential customers.5 The author implies that a minority-owned concern that does the greater part of its business with one large corporate customer should [A] avoid competition with larger, more established concerns by not expanding.[B] concentrating on securing even more business from that corporation.[C] use its influence with the corporation to promote subcontracting with other minority concerns.[D] try to expand its customer bases to avoid becoming dependent on the corporation.Passage 2Years of research had educated me about how sugar, fat, and salt change the brain. I understood some of the parallels between hyperpalatable foods and drugs of abuse, and about the links among sensory stimulation, cues, and memory. I'd met enough people like Claudia and Maria to understand how even the thought of food could cause them to lose control.But I wasn't fully prepared for the discoveries I made about irresistibility and whoosh, the Monster Thickburger and Baked! Cheetos Flamin' Hot, about indulgence and purple cows. Without necessarily understanding the underlying science, the food industry has discovered what sells.I was sitting at Chili's Grill & Bar in Chicago's O'Hare Airport waiting for a late-night flight. At a nearby table a couple in their early forties was deep into a meal. The woman was overweight, with about 180 pounds on her five-foot-four-inch frame. The Southwestern Eggrolls she had ordered were listed as a starter course, but the enormous platter infront of her had been heaped with food. The dish was described on the menu as "smoked chicken, black beans, corn, jalape?o Jack cheese, red peppers, and spinach wrapped inside a crispy flour tortilla," and it was served with a creamy avocado-ranch dipping sauce. Despite its name, the dish looked more like a burrito than an egg roll, an only-in-America fusion approach.I watched as the woman attacked her food with vigor and speed. She held the egg roll in one hand, dunked it into the sauce, and brought it to her mouth while using the fork in her other hand to scoop up more sauce. Occasionally she reached over and speared some of her companion's french fries. The woman ate steadily, working her way around the plate with scant pause for conversation or rest. When she finally paused, only a little lettuce was left.Had she known someone was watching her, I'm sure she would have eaten differently. Had she been asked to describe what she had just eaten, she probably would have substantially underestimated her consumption. And she would probably have been surprised to learn what the ingredients in her meal really were.The woman might have been interested in how my industry source, who had called sugar, fat, and salt the three points of the compass, described her entree. Deep-frying the tortilla drives down its water content from 40 percent to about 5 percent and replaces the rest with fat."The tortilla is really going to absorb a lot of fat," he said. "It looks like an egg roll is supposed to look, which is crispy and brown on the outside."The food consultant read through other ingredients on the label, keeping up a running commentary as he did. "Cooked white meat chicken, binder added, smoke flavor. People like smoky flavor — it's the caveman in them." "There's green stuff in there," he said, noting the spinach. "That makes me feel like I'm eating something healthy." "Shredded Monterey Jack cheese.... The increase in per-capita consumption of cheese is off the chart."The hot peppers, he said, "add a little spice, but not too much to kill everything else off." He believed the chicken had been chopped and formed much like a meat loaf, with binders added, which makes those calories easy to swallow. Ingredients that hold moisture, including autolyzed yeast extract, sodium phosphate, and soy protein concentrate, further soften the food. I noticed that salt appeared eight times on the label and that sweeteners were there five times, in the form of corn-syrup solids, molasses, honey, brown sugar, and sugar."This is highly processed?" I asked."Absolutely, yes. All of this has been processed such that you can wolf it down fast...chopped up and made ultrapalatable.... Very appealing looking, very high pleasure in the food, very high caloric density. Rulesout all that stuff you have to chew."By eliminating the need to chew, modern food processing techniques allow us to eat faster. "When you're eating these things, you've had 500, 600, 800, 900 calories before you know it," said the consultant. "Literally before you know it." Refined food simply melts in the mouth.1. It can be inferred from the author's description of the woman eating in paragraph four that(A) The woman prefers to eat at Chili's vs. other restaurants.(B) The woman truly enjoys the foods that she chooses to eat.(C) The woman's efficiency at cleaning her plate adds to her dining experience.(D) The author is disgusted by the woman's consumption.(E) The author believes the woman should take a course in healthy eating.2. According to the passage, the main reason people overeat is(A) because salt and sweeteners, like corn-syrup solids and brown sugar, are added to the food.(B) because we don't have to chew our food very much(C) because people like smoky flavor(D) because sugar, fat and salt change the brain(E) because we are used to eating quickly in this modern society3. The following are all ingredients in the egg rolls, EXCEPT(A) salt (B) binders (C) honey (D) spinach (E) dark meat chicken4. Which of the following statements best describes the main idea of the passage?(A) If you eat too much food too quickly, you'll gain weight and become unhealthy.(B) Because refined food is irresistible and easy to eat, it masks how unhealthy it is, leaving people unaware of the poor food choices they're making.(C) Chili's is one of the restaurants in the U.S. serving unhealthy food to consumers today.(D) Food consultants and authors are making Americans aware of their unhealthy eating habits, thus, creating healthier generations for years to come.(E) Refined foods, with salt, sugar, and fat hidden inside, are less nutritious and more damaging than whole foods.5. In the first sentence of paragraph four, the word "vigor" most nearly means(A) pleasure (B) flamboyance (C) lethargy (D) energy (E) craftinessPassage 3No very satisfactory account of the mechanism that caused the formation of the ocean basins has yet been given.The traditional view supposes that the upper mantle of the earth behaves as a liquid when it issubjected to small forces for long periods and that differences in temperature under oceans and continents are sufficient to produce convection in the mantle of the earth with rising convection currents under the mid-ocean ridges and sinking currents under the continent. Theoretically， this convection would carry the continental plates along as though they were on a （conveyer belt） and would provide the forces needed to produce the split that occurs along the ridge.This view may be correct： it has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.On the other hand， the theory is implausible because convection does not normally occur along lines， and it certainly does not occur long lines broken by frequent offsets or changes in direction， as the ridge is.It has the advantage that the currents are driven by temperature differences that themselves depend on the position of the continents.Such a backoupling， in which the position of the moving plate has an impact on the forces that move it， could produce complicated and varying motionsAlso it is difficult to see how the theory applies to the plate between the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the ridge in the Indian Ocean.This plate is growing on both sides， and since there is no intermediate trench， the two ridges must be moving apart. It would be odd if the rising convectioncurrents kept exact pace with them.An alternative theory is that the sinking part of the plate， which is denser than the hotter surrounding mantle， pulls the rest of the plate after it. Again it is difficult to see how this applies to the ridge in the South Atlantic， where neither the African nor the American plate has a sinking part.Another possibility is that the sinking plate cools the neighboring mantle and produces convection currents that move the plates. This last theory is attractive because it gives some hope of explaining the enclosed seas， such as the Sea of apan. These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods.These seas have a typical oceanic floor， except that the floor is overlaid by several kilometers of sediment. Their floors have probably been sinking for long periods. It seems possible that a sinking current of cooled mantle material on the upper side of the plate might be the cause of such deep basins.The enclosed seas are an important feature of the earth's surface and seriously require explanation because， in addition to the enclosed seas that are developing at present behind island arcs， there are a number of older ones of possibly similar origin，such as the Gulf of Mexico， the Black Sea， and perhaps the North Sea.1. According to the traditional view of the origin of the oceanbasins， which of the following is sufficient to move the continental plates？（A） Increases in sedimentation on ocean floors（B） Spreading of ocean trenches（C） Movement of mid-ocean ridges（D） Sinking of ocean basins（E） Differences in temperature under oceans and continents2. It can be inferred from the passage that， of the following， the deepest sediments would be found in the（A） Indian Ocean（B） Black Sea（C） Mid-Atlantic（D） South Atlantic（E） Pacific3. The author refers to a “conveyer belt ”in line 13 in order to （A） illustrate the effects of convection in the mantle（B） show how temperature differences depend on the positions of the continents（C） demonstrate the linear nature of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge（D） describe the complicated motions made possible by back-coupling （E） account for the rising currents under certain mid-ocean ridges4.According to the passage， which of the following are separated bya plate that is growing on both sides？（A） The Pacific Ocean and the Sea of Japan（B） The South Atlantic Ridge and the North Sea Ridge（C） The Gulf of Mexico and the South Atlantic Ridge（D） The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the Indian Ocean Ridge（E） The Black Sea and the Sea of Japan5. Which of the following titles would best describe the content of the passage？（A） A Description of the Oceans of the World（B） Several Theories of Ocean Basin Formation（C） The Traditional View of the Oceans（D） Convection and Ocean Currents（E） Temperature Differences Among the Oceans of the WorldPassage 4In the eighteenth century, Japan’s feudal overlords, from the shogun (shogun: n.<日>幕府时代的将军) to the humblest samurai (samurai: n.(封建时代的)日本武士,日本陆军军官), found themselves under financial stress. In part, this stress can be attributed to the overlords’failure to adjust to a rapidly expanding economy, but the stress was also due to factors beyond the overlords’control. Concentration of the samurai in castle-towns had acted as a stimulus to trade. Commercial efficiency, in turn, had put temptations in the way of buyers. Since most samurai had been reduced to idleness by years of peace, encouraged toengage in scholarship and martial exercises or to perform administrative tasks that took little time, it is not surprising that their tastes and habits grew expensive. Overlords’income, despite the increase in rice production among their tenant farmers, failed to keep pace with their expenses. Although shortfalls in overlords’income resulted almost as much from laxity among their tax collectors (the nearly inevitable outcome of hereditary office-holding) as from their higher standards of living, a misfortune like a fire or flood, bringing an increase in expenses or a drop in revenue, could put a domain in debt to the city rice-brokers who handled its finances. Once in debt, neither the individual samurai nor the shogun himself found it easy to recover.It was difficult for individual samurai overlords to increase their income because the amount of rice that farmers could be made to pay in taxes was not unlimited, and since the income of Japan’s central government consisted in part of taxes collected by the shogun from his huge domain, the government too was constrained. Therefore, the Tokugawa shoguns began to look to other sources for revenue. Cash profits from government-owned mines were already on the decline because the most easily worked deposits of silver and gold had been exhausted, although debasement of the coinage had compensated for the loss. Opening up new farmland was a possibility, but most of what was suitable had already been exploited and further reclamation wastechnically unfeasible. Direct taxation of the samurai themselves would be politically dangerous. This left the shoguns only commerce as a potential source of government income.Most of the country’s wealth, or so it seemed, was finding its way into the hands of city merchants. It appeared reasonable that they should contribute part of that revenue to ease the shogun’s burden of financing the state. A means of obtaining such revenue was soon found by levying forced loans, known as goyo-kin; although these were not taxes in the strict sense, since they were irregular in timing and arbitrary in amount, they were high in yield. Unfortunately, they pushed up prices. Thus, regrettably, the Tokugawa shoguns’search for solvency for the government made it increasingly difficult for individual Japanese who lived on fixed stipends to make ends meet.1. The passage is most probably an excerpt from(A) an economic history of Japan(B) the memoirs of a samurai warrior(C) a modern novel about eighteenth-century Japan(D) an essay contrasting Japanese feudalism with its Western counterpart(E) an introduction to a collection of Japanese folktales2. Which of the following financial situations is most analogous to the financial situation in which Japan’s Tokugawa shoguns found themselves in the eighteenth century?(A) A small business borrows heavily to invest in new equipment, but is able to pay off its debt early when it is awarded a lucrative government contract.(B) Fire destroys a small business, but insurance covers the cost of rebuilding.(C) A small business is turned down for a loan at a local bank because the owners have no credit history.(D) A small business has to struggle to meet operating expenses when its profits decrease.(E) A small business is able to cut back sharply on spending through greater commercial efficiency and thereby compensate for a loss of revenue.3. Which of the following best describes the attitude of the author toward the samurai discussed in lines 11-16?(A) Warmly approving (B) Mildly sympathetic(C) Bitterly disappointed(D) Harshly disdainful (E) Profoundly shocked4. The passage suggests that, in eighteenth-century Japan, the office of tax collector(A) was a source of personal profit to the officeholder(B) was regarded with derision by many Japanese(C) remained within families(D) existed only in castle-towns(E) took up most of the officeholder’s time5. The passage implies that which of the following was the primary reason why the Tokugawa shoguns turned to city merchants for help in financing the state?(A) A series of costly wars had depleted the national treasury.(B) Most of the country’s wealth appeared to be in city merchants’ hands.(C) Japan had suffered a series of economic reversals due to natural disasters such as floods.(D) The merchants were already heavily indebted to the shoguns.(E) Further reclamation of land would not have been economically advantageous.汉译英北京，7月11日-中国警方命令一个报道中国社会和经济发展超过10年的知名西方时事通刊物志停刊，该刊物的英国编辑如是说。

