1, Electromechanical integration and the development of technology trends 一、机电一体化技术发展历程及其趋势
Since an electronic technology birth of electronic technology and mechanical technology integration began, only a semiconductor integrated circuit, particularly in a microprocessor representative of the
large-scale integrated circuits for the future, "mechatronics," a technical after significant progress, and has attracted widespread attention.
自电子技术一问世,电子技术与机械技术的结合就开始了,只是出现了半导体集成电路,尤其是出现了以微处理器为代表的大规模集成电路以后,"机电一体化"技术之后有了明显进展,引起了人们的广泛注意.
(1) mechanical-electrical integration, "the course of development
(一)机电一体化"的发展历程
1. CNC machine tools come out, wrote "mechatronics," the first page of history;
1.数控机床的问世,写下了"机电一体化"历史的第一页;
2. Microelectronic technology, "mechatronics''bring a great vitality;
2.微电子技术为"机电一体化''带来勃勃生机;
3. PLC, "Power Electronics" for the development of "mechatronics" provide
a firm foundation;
3.可编程序控制器、"电力电子"等的发展为"机电一体化"提供了坚强基础;
4. Laser technology, fuzzy technology, information technology and other new technologies to "mechanical and electrical integration," a new and higher level.
4.激光技术、模糊技术、信息技术等新技术使"机电一体化"跃上新台阶.
(2) mechanical-electrical integration, "the development trend
(二)机电一体化"发展趋势
1. Integration of optical and electrical machinery. General mechanical and electrical integration system by sensing systems, energy systems, information processing systems, machinery, and other components of the structure. Therefore, the introduction of optical technology, the realization of the inherent advantages of optical technology is effective Improved mechanical-electrical integration system sensing system, energy (power) systems and information processing system. optical and electrical machinery integration is the development of mechanical and electrical products trend.
1.光机电一体化.一般的机电一体化系统是由传感系统、能源系统、信息处理系统、机械结构等部件组成的.因此,引进光学技术,实现光学技术的先天优点是能有效地改进机电一体化系统的传感系统、能源(动力)系统和信息处理系统.光机电一体化是机电产品发展的重要趋势.
2. Systematic self-distribution - Flexible Future electromechanical integration products, and implementation of control systems are adequate "redundancy" and more "flexible" and can better deal with an emergency, is designed "self-distribution system." Self-discipline in the
distribution system, the various subsystems are independent of each other's work, the subsystem for system services, and has its own "self-discipline", according to different environmental conditions react differently. Its characteristics are subsystem can generate its own information and additional information given in the overall premise, specific "action" can be changed. In this way, significantly increase the system's ability to adapt (flexible), not because of the failure of a subsystem of the whole system.
2.自律分配系统化——柔性化.未来的机电一体化产品,控制和执行系统有足够的“冗余度”，有较强的“柔性”，能较好地应付突发事件，被设计成“自律分配系统”。在自律分配系统中，各个子系统是相互独立工作的，子系统为总系统服务，同时具有本身的“自律性”，可根据不同的环境条件作出不同反应。其特点是子系统可产生本身的信息并附加所给信息，在总的前提下，具体“行动”是可以改变的。这样，既明显地增加了系统的适应能力(柔性)，又不因某一子系统的故障而影响整个系统。
3. Holographic systematic - intelligent. Future integration of mechanical and electrical products, "holographic" features more and more obvious, more and more high-level intelligence. This is mainly revenues in the fuzzy technology, information technology (especially software and chip technology) development. In addition, the hierarchical structure of the system, a simple change of "top-down" situation is complex, there is much more two-way link redundancy.
3.全息系统化——智能化。今后的机电一体化产品“全息”特征越来越明显，智能化水平越来越高。这主要收益于模糊技术、信息技术(尤其是软件及芯片技术)的发展。除此之外，其系统的层次结构，也变简单的“从上到下”的形势而为复杂的、有较多冗余度的双向联系。
4. "Of a software" of the - Biomimetic systematic. Future integration of electrical and mechanical devices on the dependence of great information, and often the structure is in a "static" instability, but in a dynamic (work) when is stable. This is a bit like living biological: When control system (the brain) to stop work, then of "Death", and when control system (brain) work, the biological vitality. Bionics research in the field of a number of organisms have been found good institutions can provide products for the electrical and mechanical integration of the new body, but how to live with these new body of "Life" has to be in-depth study. This field of study referred to as "biological - Software" or "biological - System", and biological characteristics of the hardware (body) - Software (brain) one and indivisible. It seems, electromechanical integration of the products although there are more systematic development, but there is a long way to go.
