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英文摘要

英文摘要
英文摘要

1 Over all improvement of Rolling Stock Equipment During the

Period of Tenth Five Year Plan

Remarkable and inspiring achievement were made in all aspects of rolling stock work during the past three years .They were mainly in the areas of implementing MOR’s redevelopment strategies in accordance with the over all visions and plans .Special efforts were made to focus on railway transportation services.

1.1Highlights in Technology Modernization of Rolling Stock

Equipment

Expected targets have been achieved in technology import of EMU. In accordance with the Mid –term and Long –term Railway Development Plan and Minutes of Discussions on Locomotive and Rolling Stock equipment by the State Council ,and in light of the general requirements from “importing advanced technologies ,carrying out joint design and manufacture and creating Chinese brands’policy, we have purchased electric multiple units of itself 200Km/h and 300Km/h and completed technology transfer agreement .the parts production and general assembling have started and are in steady progress. The successful introduction of multiple units at the speed of 200 km/h and over indicates that our technologies of railway passenger train have ranked among the world advanced level.

Achieved smooth progress of localization of EMU

technologies .the introduction and digestion of EMU technologies have promoted the improvement of overall lever for domestic equipment manufacturing industry. There are 9 key technologies and 10 major supporting technologies being introduced and locally produced. They are at the stage for overall of technical documentation and personal training . The successful introduction of key technologies will also help with expected domestic production.

Achieve freight train speed increase. To meet the requirements of railway speed upgrade strategy, we have increase the overall speed for freight trains; therefore, improved the overall freight train technologies. Since 2003, all new freight wagons have been produced to meet the requirements of commercial running speed at 120km/h. Since 2004, existing freight wagons have been subjected to upgrading for the same speed. By the end of the Tenth Five –Year, those freight wagons meeting the above speed requirement accounted for 46% of the total stock.

Achieved new milestones in heavy haul freight train technologies. By adhering to independent innovation ,we have successfully designed and developed the general freight wagon with 70 -ton loading capacity and 23-ton axle load, the special C80 and C76types of open top coal wagons with 25-ton axle load ,the double deck container fiat car and the special freight wagons of 80~100-ton loading capacities .These technology breakthroughs have helped in the successful operation of

10000-ton and 20000-ton trains as well as the special double deck container train service on Datong –Qinhuangdao Railway , laying solid foundation for domestic railway freight wagon upgrading and updating in China. They also offered powerful equipment support in railway’s effort to expand existing capacities and deal with bottle neck problems.

Achieved passenger and freight car supporting technologies. Passenger car bogies for 160km/h operation have been developed and power supple technologies of DC 600V from locomotive to passenger car have been popularized for application. Integrated electric-car brake unit ,electronic anti –sliding device, disk brake, tight –lock coupler and elastic daub buffer have also been widely in use .Passenger car safety monitoring system has been installed and used .Also being designed and developed are the freight wagon bogies for 21-ton ,23-ton and 25-ton axle load at 120km/h .The overall upgrading of air brake has been fulfilled .F coupler from U.S.A. have been introduced .New parts and components such as compact bearing and 50 steel axles without load discharging slot and new materials such as stainless steel and aluminum alloy have been extensively applied .

1.2 Safety Is Essential In Railway Speed Upgrade

The fourth and fifth round large scope railway speed upgrade were successfully launched during the period of Tenth Five –Year Plan .The equipment quality ,safety precaution and operation organization

for passenger and freight cars have mostly met the requirements of speed upgrade .

Successfully operated the through passenger trains. Developed mew model 25T passenger cars at 160km/h speed as part of the fifth speed upgrade, and achieved the through operation service of up to 1664km. Operational safety was well done during the nearly two years of operation .Some reforms were done in terms of repair and maintenance as well as operation for passenger cars .For example, the number of crew members was cut by half.

Achieved overall improvement of rolling stock safety and reliability. “3C”and “CRCC”certifications have been applied to passenger car electric device. Integrated electric-air brake unit, electronic anti-sliding device and disk brake have been widely applied. Modular wiring is applied off-board. Main parts are subject to lifecycle management. The safety and reliability of rolling stock have been greatly improved by using extensively the new models K2 and K4 bogies, by upgrading the existing freight wagons for higher speed and carrying out the lifecycle management for the key pares and components, such as bolsters and side frames.

