Unit One
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. D
2. It contrasts the attitudes of the French and the English-speaking people toward keeping their mother tongue "pure."
3. The author does not appreciate the French attitude. He believes that they have gone to the extreme, because he says that 'the mind boggles at what the world might face. "That means the French are so sensitive that it is difficult to imagine what they will do to keep French pure in the future.
4. B
5. It refers to the differences between British and American English with regard to pronunciation and spelling of English. The author seems to agree with the Americans' viewpoint.
6. C
7. The King's English refers to English in its most proper and formal use. However, as it is used in foreign places, it is often used improperly. Here "lingo" mocks the formality of English that no longer exists in these foreign Usages
8. Foreign varieties of English are very different from the original standard British English, sometimes they are barely recognizable.
9. B
10. The author thinks that communication is more important than the purification of the English language.
B
1. fast delivery (of the product)/rapid killing (of the customer)
2. Please hang your own coat and hat here/die by hanging yourself
3. "revolutionary" ideas are being sold/disgusting new ideas are being sold
4. best bakers/idle, lazy persons
5. the latest rnethod/a Christian denomination
6. a doctor for women's diseases/regard women as a disease or womanizer (vulgar meaning)
7. press the button of the lift to move it/inefficiency of the lift
8. how to get service/open the door and call out the words “Room service”. (rude)
9. in an European atmosphere/a car that rushes a person to the hospital
10. serve the best wine/our wine is very bad; hopeless
11. from 12~ 14 o'clock chamber maids are not busy/treat chambermaids unfairly (with possible sexual meaning)
12. the pictures were painted in the last ten years/the painters were put to death
13. leave your laundry/be naked or take off your clothes
14. dancing is going on/very vulgar language (a reference to male sex organs)
15. moral requirement for who can share the same room/implies that men and women must marry in order to live together
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1--b 2--d 3--f
4—j 5—I 6--h
B
1. sensitive
2. list
3. prevalent
4. deficiency
5. withheld
6. certainty
7. functional 8. confronte 9. courtesy
10. spared 11. stroke 12. ambitious
13. purified 14. highlights 15. novelty
C
1. A. sensitive B. sense C. sensitivity
2. A. compulsory B. compulsion C. compulsory
3. A. Lease B. lease C. leasing
4. A. deviate B. deviantly C. deviation
5. A. prevalence B. prevalent C. prevalent
6. A. deficient B. deficiency C.deficient
7. A. extracts B. extracting C. extracted
8. A, confronted B. confrontation C. confronted
9. A, spare B. spare C. spare
10. A. stroke B. stroking C. stroke
D
1. C. make alternative
2. B. of taking advantage
3. C. of a head injury
4. D. remains
5. A. accepted
6. A. as much energy as
7. C. would end up 8. C. has been
9. B. or 10. D. with which
E
1. language
2. associates
3. in-laws
4. total
5. responds
6. swell
7. Hardly
8. lives
9. dreams 10. aloud 11. ourselves 12. so
13. distinguishes 14. humanity 15. makes 16. expressed
17. source 18. newborn 19. act 20. tradition
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
在过去，当探险者或商人们走出家园到外面的世界去寻找新的领地、市场或原材料资源时，他们通常与跟他们打交道的当地人说的不是同一种语言。遇到这种情况时，他们一般采取以下三种方法之一来对付，吕口：(1)外来人学习说当地主人的语言(或反之)，(2)他们使用当地作为贸易用的第三种语言，或(3)产生一种新的语言——这种语言是由使用者的不同母语的一些成分合成的。在说不同语言的人群中用来作为他们共同的交际工具的语言叫混合语(交际语)。这个名称是由在地中海地区使用的中世纪时的贸易语言派生而来的。这种贸易语言主要基于日耳曼语(意大利语、法语和西班牙语)，但也包括了一些希腊语、阿拉伯语和土耳其语的成分。在当今世界，将英语称为最主要的交际语是合适的，因为英语是大部分说不同语言的人的交际工具。
B
1. One theory refers to the sensitivity to the target language as being one of the most important factors in language learning.
2. In order to help students in their study of English, the library has decided to lease English films in the original to them.
3. On weekends, if one shop puts up discount notices, other shops, big or small, will come up with it by putting up more discount notices.
4. When ungrammatical expressions of a language become prevalent in socie they will gradually be~ by the public.
5. The closing of the company was not caused by a shortage of capital but by management deficiency.
6. Advertisements usually highlight the product or service they advertise to attract customers.
7. It is argued that we should withhold the speed of language change; otherwise we may have to learn a new language every twenty years.
8. I feel gratitude to him because every time I encountered difficulties in my study he would help me.
9. It will take great pains to improve/change the financial situation of the factory.
10.Those who advocate the purity of a language protect the language for the
sake of their culture.
Reading Practice
1.F
2.T
3. F
4.T
5.T
6.F
7. F
8.T
Unit Two
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. i People have different opinions about lies but they don't differ much in defining what truth is.
ii Lying is usually regarded as evil but in reality many people lie. This is worthy of our attention.
2. i Lies are intentionally told untruths/an unintentionally told untruth is not
a lie.
ii Almost everyone lies.
3. i All lies are evil and harmful so they should be avoided.
ii Many lies are not evil but are necessary and beneficial to society.
4. Open.(But according to the writer,) standards regarding when lies are ac- ceptable vary not only with individuals but aJso with different cultures.
5. The statement means that when one grows up, one may have the painful experience of realizing that other people may not hold the same opinion about honesty as one does. This is because the reality often runs counter to what is taught to children.
6. 2) those that are told with intention to harm the listener or a third party
and to benefit the liar
3) those that don't tell the whole truth (Some information may be left
unsaid.)
4) those that are told with no intention of being kept
5) those that are told to deceive oneself
7. (Open)
8. B
9. Because it prevents one from realizing one's shortcomings and improving oneself.
10. Different cultures may have different standards regarding when lies are acceptable. (e.g. People in some cultures feel it is more important not to hurt others than to tell the truth). It may be hard to change these culturally based beliefs.
B
1. People cannot make sound judgement about ...because we have not told them the truth. We should try to avoid lying because in a society where lying is common, trust becomes impossible, and without trust, cooperation cannot exist.
2. Your parents and your culture may teach you that liars will suffer, but in reality you find that they often don't, (This is what one's moral beliefs are compared with.)This realizati&n may make you take a skeptical attitude towards your moral beliefs. "It" refers to "the realization" and "them" refers to "moral beliefs." Because they don't appear to be true.