4.“生物一软件”化—仿生物系统化。今后的机电一体化装置对信息的依赖性很大，并且往往在结构上是处于“静态”时不稳定，但在动态(工作)时却是稳定的。
这有点类似于活的生物：当控制系统(大脑)停止工作时，生物便“死亡”，而当控制系统(大脑)工作时，生物就很有活力。仿生学研究领域中已发现的一些生物体优良的机构可为机电一体化产品提供新型机体，但如何使这些新型机体具有活的“生命”还有待于深入研究。这一研究领域称为“生物——软件”或“生物——系统”，而生物的特点是硬件(肌体)——软件(大脑)一体，不可分割。看来，机电一体化产品虽然有向生物系统化发展趋，但有一段漫长的道路要走。
5. MEMS of - miniaturization. At present, the semiconductor devices used in the manufacturing process of etching technology, in the lab has produced sub-micron mechanical components. When will this result for the actual product, there is no need to distinguish between the mechanical part and controller. Will be completely mechanical and electronic "integration", and the body, the Executive Body, sensors, such as CPU can be integrated with the size of a small, and the formation of a
self-regulatory components. This micro-mechanical integration of electromechanical important direction of development.
5.微型机电化——微型化。目前，利用半导体器件制造过程中的蚀刻技术，在实验室中已制造出亚微米级的机械元件。当将这一成果用于实际产品时，就没有必要区分机械部分和控制器了。届时机械和电子完全可以“融合”，机体、执行机构、传感器、CPU等可集成在一起，体积很小，并组成一种自律元件。这种微型机械学是机电一体化的重要发展方向。
Second, the typical electromechanical integration products
二、典型的机电一体化产品
Mechanical and electrical subsystems integration products (complete machine) and the foundation yuan, part two categories. Typical mechanical-electrical integration system: CNC machine tools, robotics, automotive electronic products, intelligent instrumentation, electronic publishing printing systems, CAD / CAM systems. Typical electromechanical integration yuan, components are: power electronic devices and devices, programmable logic controller, fuzzy controller, micro-motors, sensors, ASIC, servo institutions. These typical electromechanical integration of technical status quo and development trends, market analysis of (not quoted);.
机电一体化产品分系统(整机)和基础元、部件两大类。典型的机电一体化系统有：数控机床、机器人、汽车电子化产品、智能化仪器仪表、电子排版印刷系统、CAD ／CAM系统等。典型的机电一体化元、部件有：电力电子器件及装置、可编程序控制器、模糊控制器、微型电机、传感器、专用集成电路、伺服机构等。这些典型的机电一体化产品的技术现状、发展趋势、市场前景分析从略。
Third, China's development "mechatronics" the situation and tasks facing 三、我国发展“机电一体化”面临的形势和任务
Mechanical and electrical integration mainly include two levels: First, by using microelectronic technology to transform traditional industries, and its purpose is energy and materials to enhance efficiency, improve product quality, the traditional industries of technological advances in improving step two is to develop automated, digital , intelligent
mechanical and electrical products, and promote the upgrading of products.
机电一体化工作主要包括两个层次：一是用微电子技术改造传统产业，其目的是节能、节材，提高工效，提高产品质量，把传统工业的技术进步提高一步；二是开发自动化、数字化、智能化机电产品，促进产品的更新换代。
(1) China's "mechatronics" of the situation facing
(一)我国“机电一体化”工作面临的形势
1. China's microelectronics technology to transform traditional industries with the workload of large and broad, difficult
1. 我国用微电子技术改造传统工业的工作量大而广，有难度
2. Electromechanical integration technology with China's accelerated product upgrading, enhancing the voice of the market share, pressure.