Accomplished the first step torwards a modern safety precaution system. Installed 5T safety monitoring and warning system on six major arteries. the use of infrared axle temperature detecting system

covers 77%. They are also connected in the entire railway network. Also install on the passenger transfer is the operation safety monitoring and diagnosing system which performs real –time monitoring and control over air conditioning, power supple, journal temperature, anti –sliding devices and somke /fire alarm .

1.3Made Important Progress in Rolling Stock Maintenance System

Reform

We have changed the passenger car maintenance from periodical workshop and depot inspections and repairs to the one that is based on mileages and usage time. This has resulted in the extension of average workshop repair cycle from 7 to 10 years and depot repair cycle from 1.5 to 2 years. Workshop and depot repair cycles for freight wagon have also been extended. The workshop repair cycle for general freight wagons has extended from 5 to 9 years and the depot repair cycle from 1 to 1.5 years. Mileage based maintenance with periodical inspections has been applied to special freight wagons , such as the special coal –carrying wagons used on Datong –Qinhuangdao railway and covered wagons for express service of luggage /parcels.

1.4Progress in Information Technology of Rolling Stock

Plans for information technology of rolling stock have been worked out and issued based on the overall planning of railway information technology. Freight wagon automatic tracing and

management have been realized by the establishment of automatic wagon number identification label on all freight wagons. The wagon number identification system used at the interfaces between different railway administrations has made it possible to carry out wagon utilization fee settlement and set up the management system of car/ hour settlement. This helped achieve the overall balance of traffic planning and improvement of transport efficiency. Created the railway freight wagon management information system (HMIS) and railway rolling stock acceptance management information system (YMIS). Formed a modern information management system foe freight wagon manufacturing, maintenance and operation which provide network transmission, full coverage, information sharing and route tracing. This provided us a new technical platform for the modernization of freight wagon management.

2New Challenge for Rolling Stock Development During the Eleventh Five –Year Plan Period

According to the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, China’s national economy will continue to keep its rapid growth in the up coming five years. Its GDP per capita will be doubled by 2010 from 2000. Such a grand plan will provide even more opportunities for further promoting railway development. Rolling Stock, as an important equipment to fulfill transportation tasks, will come into a new development stage.

The overall vision for rolling stock development during the Eleventh Five –Year Plan is to promote rolling stock modernization by focusing on high-speed, passenger train service, and heavy haul for freight train with speed. Also to optimize existing organizational structure strengthen professional management, improve manufacturing and maintenance quality, ensure safety and security, pay attention to human resources development, and try to reach developed countries in terms of scale quantity, performance, technical level and safety precaution. A good quality of rolling stock will be able to meet the challenge of national economic development and railway traffic development.

2.1 Achieve passenger car equipment modernization in eastern

region

We will introduce electrical multiple units (EMU) at 200km/h and over according to schedule. Will put 30 of them into operation during the sixth round of railway speed upgrade and will reach 45 by the end of 2006. With the completion of passenger- dedicated railway lines by the end of 2008, EMU at 300 km/h will also be put into operation. By the end of the Eleventh Five –Year Plan period, there will be a total of 700 EMU trains at 200 km/h and over in operation. Efforts will be needed to develop the high speed technology based on import to satisfy the need for operation of 200 km/h passenger trains.

2.2 Optimize production arrangement and improve maintenance

centers

Through optimizing production arrangement, our purpose is to move on towards a more integrated, large scaled and specialized car inspection and maintenance centers. By 2008, we will build four EMU inspection and maintenance bases in Beijing, Wuhan, Shanghai and Guangzhou. Will apply new technologies such as computer control and digital processing for the integrated functions of inspection repair, test and data processing in a bid to improve greatly the rolling stock that is characterized by advanced and reliable car equipment, scientific and high-effective production organization and stable and advanced safety precaution.