西南大学博士入学考试英语试题（2012）Part I V ocabulary (10 points)Directions: In this part there are 20 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the. following sentences. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet1.A broadcasting station will sometimes to its listeners a programme whichit has received from another station.A. relyB. relayC. relateD. reside2.The United Nations Conference on Drug Abuse, which took place earlier this yearin Vienna, was a very meeting.A. productiveB. overwhelmingC. compulsoryD. protective3.A person who studies ___ learns how to express numbers approximately andhow to calculate ratios and averages.A. staticB. statisticC. statisticsD. status4.If you ______ someone, you form a fixed general idea or image of them so thatyou assume that they will behave in a particular way.A. assimilateB. simulateC. stereotypeD. subordinate5.Reading ______ the mind only with materials of knowledge, it is thinking thatmakes what we read ours.A. rectifiesB. prolongsC. furnishesD. minimizes6.Satellite communications are so up-to-date that even when _____ in the middleof the Pacific, businessman can contact their offices as if they were next door.A. glidingB. cruisingC. pilotingD. patrolling7.Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostlyfrom _______ on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination8.Scientists, who are now aware of how nautiluses regulate their buoyancy, havebeen able to dispel ideas about these creatures.A. erroneousB. misdemeanorsC. misgivingsD. misdirection9.development.A. evolutionB. survivalC. rivalryD. dignity10.To avoid an oil shortage, we should advocate that more machines must _____ oflife in a short time, and this made others astonished.（原题有误）A. accelerateB. operateC. generateD. utilize11.Japanese leaders aboard the U. S. battleship Missouri and signed the ____surrender, which ended World War Two in 1945.A. conditionalB. infiniteC. everlastingD. unconditional12.It is a _____ that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people whocould hardly keep their body and soul together.A. hypothesisB. paradoxC. conflictD. dispute13.The _____ effects of many illnesses made him a weak man and he still didn’twant to do sports every day.A. cumulativeB. formidableC. eternalD. prospective14.The robbers broke into the bank, _____ the clerics with revolvers and forced themto give money just as they were about to knock off.A. shotB. frightenedC. amusedD. menaced15. This pair of boots cost much less than yours for I bought them when thedepartment store made a _____ of the stored goods.A. clearanceB. reductionC. fortuneD. deal16. Technology has _____ the sharing information and the storage and delivery ofinformation, thus making more information available to more people.A. formulatedB. facilitatedC. furnishedD. functioned17. Language, culture and personality may be considered _____ of each other I thought,but they are inseparable in fact.A. indistinctlyB. separatelyC. irrelevantlyD. independently18. More than 85 percent of French Canada’s population speaks French as a mothertongue and _____ to the Roman Catholic faith.A. catersB. adheresC. ascribesD. subscribes19. There are not many teachers who are strong _____ of traditional methods inEnglish teaching.A. sponsorsB. contributorsC. advocatesD. performers20. The ______ of the scientific attitude is that the human mind can succeed inunderstanding the universe.A. essenceB. contentC. textureD. threshold Part II Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions: Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.There are 6 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. you should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet.Spread across the United States are about 500,000 doctors, cheeked by jowl, in the big cities and thin on the ground in isolated small towns. In June 1986, the secretary of health and human services, Dr. Otis Bowen, passed on a view of his experts: 5%-15% of America’s 500,000 doctors should be candidates for disciplinary action, many of them because of drug taking or alcoholism. Others give their patients poor care because they are senile, incompetent, guilty of misconduct or out of touch with developments in medicine.The granting, or withdrawal, of licenses to practice is in the hands of state medical boards, but they are overwhelmed with complaints and lack the money to handle even a fraction of them. Recently , however, things have been changing. In 1985, 406 doctors lost their licenses (compared with 255 in 1984), nearly 500 were placed on probation and nearly 1,000 received reprimands or had their right to practice curtailed. The federal inspector general demanded, and won the right far the states and the federal government, which provide health care for the elderly and for the poor under the Medicare and Medicaid programme, to refuse payment to the doctors considered unsatisfactory .Y et putting these powers into practice is proving to be far from easy . Of the 35 doctors so far denied reimbursement from Medicare, almost all work in lightly populated rural areas. On March 27th, their indignation and that of their patients were a sympathetic hearing by the Senate Finance Committee. Rural doctors may not be as up to date as those in the big towns, but they are often the only source of medical help for miles around and their patients are loyal to them. Members of the review boards, which are paid by the government, insist, however, that elderly and poor people should not be forced to receive (and the state to pay for) inferior care.An innovation is on the horizon in Texas, the most under-doctored state in the country (with only one doctor for every 1,100 residents). Lubbock University is setting up a computer network that will enable country doctors to obtain medical expertise and access to medical records in a hurry. The aim is to reduce the isolation of the country doctors and thus, in the long run, to attract more young doctors to rural areas.21.The main topic of the passage is .A.the present situation of American doctorsB.the legislation on rural medical servicesC.the problems of country doctors and possible solutionsD.some factors of disqualification of country doctors22.According to the text, disciplinary action should be taken against those who give patients poor care because of the following reasons EXCEPT .A.taking drugs and drinking alcoholB.feeling remorse of their bad behaviorC.being professional unskillfulD.being sick and conservative23.Which of the following is true about the unfit doctors?A.1,500 doctors were deprived of the right to practice medicine.B.The federal government has got the right to deny reimbursement to those unqualified doctors.C.Almost all the doctors who fail to get payment from Medicare work in densely populated urban areas.D.Patients in the rural areas complain about the poor treatment their doctors give them.24.It can be inferred from the text that in the near future .A.there will be more qualified doctors in rural areasB.there will be an even more serious imbalance of the number of rural and urban doctorsC.country doctors are competitive in breaking medical recordsD.more patients will go to rural areas for medical treatment25.The paragraph following the text would probably discuss .A.problems of urban doctorsB.other solutions to improve the present situationC.research in medical scienceD.reduction of staff in rural hospitalsQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.Bacteria are extremely small living things. While we measure our own sizes in inches or centimeters, bacterial size is measured in microns. One micron is a thousandth of a millimeter: a pinhead is about a millimeter across. Rod-shaped bacteria are usually from two to four microns long, while rounded ones are generally one micron in diameter. Thus, if you enlarged a rounded bacterium a thousand times, it would be just about the size of a pinhead. An adult human magnified by the same amount would be over a mile (1.6 kilometers) tall.Even with an ordinal microscopy, you must look closely to see bacteria. Using a magnification of 100 times, one finds that bacteria are barely visible as tiny rods or dots. One cannot make out anything of their structure. Using special stains, one can see that some bacteria have attached to them wavy-looking “hairs” called flagella. Others have only one flagellum. The flagella rotate, pushing the bacteria through the water. Many bacteria lack flagella and cannot move about by their own power, whileothers can glide along over surfaces by some little-understood mechanism.From the bacterial point of view, the world is a very different place from what it is to humans. To a bacterium, water is as thick as molasses is to us. Bacteria are so small that they are influenced by the movements of the chemical molecules around them.Bacteria under the microscope, even those with no flagella, often bounce about in the water. This is because they collide with the water molecules and are pushed this way and that. Molecules move so rapidly that within a tenth of a second the molecules around a bacterium have all been replaced by new ones; even bacteria without flagella are thus constantly exposed to a changing environment.26. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?A. The characteristics of bacteriaB. How bacteria reproduceC. The various functions of bacteriaD. How bacteria contribute to disease27. Bacteria are measured in __________.A. InchesB. CentimetersC. MicronsD. millimeters28. Which of the following is the smallest?A. A p inheadB. A rounded bacteriumA.tiny dotsB.small “hairs”rge rodsof the following?A. A rider jumping on a horse’s backB. A ball being hit by a batC. A boat powered by a motorD. A door closed by a gust of wind.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Although, recent years have seen substantial reductions in noxious pollutants from individual motor vehicles, the number of such vehicles has been steadily increasing. Consequently, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide, particulate matter, and ozone (generated by photochemical, reactions with hydrocarbons from vehicle exhaust) that exceed legally established limits. There is a growing, realization that the only effective way to achieve, further reductions in vehicle emissions-short of a massive shift away from the private automobile-is to replace conventional diesel fuel and gasoline with cleaner burning fuels such as compressed natural gas liquefied petroleum gas, ethanol, or methanol.All of these alternatives are carbon-based fuels whose molecules are smaller and simpler than those of gasoline. These molecules burn more cleanly than gasoline, in part because they have fewer, if and, carbon-carbon bonds, and the hydrocarbons they do emit are less likely to generate ozone. The combustion of large molecules, whichhave multiple carbon-carbon bonds, involves a more complex series of reactions. These reactions increase the probability of incomplete combustion and are more likely to release uncombusted and photochemically active hydrocarbon compounds into the atmosphere. On the other hand, alternative fuels do have drawbacks. Compressed natural gas would require that vehicles have a set of heavy fuel tanks-a serious liability in terms of performance and fuel efficiency and liquefied petroleum gas faces fundamental limits on supply.Ethanol and methanol, on the other hand, have important advantages over other carbon-based alternative fuels; they have hither energy content per volume and would require minimal changes in the existing network for distributing motor fuel. Ethanol is commonly used as a gasoline supplement, but it is currently about twice as expensive as methanol, the low cost of which is one of its attractive features. Methanol’s most attractive feature, however, is that it can reduce by about 90 percent the vehicle emissions that form ozone, the most serious urban air pollutant.Like any alternative fuel, methanol has its critics. Yet much of the criticism is based on the use of “gasoline clone” vehicles that do not incorporate even the simplest design improvements that are made possible with the use of methanol. It is true, for example, that a given volume of methanol provides only about one-half of the energy that gasoline and diesel fuel do; other things being equal, the fuel tank would have to be somewhat larger and heavier. However, since methanol-fueled vehicles could be designed to be much more efficient than “gasoline clone” vehicles fueled with methanol, they would need comparatively less fuel. Vehicles incorporating only the simplest of the Engine improvements that methanol makes feasible would still contribute to an immediate lessening of urban air pollution.31. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with __________.A. countering a flawed argument that dismisses a possible solution to a problem.B. reconciling contradictory points of view about the nature of a problem.C. identifying the strengths of possible solutions to a problem.D. discussing a problem and arguing in favor of one solution to it.32. According to the passage, incomplete combustion is more likely to occur withgasoline than with an alternative fuel because: __________.A. the combustion of gasoline releases photochemically active hydrocarbons.B. the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions.C. gasoline molecules have a simple molecular structure.D. gasoline is composed of small molecules.33. The passage suggests which of the Following about air pollution?A. Further attempts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles will nothelp lower urban air-pollution levels.B. Attempts to reduce the pollutions that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicleemits have been largely unsuccessful.C. Few serious attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutantsemitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles.D. Pollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical sourceof urban air pollution.34. The author describes which of the following as the most appealing feature ofmethanol?A. It is substantially less expensive than ethanol.B. It could be provided to consumers through the existing motor fuel distributionsystem.C. It has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels.D. Its use would substantially reduce ozone levels.35. It can be inferred that the author of the passage most likely regards the criticismof methanol in the last paragraph as __________.A. flawed because of the assumptions on which it is based.B. inapplicable because of an inconsistency in the critics’ arguments.C. misguided because of its exclusively technological focus.D. invalid because it reflects the personal bias of the critics.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Tests of reaction times seemed to back up the notion that the two hemispheres differed in their processing styles. Researchers used to believe that an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brain. If the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match up, then the person can respond slightly more quickly and accurately in identifying the local or global image.Still more startling, researchers found that the same appeared to hold for the brains of chimps and perhaps other primates. The assumption has always been that handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits---part of the great brain reorganization that allowed our ancestor to use tools, speak and perhaps even think rationally. But handedness is now widely claimed for primates and even birds, amphibians and whales. And in the past few years, some psychologists have tested chimps and baboons and suggested their two hemispheres also differ in processing style.Now researchers have come to see the distinction between the two hemispheres as a subtle one of processing style, with every mental faculty shared across the brain, and each side contributing in a complementary, not exclusive, fashion. A smart brain became one that simultaneously grasped both the foreground and the background of the momentThe next problem was to work out exactly how the brain manages to produce these two contrasting styles. Many researchers originally looked for the explanation in a simple wiring difference within the brain. This theory held that neurons in the left cortex might make sparse, short-range connections with their neighbors, while cells on the other side would be more richly and widely connected The result would be that the representation of sensations and memories would be confined lo smallish, discrete areas in the left hemisphere, while exactly the same input to a corresponding area of the right side would form a sprawling even impressionistic pattern of activity.Supporters of this idea argued that these structural differences would explain why left brain language areas are so good at precise representation of words and word sequences while the right brain seems to supply a wider sense of context and meaning.A striking finding from some people who suffer right-brain stokes is that they can understand the literal meaning of sentences-their l e f t brain can still decode the w o r d s---b u t they can no longer get jokes or allusions. Asked to explain even a common proverb, such as “a stitch in time saves nine”, they can only say it must have something to do with sewing. An intact right brain is needed to make the more playful connections.36. The local or global image is more quickly and accurately identified in the brain if _______.A. tests of reaction times back up the notion of the two hemispheresB. an image goes to one hemisphere first, and then to the opposite side of the brainC. the nature of the stimulus and the preference of the hemisphere match upD. the person can match the image with an object37. Handedness and brain asymmetry are strictly human traits, as is shown in ________.A. the brains of chimps and perhaps other primatesB. the fact that the great brain reorganization allowed our ancestor to use toolsC. the fact that human beings alone can use tools, speak and think rationallyD. the two brain hemispheres of chimps and baboons38. According to the text, a smart brain has all the following characteristics EXCEPT _________.A. with different processing style39. What is the problem of the people who suffer right-brain strokes?A. They can hardly understand the literal meaning of sentences.B. Their left brain can still decode the words.C. They do not understand the common proverb “a stitch in time saves nine”.D. They cannot grasp the meaning of jokes or allusions.40. The best title for the text may be __________.A. Left Brain, Right BrainB. The Local of Global ImageC. Human Brain and Animal BrainD. The Smart BrainQuestions 41 to 45 are based on the following passage.（此文不全）The Du Pont Company, the 13th largest employer in the U.S., routinely gives pre-employment blood tests to all blacks who apply for jobs to determine who might be a carrier of the trait for sickle-cell anemia, even though the trait is regarded as largely harmless. Although there are other genetically transmitted blood diseases and metabolic disorders that predominate in racial or ethnic groups, blacks are the only ones to be identified with a disease and examined for it at Du Pont. In a three month study of genetic screening in the American lace, the New York Times found no other instance of an ethnic or racial group singled out in or company.Du Pont officials emphasize that the sickle trait tests do not represent discriminationchemicals. Ycompanies doing genetic screening and thus is at the center of the debate over this area of science, debate so intense, so broad, that even medical directors from other companies lieve possibilities of genetic screening want no part of it. Atat Du a leader in the chemical industry with annualturn the distrust into achievement. Ifdetermine why some workers get sicker faster and why others seem to have more tolerance for industrial poisons. And so the company is looking beyond the skills and loyalty of its workers to ery genetic structure.The sickle-cell trait is not the same as sickle-cell anemia. The anemia is rare but debilitating disorder found in fewer than 50,000 American blacks, about two-tenths of a percent of the black population. Perhaps two million other blacks are carriers ofthe trait -- they are heterozygous; that ing a gene for sickle-cell anemia from one parent. Virtually all the carriers can lead very active lives and show no symptoms of the disease.41. What does the author say about Du Pont?A. It examined the blood of some blacksB. It examined some blacks for their knowledge of blood.C. It discovered that some blacks have blood illness.D. It discovered the blood of some blacks containing industrial chemicals.42. What do Du Pont officials say?A.They are trying to protect blacks form health threats.B.They can prove that blacks are likely to have health problems.C.They regard the skills of workers as the most important matter.D.They hope that other companies can follow their example.43. What is true about genetic screening?A.It often aims at black employees.B.Its focus is often on sickle-cell anemia.C.Some companies do not want to do it.D.The US government strongly supports it.44. The underlined word “toxic” in the third paragraph probably means _____.A.powerful.plex.C.thick.D.poisonous.45. What can we learn about the carriers of sick-cell trait?A. Their number is about 50,000.B. They usually seem to have normal lives.C. They include over half of the black population.D. They do not seem to be affected by industrial chemicals.Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Teenagers are spending more money than ever. Just last year, 31.6 million teens spent 155 billion, according to the Northbrook, Illinois-based market research group Teenage Research Unlimited. Much of that money, of course, comes from parents.Shocked at how much money kids spend? Maybe you haven’t cheeked the price tags lately on some of the younger generation’s must-haves.To some, such extravagant spending on the notoriously fickle young might seem outrageous. Why do some parents give in?One factor is surely the sheer power of marketing through mass media. According to the group Adbusters, teenagers are exposed to an estimated 3,000 advertisements each day. Combine the ads with programming itself, like the fashion-, music-，and skin-filled shows on MTV and y o u’ve got a barrage of messages telling kids what they should own if they want to fit in.“The pressures on parents today are enormous,” says Tom V ogele, a single father of twin 18-year-old girls in Newport Beach, Calif. “I truly believe it is harder today to raise children without spoiling them, not because parents are less capable or lazy, but because so many forces are working against me.”Many working parents probably compensate by spending money on their kids, says Timothy Marshall, an associate professor of developmental psychology at Christopher Newport University in Virginia. For some, there is probably some guilt involved in not spending enough time at home. But, adds Marshall, spending money is also often more convenient in our fast-paced society than going to baseball gamesor other activities.“It’s easier to say let’s go out and spend some money , in terms of finding time in a busy schedule to spend with kids,55 Marshall said.For many families, of course, keeping up with their children’s costly demands for designer clothing, CDs, and concert tickets is a financial impossibility . Even for those families who can afford such lavish spending, striking a compromise between spoiling the kids and denying them is tricky , but possible.Teaching kids how to budget and save is key , Marshall says. Instead of just giving children the toys or clothing they desire, give them an allowance and show them how they can save up for whatever they want, he says.And don’t be afraid to just say no, Marshall adds. “We need to step up and tellA. a market research company based in IllinoisB. a spokesman for the Teenage Research UnlimitedC. the base of the Teenage Research UnlimitedD. the city where the spending survey was carried out. 47. Some people find it outrageous that .A. some parents indulge their children in extravagant spendingB. some younger generation’s must-haves could cost so muchC. some parents are ignorant about their children’s spendingD. some children disregard their notorious spending habits48. What is the effect of marketing through mass media?A. It fills the market with ads beyond the young’s understanding.B. It directs not only the trend but also the ways of advertising.C. It stuffs all kinds of ads into TV shows and radio programs.D. It triggers young people’s desire to keep up with the trend.49. According to Marshall, parents prefer to spend money on their children mainly because __.A. they can’t afford the time to stay with their children.B. they want to make up their guilt for their children.C. they find it more convenient than going out with the children.D. they feel it is hard to raise children without indulging them50. What does Marshall think parents should do with the children’s spending habit?A. They should refuse to pay for their lavish spending.B. They should restrain the children’s spending within limits.C. They should be responsible for providing for the children.D. They should draw up a budget plan for the children.Part III Cloze (10 points)Directions: It is a commonplace among moralists that you cannot get happiness by pursuing it. This is only true if you pursue it _51_. Gamblers at Monte Carlo are pursuing money , and most of them lose it instead, but there are other ways of pursuing money , which often _52_. So it is with happiness. If you pursue it _53_ drink, you are forgetting the hang-over. Epicurus pursue it by living only in congenial society and eating only dry bread, __54_ by a little cheese on feast days. His method proved successful in his case, but he was a valetudinarian, and most people would need something more _55_. For most pe o p le , the pursuit of happiness, _56_ supplemented in various ways, is too Read the following text. Choose the best word((s) for each numbered bland and mark A, B, C, or D on Answer Sheet.abstract and theoretical to be _57_ as a personal rule of life. But I think that _58_ personal rule of life you may choose it should not, except in rare and heroic cases, be _59_ with happiness.There are a great many people who have all the _60_ conditions of happiness, i.e. health and a sufficient income, and who, _61_, a re profoundly unhappy. In such cases it would seem as if the _62_ must lie with a wrong theory as to how to live. In one sense, we may say that any theory as to how to live is wrong. We imagine ourselves long as external conditions are _64_. If you have a cat it w i l l enjoy life if it has foodour needs are more。