2. 我国用机电一体化技术加速产品更新换代，提高市场占有率的呼声高，有压力。
3. Electromechanical integration with China replaced by products of low technology content and added value, energy, water, supplies, pollution, disturbing product liability heavy and meaningful. China's industrial systems, energy consumption, water consumption big, serious environmental pollution enterprises also accounted for a fairly large proportion. In recent years China's industrial structure, product mix Although several adjustments, but for various reasons, lack of effectiveness has been obvious. This is a higher level inside leading departments from many doors, enterprises are "finding it hard to leave their native land", "is entrenched industry", but also optimize the undeniable not the ideal industry, the optimized no Italian products. The best answer long ago put these enterprises in the face, this is the development of mechanical and electrical integration, development and production of the electrical and mechanical integration products. Mechatronics product features strong, good performance, high-quality, low cost, and has a flexible, according to the needs of the market and reflect the user when the product mix and production process to do the necessary restructuring and reform, instead of switching equipment. This is the solution of mechanical and electrical products and more variety, the less important way to mass production. At the same time, for the traditional mechanical industries injection of fresh blood, bringing new vitality, and the heavy machinery production from the manual relieved to achieve civilized production.
3. 我国用机电一体化产品取代技术含量和附加值低，耗能、耗水、耗材高，污染、扰民产品的责任重，有意义。在我国工业系统中，能耗、耗水大户，对环境污染严重的企业还占相当大的比重。近年来我国的工业结构、产品结构虽然几经调整，但由于多种原因，成效一直不够明显。这里面固然有上级领导部门的政出多门问题，有企业的“故土难离”“死守故业”问题，但不可否认也有优化不出理想的产业，优选不出中意的产品问题。上佳的答案早就摆在了这些企业的面前，这就是发展机电一体化，开发和生产有关的机电一体化产品。机电一体化产品功
能强、性能好、质量高、成本低，且具有柔性，可根据市场需要和用户反映时产品结构和生产过程做必要的调整、改革，而无须改换设备。这是解决机电产品多品种、少批量生产的重要出路。同时，可为传统的机械工业注入新鲜血液，带来新的活力，把机械生产从繁重的体力劳动中解脱出来，实现文明生产。Furthermore, from the point of view of market demand, China's research and development of mechanical and electrical integration products with no long history, a big gap between the many varieties of product, quantity, grade, quality, can not meet the demand, larger than the annual import volume, much-needed development.
另外，从市场需求的角度看，由于我国研制、开发机电一体化产品的历史不长，差距较大，许多产品的品种、数量、档次、质量都不能满足需求，每年进口量都比较大，因此亟需发展
(2) China's "mechatronics," the task
(二) 我国“机电一体化”工作的任务
China's mechanical and electrical integration, the task can be summed up in two sentences: The first observation is extensively used electromechanical integration technology to transform traditional industries; Another observation is that the mechanical and electrical integration in a big way to develop products, and promote the upgrading of mechanical and electrical products. The overall goal is to promote the formation of mechanical and electrical integration industry for China's industrial structure and product mix adjustment and make contributions. 我国在机电一体化方面的任务可以概括为两句话：一句话是广泛深入地用机电一体化技术改造传统产业；另一句话是大张旗鼓地开发机电一体化产品，促进机电产品的更新换代。总的目的是促进机电一体产业的形成、为我国产业结构和产品结构调整作贡献。
In short, electromechanical integration technology is to revitalize traditional electromechanical industrial source of fresh blood and driving force, is to open China's electromechanical industry products, the industrial structure adjustment of the keys to the door.
总之，机电一体化技术既是振兴传统机电工业的新鲜血液和源动力，又是开启我国机电行业产品结构、产业结构调整大门的钥匙
Fourth, China's development "mechatronics" Countermeasures
四、我国发展“机电一体化”的对策
(1) strengthen the co-ordination arrangements, coordinated development plan
(一)加强统筹安排，协调发展计划
Currently, the country engaged in "mechatronics" research and development and production of many units. Each had a set of its own development strategy. The units in their plans because of the foothold, the focus of the restrictions, it is inevitable to consider only local interests, the competent departments of the project and planning, lack of a unified consider, and make enough issue, the lack of authoritative Looking at the
overall development plans and strategic planning. It is therefore recommended that the competent departments instruct the relevant units of in-depth investigation and study and scientific analysis on the basis of the overall development of a unified management "mechatronics" research, development, production plans and programmes to avoid duplication of development, production crashes!
目前，我国从事“机电一体化”研究开发及生产的单位很多。各自都有一套自己的发展策略。各单位的计划由于受各自立足点、着眼点的限制，难免只考虑局部利益，各主管部门的有关计划和规划，也有统一考虑不足，统筹安排不够的问题，同时缺少综观全局的有权威性的发展计划和战略规划。因此，建议各主管部门责成有关单位在进行深入调查研究、科学分析的基础上，制定出统管全局的“机电一体化”研究、开发、生产计划和规划，避免开发上重复，生产上撞车!