2.3 Create a modern safety precaution system

In light of MOR’s overall planning for building 5T system on six major artery lines, 5T system of encryption will be equipped. For railway lines other then the six major artery lines, 5T system will be equipped at the main marshalling stations and coal transport nodes on the ten major coal transport passages including Houma- Yueshan Railway and Datong –Qinhuangdao Railway. Together they will from a network-based safety monitoring system. Infrared journal temperature detection system will be completely integrated and upgraded to raise its level of digitalization, intelligence, modulation and modernization. We need to speed up the unification of 5T system equipment to achieve

compatibility and interchangeability.

2.4 Improve rolling stock inspection and maintenance system

The cycles for operational passenger car shop inspection, depot and workshop maintenance will be extended to improve the operate time. The time for workshop and depot repairs and casual repairs will be strictly controlled to raise the repair efficiency and accelerate car turnover. More local trains will be used to at the same as time to improve car service efficiency. Special wagons and fixed service wagons will be repaired mainly based on mileage together with periodical maintenance. Maintenance for general-purpose wagons will be gradually carried out based on mileage. We will gradually limit the auxiliary maintenance. Will encourage parts renewal and concentrated repair services and promote the automatic inspection, repair and testing.

摘要翻译:

1.第十个五年计划期间的全车辆设备的改进

在过去的三年里,铁路车辆在各个都取得了令人欢欣鼓舞的成就。他们依据整个的蓝图和规划主要在这些区域实时铁道部的再开发策略,且在铁路运输服务上付诸特别的努力。

1.1 车辆设备精彩纷呈的现代化技术

动车组在技术进口方面已达到了预期目标。依照《国务院中期和长期铁路发展规划及机车车辆设备讨论》的文件,一般要求遵从“引进先进技术,开展联合设计和制造,创造中国品牌”的政策,我们已经购买了电力多动力单元本身200km/h和300 km/h的时速且签订了技术转让协议。零部件生产和总装工作已经开始,且在稳步进步,成功引进的多动力单元的200km/h时速及以上都表明我国的旅客列车技术已经跻身到世界先进水平行列。

顺利完成动车组技术的国产化。该动车组技术的引进和消化,促进了国内装备制造业整体水平的改善。引进了9个关键技术和10项重大技术且使之完成国产化转变,现在正处于对整个技术引进和人员培训阶段。关键技术的成功引进,预计也将有助于国内的生产制造业。

货用列车的提速。为适应铁路提速升级的战略要求,我们对货用列车进行了整体提速,因此,改善了货用列车的整体速度。自2003年起,已经开始生产新的货用车皮,以满足商业运行120km/h

的要求,自2000年以来,现有的货用车皮都进行了同样的升级。到第十个五年计划的年底,符合上述要求的货车将占投资总量的46%。

重在货物列车技术取得了新的里程碑。通过自主创新,我们成功的设计开发了70吨载重23吨周重的一般货运列车,C76和C80特殊开放式运煤车和25吨轴重,80~100吨超大载重的双层菲亚特汽车的集装箱货用车。这些技术突破

成功帮助了10000吨-2000吨的列车以及特殊双层集装箱货用车在大秦线上的运作,为国内铁路或用奠定了坚实的基础并使之得到提升。他们还提出加大对铁路的支持力度以解决现有的难题和提升处理瓶颈问题的能力。

实现客运和货运汽车配套技术。运作160km/h的客车转向架,并已制定从电力机车直流600V的客车技术已推广应用。综合电动车制动装置,电子防滑动装置,盘式制动器,紧耦合器锁和弹性缓冲弹簧也被广泛使用,客车安全监测系统已安装和使用。还正在设计和开发的货运21吨,23吨和25吨轴重的120km/h的货车转向架。空气制动的整体升级已经实现,来自美国F车钩也已实施。新零部件,如小型轴承钢和50如不履行不锈钢和铝合金槽和新材料车轴负荷也已被广泛应用。