研究生学位英语考试试题Part One：ListeningPart Two：Vocabulary1．Please do not be ____ by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A disregardedB distortedC irritatedD intervened2. Craig assured his boss that he would ____ all his energies in doing this new job.A call forthB call atC call onD call off3. Too much ____ to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.A disclosureB exhibitionC contactD exposure4. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes ____, and I can hardly remember my own date of birth.A dimB blankC faintD vain5. It is well known that knowledge is the ____ condition for expansion of mind.A incompatibleB incredibleC indefiniteD indispensable6. Language, culture, and personality may be considered ____ of each other in thought, but they are inseparable in fact.A indistinctlyB separatelyC irrelevantlyD independently7. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard to ____ her laughter.A hold backB hold onC hold outD hold up8. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ____ attitude toward customers.A impartialB mildC hostileD opposing9. I ____ with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.A expressB confessC verifyD acknowledge10. It is strictly ____ that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.A securedB forbiddenC regulatedD determined11. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ____ again next spring.A assemblyB sessionC conferenceD convention12. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th ____ the birth of Jesus Christ.A in accordance withB in terms ofC in favor ofD in honor of13. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am ____ to carrying out the plan.A obligedB committedC engagedD resolved14. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it ____ as well as we had hoped.A came offB went offC brought outD make out15. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we must ____ the qualities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.A improveB enhanceC guaranteeD gear16. He left early on the ____ that he had a bad toothache and had to see the dentist.A prescriptionB pretextC knowledgeD precondition17. The new edition of the encyclopedia ____ many improvements, which is the result of the persistent effort of all the compilers.A embeddedB embodiedC enchantedD enclosed18. The boys and girls ____ together round the camp fire telling stories and singing songs.A reversedB clappedC clusteredD contracted19. The new underground railway will ____ the journey to all parts of the city.A consumeB eliminateC formulateD facilitate20. The speaker attracted the audience at the very beginning of the lecture by giving a ____ description of his personal experience.A globalB graciousC graphicD prescriptivePart Three：ReadingPassage oneThe potential of closed-circuit television and other new electronic teaching tools is so great that it is fascinating to visualize “the school of tomorrow”.Televised lessons will originate from a central building having perhaps four or five master studios. The lessons will be carried into classrooms all over a city, or even an entire country.After a televised lesson has been given, the classroom teacher will take over for the all-important “follow-up” period. The stude nts will ask troublesome questions, and difficult points will be cleared up through discussion.The teacher in the classroom will have additional electronic tools. On the teacher’s desk, the traditional bright red apple will have been replaced by a multiple—control panel and magnetic tape players. The tape machines will runprerecorded lessons which pupils will follow by headphones. The lessons will be specifically geared to the students’ levels of ability. For instance, which the class as a whole studies history, each student will receive an individual history lesson, directed to his particular level of ability.Should questions arise, the students will be able to talk directly to the teacher on individual “intercoms” without disturbing the rest of the class. In this way, the teacher will be able to conduct as many as three classes at the same time.1.This article is mainly about_______.A. televisionB. electronicsC. the schools of the futureD. communication2. Closed-circuit television will probably carry lessons to_____.A.a single classroomB. one schoolC. all the classrooms in the worldD. all the classrooms in a city or country3. In the schools of tomorrow, the teacher’s desk will____.A. contain electronic equipmentB. actually be a television setC. no longer existD. look like an isolation booth4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will4. In the schools of tomorrow, students will_____.A. all study different subjects at the same timeB. study at different levels within a subject at the same timeC. not studyD. not have to read books5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to5. Electronic tools will enable the teacher to_____.A. teach more than one class at the same timeB. retireC. teach only a small number of pupilsD. rely on TV stations onlyPassage Two：Industrial Psychology is the application of various psychological techniques to the selection and training of industrial workers and to the promotion of efficient working conditions and techniques, as well as individual job satisfaction.The selection of workers for particular jobs is essentially a problem of discoveringthe special aptitudes and personality characteristics needed for the job and of devising tests to determine whether candidates have such aptitudes and characteristics. The development of tests of this kind has long been a field of psychological research.Once the worker is on the job and has been trained, the fundamental aim of the industrial psychologist is to find ways in which a particular job can best be accomplished with a minimum of effort and a maximum of individual satisfaction. The psychologist's function, therefore, differs from that of the so-called efficiency expert, who places primary emphasis on increased production. Psychological techniques used to lessen the effort involved in a given job include a detailed study of the motions required to do the job, the equipment used, and the conditions under which the job is performed. After making such a study, the industrial psychologist often determines that the job in question may be accomplished with less effort by changing the routine motions of the work itself, changing or moving the tools, improving the working conditions, or a combination of several of these methods.Industrial psychologists have also studied the effects of fatigue on workers to determine the length of working time that yields the greatest productivity. In some cases such studies have proven that total production on particular jobs could be increased by reducing the number of working hours or by increasing the number of rest periods, or "breaks," during the day. Industrial psychologists may also suggest less direct requirements for general improvement of job performance, such as establishing a better line of communication between employees and management.6. From the first sentence of passage, we learn that the primary objective of industrial psychology is to study ______.A. working efficiency that leads to the highest outputB. the working skills and the working environmentC. the techniques leading to the highest productivityD. the utilization of workers to get the greatest profit7. A test in industrial psychology is used to find out ______.A. a worker’s achievementsB. a worker's potential for a certain jobC. a worker's psychological problemD.a worker's motivation for a certain job8. The industrial psychologist’s function differs from that of the efficiency experts in that the former______.A. places great emphasis on maximum productionB. never cares about the increase of productionC. is mainly concerned with workers' satisfactionD. worries a lot about those workers in poor working conditions9. In an industrial psychologist's mind, all of the following is important EXCEPT______.A. the steps in which work is doneB. the state of mind of a worker when workingC. the effect of working environment on a workerD. the value of the product a worker is making10. It is certain that ______.A. Two breaks in a day lead to higher productivity than oneB. working less hours can yield the highest efficiencyC. communication is increasing between the employers and employeesD. changing tools will help increase the productionPassage Three：The Welsh language has always been the ultimate marker of Welsh identity, but a generation ago it looked as if Welsh would go the way of Manx. once widely spoken on the isle of Man but now extinct. Government financing and central planning, however, have helped reverse the decline of Welsh. Road signs and official public documents are written in both Welsh and English, and schoolchildren are required to learn both languages. Welsh is now one of the most successful of Europe’s regional languages, spoken by more than a half-million of the country’s three million people.The revival of the language, particularly among young people, is part of a resurgence of national identity sweeping through this small, proud nation. Last month Wales marked the second anniversary of the opening of the National Assembly, the first parliament to be convened here since 1404. The idea behind devolution was to restore the balance within the union of nations making up the United Kingdom. With most of the people and wealth, England has always had bragging rights. The partial transfer of legislative powers from Westminster, implemented by Tony Blair, was designed to give the other members of the club- Scotland, Northern Ireland, and Wales-a bigger say and to counter centrifugal forces that seemed to threaten the very idea of the union.The Welsh showed little enthusiasm for devolution. Whereas the Scots voted overwhelmingly for a parliament, the vote for a Welsh assembly scraped through by less than one percent on a turnout of less than 25 percent. Its powers were proportionately limited. The Assembly can decide how money from Westminster or the European Union is spent. It cannot, unlike its counterpart in Edinburgh, enact laws. But now that it is here, the Welsh are growing to like their Assembly. Many people would like it to have more powers. Its importance as figurehead will grow with the opening in 2003, of a new debating chamber, one of many new buildings that are transforming Cardiff from a decaying seaport into a Baltimore-style waterfront city. Meanwhile a grant of nearly two million dollars from the European Union will tackle poverty. Wales is one of the poorest regions in Western Europe- only Spain, Portugal, and Greece have a lower standard of living.Newspapers and magazines are filled with stories about great Welsh men and women, boosting self-esteem. To familiar faces such as Dylan Thomas and Richard Burton have been added new icons such as Catherine Zeta-Jones, the movie star, and Bryn Terfel, the opera singer. Indigenous foods like salt marsh lamb are in vogue. And Wales now boasts a national airlin e. Awyr Cymru. Cymru, which means “land of compatriots,” is the Welsh name for Wales. The red dragon, the nation’s symbol since the time of King Arthur, is everywhere- on T-shirts, rugby jerseys and even cell phone covers.“Until very recent times most Wel sh people had this feeling of being second-class citizens,” said Dyfan Jones, an 18-year-old student. It was a warm summer night, and I was sitting on the grass with a group of young people in Llanelli, an industrial town in the south, outside the rock mus ic venue of the National Eisteddfod, Wales’s annual cultural festival. The disused factory in front of us echoed to the sounds of new Welsh bands.“There was almost a genetic tendency for lack of confidence,” Dyfan continued. Equally comfortable in his Welshness as in his membership in the English-speaking, global youth culture and the new federal Europe, Dyfan, like the rest of his generation, is growing up with a sense of possibility unimaginable ten years ago. “We used to think. We can’t do anything, we’re only Welsh. Now I think that’s changing.”11. According to the passage, devolution was mainly meant toA. maintain the present status among the nations.B. reduce legislative powers of England.C. create a better state of equality among the nations.D. grant more say to all the nations in the union.12. The word “centrifugal” in the second paragraph meansA. separatist.B. conventional.C. feudal.D. political13. Wales is different from Scotland in all the following aspects EXCEPTA. people’s desire for devolution.B. locals’ turnout for the voting.C. powers of the legislative body.D. status of the national language.14. Which of the following is NOT cited as an example of the resurgence of Welsh national identityA. Welsh has witnessed a revival as a national language.B. Poverty-relief funds have come from the European Union.√C. A Welsh national airline is currently in operation.D. The national symbol has become a familiar sight.15. According to Dyfan Jones what has changed isA. people’s mentality.B. pop culture.C. town’s appearance.D. possibilities for the people.Passage Four：What is true? What is right? What is beautiful? Science considers what is true, starting out with almost unimaginable ideas (The earth is moving! The future is unpredictable!). The job is to understand these ideas and fit them into a broad and logical picture of the universe. Politics considers what is right. This requires broad understanding and eventual consensus of points of view that often appear incompatible. Art is the development of what is beautiful---whether through words, a musical note, or architecture.Truth, morality, beauty. It has been humanity’s persistent hope that these three ideas should be consistent with each other. Yet successful activities in science, politics, and art diverge greatly, and I believe the three activities can be pursued initially without regard to each other, or without reconciling the possible conflicts that mayarise. Today, there is perceived to be a strong contradiction between the results of science and the requirements of morality; for instance, the application of science has led to the development of nuclear weapons, while international morality seems to demand that such results never be applied ——and that research leading to them should be stopped. I hold a position radically different from the general point of view, believing that contradiction and uncertainty should be enhanced.Niel Bohr loved contradiction. He would not tolerate the idea that quantum mechanics might some day supersede classical physics. For Bohr, classical physics had to remain in permanent contradiction to quantum mechanics and the tension between them retained as a part of science. In the same way, the impacts of science, politics, and art must remain independent. We must learn to live with contradictions, because they lead to deeper and more effective understanding. The same applies to uncertainty.According to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, only probabilistic predictions can be made about the future. Furthermore, small events can have important consequences. An everyday example is weather forecasting. It is fairly successful for predictions up to 5 days ahead, but if you double that period the predictions are no longer accurate. It is not clear whether long-range predictions are forever excluded, but the example does illustrate that small causes can have significant effects.This situation has an obvious analogy in free will. In a completely deterministic world, what we know as free will in humans is reduced to a mere illusion. I may not know that my actions are predetermined in some complicated configuration of my molecules, and that my decisions are nothing more than the realization