(B) strengthen regulation of the industry, to play the "Association" role
(二)强化行业管理，发挥“协会”作用
At present, China's "mechatronics" more heat, while the current industry breakdown methods and management system, "from many doors" is the difficult pyridoxine. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify our country a "mechatronics" industry's management body, according to the country's political and economic reforms the spirit, as well as mechanical and electrical integration industry characteristics, we propose that the Beijing as soon as possible to strengthen the construction of the Electrical and Mechanical Integration Association, given its industry management functions. "Association" We should further expand the leadership - the representatives of the Governing Council and the level of coverage, we must strengthen the Office of the Secretariat building; able to pass its smart offices, economic entities, organizations, "industry" development, strategic planning fiction; guidance layout layout of the industry adjustment, the starting point for the development of options, do a good job of the pilot and key projects of the issuing of the project, the tender exercise……
目前，我国“机电一体化”较热，而按目前的行业划分方法和管理体制，“政出多门”是难哆的。因此，我国有必要明确一个“机电一体化”行业的统管机构，根据目前国家政治体制改革和经济体制改革的精神，以及机电一体化行业特点，我们建议，尽快加强北京机电一体化协会的建设，赋予其行业管理职能。“协会”要进一步扩大领导机构——理事会的代表层面和复盖面，要加强办公室、秘书处的建设；要通过其精明干练的办事机构、经济实体，组织“行业”发展计划、战略规划的拟制；指导行业布点布局的调整，进行发展突破口的选择，抓好重点工程的试点和有关项目的发标、招标工作……
(C) Optimization development environment, increased support for the
三)优化发展环境、增大支持力度
Optimization development environment that through propaganda among the masses, creating a community as a whole, both inside and outside the enterprise to support "the mechanical and electrical integration," the
atmosphere of development, such as China as soon as possible for foreign investors to invest in the development of "mechatronics" industry to provide convenient as possible for the establishment of development, production integration of mechanical and electrical products give the green light to high-tech enterprises; endeavour to develop, manufacture electromechanical integration products, such as the deployment of elements of good resources.
优化发展环境指通过宣传群众，造成一种社会上下、企业内外都重视、支持“机电一体化”发展的氛围，如尽快为外商到我国投资发展“机电一体化”产业提供方便；尽可能为兴办开发、生产机电一体化产品的高新技术企业开绿灯；尽力为开发、生产机电一体化产品调配好资源要素等。
Increase the intensity of support, technology policy, it is necessary to strictly limit the consumption of electricity, water, supplies
high-traditional product development, did not use the mechanical and electrical integration of backward technology products restrictions mandatory elimination; strongly advocated using electromechanical integration on the traditional industries for the transformation of the electrical and mechanical integration technology to transform traditional industries dry on the technical development and application of project priority projects, and give priority support to the technical development and application of the unit to contribute to leadership, science and technology personnel of recognition incentives.
增大支持力度，在技术政策上，要严格限制耗电、耗水、耗材高的传统产品的发展，对未采用机电一体化技术落后产品限制强制淘汰；大力提倡用机电一体化技术对传统产业进行改造，对有关机电一体化技术对传统产业乾地改造，对有关技术开发、应用项目优先立项、优先支持，对在技术开发、应用中做出贡献的单位领导、科技人员进行表彰奖励等
(D) to highlight key development, take into account the "two levels"
(四)突出发展重点，兼顾“两个层次”
Mechatronics industries cover a very wide, and our financial, human and material resources are limited, so we grasp mechatronics industry development can not be exhaustive, Bengpuzhixu, it should distinguish between primary and secondary, bold choices, in order, selective. Attention should be paid to work on two levels. The first level is the "face" of work, namely the use of electronic information technology to transform traditional industries, in the traditional electromechanical devices implanted or grafted on Microelectronics (computer) devices, the "machinery" and "electronic" technology in the Jiancengci integrate. The second level is the "increase", that is the beginning of the new product design, they "machinery" and "electronic" unified consideration, "machinery" and "electronic" inextricably linked, in-depth integration of the new production Products are at least do electromechanical integration.