1.2 铁路提速升级安全是必不可少的

在第十个五年计划期间第四和第五轮大范围的铁路提速升级成功实施。设备质量,安全防范和客货运车辆运营组织大多已达到速度提升的要求。

成功经营直通旅客列车。开发速度为160km/h的25T型新型客车是第五次提速升级计划的一部分,实现了直通运行长达1664公里服务,旅客列车的安全运作也将在近两年改进完成。且在列车的维修和保养以及运作方面做了一些改革,使之更加合理完善。例如,运行维护人数削减一半等。

完成车辆安全性和可靠性的全面改进。“3C”和“中铁建”认证已应用到客车电动装置。集成电空制动装置,电子反滑动装置和盘式制动器已被广泛应用,且采用模块化接线板外。主要部件有使用的生命周期,车辆的安全性和可靠性已得到大大提升通使用新型的K2和K4型转向架,提升现有货运车的速度,并且将关键部件用新开发的具有寿命周期的同类元件替代,如摇枕,侧架等。

完成了面向现代安全防范体系的第一步。对6个主要动脉安装5T的安全监测和预警系统。轴温的红外探测系统的使用范围达77%,且将他们连接在整个铁路网络上。还安装了旅客安全转移的监测与诊断系统对列车运行安全进行实时监测并及时调整空调温度,软动力,轴温报警,防滑装置和烟雾/火灾报警。

1.3车辆维修系统的重要的改革与进步

我们已经改变原来对旅客列车在车间和仓库进行定期检查的计划,而是根据旅客列车所运行里程数和使用时间进行维修保养。这就导致车间的维修周期从平均的7年延长至10年和辅助维修周期从1.5延长至2年。且货车的车间和仓库维修周期也被延长。对于一般货车车间维修周期延长由5变成9年,仓库维修周期从1年变为

1.5年。基于里程定期检查与维修已应用于特殊货运车,如大秦铁路使用的特殊运煤车辆和封闭的行李快递/包裹服务车。

1.4 机车车辆信息技术的进步

机车车辆的信息技术计划已经制订出来,并在基于铁路信息技术的总体规划平台上发布。货车自动跟踪和管理已建立由车号自动识别标签确定所有的货车车辆。车号识别系统已经在不同的铁路管理部门建立接口,使人们有可能联合解决车皮使用费,并建立了按小时计费的车辆管理体系。这有助于实现提高交通规划和运输效率的总体平衡。创建了铁路货车管理信息系统和铁路机车车辆验收管理信息系统。形成了现代化的信息管理系统的货车制造,维修和运作,提供全面覆盖的网络传输,信息共享和路由跟踪。这为我们提供了一个现代化的新的货运列车管理的技术平台。

2第十一个五年计划期间铁路车辆发展的新挑战

根据第十一个五年计划,中国的国民经济将继续保留未来5年的快速增长。其人均国内生产总值将会从2000年到2010年翻一番。这样一个宏伟的计划将为进一步促进铁路的全面发展。机车车辆的重要设备,运输任务的完成,将进入一个新的发展阶段。

第十一个五年期间的铁路发展计划促进了铁路车辆的现代化发展以高速和客运为重点,以及高速列车与货运重载机车车辆的现代化。同时,优化现有的组织结构强化专业管理,提高生产和维护质量,确保安全,注重开发人力资源,并努力达到的一定的规模数量,改善性能,技术水平和安全防范已达到国家水平。一个优质的车辆将能够

满足国民经济发展和铁路运输发展的挑战

2.1 实现东部地区的车辆装备现代化建设

我们将根据计划引进时速为200km/h或以上的动车组。在实施的铁路第六轮的升级速度30列将投放运营在2006年底达到45列。随着2008年底客运专用铁路线的竣工,300公里动车组/小时也将投产。到了第十一个五年计划结束时,将有700辆时速在200公里/小时及以上的动车组投入运营。因此,应努力进口发展高速需要的基础技术,以满足为200公里/小时客运列车运行的需要。

2.2 优化生产布局和提高维修中心

通过优化生产安排,我们的目的是要走向一个一体化,大型规模化,专业化的车辆检测和维修中心的。到2008年,我们将建立4个动车组检查和维修基地分别在北京,武汉,上海和广州。将使用诸如电脑控制和检查维修,综合功能的数字处理新技术的试验和数据处理工作,为了大大提高了机车车辆设备的先进性和可靠性,组织生产科学性,高效性,稳定性和先进的安全防范措施。