3. Many of the lies are told within government circles. For example, a person may lie to the government, or a government official may lie to the public, which falls into the category of"little white lie". Here, the author is critical of the government because he thinks one person's"little white lie"is another person's "dirty lie"
4. In the United States, people do not often tell all the truth in their income tax reports, which is considered an unquestionable lie by the government. Because people feel the government already takes too much of their earnigns.
5. Some advertisers and politicians often make false promises, which ruin the reputation of other advertisers and politicians. It is implied here that some false promises are fairly harmless, but others are taken more seriously and can hurt the
listener/receiver.
6. We have to be realistic about our dreams and ambitions on one hand and deceiving/tricking ourselves on the other. If we are not, we can't recognize the need for change, make the necessary changes, and achieve success.
7. The author suggests that ifwe have not looked at our faults, we should honestly examine ourselves closely to see what we really are like. Be realistic.
8. Ideas about lying vary from culture to culture. One culture may have a high opinion of truth even if it hurts, while another culture may consider that other people's feelings are more important.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1. C
2. D
3. B
4. A
5. C
6. C
7. D
8. D
9. D 10. B
B
1. going through
2. goes with
3. in response to
4. grew up
5. be having an affair with/have had an affair with
6. turn a blind eye to
7. hold ... together 8. watching for
9. in comparison 10. draw a line between
C
1. A. what is
2. A. than have
3. D. it
4. D. ignored
5. C. go
6. D. would he be
7. C. objected to 8. C. though
9. D. to say something 10. C. to his feet
D
1. to
2. than
3. expressing
4. always
5. relief
6. But
7. persuaded
8. cracked
9. accident 10. in turn 11. recalJ 12. the
13. times 14. exchanged 15. uncovered 16. solution
17. nor 18. others 19. mind 20. leave
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
那些常常说谎又没有充足理由的人被称为病态说谎者。他们会对任何事情说谎。他们似乎无法控制说谎的；中动。对这些人的研究表明，他们中很多人小时候受过虐待或者来自有酗酒或有精神病家属史的家庭；也有不少人在他们生长的家庭里，真话得不到尊重，没有人说真话。他们似乎比常人更加强烈地需要得到别人的爱不口别人的尊重。但事实上，他们中并非每个人都无法控制自己说谎的欲望。没人能说清为什么有些人能克制说谎而有些入却无法克制说谎。病态的说谎者往往没有亲近的或长期维持的私人关系。他们非常谨慎，通常不介绍自己的熟人相互认识以免他们将听到的东西进行比较。
* * * * * * * * * * * *
通常，北美国家的父母告诫他们的孩子说谎是坏事，他们不应该说谎。如果说谎，他们应该感到内疚。在欧美文化中，对一个说谎孩子的传统惩罚是用肥皂清洗他的嘴巴。然而通过他们自己的行为，父母也会告诉孩子，在某些情况下，大多数人确实也会说谎。因此孩子在这种双重教育下长大——他们偶尔也会说谎，但是他们会感到内疚，并且不想让别人知道他们已说了谎。
B
1. Different people have different opinions about whether lying is always bad and whether it should be avoided.
2. The tallest buildings in London are small in comparison with the skyscrapers of New York.
3. The point at which people draw the line between an acceptable lie and a bad lie varies from individual to individual and culture to culture.
4. Mothers who spoil their children often turn a blind eye,t~-~re faults of their children.
5. The country needs a leader who will hold the nation together when violence breaks out.
6. A selfish man categorizes all people into two groups, those he likes and those he dislikes.
7. She felt offended at my remarks, but it wasn't my intention to hurt her.
8. It is wrong for teachers to stereotype naughty students.
9. In some foreign countries, a person who intentionally leaves his job can find it easy to step aside for a while, supported by unemployment insurance and other benefits.
10. She has gone through tremendous pain since her husband died.
Reading Practice
1.B
2. D
3.A
4. C
5. D
Unit Three
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. E
2. "The numbers" means the relatively small number of people competing for a given job. The author thinks that due to the lower birth rate, there are less workers aVailabLe in the job market and therefore more job opportunities are available to young people today.
3. They have a gloomy view of the present world.
1) They have been exposed to murder and other types of violence and some other negative events on TV.
2) Many have been brought up in single-parent families and the emotional upheaval
and conflict have had a negative effect on their value and self-worth.
3) Many feel their chances of finding the job and salary they want are bleak
4. They will spend more time with their kids and care about them more.
5. No. Because they want to save their money so that they can live better when they do leave.
6. The parents' attitude:
loyalty and commitment to the workplace
slave away and show their dedication to the company
The youth's attitude:
They don't want to wait around and pay their dues when there is no long-term commitment from the top.
There is life after work.
They will often leave a job at the hint of a better position.
7. Generation X'ers watched their grandparents slave away only to receive a gold watch and pension upon retirement. Their parents' dedication to the company has been repaid with downsizing and layoffs. They feel there is no such thing as job security. They don't want to commit themselves to their work when there is no long-term commitment from the top. There is more to life than work.
8. They will have better family values, get things done quickly, shorten the workweek, and create systems that will allow "intrapreneurs."
9. No. Because technology will enable people to be more productive. In addition, X'ers' dislike of bureaucracy and a desire to solve problems will quickly improve productivity.
10. He intends to tell us about X'ers' potential entrepreneurship.
11. D. Because Generation X has evolved in dramatically different ways from previous generations and may have dramatically different ways to improve society.
B
1. negative view of the world
less loyalty and commitment
keep options open
stay at home longer
eager to get noticed
unrealistic and materialistic views
gett/ng things done fast
better family values
shorter work week
greater entrepreneurship
2. Becoming successful socially and financially or moving into the upper social echelon.
3. It is implied that their thirty years' dedication to their company was not acknowledged and cherished. In fact, they were dismissed without anything.
4. Because they were neglected in their families and classrooms.
5. Because they would like their world to be filled with good-looking people, dressed
in the latest fashions, with lots of money and prestige, and who don't have to work too hard. They desire instant gratification and expect a whole lot for nothing.
6. "McJobs" are poorly-paid entry level jobs which have no power. They are not the kind of iobs X'ers would want.