机电一体化产业复盖面非常广，而我们的财力、人力和物力是有限的，因此我们在抓机电一体化产业发展时不能面面俱到、平铺直叙，而应分清主次，大胆取舍，有所为，有所不为。要注意抓两个层次上的工作。第一个层次是“面上”的工作，即用电子信息技术对传统产业进行改造，在传统的机电设备上植入或嫁接上微电子(计算机)装置，使“机械”和“电子”技术在浅层次上结合。第二个层次是“提高”工作，即在新产品设计之初，就把“机械”与“电子”统一起来进行考虑，使“机械”与“电子”密不可分，深度结合，生产出来的新产品起码正做到机电一体化
CONCLUSION: In this paper, in the careful guidance of teachers and strict requirements have been completed. Learning and life, will always feel the careful guidance of a mentor and selfless caring, I benefited. You are here to express our deep gratitude and lofty respect. Why not plot to 跬step of a thousand miles, the smooth completion of the design, but also owe much to the datum related to the serious and responsible teacher, I can well understand and use our professional knowledge, and to be reflected in the design. At the same time, I collected a lot of online information before making my dissertation work smoothly. College of Engineering here to all teachers expressed heartfelt thanks.
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1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Tradi ng Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract This Contract is entered into this 5th day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿19＿, BETWEEN ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the Seller has agreed to sell and the buyer has agreed to buy ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Goods ) the quantity, specification, and price of which are provided in Schedule A. IT IS HEREBY AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 5.Contract For Joint-Operation Enterprise ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registered office at (hereinafter called “Party A”) AND ＿＿ COMPANY LTD., a company duly organized under the Law of ＿＿ and having its registere d office at (hereinafter called “Party B”) Party A and Party B (hereinafter referred to as the “Parties”) agree to jointly form a Co-operation Venture Company (hereinafter referred to as the “CVC”) in accordance with “the Laws of the People’s Republic of C hina on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Laws of the People’s Republic of China on Joint Ventures Using Chinese and Foreign Investment” and other applicable laws and regulations. 6.MODEL CONTRACT Contract No. Date: Seller: Signed at: Address: Cable Address: Buyer: Address: Cable Address: The Seller and the Buyer have agreed to conclude the following transactions according to the terms and conditions stipulated below: https://www.doczj.com/doc/c518117260.html, of Commodity: 2.Specifications: 3.Quantity: 4.Unit Price: 5.Total Price: U.S.$: 6.Packing: 7.Time of Shipment: days after receipt of L/C. 8.Loading Port & Destination Port: From via to . 9.Insurance:
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c518117260.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
An Analysis of Cooperative Principles and Humorous Effects in Friend s 合作原则的分析和在朋友的幽默效应 Humor is a very intriguing and fascinating phenomenon of human society, which is multidimensional, complex and all pervasive. Therefore, many scholars and experts at all times and in all over the world have done profound research on humor. 幽默是人类社会的一个非常有趣和引人入胜的现象，这是多方面的，复杂和无孔不入的。所以，在任何时候，在世界各地的许多学者和专家总是对幽默进行深入的研究。 The significant functions of humor have aroused the interest of many scholars. About 2,000 years ago, people began the research on humor. However, the study of humor is not a simple task for the reason that it is an interdisciplinary science drawing upon a wide range of academic disciplines including biology, psychology, sociology, philosophy, geography, history, linguistics, literature, education, family science, and film studies and so on. Moreover, there are different reasons and purposes for humor. One may wish to be sociable, cope better, seem clever, solve problems, make a critical point, enhance therapy, or express something one could not otherwise express by means of humor. 显著幽默的功能已引起许多学者的兴趣。大约在2000年前，人们对幽默开始研究，然而，这项幽默的研究不是一个简单的任务，理由是它是一个跨学科的科学绘图在各种各样的学科，包括生物学、心理学、社会学、哲学、地理、历史、语言、文学、教育、家庭科学和电影研究等。此外，幽默有不同的原因和目的，人们可能希望有点大男子主义，随机应变，似乎是聪明，解决问题，使一个临界点，加强治疗，或表达的东西不能以其他方式表达幽默的方式。 Within the 20th century, linguistics has developed greatly in almost every area of the discipline from sounds, words and sentences to meaning and texts. Meanwhile, linguistic studies on humor have also extended considerably to social, cultural, and pragmatic concerns. One of the most noticeable achievements in linguistics over the