of what has been inherent in the configuration of electrons. According to quantum mechanics, we cannot exclude the possibility that free will is a part of the process by which the future is created. We can think about the creation of the world as incomplete and human beings, indeed all living beings, as making choices left open to probability.One may argue that this notion is fantastic. Indeed, Einstein firmly believed in causality, and rejected the relevant part of quantum mechanics. (His famous statement is that, while God can rule the world by any set of laws, “God does not p lay dice with the universe.”)Attempts have been made to add laws to quantum mechanics to eliminate uncertainty. Such attempts have not only been unsuccessful, they have not even appeared to lead to any interesting results.Questions:16.According to the author, what do science, politics and art each try to explain?17.What is the strong contradiction mentioned in the second paragraph?18.What is the author’s attitude toward contradiction?19.How would the author face uncertainty?20.What is the main idea of the passage?Passage Five：I am afraid to sleep. I have been afraid to sleep for the last few weeks. I am so tired that, finally, I do sleep, but only for a few minutes. It is not a bad dream that wakes me ; it is the reality I took with me into sleep . I try to think of something else. Immediately the woman in the marketplace comes into my mind. I was on my way to dinner last night when I saw her . She was selling skirts. She moved with the same ease and loveliness I often saw in the women of Laos. Her long black hair was as shiny as the black silk of the skirts she was selling. In her hair, she wore three silk ribbons, blue, green, and white. They reminded me of my childhood and how my girlfriends and I used to spend hours braiding ribbons into our hair. I don’t know the word for “ribbons”, so I put my hand to my own hair and , with three fingers against my head , I looked at her ribbons and said “Beautiful.” She lowered her eyes and said nothing. I wasn’t sure if she understood me (I don’t speak Laotian v ery well).I looked back down at the skirts. They had designs on them: squares and triangles and circles of pink and green silk. They were very pretty. I decided to buy one of those skirts, and I began to bargain with her over the price. It is the custom to bargain in Asia. In Laos bargaining is done in soft voices and easy moves with the sort of quiet peacefulness.She smiled, more with her eyes than with her lips. She was pleased by the few words I was able to say in her language, although they were mostly numbers, and she saw that I understood something about the soft playfulness of bargaining. We shook our heads in disagreement over the price; then, immediately, we made another offer and then another shake of the head. She was so pleased that unexpectedly, she accepted the last offer I made. But it was too soon. The price was too low. She was being too generous and wouldn’t make enough money. I moved quickly and picked up two more skirts and paid for all three at the price set; that way I was able to pay her three times as much before she had a chance to lower the price for the larger purchase. She smiled openly then, and, for the first time in months, my spirit lifted. I almost felt happy.The feeling stayed with me while she wrapped the skirts in a newspaper and handed them to me. When I left, though, the feeling left, too. It was as though itstayed behind in marketplace. I left tears in my throat. I wanted to cry. I didn’t , of course.I have learned to defend myself against what is hard; without knowing it, I have also learned to defend myself against what is soft and what should be easy.I get up, light a candle and want to look at the skirts. They are still in the newspaper that the woman wrapped them in. I remove the paper, and raise the skirts up to look at them again before I pack them. Something falls to floor. I reach down and feel something cool in my hand. I move close to the candlelight to see what I have. There are five long silk ribbons in my hand, all different colors. The woman in the marketplace! She has given these ribbons to me!There is no defense against a generous spirit, and this time I cry, and very hard, as if I could make up for all the months that I didn’t cry.Questions:21. When the author met the woman in the market, what was the woman doing?22. How can you describe bargaining in Laos?23. According to the author, why did the woman accept the last offer?24. Why did the author finally decide to buy three skirts?25. Why did the writer cry eventually when she looked at the skirts again? Part Four：Translation1. A second aspect of technology transfer concentrates on US high technology exports.China has correctly complained in the past that the US was unnecessarily restrictive in limiting technology sales to China. Recently some liberalization has taken place and major increases in technology transfers have taken place as the result. However, some items continue to be subject to restrictions and unnecessary delay, in part because the US Government submits many items to COCOM(巴黎统筹委员会) for approval. There is significant room for improvement with the US bureaucracy and COCOM.2. Good manners are necessary because we are judged by our manners. Our mannersnot only show what kind of education we have received and what our social position is, but they also tend to show what our nature is. A person with good manners is always an agreeable companion, because he always thinks of others andshows respect for others.3. Individualism and collectivism have permeated every aspect of Eastern andWestern culture, influencing American and Chinese economics, politics, morals and values, and especially communication patterns. This is important, for research has proved that the number one cause of failure in international business and relations is not economics or even business but cross-cultural communication.4. It is known to all that knowledge is power. Young people without knowledgecannot expect to become assets to society. In order to acquire profound knowledge, they strive to study well in school in the first place. This does not mean that knowledge only consists in books. In most cases, the knowledge from books is no substitute for the knowledge derived from social practices. For this obvious reason, young people should also regard it as indispensable to their acquirement of knowledge to learn earnestly from the experienced people and from society as well.In short, the rightly motivated young people are advised to insist on obtaining knowledge from all kinds of sources.5. 今天，环境问题变得越来越严重了。

2012年复旦大学博士招生入学考试英语试题Paper One注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效。

Part I Vocabulary and Structure（15%）Directions：There are30incomplete sentences in this part.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C,D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.1.It was very difficult to find the parts needed to do the job because of the______way the store was organized.A logicalB haphazardC orderlyD tidy2.Mississippi also up K olds the South’s well-deserved reputation for warm,hospitable people;balmy year-round weather;and truly______cuisine.A destructiveB horribleC amiableD delectableIf she is stupid,she’s_____pleasant to look at.A at any rateB by chanceC at a lossD by the way4.The mother was_____with grief when she heard that her child was dead.A fantasticB frankC franticD frenzy5.In your teens,peer-group friendships may_____from parents as the major influence on you.A take controlB take placeC take upD take overParents often faced the___between doing what they felt was good for the development of the child and what they could stand by way of undisciplined noise and destructiveness.A paradoxB junctionC premiseD dilemmaThere have been demonstrations on the streets____the recent terrorist attack.A in the wake ofB in the course ofC in the context ofD in the light of8.Thousands of Medicare patients with chronic medical conditions have been wrongly_____access to necessary care.A grudgedB deniedC negatedD invalidatedIt has been proposed by many linguists that human language______,our biologically programmed abilit\to use language,is still not well defined and understood.A potentialityB perceptionC facultyD acquisition10.Western medicine,_______science and practiced by people with academic internationally accepted medical degrees,is only one of many systems of healing.A rooted inB originated fromC trapped inD indulged in11.When I asked if a black politician could win in France,however,he responded_____:”No,conditions are different here.”A ambiguouslyB implicitlyC unhesitatinglyD optimistically12.The development of staff cohesion and a sense of team effort in the workplace can be effectively_______by the use of humor.A acquaintedB installedC regulatedD facilitated13.In both America and Europe,it is_____to tip the waiter or waitress anywhere from10% to20%.A elementaryB temporaryC voluntaryD customary14.Such an approach forces managers to communicate with one another and helps______rigid departmental bo X ndaries.A pass overB stand forC break down Dset off15.As a teenager,I was_____by a blind passion for a slim star I would never meet in my life.A pursuedB seducedC consumedD guaranteed16.His originality as a composer is____by the following group of songs.A exemplifiedB createdC performedD realized17.They are going to London,but their______destination is Rome.A ultimateB primeC nextD cardinal18.The poor old man was_____with diabetes and without proper treatment he would lose his eyesight and become crippled very soon.A sufferedB afflictedC inducedD infected19.The bribe and the bridegroom were overwhelmed in happiness when their family offered to take them to Rome to_______the marriage.A terminateB initiateC consummateD separate20.Jo K n said that the richer countries of the world should make a_____effort to help the poorer countries.A futileB glitteringC franticD concentrated21.The problem is inherent and_______in any democracy,but it has been more severe in ours during the past quarter-century because of the near universal denigration of government,politics and politicians.A perishableB periodicalC perverseD perennial22.As is known to all,____commodities will definitely do harm to our life sooner or later.A counterfeitB fakeC imitativeD fraudulent23.It would be_____to think that this could solve all the area’s problems straight away.A subtleB feebleC nastyD naïveIt is surprising that such an innocent-looking man should have____such a crime.A confirmedB clarifiedC committedD conveyed25.Hummans are___,which enables them to make dicisions even when they can’t justify why.A rationalB reasonableC hesitantD intuitive26.More than100____cats that used to roam the streets in a Chinese province have now been collected and organized into a tram to fight rodents that are destroying crops.A looseB tamedC wildD stary27.To say that his resignation was a shock would be an______-------it caused pani F.A excuseB indulgenceC exaggerationD understatement28.Here the burden of his thought is that the philosopher,aiming at truth,must not____the seduction of trying to write beautifully.A subject toB carry onC yield toD aim at29.I found the subject very difficult,and at one time thought I should have to give it up,but you directions are so clear and____that I have succeeded in getting a picture we all think pretty,though wanting in the tender grace of yours.A on the pointB off the pointC to the pointD up to a point30.They both watched as the crime scene technicians took samples of various fibers and bagged them,dusted for fingerprints,took pictures and tried to_____what could have happened.A rehearseB reiterateC reinforceD reenactPart II Reading Comprehension(40%)Directions:There are four reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished sentences.For each of them there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.(1)In1896a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family,there was no liability for damages.In contrast,lessthan a century later,in1979,the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of$750,000.The transformation in social values implicit in juxta-posing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer's excellent book,Pricing the Priceless Child.During the nineteenth century, she argues,the concept of the"useful"child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the"useless"child who,though producing no income for,and indeed extremely costly to,its parents,is yet considered emotionally "priceless."Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's,this new view of childhood spread through-out society in the O ate-nineteenth DQG early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in part on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo.For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex.The gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy,the decline in birth and death rates,especially in child mortality,and the development of the companionate family(a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty)were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth.Yet "expulsion of children from the'cash nexus,'……although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic,occupational,and family structures,"Zelizer maintains."was also part of a cultural process'of sacral-ization'of children's lives."Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans,she suggests;this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace.In stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth.Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new"sociological economics,"who have analyzed such tradi-tionally sociological topics as crime,marriage,educa-tion,and health solely in terms of their economic deter-minants.Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences,"these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain.Zelizer is highly critical of this approach,and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon:the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms,she argues,their"exchange"or" sur-render"value on the market,that is,the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms,became much greater.31.It can be inferred from the passage that accidental-death damage awards in america during the nineteenth century tended to be based principally on theA.earnings of the person at time of deathB.wealth of the party causing the deathC.degree of culpability of the party causing the deathD.amount of money that had been spent on the person killed32 ,t can be inferred from the passage that in the early1800's children were generally regarded by their families as individuals whoA.needed enormous amounts of security and affectionB.required constant supervision while workingC.present the central thesis a recent bookD.refute a traditional explanation of a social phenomenon33which of the following alternative explanations of the change in the cash value of children would be most likely to be put forward by sociological economists as they are described in the passage?A.