7. Be able to solve the problem themselves without dealing with bureaucracy.
8. Because many of them have an independent, individualistic nature and Like to be left alone to solve problems.
9. It means fostering innovation and being creative.
10. If we listen to what Generation X'ers will say, we may understand thern better, and also find they have some very beneficial things to offer.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1.B
2. C
3.A
4. D
5. B
6. D
7. A
8.A
9.D 10. A
B
1. was referred to as
2. take on
3. waiting around
4. piled up
5. jump ship
6. teamed up with
7. look upon 8. on their own 9. cleaned out
10. slaving away
C
1. A. what
2. C. paying for
3. D. one
4. A. By
5. C. seeks
6. C. impaired
7. B. it is 8. C. hardly anything
9. A. There is 10. D. its
D
1. grew
2. plant
3. see
4. inherit
5. debt
6. Among
7. likely 8. die 9. increased
10. gone I I. top 12. expected
13. in 14. face 15. only
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
这些青年人正在确定个人与其周围社会关系的新模式。不受上司与长辈影0向的情况反而使他们更坚定地自行其事。他们对经历了时间考验的传统也不在乎。例如，当今的青年夫妇拒绝向更注重表面的社会生活习俗让步。在我们那一代，年轻的新娘们如果不是家住名区，如果他们家的餐具不够高雅，她们则会咆尝其苦。那时青年人对于有影响的社会关系、部队中的官职、有名的俱乐部成员身份都十分敏感。然而这一代人却坚持希望别人评价他们自身的价值。我常常听说他们小心翼翼地隐藏起出身名门的事实。他们坚持作为一个独立的人被社会接受，这产生一种空前的坦诚。一位女大学生对我说：“你知道我一直都不够诚实，我正在试图改正”。一位退伍土兵在一个男女混合的场合，当着目瞪口呆的双亲面对大家说他在战后的六个月里一直是一个“精神变态者”。这些言词说明自由的坚固性——一种属于自己而不
属于虚伪的社会习俗的自由。
B
1. Unlike the young people today, we had to take on family responsibilities and help our parents with housework when we were teenagers.
2. Generation X'ers take work seriously, but they disdain the workaholic, slave~to~the-job mentality of their parents and bosses.
3. Many young kids today can work with a variety of software programs on their own and comprehend them quickly.
4. They were referred to as the Lost Generation because they were disillusioned and did not know what to do with their new liberties.
5. The young people of diverse cultural backgrounds all have in common a love for the same clothing styles, music and entertainment.
6. Generation X has a strong propensity for fun and enjoyment, and it is a priority for them to have a good time whether they are at work, school or home.
7. Most people in China look upon their job as a career and have loyalty and commitment to the workplace.
8. Young people desire to upgrade their situation and they are always jumping ship at the hint of a better position.
9. Being spoiled by their guilt-ridden, seldom-home parents, X'ers are not ready to take over in politics, education and business.
10. Young entrepreneurs are encouraged to team up with their colleagues to do the research and create new products at unparalleled rates.
Reading Practice
1. How to manage X'ers.
2. Create conflicts.
3. Because this conflicts with their independence and'embarrasses them.
4. Because they want very much to be stimulated.
5. We should make work enjoyable.
Unit Four
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. He put together the National Worldwide Universal deal and made money on an electronics acquisition.
2. The question showed that the young man thought twelve million dollars was a large sum of money to him.
3. a. They have been known to every schoolboy.
b. They have been shown on the covers of glossy magazines.
c. They have been a committee member of important charity balls.
d. They have been the owners of a co-op apartment on Fifth Avenue,
e. They have a stretch limousine,
f. They are the owners of a professional football team.
g. They are the owners of a magazine and the chief columnists.
h. They have made ~fty million dollars.
4. C and D. The whole tone here is very sarcastic.
a. corporate raiders
b. real-estate sharks
5, Because when the young man asked her to marry him he said he would surely amount to something but he turned out to be a "nobody."
6. To be famous. That he will be"somebody.' 'This could mean rich, famous or outstanding. But obviously, 12 million dollars wasn'~ enough to qualify.
7. exaggeration:
"Two-million-dollar co-ops are a dime a dozen."
"You can't buy a real magazine for chicken feed." etc.
irony:
He is rich and has all the trappings of being successful but it's not enough for his wife.
He becomes famous because of illegal behaviour, which his wife feels like he is becoming successful.
8. Both.
9. (Open.)
10. The writer entitles his story "success" to satirize the idea of an American Dream which refers to fame and fortune. Actually true"success' should not involve making a fortune and fame illegally. This story shows that success ~is not often such a driving force that people lose their morals in pursuit of it.
B
1. C
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1--f 2---c 3--a 4--h 5--g
6--e 7--b 8--d 9--j 10—i
B
1. corporate
2. devious 3, origins 4. estate
5. greed
6. committing
7. flattering
8. shrewd
9. Electronic 10. violated
C
1. stick by
2. try his luck
3. so to speak
4. amount to
5. end up
6. was working out
7. turned out
8. seek his fortune
9, costs big bucks 10. beyond their dreams
D
1. C. has furthered
2. D. a young man's
3. B. mother-in-law's
4. B. to live
5. C. what they eat
6. C. of
7. D. three-week-old 8. D. acting on
9. A. should be cut 10. B. would have enjoyed
E
1. doing
2. no
3. seldom
4. long
5. others
6. something
7. up
8. into
9. realizing 10. behind
11. all 12. chief 13.~vhat 14. never 15. merely
16. sets 17. Nothing 18. discourage 19. ruin 20. emotional
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
卡尔文?特里林在其描述美国暴发户生活的当代故事“成功”中，讽刺了“美国梦”的观念。出色的讽刺故事的要点之一是：在故事中运用几乎可信的夸大手法。在某个事实被歪曲得几乎成真时，你相信它可能是真的——但是你其实仍在怀疑——这就是好的讽刺故事所要取得的最佳效果。讽8g的另一要点是反语。反语指的是词汇的字面意义与其实际意义完全相反。反语往往有趣，但带有悲伤的意味。课文中妻子的最后几句话完全是反语。
* * * * * * * * * * * *
这个年轻人在他的办公室被带上手铐带走了。当天下午的报纸头版刊登了一幅他被传讯后离开时的照片，证实了他已受到指控。照片上的他试图用他那件价值850美元的意大利名牌外套遮住他的脸。第二天的早报上，刊登了一篇篇幅很长的文章，将他作为那些出身贫寒的华尔街商人最终成为贪婪的牺牲品的代表。他的朋友和同事都避开他。
B
1. A young man of humble origins dreamed of becoming a millionaire, but he was thoroughly disillusioned because he tried to seek his fortune by means of a law-violating electronics acquisition.
2. She managed what amounted to a smile of satisfaction.
3. He ended up designing a software program to solve this problem which had been unsolved for years.
4. He went to the station in the company of his classmates to pick up his sick mother.
5. After graduation from university, he was granted a govemment scholarship to further his study, which was far beyond his dream.