附录A：英文原文 Website Design (Xiao Xiang Zhang) Abstract：Website construction is divided into several aspects: set theme site and collect data, establish the site directory structure, to set up the web page link relations, page design and web production, site testing, web site As well as the promotion and maintenance. Each step in the process of website construction are play an role instead. Keywords:the directory structure; Web site production; Site tests; Web site Based on the needs of the society now a days, this paper mainly introduces how to create a static web site. And in the process of establishing personal website gradually over the years at the university of understanding and strengthen the learning of all kinds of knowledge points about creating a website. In my personal understanding, to create a distinctive personal website, can have their own personality and characteristics. In this way can attract people. Only one goal, that is, do yourself. 1 the website construction of stages website localization is the ultimate goal of web site design and guidelines. Who established the theme of the site to solve design for, attract, communication. making web pages through the web page design of web site overall coordinated style. Website of colour fundamental key color, color schemes, page style and page composition and image, animation, repeated research. Convenient navigation design users easy access to the site of the resources. the release and maintenance of the site to complete the site test of all files and uploaded to the server, website promotion and publicity,
毕业设计（论文）外文参考文献及译文 英文题目Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 中文题目模块化安全铁路信号计算机联锁系统 学院自动化与电气工程学院 专业自动控制 姓名葛彦宁 学号 200808746 指导教师贺清 2012年5月30日
Component-based Safety Computer of Railway Signal Interlocking System 1 Introduction Signal Interlocking System is the critical equipment which can guarantee traffic safety and enhance operational efficiency in railway transportation. For a long time, the core control computer adopts in interlocking system is the special customized high-grade safety computer, for example, the SIMIS of Siemens, the EI32 of Nippon Signal, and so on. Along with the rapid development of electronic technology, the customized safety computer is facing severe challenges, for instance, the high development costs, poor usability, weak expansibility and slow technology update. To overcome the flaws of the high-grade special customized computer, the U.S. Department of Defense has put forward the concept：we should adopt commercial standards to replace military norms and standards for meeting consumers’demand [1]. In the meantime, there are several explorations and practices about adopting open system architecture in avionics. The United Stated and Europe have do much research about utilizing cost-effective fault-tolerant computer to replace the dedicated computer in aerospace and other safety-critical fields. In recent years, it is gradually becoming a new trend that the utilization of standardized components in aerospace, industry, transportation and other safety-critical fields. 2 Railways signal interlocking system 2.1 Functions of signal interlocking system The basic function of signal interlocking system is to protect train safety by controlling signal equipments, such as switch points, signals and track units in a station, and it handles routes via a certain interlocking regulation. Since the birth of the railway transportation, signal interlocking system has gone through manual signal, mechanical signal, relay-based interlocking, and the modern computer-based Interlocking System. 2.2 Architecture of signal interlocking system Generally, the Interlocking System has a hierarchical structure. According to the function of equipments, the system can be divided to the function of equipments; the system
Analysis of the role of complaint management in the context of relationship marketing Author: Leticia Su′arez ′Alvarez, University of Oviedo, Spain Abstract This research aims to contribute to the relationship-marketing strategy by studying the role of complaint management in long-term relationships. Two factors distinguish it from other studies: it takes into account two types of customers, consumers and firms, and the result variable selected is the probability of ending an ongoing relationship. Two questionnaires were designed for every population. One of them was auto-administrated to a sample of consumers in the north of Spain, and the other one was sent to a representative sample of Spanish firms. The data analyses were conducted using structural equation modeling. The findings confirm the importance that theory accords to the relationship-marketing strategy, and also provide evidence for the importance of complaint management. Thus having a good complaint-handling system and trained and motivated staff who are fully committed to the firm’s objectives are fundamental requisites for firms to be able to build a stable customer portfolio. Keywords complaint