2.3 创建现代安全防范体系

在铁道部的总体规划建设的六大动脉线将装备5T系统。至于除六大动脉外的其他主要铁路线,将在主要编组站和10个主要煤炭运输通道装备5T系统,包括侯马,月山铁路和大秦铁路煤炭运输的节点。他们将建立以网络为基础的安全监测系统。红外线轴温探测系统将完全集成和升级,以提高其数字化,智能化,调制和现代化的水平。我们需要加快5T系统的统一,实现系统设备的兼容性和互换

性。

2.4 提升车辆的检查和维修制度

客车的业务检查,维修厂和车间检查的周期将延长,以改善运作时间。车间和仓库的维修和修理的时间将严格控制,以提高维修效率,加快车辆周转。更多本地列车将在同一时间使用,以提高车辆服务效率。特种车辆和固定维修服务车将主要以定期保养和运行里程维修为基础。一般用途货车维修将逐步开展基于里程数的维修。我们将逐步限制辅助维修,鼓励部分重建和集中维修服务和自动检测,维修和测试。

摘要英文翻译

房地产企业安全氛围对安全行为的影响研究 摘要:为了探讨房地产企业安全氛围对员工安全行为的影响及其作用机制。研究采用问卷调查研究的方法,调查对象为某房地产企业的200名员工。结果表明,安全氛围对安全行为有显著的正向影响。其中,安全氛围中的“工作环境”和“安全意识”维度对员工安全行为有着直接的显著正向影响;“管理层承诺”维度对员工安全行为没有直接的显著的影响,但是管理层承诺通过工作环境和安全意识的完全中介作用于员工安全行为。 关键词:管理层承诺;安全意识;安全行为;结构方程模型 The Effect of Safety Climate on Safety Behavior in Real Esate Enterprise Abstract:In order todiscuss the influence and mechanism between the safety atmosphere and the staff’s safety behavior of the real estate enterprise.The study uses questionnaire survey research method,the objects of the investigation are 200 employees in one real estate enterprise.The results indicate that safety climate is positively related to safety behavior.The “work environment” dimension and “safety consciousness” dimension have direct and positive influence on safety behavior. The “management commitment ” dimention has no direct influence on safety behavior,but“management commitment”affects safety behavior positively through work environment and safety consciousness. Key words:management commitment; safety consciousness; safety behavior; structural equation model

英文摘要翻译练习

文献摘要翻译: 文摘1: Particle Formation during Anatase Precipitation of Seeded Titanyl Sulfate Solution Sekhar Sathyamoorthy,? Geoff D. Moggridge,*,? and Michael J. Hounslow? Department of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge University, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K,., and Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. Received July 14, 2000 ABSTRACT: The formation of anatase particles in the Sulfate Process is an important step in the production of white pigment. This paper investigates the mechanisms behind particle formation during anatase precipitation from seeded concentrated titanyl sulfate solution. The process of particle formation was found to be highly dependent on the volume of seeds inoculated. Secondary nucleation played an important role in the production of anatase crystals and, ultimately, overall yield of the precipitation step. Anatase crystals were found to be between 4 and 8 nm from powder diffraction line broadening calculations. Nucleation also influences the structure and size of primary agglomerates consisting of a number of crystals. The final anatase particles recovered from the precipitation are in the form of 1-2μm aggregates, comprised of polycrystalline primary agglomerates. 摘自Crystal Growth & Design,2001,1(2):123~129 文摘2: Controlling Particle Size During Anatase Precipitation Sekhar Sathyamoorthy and Geoff D. Moggridge Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Cambridge University, Pembroke Street, Cambridge CB2 3RA, U.K. Michael J. Hounslow Dept. of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, U.K. 摘自:AIChE Journal ,2001 Vol. 47, No. 9 Titanium dioxide particles in the form of anatase are precipitated from concentrated titanyl sulfate solution in the sulfate process, which are then recovered by a filtration process downstream of the precipitation stage. A pre vious study by Sathyamoorthy et al. showed that the final anatase particles are aggregates(1-2 μm)consisting of numerous crystals(7 ~ 8 nm)arranged in primary agglomerates(60 ~ 100 nm). Pigment quality is determined by crystal and primary agglomerate size. One way of improving filtration rate is by the formation of larger aggregates, while maintaining the crystal and primary agglomerate size at optimum values. In a new seeding procedure proposed, the controlled inoculation of seeds used in industry is combined with a new type of seed (Large Seeds). The new seeding procedure has the