6. He was an excellent teacher who always stuck by his students whenever they had difficulties.
7. He is nobody here in the city, but I suppose he is a somebody in his own village.
8. She said that it was her father, not herself, who was a millionaire, and that she would like to earn her own living.
9. Therefore I think we must, so to speak adopt more extreme measures to curb inflation.
10. After his company failed because of poor management, he decided to try his luck in insurance.
Reading Practice
1.C
2. A
3. D
4. B
5. C
Unit Five
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. When a woman makes more money than the man, life gets complicated,
because the man wilt feel threatened by a woman who earns more
than he does. That's a challenge to the traditional belief that a husband
should make more money than his wife.
2. They have different meanings. The first one means"~l~SU"the second one"Jl~".
3. Second factor: Women are working full time.
Third factor: Equal-opportunity laws make it possible for women to have
jobs that used to be for men only.
4. B
5. This shows that the man could not bear or accept the fact that his wife
made more money than he did. This shows also that there is a deeply~
rooted idea that it is not quite right for women to be more successful
than their husbands.
6. Apart from emotional and physical abuse,they may show such feeling in a
subtle way, e.g., by drinking more or having an affair.
7. Her technique was to be sure that any man she dated was comfortable
with her wealthy lifestyle. (Open.)
8. First: A high-earning woman must be supersensitive to a man's feelings.
Second: She needs to acknowledge the man's support in private and in
public.
Third: She should resolve disputes by reasoning, not by referring to
earning power
9. I) The common thing between these two couples is that both men do
not feel threatened by having a wife who earns more.
2) Initially Jim Campbell had a job he could do at home, so he could take
care of his son. Frank Dickey didn't stay at home.Though his job is Iow- paying and he has passed up other jobs so the family wouldn't need to
move, he enjoys a lot of influence and freedom in his job as a high
school football coach.
10. The trend is growing for women to earn more, it may still be easier to
pretend that everything is fine even though couples may not be dealing
with the difference well. The author's attitude is that the problem may
be ignored and perhaps the future will provide the means to resolve
it.
11. He hopes that with an increase in the number of higher-paid women, the
tension might be eased. People may gradually accept the fact that some
women may inevitably earn a higher salary than their husbands.
12. 2.Yes. It's useful because it is close to reality, convincing and persuasive. B
I.B 2. D 3. C 4. B 5.A
6. A
7. D
8. C
9. C 10. B
Vocabulary and Structure
A
I. spouse 2. counterpart 3. touchy 4. counseled
5. subtle
6. therapist
7. prospective
8. adorable
9. opening 10. gallivant
B
I'g 2--o 3--a 4--b 5--c
6--f 7--k 8--1 9--d 10'e
II--j 12--n 13--h 14--i 15—m
C
I. in public 2. holding back
3. take comfort in
4. be done with it
5. make up for it
6. is connected with
7. Aside from 8. is quite comfortable with
D
I. D. until 2. C. become convinced that
3. A. cost of living
4. B. to have to suffer
5. B. facing retirement
6. D. the envy or admiration
7. C. isjudged 8. B. but
9. A. is that with I 0. D. fewer than those who have not
E
I. with 2. happier 3. poverty 4. buy 5. presents
6. loaves
7. in
8. satisfy
9. necessities 10. incomes
I I. symbols 12. as 13. admiration 14. other 15. greater
16. money 17. desire 18. varies 19. being 20. general
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
啊哈，钱!也许这就是唯一像性本身一样能使两性之间的生活复杂化的东
西。当一个女人的收入高于她的配偶时，生活就会变得复杂了。目口便是最开明的
男土也会感到妻子挣的钱比他多对他是威胁。而且即使夫妻关系最融洽的夫妇也
认为如果妻子收入高于丈夫，他们必须格外努力去维护这种和谐的幸福生活。
* * * * * * * * * * * *
决定男女各自兴趣和职业的性别模式通常并不是没有一点依据的。在某一社
会环境中，男女的性别模式观念一般与某一时期特定的男人或女人概念密切相关。
对于儿童，如果不具有某一社会中人们观念上所公认的性别特征，而仅仅是靠生
理上的性别特征来辨别他们，那么他们的情感，爱好以及将来的体格上将会表现
得不正常。他们必定会终生感到自己在同类中缺乏男子气或女人味。这是因为他
们的文化理念是基于一系列不同的性别模式观念，而这些性别模式观念还是很有
道理的。
B
1. Mr. Black felt somewhat upset when his wife pulled down $1000 a week
2. With the increasing number of high-paid women, more and more men will be comfortable with their spouses' success.
3. It is atough problem for ca~erwomen howto make up forthe responsibility to the family that they are supposed to take.
4. In order to comfort the patient, the doctor thought it wise to play down the serious nature of his illness.
5. It may be hard for a person to adapt to a shift in economic power if his or her self-esteem is derived mostly from a career or income.
6. A survey shows that some problems between husband and wife are con- nected with traditional ideas.
7. Owing to the traditional idea, some husbands still try hard to hold their wives back from working outside their houses.
8. We should make everybody realize that it is stupid to retaliate by drinking more or having an affair when a person has some problems in life.
9. Wang was offered a good job in the head office of Hong Kong, but she passed it up because she had a two-year old infant.
10. A famous movie star kept up appearances in public with her husband for eleven years but recently she has announced a divorce.
Reading Practice
1.C
2.A
3. B
4. B
5. C
Unit Six
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. The philosophy is "managing for both profit and the common good."The author thinks that the philosophy may seem revolutionary today, though in the past, it was accepted. He thinks a return to it could be healthy but probably not possible.
2. Tom has a company which is a leading producer of natural can products. He has won the support from his wife who shares his values and works together with him.
3. "The idea" refers to the notion of'managing for profit and the common good.'The word "revolutionary" means "completely new or different?The idea is not new, but it hasn't been practised for a long time. People don't often think about business benefitting man in more than a financial way.
4. The education he has received at Harvard Divinity School.
5. The shared values are:
a. respecting people's dignity;
b. valuingthe community;
c. valuing the environment and animals of our natural worl
d.
6. The ideaTom and his wife shared then was that they (both Tom and his wife) should go into business together, working as close partners. We learn that this idea was quite uncommon in the 1960's, when wives were not supposed to be involved in their husbands' work
7. He has most enjoyed trying to make his vision of the company a reality
8. The author admires but does not agree with Tom. In para. 17, the author uses"idealist" to describeTom, that is to say, Tom's idea may not be practical or possible.
9. The difference is that his business has not only been a financial success but also has had a great impact on people's minds.
10. The belief is that it is possible to respect nature, people and communities on the one hand and run on effective business on the other hand.
B
1. Managing for profit and the common good.
2. By"spirit-to-spirit"Tom means that both businessmen and consumers will think of others. They will treat each other fairly and with respect.
3. "Nature-conscious" consumers are the people who respect wildlife and all aspects of the environment.