management; relationship marketing; relationship termination; trust; satisfaction Introduction Nowadays, the main task for tourism firms is undoubtedly to deliver superior value to customers. One way that these firms can achieve part of this value is by maintaining quality relationships with their customers. In fact, it is well known that managing these relationships is critical for achieving corporate success. Thus the general aim of the present research is to analyze the most important factors that contribute to relationship stabilization between tourism firms and their customers. This research canters on retail travel agencies. We chose this particular type of tourism firm for two reasons. First, competition between retail travel agencies is becoming much more intense, fundamentally due to the advent of the Internet as an alternative distribution channel for tourism services (Wang & Cheung, 2004). The second reason is the current phenomenon of disintermediation, or the tendency of some tourism service providers to contact the end-customer directly. Because of these two developments, retail travel agencies urgently need to develop a strategy that allows them to maintain a stable portfolio of customers over time if they are to remain in the market for the long term. In order to achieve the proposed objective, we set out a causal model that incorporates a number of factors that can condition the future of the relationships between travel agencies and their customers. Specifically, we chose two variables that
规范 5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 5.2.1－混凝土配比的确定有以下规定： （a）和易性和稠度使混凝土在浇筑时，易于成型和易于与钢筋粘结，不会离析或泌水。 （b）按第四章的要求，混凝土具有抵抗侵蚀的性能。 （c）符合5.6节中强度试验要求。 5.2.2－不同材料用在不同部分，起不同作用，要评测每一个组合。 5.2.3－混凝土配比要与5.3节或5.4节相一致，而且要满足适用性。 5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料 注释 R5.2－混凝土配合比的选择 “普通混凝土，重混凝土，大体积混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.1给出了选择混凝土配比的细节规则。（提供了两种选择和调整普通混凝土配比的方法：估计重量和绝对体积方法。给出了两种方法的计算实例。按绝对体积方法配制的重混凝土的配比查看附录。）“结构用轻骨料混凝土配比选择标准”(ACI 211.1) 5.2给出了轻质混凝土选料的方法。（提供了选择和调整不同建筑等级轻骨料混凝土的配比方法。） R5.2.1－所用水灰比要足够低，或者轻骨料混凝土的抗压强度足够高,以满足强度标准（见5.3或5.4）和特殊环境（第四章）的要求。该条规范不包括极恶劣暴露环境的要求，如：酸性条件，高温条件，同时也没考虑美学效果，如表面装修。这些方面超出了该规范的范围，应包含在工程技术要求中。混凝土配比要满足该规范的最低要求，以及合同附加的条款。 R5.2.3－本规范强调混合物的现场试验或试验室试拌（见5.3）作为首选的混凝土配比方法。 R5.3－以现场试验和（或）试拌配料 在选择合适的混凝土混合料时，遵循以下三步。第一，确定样品标准偏差。第二，确定要求的混凝土平均抗压强度。第三，根据传统配制试验或合理的经验记录，选择满足该平均强度要求的混凝土配合比。Fig.R5.3是选择配料的流程图。
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
A virtual instrument based measurement and control platform for vibration analysis of motor LI Wen1, LI Li2 Abstract:This paper describes the establishing process of motor vibration analyzing system based on virtual instrument. This system consists of data acquisition module, vibration spectrum analysis module, and control module. Real-time collection of data acquisition module can be operated during motor running process. Power spectrum, harmonic analysis and STFT intensity spectrum can be done with vibration spectrum analysis module; and the performance of motor under different control laws can be easily studied by call control algorithms with control module. The test results show that the platform is feasible and effective. Key words: motor vibration; virtual instrument; spectrum analysis module; control module 2.1 data acquisition module Place DAQ Assistant Express VI and Write to Measurement File .vi into While Circulation in program block diagram while set the cycle time as 60s, then set the channel, sensitivity, sample rate and other parameters in DAQ Assistant . Run the program can collect experimental data and the data can be stored by the designated route in the folder. Fig.4 shoes its program Fig.4. program of DAQ Data acquisition
1.Sales Agreement The agreement, (is) made in Beijing this eighth day of August 1993 by ABC Trading Co., Ltd., a Chinese Corporation having its registered office at Beijing, the People’ Repubic of China (hereinafter called “Seller”) and International Trading Co., Ltd., a New York Corporation having its registered office at New York, N.Y., U.S.A. (hereinafter called “Buyer”). 2.WITNESSETH WHEREAS, Seller is engaged in dealing of (product) and desires to sell (product)to Buyer, and WHEREAS, Buyer desires to purchase(product) from Sellers, Now, THEREFORE, it is agreed as follows: 3.Export Contract th This Contract is entered into this 5 day of August 1993 between ABC and Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co., Ltd. (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and condition. 4.Non-Governmental Trading Agreement No. ＿＿ This Agreement was made on the＿day of＿ 19＿, BETWEEN ＿(hereinafter referred to as the Seller) as the one Side and ＿ (hereinafter referred to as the Buyer) as the one other Side. WHEREAS, the