中、英文摘要撰写规范及样例

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研究论文英文摘要翻译

研究论文英文摘要翻译 【摘要】本文作者在多年从事学报论文摘要的撰写与翻译、审核与校对的工作中,发现我院科研论文作者提交的英文摘要撰写和翻译错误,有不少值得改善的地方。同时也提醒即将发表论文的作者,在撰写或翻译论文摘要时注意的一些理由。本文对我院英文论文的发表、摘要的撰写和英语翻译具有积极的指导。 【关键词】摘要翻译 【注】本论文受《具有军事特色的网络文化大学英语课程体系研究》科研项目支持。 () 目前,科技论文与信息的国际交流日益频繁。但许多期刊数据库只免费提供摘要的阅读,许多国外读者只能阅读摘要来判断是否阅读全文。因此摘要的英文翻译对于论文的国际引用次数、检索率具有十分的。除非是在英语国家生活工作很长时间英语功底非常扎实,我院一般论文作者撰写摘要很大程度上是把已经写好的中文摘要翻译成英文,在撰写或翻译时有不少方面注意。 .摘要的英文翻译原则 英文摘要标题实词首字母要大写 汉语文章的标题不存在大小写之分,但有字体大小的不同。英语除了字体不同之外,还有大小写字母之分。,英文摘要的标题的实词要大写,非句首介词等虚词不大写。例如一篇论文标题为“基于静态舒适性分析的装甲车辆驾驶舱人机匹配研究”的文章英语译名为

“ ?鄄?蒺”(摘自年学报第期“基于静态舒适性分析的装甲车辆驾驶舱人机匹配研究”,作者:谢成林刘维平)。在此标题中除了两个介词“”之外,其它实词首字母大写。其次,复合词只需第一个单词首字母大写。仍以上述标题为例,复合形容词“?鄄”中只需将“”首字母“”大写,连字符后面的“”则不大写。再者,标题中较长(个字母以上)的虚词也要大写。如标题“ (非拆解发动机探伤)”中介词“”大写。此外,位于首位或末尾的虚词也大写。如:(装备采购原则研究)。 摘要标题翻译的名词化 摘要一般不是完整的句子,不含谓语动词。我院学报上见到的中文论文标题几乎较长的名词性结构或介词结构短语,很少看到完整的句子。因此在译成英文时,也大多以名词短语的形式出现,一般不包含谓语成分。比如,有篇论文标题为“履带车辆转向性能指标修正与实验研究”,就是一个以“研究”为核心词的偏正词组。其译文也是如此,只是英文中核心词的位置放到前面,如“ ”(摘自学报年“履带车辆转向性能指标修正与实验研究”,作者:宋海军高连华)。 .作者姓名的翻译要规范化 作者姓名的汉语拼音要规范 在科研论文的撰写、编辑中,经常见到姓名汉语拼音书写不够规范甚至错误的现象。根据国家颁布的《中国人名汉字拼音字母拼写法》()的规定,姓名拼音可归纳为以下点。. 汉语姓名的拼音法以普通

英文摘要写作

1. 什么是英文摘要? ABSTRACT,是用最为浓缩的语言将你论文的核心内容表述出来。删去属于文艺青年的文绉绉的形容词!删去属于二缺青年的“机器译文”!只留下普通、平实的内容。 2. 怎样写英文摘要? 可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要,如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。 概述(30词左右):用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如:This paper is…或This study focuses on… 目的(30词左右):用To…就可以了,没有必要使用in order to 或者for the purpose of 等较长的表述。 方法(50词左右):尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤,其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有:test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。 结果(50词左右):直入主题地摆出结果,如This paper shows…或The results are…结论(60词左右):删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…”的赘语,逐条罗列出结论。 展望(20词左右):指出研究对未来的意义,如This paper is of gre at significance in…或指出不足。 3. 英文摘要有多长?