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because paraents began to increase their emotional investment in the upbringing of their children.B.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because their expected earning over the course of a lifetime increased greatly.C.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because the spread of human L tiarian ideals resulted in a whole VF ale reappraisal of the worth of an individual.D.The cash value of children rose during the nineteenth century because compulsory education laws reduced the supply,and thus raised thd costs,of available child labor.34 7he prima U\purpose of the passage is toA.review the literature in a new academic subfieldB.present the central thesis of a recent bookC.contrast two approaches to analyzing historical changeD.refute a traditional explanation of a V ocial phenomenon35=elizer refers to all of the following as important influences in changing the assessment of children's worth except changes inA.the mortality rateB.the nature of industryC.the nature of the familyD.attitudes toward reform movements(2)A stout old lady was walking with her basket down the middle of a street in Petrograd to the great confusion of the traffic and with no small peril to herself.It was pointed out to her that the pavement was the place for pedestrians,but she replied:'I'm going to walk where I like. We've got liberty now.'It did not occur to the dear old lady that if liberty entitled the pedestrian to walk down the middle of the road,then the end of such liberty would be universal chaos.Everybody would be getting in everybody else's way and nobody would get anywhere.Individual liberty would have become social anarchy.There is a danger of the world getting liberty-drunk in these days like the old lady with the basket,and it is just as well to remind ourselves of what the rule of the road means.It means that in order that the liberties of all may be preserved,the liberties of everybody must be curtailed.When the policeman,say,at Piccadilly Circus steps into the middle of the road and puts out his hand,he is the symbol not of tyranny,but of liberty.You may not think so.You may,being in a hurry, and seeing your car pulled up by this insolence of office,feel that your liberty has been outraged.How dare this fellow interfere with your free use of the public highway?Then,if you are a reasonable person,you will reflect that if he did not interfere with you,he would interfere with no one,and the result would be that Piccadilly Circus would be a maelstrom that you would never cross at all.You have submitted to a curtailment of private liberty in order that you may enjoy a social order which makes your liberty a reality.Liberty is not a personal affair only,but a social contract.It is an accommodation of interests.In matters which do not touch anybody else's liberty,of course,I may be as free as I like.If I choose to go down the road in a dressing-gown who shall say me nay?You have liberty to laugh at me, but I have liberty to be indifferent to you.And ifI have a fancy for dyeing my hair,or waxing my moustache(which heaven forbid),or wearing an overcoat and sandals,or going to bedlate or getting up early,I shall follow my fancy and ask no man's permission.I shall not inquire of you whether I may eat mustard with my mutton.And you will not ask me whether you may follow this religion or that,whether you may prefer Ella Wheeler Wilcox to Wordsworth,or champagne to shandy.In all these and a thousand other details you and I please ourselves and ask no one's leave.We have a whole kingdom in which we rule alone, can do what we choose,be wise or ridiculous,harsh or easy,conventional or odd.But directly we step out of that kingdom,our personal liberty of action becomes qualified by other people's liberty.I might like to practice on the trombone from midnight till three in the morning.If I went on to the top of Everest to do it,I couldplease myself,but ifI doitinmybedroommyfamilywillobject,andif Idoitoutinthestreets theneighborswill remind me that my liberty to blow the trombone mustnot interfere with their liberty to sleep in quiet.There are a lot of people in the world,and I have to accommodate my liberty to their liberties.We are all liable to forget this,and unfortunately we are much more conscious of the imperfections of others in this respect than of our own.A reasonable consideration for the rights or feelings of others is the foundation of social conduct.It is in the small matters of conduct,in the observance of the rule of the road,that we pass judgment upon ourselves,and declare that we are civilized or uncivilized.The great moments of heroism and sacrifice are rare.It is the little habits of commonplace intercoursethat make up the great sum of life and sweeten or make bitter the journey.36.The author might have stated his‘rule of the road’asA.do not walk in the middle of the roadB.follow the orders of policemenC.do not behave inconsiderately in publicD.do what you like in private37.The author’s attitude to the old lady in paragraph one isA.condescendingB.intolerantC.objectiveD.supportive38Asituationanalogous to the‘insolence of office’described inparagraph2would beA.a teacher correcting grammar errorsB.an editor shortening the text of an articleC.a tax inspector demanding to see someone’s accountsD.an army office giving orders to a soldier39The author assumes that he may be as free as he likes inA.all matters of dress and foodB.any situation which does not interfere with the liberty of othersC.anything that is not against the lawD.his own home40In the sentence‘We are all liable....’the author isA.pointing out a general weaknessB.emphasizing his main pointC.countering a general misconceptionD.suggesting a remedy(3)The name of Florence Nightingale lives in the memory of the world by virtue of the heroic adventure of the Crimea.Had she died-as she nearly did-upon her return to England,her reputation would hardly have been different;her legend would have come down to us almost as we know it today-that gentle vision of female virtue which first took shape before the adoring eyes of the sick soldiers at Scutari.Yet,as a matter of fact,she lived for more than half a century after the Crimean War;and during the greater part of that long period all the energy and all the devotion of her extraordinary nature were working at their highest pitch. What she accomplished in those years of unknown labor could,indeed,hardly have been more glorious than her Crimean triumphs;but it was certainly more important.The true history was far stranger even than the myth.In Miss Nightingale's own eyes the adventure of the Crimea was a mere incident-scarcely more than a useful stepping-stone in her career.It was the fulcrum with which she hoped to move the world;but it was only the fulcrum.For more than a generation she was to sit in secret,working her lever:and her real life began at the very moment when,in popular imagination,it had ended.She arrived in England in a shattered state of health.The hardships and the ceaseless efforts of the last two years had undermined her nervous system;her heart was affected;she suffered constantly from fainting-fits and terrible attacks of utter physical prostration.The doctors declared that one thing alone would save her-a complete and prolonged rest.But that was also the one thing with which she would have nothing to do.She had never been in the habit of resting;why should she begin now?Now,when her opportunity had come at last;now,when the iron was hot,and it was time to strike?No;she had work to do;and,come what might,she would do it. The doctors protested in vain;in vain her family lamented and entreated,in vain her friends pointed out to her the madness of such a course.Madness?Mad-possessed-perhaps she was.A frenzy had seized upon her.As she lay upon her sofa,gasping,she devoured blue-books, dictated letters,and,in the intervals of her palpitations,cracked jokes.For months at a stretchshe never lefther bed.But she would not rest.At this rate,the doctors assuredher,even if she did not die,she would become an invalid for life.She could not help that;there was work to be done;and,as for rest,very likely she might rest...when she had done it.Wherever she went,to London or in the country,in the hills of Derbyshire,or among the rhododendrons at Embley,she was haunted by a ghost.It was the specter of Scutari-the hideous vision of the organization of a military hospital.She would lay that phantom,or she would perish.The whole system of the Army Medical Department,the education of the Medical Officer,the regulations of hospital procedure...rest?How could she rest while these things were as they were,while,if the like necessity were to arise again,the like results would follow?And,even in peace and at home,what was the sanitary condition of the Army?The mortality in the barracks,was,she found,nearly double the mortality in civil life.'You might as well take1, 100men every year out upon Salisbury Plain and shoot them,'she said.After inspecting the hospitals at Chatham,she smiled grimly.'Yes,this is one more symptom of the system which, in the Crimea,put to death16,000men.'Scutari had given her knowledge;and it had given her power too:her enormous reputation was at her back-an incalculable force.Other work, other duties,might lie before her;but the most urgent,the most obvious,of all was to look to the health of theArmy.41.According to the author,the work done during the last fifty years of Florence Nightingale's life was,when compared with her work in the Crimea,all of the following exceptA.less dramaticB.less demandingC.less well-known to the publicD.more important42Paragraph two paints a picture of a woman who isA.mentally shatteredB.stubborn and querulousC.physically weak but mentally indomitableD.purposeful yet tiresome43.The primary purpose of paragraph3is toA.account for conditions in the armyB.show the need for hospital reformC.explain Miss Nightingale's main concernsD.argue that peace time conditions were worse than wartime conditions44The author's attitude to his material isA.disinterested reporting of biographical detailsB.over-inflation of a reputationC.debunking a mythD.interpretation as well as narration45In her statement Miss Nightingale intended toA.criticize the conditions in hospitalsB.highlight the unhealthy conditions under which ordinary soldiers were livingC.prove that conditions in the barracks were as bad as those in a military hospitalD.ridicule the dangers of army life(4)How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems?This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions.In many ways,our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship.Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the1930s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners,when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence,and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market.Increasing affluence,the riseof families with morethan one wage earner,the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed,and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness.Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship.Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level,the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner,relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force,so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship.The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty.Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support.Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month,those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment,even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer.For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies,there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work,or else outside the laborforce but wanting a job.Finally,income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly,disabled,and dependent,neglecting the needs of the working poor,so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.As a result of such contradictory evidence,itis uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions,and,hence,whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty,employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications,measuring the consequences of labor market problems.46Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?A.What causes labor market pathologies that resultin sufferingB.Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of povertyC.Where the areas of agreement are among poverty,employment,and earnings figuresD.How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities47The author uses“labor market problems”in lines1-2to refer to which of the following?A.The overall causes of povertyB.Deficiencies in the training of the work forceC.Trade relationships among producers of goodsD.Shortages of jobs providing adequate income48Which of the following proposals best responds to the issues raised by the author?A.Innovative programs using multiple approaches should be set up to reduce the level of unemployment.B.A compromise should be found between the positions of those who view joblessness as an evil greater than economic control and those who hold the opposite view.C.New statistical indices should be developed to measure the degree to which unemployment and inadequately paid employment cause suffering.D.Consideration should be given to the ways in which statistics can act as partial causes of the phenomena that they purport to measure.49The author states that the mitigating effect of social programs involving income transfers on the income level of low-income people is often not felt byA.the employed poorB.dependent children in single-earner familiesC.workers who become disabledD.retired workers50According to the passage,one factor that causes unemployment and earnings figures to overpredict the amount of economic hardship is theA.recurrence of periods of unemployment for a group of low-wage workersB.possibility that earnings may be received from more than one job per workerC.fact that unemployment counts do not include those who work for low wages and remain poorD.establishment of a system of record-keeping that makes it possible to compile poverty statisticsPaper TwoPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:Fill in each of the following blanks with ONE word to complete the meaning of the passage.Write your answer on Answer SheetⅡ.As children we start__ ___a natural curiosity about everything around us,and during the maturation process this curiosity can be stimulated,buffered or severely attenuated by our environment and experience.The future success of research in science and engineering depends_ __oursociety recognizing the crucial role played by stimylation of mental processes early in life.Pattern recognition,analytical thinking and similar abilities need to be stimulated from birth onward.To destroy this natural curiosity or to attenuate the joy of discovery is the greatest disservice we do____to the developing person.For those who reach maturity with their natural curiosity intact and enhanced by education,the joy of discovery is a strong driver of success.But why are so__ ___of our capable students pursuing the level of education required for a successful research career?Is it___ ___we have dampaned their curiosity?Have we failed to let them experience the joy of discovery?is it because too many of us currently involved___ __the research enterprise have become disenchanted with our circumstances and therefore paint a bleak future for potential scienctists and engineers?Perhaps entirely different factors are__ __play in the decision to not become scientists and engineers.We have too frequently portrayed science and engineering as professions that are all-encompassing.We have portrayed research as a profession that requires long and grueling hours in the laboratory to achieve success.We have__ __to promote the excitement and exhilaration of discovery.We have not promoted the fact that it is not only very common__ __very reasonable to have a successful research career and an exciting and normal personal life.PartⅣTranslation(20%)Directions:Put the following passage into English.Write your English version on Answer SheetⅡ.由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

2012中国人民大学考博英语模拟题2（考卷附答案）中国人民大学博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题二Part ⅠVocabularyDirections: Choose the best answer(from A, B, C and D)to complete each of the following sentences. Mark your choice witha single bar across the square brackets.1. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her ______ attitude toward customers.A. straightforwardB. partialC. favourableD. hostile2. With the joint effort of everyone, the plan is ______ to succeed; I'm sure of that.A. obviousB. boundC. doubtlessD. necessary3. Millions of tons of water are ______ by a complex system of dykes.A. held upB. held onC. held outD. held back4. The municipal planning commission said that their financial outlook for the next year was optimistic. They expect increased tax ______ .A. privilegesB. efficiencyC. revenuesD. validity5. The problem of pollution as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when the Congress is in ______ again next spring.A. conventionB. conferenceC. sessionD. assembly6. He told a story about his sister who was in a sad ______ when she was ill and had no money.A. plightB. polarizationC. plagueD. pigment7. He added a ______ to his letter by saying that he would arrive before 8 pm.A. presidencyB. prestigeC. postscriptD. preliminary8. This problem should be discussed first, for it takes ______ over all the other issues.A. precedenceB. prosperityC. presumptionD. probability9. The ______ of gifted children into accelerated classes will start next week according to their academic performance.A. segregationB. specificationC. spectrumD. subscription10. He cut the string and held up the two ______ to tie the box.A. segmentsB. sedimentsC. seizuresD. secretes11. Business in this area has been ______ because prices are too high.A. prosperousB. secretiveC. slackD. shrill12. Some linguists believe that the ______ age for children learning a foreign language is 5 to 8.A. optimisticB. optionalC. optimalD. oppressed13. Her sadness was obvious, but she believed that her feeling of depression was ______ .A. torrentB. transientC. tensileD. textured14. The unfortunate death of the genius poet caused ______ loss to this country.A. pricelessB. countlessC. incalculableD. imaginable15. Before the disastrous earthquake there was ______ chaos.A. massiveB. ominousC. suspendingD. imminent16. The appearance of the used car is ______ , it's much newer than it really is.A. descriptiveB. indicativeC. deceptiveD. impressive17. I have to say this, but this coat you've just bought is made of ______ fur; it's not real mink.A. coarseB. genuineC. slipperyD. conscientiously18. It's amazing that two researchers working independently made the same discovery ______ .A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. collaborativelyD. conscientiously19. Largely due to the university tradition and the current academic milieu, every college student here works ______ .A. industriallyB. industriouslyC. consciouslyD. purposefully20. She made two copies of this poem and posted them ______ to different publishers.A. sensationallyB. simultaneouslyC. strenuouslyD. simply21. The gap between those at the lowest level and those at the highest level of income had increased ______ ,and is continuing to increase.A. substantiallyB. successfullyC. succinctlyD. sufficiently22. It is ______ understood by all concerned that the word no one who visits him ever breathe a syllable of in his heating will remain forever unspoken.A. uncommunicativelyB. acceptablyC. tacitlyD. taciturnly23. Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier, aired his veneration of Napoleon Bonaparte so ______ and unceasingly that he became the laughingstock of all people in Europe.A. vociferouslyB. patrioticallyC. verboselyD. loquaciously24. AIDS is causing great public concern because the ______fatal disease hits primarily young people.A. invariablyB. imperativelyC. transientlyD. deceptively25. Keys should never be hidden around the house since thieves ______ know where to look.A. virtuallyB. initiallyC. invariablyD. infinitely26. These areas rely on agriculture almost ______ , having few mineral recourses and a minimum of industrial development.A. respectivelyB. extraordinarilyC. incrediblyD. exclusively27. This dictionary is ______ intended for American learners of Chinese.A. especiallyB. particularlyC. specificallyD. uniquely28. on 9 December, James Joyce experienced one of those coincidences which affected him ______ at the time and which later became material for his books.A. inadequatelyB. systematicallyC. profoundlyD. simultaneously29. The food was divided ______ according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC. sufficientlyD. proportionally30. Human facial expressions differ from those of animals in the degree to which they can be ______ controlled and modified.A. deliberatelyB. consequentlyC. originallyD. absolutely31. Since she was alone, she opened the door ______ , leaving the chain lock fastened.A. warilyB. consciouslyC. audaciouslyD. recklessly32. Scientists are ______ certain that there is a cancer--inhibiting agent in the blood of the shark.A. dubiouslyB. virtuallyC. queerlyD. randomly33. In ancient times, some catastrophic extinction of species occurred ______ .A. sequentiallyB. repeatedlyC. naturallyD. intentionally34. The Olympic Games were watched by ______ billions of people around the world.A. virtuallyB. literally C deliberately D. appropriately35. Can't you speak more ______ to your parents?A. respectablyB. respectinglyC. respectivelyD. respectfully36. Some ______ good luck brought us nothing but trouble.A. seeminglyB. satisfactorilyC. uniformlyD. universally37. It must guide public opinion, after presenting ______ both sides of every issue and pointing out to readers what measures seem to promise the greater good for the greater number.A. inquisitivelyB. inconceivablyC. appallinglyD. impartially38. The republication of the poet's most recent works will certainly ______ his national reputation.A. magnifyB. strengthenC. enlargeD. enhance39. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ______ chemist's.A. eachB. someC. certainD. any40. You cannot be ______ careful when you drive a car.A. veryB. soC. tooD. enoughPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections: Read the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C and D for each question or unfinished statement and then mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket.Passage 1In The Birth order Book: Why You Are the Way You Are(2004), Dr. Kevin Leman notes that 21 of the first 23 Americans in space were first-born males or only children. More than half of United States presidents have been first-borns or first-born boys. It's a pretty significant finding historically, because families used to be bigger than they are today.In addition to being high achievers, older children also generally have higher IQs (智商) than younger ones. Researchers have noted that the more kids a family has, the lower each child's individual IQ tends to be. They give a few reasons for this.Parents only have so much time, attention, and money. The more kids they have, the more these things are divided. First-borns initially get the entire parental-time pie. What's more, the ratio of grown-ups to kids decreases with each new baby. So the younger ones are surrounded by more children's language on average than the older kids.Some researchers think parental attention is the key to personality birth-order differences. In his book Born to Rebel, psychologist Frank Sulloway says competition for Mom and Dad's attention is the thing that really shapes our personalities and, in fact has shaped history. He argues that we adapt our personalities as part of our strategy to seek favor from Mom and Dad. Younger siblings (兄弟姐妹) tend to become rebels. Sulloway studied political activists and found that later-born activists were more radical than their firstborn peers.The conclusion of his book is that sibling competition for parental attention can affect society as a whole in times of revolution. Thomas Jefferson, Karl Marx, and Fidel Castro were all younger siblings, for example.As compelling as this all is, it's also something we should probably take with caution, there are other things that happen to us in life besides the addition of siblings to our families. A parent can die; a hurricane can leave us homeless; we can catch a life--threatening disease. Any one of these things will probably have more of an effect on our personalities than the presence of siblings.A 2002 study bore this out. After interviewing 535 undergraduates, researchers concluded that personality differences related to birth order were "folklore", although IQ and achievement differences were widely supported by research.41. What is implied by "the younger ones are surrounded by more children's language on average than the older kids" (Para.3) ?A. Younger children need parental rather than siblings' attention.B. Younger children need siblings' rather than parentalattention.C. Younger children feel uncomfortable with more siblings.D. Younger children have less chance to talk with their parents.42. Sulloway, author of Born to Rebel, suggests that younger siblings ______ .A. try hard to get attention from their parentsB. are less likely to shape historyC. are winners in getting parental attentionD. seldom adapt their personalities43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor shaping personality?A. Death of a parent.B. Children's language.C. A natural disaster.D. A fatal disease.44. What is the meaning of" folklore" in the last paragraph?A. Traditional customs and beliefs.B. Verified hypotheses.C. Widely held unsupported notions.D. Tales of sayings preserved orally.45. Which of the following statements is proposed by researchers?A. Later-borns do not compete for attention.B. First-bores tend to become rebels.C. Later-borns are prone to diseases.D. First-borns achieve more than younger ones.Passage 2Does money buy happiness? It's sometimes said that scientists have found no relationship between money andhappiness, but that's myth, says University of Illinois psychologist Ed Diener.The connection is complex. In fact, very rich people rate substantially higher in satisfaction with life than very poor people do, even within wealthy nations, he says. "There is overwhelming evidence that money buys happiness, "said economist Andrew Oswald of University of Warwick in England. The main debate, he said, is how strong the effect is.Oswald recently reported a study of Britons who won between $ 2, 000 and $ 250, 000 in a lottery (彩票拍奖). As a group, they showed a boost in happiness averaging a bit more than one point on a 36-point scale when surveyed two years after their win, compared to their levels two years before they won.Daniel Kahnman, a Nobel-Prize winner and Princeton economist, and colleagues, recently declared that the notion that making a lot of money will produce good overall mood is" mostly illusory". They noted that in one study, members of the high-income group were almost twice as likely to call themselves" very happy" as people from households with incomes below $ 20, 000. But other studies, rather than asking for a summary estimate of happiness, follow people through the day and repeatedly record their feeling. These studies show less effect of income on happiness. Kahnman and colleagues said.There is still another twist to the money-happiness story. Even though people who make $ 150, 000 are considerably happier than those who make $ 40, 000 ,It's not clear why, says psychologist Richard E. Lucas of Michigan State University.Researchers conclude that any effect of money on happiness is smaller than most daydreamers assume. "People exaggerate how much happiness is bought by an extra few thousand,"Oswald said. "The quality of relationships has a far bigger effect than quite large rises in salary. It's much better advice, if you're looking for happiness in life, try to find the right husband or wife than to try to double your salary."46. The main purpose of this passage is to discuss ______ .A. the contributions of household incomes to happinessB. the complex relationship between money and happinessC. the positive relationship between money and happinessD. the negative relations of money to happiness47. Andrew