4. His wife's family has contributed their profits from their mills to the building of the town, the school, and the libraries, and thus won the respect and a good relationship with the communities. The heritage refers to what her family has done to their communityTom and his wife have upheld this heritage and continued to make contributions to their communities.
5. It refers to the product made from natural ingredients for personal health care. Yes. Because the intention to produce such a product is more important than the final product itself.
6. As they came from Maine, they like nature and they respect one another. They can distinguish their product from others' by values.
7. Because it is the"look feel, taste and smell of the kind of personal experience they have offered" that has kept them in business.
8. The "values world" means the b0siness world in which we set our values and standards and vocalize them to others.
9. Goodness here refers to the quality of being kind, considerate, and helpful, in business. Because to them talking about goodness equates to talking about religion which detracts from the idea that they are competent, rational business people.
10. According toTom, inWestern thinking, people can not simultaneously offer respect and also maximize the utilization of resources, white the Eastern- inspired approach involves integrating competing aims into a harmonious middle ground.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1.B
2. D
3. A
4. D
5. C
6. A
7. A
8. B
9.B 10. D
B
1. dignity
2. heritage
3. insight
4. ingredients
5. makes a difference
6. excellence
7. differentiates
8. been ashamed of 9. believe in 10. incorporate
C
1. A. Just as
2. A. so
3. B. that
4. C. twice
5. A. expanding
6. C. would never have considered
7. B. is 8. D. ofwhich
9. D. decomposes 10. B. had read
D
1. motivate
2. cross
3. accepted
4. convinced
5. variety
6. exposed
7. especially
8. explain
9. difference 10. arrogant 11. reasons 12. trouble
13. aware. 14. hide 15. attempt 16. neglected
17.Worse 18. assignments 19. multinational 20. right
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
建立与顾客的联系是Gerstner的目标。在“经济周刊”进行的一系列采访中他说道广我是带
着一种观点来到这里的(1BM)，即：你与顾客共同开始新的一天，你将以顾客为中心考虑公司
的工作，并以顾客为中心组织工作”。这种方法在某种程度亡是IBM公司在计算机服务业中迅
猛发展的原因，也是华尔街突然喜欢起IBM公司的原因之一。IBM就象一台大发动机，多年
来首次所有的活塞都开动了：新型的大型机、个人计算机和小型计算机销售情况均喜人。IBM
公司努力地争取成为各家公司在公司内部网络装置中应用IBM公司产品时的不可缺少的助手。当今，计算机服务业是IBM公司增长最快的业务。
不仅IBM公司，其它公司的高层领导也试图与顾客建立良好关系。建立关系成了各大公司巨
头反复强调的宗旨。西北大学的J．L．KelloSS管理学院的教授PhilipKotler说：“越来越
多的总经理意识到，他们本人就是负责销售的总经理，正在销售信誉”。他还说，“这种销售
是在各公司的总经理阶层中进行”。“其建立的不仅是连接销售员与采购经理之间的桥梁，它
还是一座连接各公司总经理之桥”。
B
1. Having worked in this company for a certain period of time, most employees came to agreement on its basic beliefs.
2. Each company should keep its peculiarities which will differentiate one from another rather than strip them away.
3. More and more entrepreneur~ believe in managing for profit and the common good and contributing to the well-being of the communities in which their companies are located.
4. Being one of the nation's key universities, it is instrumental in developing the community's culture.
5. Respecting customers and offering the best services have made us more and more competitive with large discount chains.
6. He has devoted himself to his work for the community and is passionate about what he is doing.
7. Some people believe that it does not make any sense to transplant foreign production and managerial techniques into Chinese companies.
8. In spite of the fact that we have made a great success in the development of technology, we are ashar0ed of the damage we have done to our environment.
9. There is no doubt that the introduction of foreign investment has made a difference to the local economic development.
10. The new scheme is open to discussion and new constructive suggestions can be incorporated.
Reading Practice
1. Because he wanted to get a large order from a company there.
2. He attempted to talk about business with the host.
3. He wanted to see ifthe writer and the company behind him were reliable.
4. Those who can establish a truly global partnership.
5. B
Unit Seven
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. C
2. Part 2 is from para. 6 to para. 1
3.
Part 2: Human fallibility may be a unique human gift and it is the source of new inventions.
Part 3: 'Computer mistakes should not be bemoaned as they can ultimately be used
to improve human life.
3. If a computer makes a mistake, the person who uses the computer is to blame
because it must be a human error and the computer is infallible.
4. In para. 3, the author suggests that computers represent extensions of the human
brain. Computers can do anything we can do, even make mistakes as humans do.
5. No. On the consciousness, he says it would be hard to find out if it were true,
he uses the words "easy to imagine" and finally concludes with "but real thinking
and dreaming are other matters."
Yes. On the unconsciousness, he begins with "on the other hand" which indicates
opposite point of view. Evidences all around us and as extension of human brain,
the possibilities of error are great.
6. The first sentence:' 'Mistakes are at the very base of human thought embedded there,
feeding the structure like rootnodules:'
7. Because the author tries to explain that"trial and error" leads to discovery and invention. Yes. He explains the reason in para. 9 and 10.
8. The clause is "perhaps even stipulated in our genetic instructions."
9. The examples are the words: blind alleys, up trees, dead ends, blue sky, turnings
and bends.
10. According to the author, lower animals are absolutely infallible while higher
animals like humans are fallible. In comparing the two, the author tries to prove
"to err is human."
11. "This" refers to the fact that higher animals are fallible.The second "this" means
organizing ourselves for social living on a planetary scale.
12. The author imagines computers taking on all sorts of difficult, challenging problems.
B
1. The apologies made by computers are just as quick and impersonal as the origional mistakes. Both are annoying.
2. Because though computers may look like human in some respects, they connot do
more than they are programmed to do.