一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要,特殊情况可以分成两到三段,但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。 4. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称? 规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态,突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚,现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。 5. 英文摘要用什么人称? 最好不要出现I,we等第一人称代词,而是使用第三人称,如the author等。 6. 英文摘要用什么时态? 摘要的时态以一般现在时为主,表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时,用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时,总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。 注意:用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时:This paper aims to focus on…而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时:This study investigated… 7. 一定不能出现的东西 不常见的术语,插图,表格,数学公式,化学方程式,中文标点,过多的形容词,无关的背景资料,自我评价等。

英语摘要十大万能模板

英文摘要的写作注意事项: 1、英文摘要结构严谨,表达简明,语义确切。尽量使用短句,慎用长句。 2、应采用第三人称表达方式,谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。 3、英文摘要的语态既可采用主动,也可采用被动。 英语摘要十大万能模板 框架一 In the first paragraph of the dissertation, the author highlights that due attention has to be paid to__. Several fundamental factors have contributed to such a tendency. First and foremost, among the most convincing causes identified by people, one should be stressed, that is __. In addition, as far as the author is concerned, __ is of utmost significance to our society. The last but not the least, as is illustrated in the last paragraph of the essay, the writer also takes __into consideration. Given all the above argument, we can draw the conclusion that __ is indeed crucial. 在本段的第一段,作者强调我们必须充分重视_(中心词)。几个主要原因促成了这一趋势。首先,在被人们确定的最有力的原因中,有一点原因应该得到重视,那就是_(分论点一)。其次,作者认为_(分论点二)对我们的社会意义重大。最后,正如本文末段所示,作者也考虑到_(分论点三)因素。综上所述所有论证,我们可以得出结论:_(中心词)确实重要。 框架二 In the beginning of the essay, the writer clings to the idea that we should attach utmost significance to the issue of _. It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which involves several factors. To begin with, the past several decades have witnessed a thought-provoking social phenomenon that _has been arising from all over the world. Furthermore, the author illustrates the deep-rooted reason by stressing the fact that _is of great importance to the development of our society. Finally, it is vital for us to derive positive implication from the last paragraph that _is also a key factor contributed to this issue. 在本文开头,作者坚持认为我们应该充分重视_(中心词)这一问题。这一复杂现象涉及很多因素,找出各种原因并非易事。首先,过去几十年目睹了一个发人深省的社会现象:_(分论点一)在世界各地出现。其次,作者通过强调_(分论点二)对我们社会发展非常重要这一事实,阐明了深入的原因。最后,我们必须从末段得出积极含义:_(分论点三)也是促成这一问题的关键因素。 框架三 To begin with, the purpose of the writer is to show us that we should attach utmost importance to__, yet the thought-provoking implication conveyed should be taken more carefully. It is no simple job to give the reason for this deep-seated tendency which involves many factors. First of all, as is demonstrated in the essay, __enjoys a striking popularity around the globe.

英文摘要如何写

一、绪论 (1) 要的类型与基本内容 (1) 三、英文题名 (2) 四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2) 五、英文摘要 (2) 英文摘要如何写 一、绪论 文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。 通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数,包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此,写摘要时,应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。 国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等,一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面,内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。 科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要,这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要,一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要,切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时,最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句,文长一般不超过200个词。 要的类型与基本内容 英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。gb 7713—87规定,为了国际交流,科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文)摘要。原则上讲,以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要,但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯,在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。 摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题,多半不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外,还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。 它可以包括三个组成部分 ①点明主题,解析文章或书籍的目的或意图; ②介绍主要内容,使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌; ③提出结论或建议,以供读者参考。