Oswalds study ______ .A. proves money has little effect on happinessB. given evidence that money buys happinessC. rejects the relation between money buys happinessD. shows that lottery brings people happiness48. The word" illusory" (Para 4) is closest in meaning to "______".A. dramaticB. ordinaryC. drasticD. imaginary49. According to Lucas, richer people's happiness ______ .A. comes form their high incomeB. may not be directly related to their high incomeC. is boosted by their high incomeD. is not derived from their high income50. According to Oswald, a more important factor in bringing about happiness may be good ______ .A. healthB. feelingsC. marriageD. salariesPassage 3When Frank Dale took over as publisher of Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner, the organization had just ended a ten-year strike. There was much bitterness and, as he told us. himself to everybody, to thank them for their loyalty to that point, and to allow them to express their concerns and frustrations. To questions like "What makes you think you can make this thing go?" he responded, "I don't know yet, but in thirty days I'll come back to you and let you know what I've found. "He recruited a task force of the best people from throughout the Hearst Corporation to do a crash study, and in thirty days he had a written report on what needed to be done, which he shared with the staff. He had taken the all-important first steps to establish mutual trust, without which leadership would not have been possible.Trust is the emotional glue that binds followers and leaders together. The accumulation of trust is a measure of the legitimacy of leadership. It cannot be demanded or purchased; it must be earned. Trust is the basic ingredient of all organizations, the lubrication that maintains the organization, and it is as mysterious and difficult a concept as leadership-and as important.one thing we can say for sure about trust is that if trust is to be generated, there must be predictability, the capacity to predict another's behavior. Another way of putting it is to say that organizations without trust would resemble the ambiguous nightmare of Kafka's The Castle, where nothing can be certain and nobody can be relied on or be held responsible. The ability to predict outcomes with s high probability of success generatesand maintaining trust.51. What was Frank Date's problem when he became the publisher of Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner?A. He had lost interest in his publishing career.B. He found it hard to introduce himself to everyone.C. Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner was in extrame difficulty.D. Los Angeles Herrald-Examiner was on a ten-year strike.52. What was the result of Frank Dale's first steps?A. Mutual trust was established.B. Efficiency was improved.C. A task force was recruited.D. His promises were fulfilled.53. According to the author, how could trust be established?A. By economic means.B. By legitimate measures.C. By authoritative command.D. By effort or action.54. What does the author think about trust?A. It is hard to accumulate.B. It can make organizations go.C. It can help establish authority.D. It is relatively easy to acquire.55. For what purpose is Kafka's The Castle mentioned?A. To show people's behaviors are predictable.B. To describe the nightmare of the story.C. To demonstrate the importance of trust.D. To prove no one can be relied on.Passage 4At all age and at all stages of life, fear presents a problem to almost everyone. "We are largely the playthings of our fears,"wrote the British author Horace Walpole many years ago. "To one, fear of the dark, to another, of physical pain, to third, of public ridicule, to a fourth, of poverty, to loneliness…for all of us our particular creature waits in a hidden place."Fear is often a useful emotion. When you become frightened, many physical changes occur within your body. Your heartbeat and responses quicken, your pupils expand to admit more light, large quantities of energyproducing adrenaline(肾上腺素)are poured into your bloodstream. Confronted with a fli'e or accident, fear can fuel life-saving flight(逃离). Similarly, when a danger is psychological rather than physical, fear can force you to take self-protective measures. It is only when fear is disproportional to the danger at hand that is becomes a problem.Some people are simply more vulnerable to fear than others.A visit to the newborn nursery of any large hospital will demonstrate that, from the moment of their births, a few fortunate infants respond calmly to sudden fear-producing situations such as a loudly slammed door. Yet a neighbor in the next bed may cry out with profound fright From birth, he or she is more prone to learn fearful responses because he or she has inherited a tendency to be more sensitive.Further, psychologists know that our early experiences and relationships strongly shape and determine our later fears. A young man named Bill, for example, grew up with a father who regarded each adversity as a temporary obstacle to be overcome with imagination and courage. Using his father as a model, Bill came to welcome adventure and to trust his own ability to solve problems.Phil's dad, however, spent most of his time trying to protecthimself and his family. Afraid to risk the insecurity of a job change, he remained unhappy in one position. He avoided long vacations because "the car might break down." Growing up in such a home, Phil naturally learned to become fearful and tense.56. In the last sentence of Paragraph 1, "our particular creature" refers to ______ .A. fear of somethingB. a fierce beastC. physical painD. public ridicule57. Fear can be useful emotion to us because it can ______ .A. stimulate many physical changes within our bodyB. quicken our heartbeat and responsesC. pour large quantities of adrenaline into our bloodstreamD. help us respond quickly to danger and protect ourselves58. Fear becomes a problem only when ______ .A. the danger is thought greater than it really isB. eth danger is ore psychological than physicalC. one cannot stand the dangerD. one is not well prepared for it59. Different responses of newborn infants to a loudly slammed door imply that ______ .A. some people are inherently more easily affected by dangerB. people's response to stimuli is not an inherited featureC. some people seem to be very sensitive to noiseD. people sometimes seem to turn a deaf ear to noise60. Psychologists have found that our later fears are determined largely by our ______ .A. home educationB. school educationC. parents' lifestyleD. early experiencesPassage 5There are some earth phenomena you can count on, but the magnetic field, someday is not of them. It fluctuates in strength, drifts from its axis, and every few 100, 000 years undergo a dramatic polarity reversal-a period when north pole becomes south pole and south pole becomes north pole. But how is the field generated, and why is it so unstable?Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on the mystery. Using 80 meters of deep sea sediment core, they have obtained measurements of magnetic-field intensity that span 11 polarity reversals and four million years. The analysis reveals that intensity appears to fluctuate with a clear, well-defined rhythm. Although the strength of the magnetic field varies irregularly during the shout term, there seems to be an inevitable long term decline preceding each polarity reversal. When the poles flip-a process that takes several hundred thousand years--the magnetic field rapidly regains its strength and the cycle is repeated.The results have caused a stir among geophysicists. The magnetic field is thought to originate from molten iron in the outer core, 3,000 kilometers beneath the earth's surface. By studying mineral grains found in materialranging from rocks to clay articles, previous researchers have already been able to identify reversals dating back 170 million years, including the most recent switch 730, 000 years age. How and why they occur, however, has been widely debated. Several theories link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor impacts. But Peter Olson, a geophysicist at the Johns HopkinsUniversity in Baltimore, says this is unlikely if the French researchers are right. In fact, Olson says intensity that predictably declines from one reversal to the next contradicts 90 percent of the models currently under study. If the results prove to be valid, geophysicists will have a new theory to guide them in their quest to understand the earth's inner physics. It certainly points the direction for future research.61. Which of the following titles in most appropriate to the passage?A. Polarity Reversal: A Fantastic Phenomenon of NatureB. Measurement of the Earth's Magnetic-Field IntensityC. Formation of the Two Poles of the EarthD. A New Approach to the Study of Geophysics62. The word “flip”(Para．2) most probably means“______ ”.A. declineB. intensifyC. fluctuateD. reverse63. What have the two French geophysicists discovered in their research?A. Some regularity in the changes of the earth's magnetic field.B. Some causes of the fluctuation of the earth's magnetic field.C. The origin of the earth's magnetic field.D. The frequency of polarity reversals.64. The French geophysicists' study is different from currently prevailing theories in ______ .A. ist identification of the origin of the earth's magnetic fieldB. the way the earth's magnetic intensity is measuredC. ist explanation of the shift in the earth's polarityD. the way the earth's fluctuation rhythm is defined65. In Peter Oslo's opinion the French experiment ______ .A. is likely to direct further research in the inner physics of the earthB. has successfully solved the mystery of polarity reversalsC. is certain to help predict external disastersD. has caused great confusion among the world's geophysicistsPassage 6Watch a baby between six and nine months old, and you will observe the basic concepts of geometry being learned. once the baby has mastered the idea that space is three-dimensional, it reached out and begins grasping various kinds of objects. It is then, from perhaps nine to fifteen months, that the concepts of sets and numbers are formed. So far, so good. But now an ominous development takes place. The nerve fibers in the brain insulate themselves in such a way that the baby begins to hear sounds very precisely. Soon it picks up language, and it is then brought into direct communication with adults. From this point on, it is usually downhill all the way for mathematics, because the child now becomes exposed to all the nonsense words and beliefs of the community into which it has been so unfortunate as to have been born. Nature having done very well by the child to this point, having permitted it the luxury of thinking for itself for eighteen months, now abandons it to the arbitrary conventions and beliefs of society. But at least the child knows something of geometry and numbers, and it will always retain some memory of the early happy days, no matter whatvicissitudes it may suffer later on. The main reservoir of mathematical talent in any society is thus possessed by children who are about two years old, children who have just learned to speak fluently.66. Which of the following activities would teach a baby about geometry?A. Picking up language.B. Communicating with others.C. Recognizing numbers.D. Catching different objects.67. At what age does a child probably begin to learn about sets and numbers?A. Six monthsB. Eighteen months.C. Fifteen monthsD. Nine months68. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?A. Preschool education should stress society's beliefs and conventions.B. The language concepts used in early education interfere with mathematical reasoning.C. Language teaching should incorporate some mathematical formulas.D. It is hopeless to try to teach children mathematics after the age of two.69. The author's attitude toward early childhood education can best be described as a sort of ______ .A. IndifferenceB. SuspiciousC. CompromisingD. Surprising70. The best title for the pas sage may be“ ______ ”.A. The Impact of Language on MathematicsB. How Basic Concept of Mathematics FormedC. How to learn Mathematics for babiesD. Children's Ability to learn Languages.Part ⅢTranslation71. English-Chinese TranslationDirections: Translate the following into Chinese.Resignation has its part to play in the conquest of happiness, and it is a part no less essential than that played by effort The wise man, though he will not sit down under preventable misfortunes, will not waste time and emotion upon such as are unavoidable, and even such as are in themselves avoidable he will submit to if the time and labour required to avoid them would interfere with the pursuit of some more important object. Many people get into a fret or a fury over every little thing that goes wrong, and in this way waste a great deal of energy that might be more usefully employed. Even in the pursuit of really important objects it is unwise to become so deeply involved emotionally that the thought of possible failure becomes a constant menace to peace of mind. Efficiency in a practical task is not proportional to the emotion that we put into it, indeed, emotion is sometimes an obstacle to efficiency. The attitude required is that of doing one's best while leaving the issue to fate. Resignation is of two sorts, one rooted in despair, the other in unconquerable hope. The first is bad; the second is good.72. Chinese-English TranslationDirections: Translate the following into English.认命对于获取幸福发挥着作用，且其作用与努力产生的效果相差无几。

2012年中国社会科学院考博英语真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabulary 2. Grammar 3. Reading Comprehension 4. English-Chinese Translation 5. Chinese-English TranslationStructure and V ocabulary1．But two hurdles stand in the way of Russia’s realizing its space dreams: a collapsing public-education system and a brain drain that for decades has been siphoning off the country’s highly trained engineers as they move to better-paying jobs in the West.A．obstaclesB．propheciesC．hasslesD．outcomes正确答案：A解析：A项意为“障碍”；B项意为“预言”；C项意为“激战”；D项意为“结果”。

句子中画线单词hurdles意为“篱笆，障碍”，因此，A选项符合题意。

2．Its subject is “life-as-spectacle”, for readers, diverted by its various incidents, observe its hero Odysseus primarily from without: the tragic Iliad, however, presents “life-as-experience”: readers are, asked to identify with the mind of Achilles, whose motivations render him a not particularly likeable hero.A．insideB．outsideC．lackingD．surrounding正确答案：B解析：A项意为“内部”；B项意为“外部，外界”；C项意为”缺乏”；D 项意为“周围的，附近的”。