3. Yes, he is right. Just as the proverb says,"Failure is the mother of success."
4. The action is exploring something new and different.
5. Because the author thinks that the hope is in the faculty of wrongness, (Open)
6. The exploration means to take efforts in finding something different from what is known before. (Open)
7. Here "fast" means firmly fixed.
8. Planetary means worldwide.
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1--e 2--h 3--i 4--b 5--a
6--d 7--j 8--c 9--f 10—g
1. instantaneously
2. sheer
3. fling off
4. obscure
5. hypotheses
6. screwed up
7. stipulate
8. blundering
9, credulous 10. nonetheless
B
1. tamper
2. infallible
3. After all
4. choked
5. embedded
6. by the book
7. endowments
8. fallible
9. conned 10. wincing
C
1. B. earlier units
2. A. dictionary effectively
3. C. to illustrate
4. D. learn better
5. A. requires
6. C. has increased
7. A. when an attempt 8. D. for which
9. C. partly because it 10. A. what follows
D
1. thinks
2. informed
3.with
4. challenging
5. off
6. overly
7. absorb
8. without
9. before 10. decided 11. inefficient 12. beg
13. people 14. processing 15. can 16. that
17. Indeed 18. value 19. easy 20. random
Speaking
(Open)
Translation and Writing
A
当存在两种以上的选择时，我们人类会思路活跃作出最佳选择。有时会有十种，甚至二十种不同的方法去做某事，其中肯定有一种方法是对的。然而正是这种大量的可选择性才能把我们带入一个完全崭新的领域。这个过程可称为探索而且基于人类的易犯错误性上。如果我们人类的大脑只有一个中心，只能在当正确的决定作出后才有反应，而不是象一团乱麻似的把不同的、糊涂的或清醒的神经原组合在一起。正是这些神经网络会使我们的思路好象一会儿进入绝路，一会儿跳到树上，一会儿又掉进死胡同，然后又从死胡同跳出后进入一片蓝天，沿着错的转弯处，在错误处徘徊，那厶我们就会像呆在现在所处的原地，静止不前。
* * * * * * * * * * * *
目前，一种被英国警察广泛使用的电脑破案方法称为“模拟影像”。由目击者描述疑犯，然后像拼图版似的用五种不同部位的特征把照片拼出。这五个部位是：发型，眼睛，鼻子，嘴巴和下巴。这种方法对寻找罪犯很有帮助，但二十件案子仅能破一件。事实上，通常几近半数的“模拟影像”是误导。造成这种情形有两个原因。第一种原因是这种模拟影像的照片与疑犯毫无相象之处。第二是相象之处太大众化而没有任何帮助。不幸的是，这种误导的想
象会导致一个无辜的人被关押。
B
1. Knowing many places in China were badly flooded, actors and actresses volunteered
to perform and appealed to charitable contributions from society.
2. Ifyou manage to get in touch with Mr. Smith, the problem will be solved easily because he is an expert in this field.
3. The advisor forgave him for mixing the two chemicals together; after all he
had intended to help his advisor.
4. I want to throw away the computer I am using now for it gets stuck all the time.
5. Teachers are worried about students who seem to do everything by the book
6. He was in a bad mood for some time and therefore he felt everything around him
was screwed up.
7. We all believe that he will succeed sooner or later though he failed more than
ten times.
8. Teenagers over 16 years old should be responsible for what they say and do, because they are considered to have the faculty for doing and saying the right thing,
9. He thought everything was within his grasp but in fact, the result of the experiment turned out to be controversial.
10. Any average good fax machine can send a message in an instant across the ocean. Reading Practice
1. F
2.T
3. F
4.T
5. F
Unit Eight
Answer Key
Comprehension
A
1. The relationship between crime rates and keeping criminals in prison.
2. Locking up criminals for longer terms will not necessarily decrease crimes.
3. The logic.
A. a major shift toward mandatory minimum sentences
B. increased use of the death penalty
C. the introduction of"three strikes" laws
4. Because although prison sentences can prevent some crimes, the question is the degree to which they do.
5. A. We've tripled the prison population and we've doubled spending. That doesn't tell us that we shouldn't do more.
B. Most of those whom we put'in prison are not necessarily the most dangerous criminals.
6. Because it helps explain why and how he has become such a strong out- spoken proponent. It also casts a strong liberal or conservative as in this case, light
on his position.
7. A
8. 1) Crime has certainly not decreased in proportion to the rise in ,mprison- ment.
2) When you look at the relationship between crime rates and size of the prison population, it's hard to tell what's causing what.
9. Offenders are most likely to commit crimes in their late teens and early 20s,
but the crime rate in this bracket has dropped. By the time they are 35, most have virtually stopped committing'crimes. However, more incarceration has taken place
in this age bracket.
10. 1) long sentences have limited usefulness as a way to incapacitate prisoners
2) it makes little sense to throw a criminal around 30 or 35 in prison for life
3) prison is costly, unnecessary, and overly punitive for many offenders Yes. Because their arguments are based on the research that offers solid evidence for
their belief, Generally speaking, most offenders have virtually stopped committing crimes by the time they hit 35.
11. B
12. B
13. (Open.)
B
1.T
2. F
3.T
4. T
5.T
6. F
7.T
8. F
Vocabulary and Structure
A
1. flaw
2. incapacitation
3. imprisonment
4. triple
5. assault
6. anomaly
7. empirical
8. incapacitate
9. expediency 10. diminish
B
1. criminologist
2. penalty
3. mandatory
4. averted
5. irresistible
6. rash
7. sanction
8. overly
9. bias 10. overwhelming
C
1. be in touch with
2. pointed to
3. in the face of
4. responded to
5. lock her up
6. in the midst of
7. fall back on 8. is true of
9. at work 10. put away
D
1. C. be delayed
2. C. the other
3. B. her age
4. B. he has read
5. D. behind them
6. C. which was what
7. A. Despite the fact 8. D. there will be
9. B. banks to increase 10. D. as the least
E
1. because
2. too
3. going
4. danger
5. else
6. romantic
7. thus
8. threat
9. break 10. out 11. though 12.to
Assembly-line workers at Ford and Chrysler no longer chat about whether they'll spend their $5,000-to-$10,000 year-end profit-sharing windfalls on a family vacation or a motorboat. This year there's little profit to share. Many also stand to lose $10,000 to $20,000 in reduced annual overtime pay. And their white-collar bosses aren't doing much better. Ford's 6,000 executives won't be getting any bonuses. The people who sell the cars and make most of their money from commissions are suffering much the same fate. All these workers are in effect paying to keep their job--and it's a trend that's accelerating far beyond the auto industry. Suddenly, everyone from $1 million-a-year investment bankers to middle managers and department-store clerks is facing a reduction of 10% to 100% in bonuses, profit sharing, stock options and commission payments. Some workers are even taking cuts in base salaries. Many employers and economists believe this newfound flexibility in pay may help keep unemployment a bit lower than it has been in previous downturns. But even as it cushions the blow, it is also spreading the pain to far more Americans. Robert Reich, Labor Secretary in the first Clinton Administration and now a professor of economics and social policy at Brandeis University, observes that "the biggest problem people will face this time around will be not the loss of jobs but the loss of income."