EI检索英文摘要写作要求说明

Ei对英文摘要的写作要求详解 写好英文摘要,直接关系到您的论文是否被Ei源期刊录用。目前,作者写作的英文摘要,绝大多数都比较粗糙,与国际学术交流的要求相距甚远,需要进行大的修改,有时甚至是重写。这一方面是由于论文作者的英文写作水平有限,另一方面也是由于大多数作者对英文摘要的写作要求和国际惯例不甚了解而致。 为了提高英文摘要的写作质量,根据Ei提出的要求,将英文摘要的写作要求详解如下,以供参考。 1摘要的要素 1.1简述 根据Ei检索对英文摘要的写作要求,英文摘要的写作并没有一成不变的格式,但一般来说,英文摘要是对原始文献不加诠释或评论的准确而简短的概括,并要求它能反映原始文献的主要信息。并且,根据中译英的要求,英文摘要不必做到词、句的一一对应翻译,意译最好。 Ei检索要求文摘应该用简洁、明确的语言,将论文的“目的(Purposes)”,主要的研究“过程(Procedures)”及所采用的“方法(Methods)”,由此得到的主要“结果(Results)”和得出的重要“结论(Conclusions)”表达清楚。如有可能,还应尽量提一句论文结果和结论的应用范围和应用情况。 (1) 目的或要解决的问题:研究、研制、调查等的前提、目的和任务,所涉及的主题范围。 (2) 解决问题的方法及过程:所用的原理、理论、条件、对象、材料、工艺、结构、手段、装备,以及程序等。 (3) 结果:实验的、研究的结果、数据,被确定的关系,观察结果,得到的效果、性能等。 (4) 结论:结果的分析、研究、比较、评价、应用,以及提出的问题等。 (5) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new and original in this paper?)。 1.2详解 研究的问题(What I want to do?) 主要说明作者写作此文的目的,或本文主要解决的问题。一篇好的英文摘要,开头就应该把本文的目的或要解决的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时,可利用论文中所列的最新文献,简要介绍前人的工作,但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面,Ei提出了两点具体要求: (1) Eliminate or minimize background information(不谈或尽量少谈背景信息). (2) A void repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘要的第一句话重复使用题目或题目的一部分)。 过程与方法(How I did it?) 主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法,也应包括众多的边界条件,使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中,过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。在开头交待了要解决的问题(What I want to do)之后,接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问题,而且,最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时,最常见的问题是

英文摘要的写作要求-CNKI

英文摘要的写作要求 对于科技期刊的文章,文摘主要由三部分组成,即:研究的问题、过程和方法、结果。 必须对文献进行认真的主题分析,找出文献的主题概念,正确地组织好这些主题内容,简明准确完整地写出文摘来。 文摘长度一般不超过150 words。少数情况下允许例外,视原始文献而定。在不遗漏主题概念的前提下,文摘应尽量简洁。 (一). 缩短文摘方法: 1.取消不必要的字句:如”It is reported …”“Extensive investigations show that…” “The author discusses …”“This paper concerned with …”; 文摘开头的”In this paper,” 一些不必要的修饰词,如“in detail”、“briefly”、“here”、“new”、“mainly”也尽量不要。 2. 对物理单位及一些通用词可以适当进行简化; 3. 取消或减少背景信息(Background Information);根据我们的经验,一篇文摘的背景信息如果过长或占文摘篇幅的比例过大,则往往伴随着对作者所做的工作描述过于笼统和简单。以下是几篇篇不成功的文摘: 根据传统光学干涉原理研制出的相位调制型光纤传感器,其突出的优点是灵敏度高,但却只能进行相对测量,因此本文介绍了能实现绝对 测量的全光纤白光干涉型光纤传感器及其检测技术,该技术基于白光干 涉的绝对测量原理。 该文摘用一半的篇幅介绍了背景信息(斜体字部分),对自己的工作却只做了泛泛的介绍。 类似的文摘还有: 动力学环境是空间光学遥感器极其组件研制中不可忽视的一个重要因素,因为它会对整机或组件造成结构性的破坏,所以在其研制的不 同阶段必须进行充分的动力学环境试验。空间光学系统是执行重要任务 的子系统,在结构及其性能、工作精度要求、密封性、可靠性方面均有 比较特殊的要求。组件乃至系统必须经历动力学环境试验的严格考核,

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