A 1、A deficiency in educational 2、A survey shows that ambitious 3、All the children in deficient 4、Although he was confronted with 5、Electronic art is a 6、After his graduation from try his luck 7、As you are married spouse 8、A person who has therapist 9、An overwhelming majority 10、A number of formidable 11、a number of (hypotheses) 12、About 100 years theorized 13、After cutting the wheat glean 14、After two hours .manifest 15、almost all the real (stipulate) 16、All the survivors psychotherapy 17、Americans are tilt 18、As a top student. .initiated 19、Any action disrupt B 1、Between Christmas list 2、Because he was driving deviate 3、Bert*s wife stick by 4、Buying a stretch cost big bucks 5、Bill disliked？was mutual 6、Both sides have？binding on C1、Could you spare me 2、Climate is especil in the case of 3、Chronic in digestion come in forms D1、During the interview, certainty 2、Do you kown was referred to as 3、Death was criminologist 4、During negotiation contentious E1、Examples extracted from 2、European TV in comparison 3、Electronic art 4、Examples of successful initiative 5、Educators are worried cocoon F 1、Foreign language learners courtesy 2、for different endowments 3、Faced with the to the hilt 4、Feeling a threat depreciate H1、He is loved by sense 2、He met with be having an affair with 3、He has been watching for every mail 4、He is of American origins 5、He was arrested and committing 6、He is a shrewd 7、He left his seek his fortune 8、He capabilities opening 9、Having the car screwed up 10、His behavior is depressive 11、His friends slapped 12、He showed us all gleanings 13、He took her alarmingly 14、He wangted to to the hilt 15、His life was compartmentalized 16、He was a famous articulately 17、he is a very (sheer) 18、He is quite different s s parkles I1、It is important that functional 2、In spite of a good confronted 3、It is a very demanding novelty 4、In order to make some lease 5、It is very interesting prevalent 6、It is reported that extracting 7、I couldn*t believe he had a stroke 8、It is really amazing stroke 9、If you want to quit goes with 10、I was born and grew up 11、I still feel it draw a line between 12、I should not let him take on 13、In that country, piled up 14、It is unlikely that amount to 15、If you don*t kown end up 16、I asked him was working out 17、In order to have a touchy 18、In order to prevent in public 19、It is a place where dignity 20、It is the accumulated differentiates 21、I have been ashamed of my refusal 22、I could hear (blundering ) 23、In many places laissez-faire 24、In order to attract fluctuates 25、in order to (get into tamper) 26、it is unrealistic(infallible) 27、it is reported that (conned) 28、It was too dark identify 29、It is always prudent 30、It is wrong for destiny L1、Long time tension deviantly 2、Lioyd has carved a niche for 3、Life was pure misery M1、Many discoveries sensitivity 2、Many teenagers compulsion 3、Many new and lease 4、Many immigrants deficiency 5、More than twenty confrontation 6、Many people in China going through 7、Most foreign visitors on their own 8、My university, excellence 9、My friends and I overly violent 10、Many people feel run amok 11、Many people stand manifestation 12、Many countries have victims 13、Many people enjoy wrestling 14、Mr.Steele thinks victimization 15、more and more people (wincing) N1、Nowadays the tradition prevalent 2、Not many people beyond their dreams 3、Nowdays the (instantaneously) 4、Nowadays,some monsters O1、One evening, stroke 2、On children*s Day, waiting around 3、On this hot irresistible 4、on a hot day (fling off) P1、People who are sensitive 2、People feel sorry stroking 3、People are expecting be done with it 4、People*s appearance makes a difference 5、Ping Smulling penalty S1、Some people are very sensitive 2、Statistics reveal prevalent 3、Some scientists and doctor purified 4、Sometimes, leasing an 5、Some people believe hold our people together 6、Sometimes, the subtle 7、She likes her new job gallivant 8、Some educators holding back 9、She is quite comfortable with 10、She had a talent for 11、She sang an emotional 12、She suffered burnout 13、She was absent a touch of 14、She bought a stroll 15、she is a good (choked) 16、She's an excellent conscientious 17、Some people want prestige 18、Some problem student identity 19、students who by the book 20、such a kind (After all) 21、surveys made by (fallible) T1、This book is highlights 2 The applicants documents withheld 3、The Chinese government compulsory 4、Those who plan compulsory 5、The investigation deviation 6、The prevalence of complaints 7、The demerits deficient 8、There is no need extracts 9、Two U.S Army confronted 10、The proverb“spare the rod and spoil the child” 11、The documents came in response to 12、That pop singer teamed up with 13、They look upon training 14、Ted cleaned out his desk 15、The young generation hates slaving away 16、The big company corporate 17、The consulant even devious 18、The actress now estate 19、The young woman greed 20、The policeman took away violated 21、These were creatures so to speak 22、The strange noise turned out 23、They went into a small bar counterpart 24、The experienced businessman counseled 25、The director told the prospective 26、The problem of some adorable 27、The projector is connected with 28、Aside from taking twenty 29、The cultural argument heritage 30、The vegetarian ingredients 31、They are convinced in corporate 32、The minister mandatory 33、The tragedy could averted 34、The U.S. government rash of 35、The best moral sanction 36、There was a definite bias 37、The British Army in the throes of 38、The identical twins adjoining 39、These community are likely to 40、The investigation bureaucrats 41、The university priority 42、Through long-time currency 43、The people’s shrine 44、The differences irreconcilable 45、The governing body constituted 46、The football match wrestling 47、They wrestled the whole day 48、The salesman talked victimized 49、The colour and manifests 50、The saying he gleaned 51、The boy said impulsion 52、The newly-unearthed embodies 53、These sculptures are embodiment 54、The arrangement and embodies 55、The suffering of multitudinous 56、Teachers are required initiate 57、the professor had (obscure) 58、the treasurer (screwed up) 59、the baby kept (embedded) 60、To show our appreciation 61、To express their multitude 62、this man has (credulous) 63、these islands are(nonetheless) V Viewers in Shanghai at their disposal W1、We should not turn a blind eye to 2、We saw a lot of flattering 3、With the encouragement take comfort in 4、We had planned make up for it 5、With keen insight, 6、With the development believe in 7、We went to specializes in 8、When we visited at any given moment 9、With the support multitude 10、When she learned that impulse 11、We should carefully impulsive 12、When he was contending 13、Whether the stationed contention 14、When kids meddlesome Y1、You will be spared the fine 2、Young people tend jump ship 3、You need to bring a spare tire 改错： A project --C、by A knowledge --C、it A Brazilian--C、until A great--D、of which As you--D、learn better。 As for--B、it is Any culture--C、seeks. Aside with --A、Aside from Accordingly--D、the envy or admiration。 American fire --C、twice。 Abraham---D、would he be. By--B、facing retirement。 Brush strokes --D、himself Consider the frequently --B、that。 Civilized peoples--D、then saying that Congress has been--A、has been wooing Casualties(伤亡) are said----D、remains. During the process--A、may Despite of the fact--A、Despite the fact。 Despite his low --D、one Don’t make the---D、to say something Economists have --B、to encourage。 Every paper and--A、was Ever since the invention---C、has been Early industrial people---A、 as much energy as. Fungi are--D、decomposes。 From a business--B、nor Geothermal sources---C、would end up. He argues that--B、to have to suffer。 He had turned--D、feeling depressed His mood--B、deep depression Had they --C、would have not venture Health activists--C、were designed Human beings are playing a---C、paying for . Human beings are social--B、to live in. I would advise--C、become convinced that。 I didn’t mind their----C、objected to. I think I would--B、would have enjoyed。 In these days--A、cost of living。 In Latin America--D、fewer than those who have not。 In order to use--A、effectively。 In what following--A、what follows In spite of his--D、a young man’s. In debating --D、however In an effort--A、better protect In a recent --D、as the leas t。 If such pervasive--A、so。 If only I would--B、had read。 If our friends---C、make alternative. If asking--A、If asked If the highly--C、had anxiety attacks It is surprising --B、he has read。 It is possible--C、to illustrate。 It looked as--D、behind them。 It was an ---A、accepted.(custom in) It’s true that the---C、though. It is no doubt—A There is It is our decline--B、so that Just like--A、Just as。 Most of the people--B、most gloriously Marine biology--C、has furthered Man requires --B、but。 Musical instruments--D、for which。 No one on this --B、of taking advantage. No one can predict ---A、what On this shelf --C、in which On each side --B、were On seeing the---C、to his feet. Our first --A、 requires。 People who lose--C、what they eat. People seem to --C、depending upon Some of the support--B、earlier units。 Since the ring --C、has increased。 Since I loved--B、mother-in-law’s. Scientists reckon--C、but Sea creatures--C、were changed through So effective--B、are these techniques The trouble is that--A、is that with。 The trouble is--D、until。 The chairman of-- B、is。 The sharp --C、partly because it。 The lawyers for --C、be delayed。 The thing she--B、her age。 The more people --D、there will be The pet dog ---C、of a head injury. The first English--A、what is. The teacher said--D、it. The text and---D、ignored. The stroke left him---C、impaired. The university,faced---D、its. The current anti-procreative--C、of. The field of --D、acting on。 The suggestion that taxes--A、should be cut The agreement allows --D、expired The large number--B、is The initiative--C、in which The reason why --C、that They cannot go camping--D、 three-week-old。 Two metal surfaces --D、are reduced To meat the --A、expanding To protect --B、it To be tabled in --B、are These are some of--C、discussed There is absolutely no----D、with which. This time Williams--D、expected This has caused--C、hardly anything. Though Art Tatum --C、the other。 Today,the Park—C、protected areas Up to 30--D、shooting at Vincent Van Gogh--C、 would never have considered。 We are willing--C、how little it might be We’d rather have--A、than have Were it not--B、would not have developed Were banks increase--B、banks to increase When a person--C、is judged。 When attempt--A、when an attempt。 When they --C、which was what。 When we are going --A、buy When we speak --B、or When sailors--C、go. With the word---A、By.
研究生英语系列教程·多维教程·熟谙－英语课后答案Book II Unit 1 A. 1.assess 2.alliance 3.outcome 4.ethical 5.identity 6.ambiguous 7.tolerable 8.participates 9.pursuit 10.constructive B. 1.at stake 2.were obliged 3.the climate of 4.feel well-equipped 5.beyond my grasp 6.cut back 7.other than 8.rise above 9.care about 10.is bounded C. 1.incompetent 2.indulgence 3.migrants 4.probes https://www.doczj.com/doc/c65546031.html,plex 6.suspense; engaged https://www.doczj.com/doc/c65546031.html,passionate; committed 8.tolerant 9.tempted 10.interconnected D. 1. A. Judging from 2. B. in which 3. C. and 4. D. believe 5. A. is one of/ is that of 6. B. must get 7. C. likely 8. D. unemployed 9. C. as well as/ and 10. B. simpler E. 1.what 2.graduation 3.intend 4.getting 5.eventually 6.survey 7.although 8.graduates 9.transfer 10.rise 11.attending 12.instead 13.cause 14.because 15.attending 16.below 17.failure 18.expectations 19.confidence https://www.doczj.com/doc/c65546031.html,cation Key to the translation from English to Chinese: 1.德.汤说过，一切进步，一切发展均来自挑战及由此引起的反应。|| 没有挑战就没有反应，没有发展，没有自由。|| 所以，我们首先应该在我们孩子的能力允许的围为他们 开设最严格最富有挑战性的课程。 2.我们可以向我们的孩子提供第二个机会是允许他们有失败的权力。||德.纽伊写道：“不仅是一种特权，也是一种考验。”如果没有人可以失败，那它算什么考验，算什么自由呢3 美国可以向所有在高中读者完四年课程而不管其是否取得任何明显收获的学生发放毕 业文凭的日子已经一去不复返了。|| 我们现在生活在一个外变得很狭隘的世界里，们必须同对现实保持警觉，有所认识；而现实主义要求树立一个要么成功要么失败的标准。||这
一、你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人 如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活 [1]你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗？你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗?当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。 [2]迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败它与沮丧、孤独、令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。” [3] “你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡卡内基–梅隆大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功。”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。 [4]以你的工作为例。宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利格曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都会人寿保险公司的推销员进行了调查。他们发现，在工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考者比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。在新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20%。 [5]公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化行业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出一般的推销员10%。 [6]他们是如何做到的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气，抱怨电话线路，甚至怪罪别人。他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。当一切顺利时，乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸。[7]克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话，请他们为红十字会献血。当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时，悲观者说：“我干不了这事。乐观主义者则对自己说：“我需要试试另一种方法。” [8]无论是消极还是积极，都是一种本身会成为事实的预言。安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望，他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能。” [9]据安德森看来，有无控制感是成功的试金石。乐观者能够掌握自己的命运。如果事情不顺利，他立刻做出反应，寻找解决办法，制定新的行动计划，并且主动寻求指点。悲观者则感到自己只能由命运摆布，行动拖拉。既然认为毫无办法，他便不去寻求指点。 [10]乐观主义者也许认为自己比事实能够证明的要强——有时正是这一点使他们充满生机。匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究。对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说，两次发病间隔的时间比较长，而这是生存下去的最好预兆。在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的初步研究中，利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早。 [11]乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈，却有可能预防疾病。在一项长期研究中，研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史。所有这些人都是班上的学生，并且健康状况良好。他们之中有的是积极思考者，有的是消极思考者。20年后，悲观者中患有中年常见病——高血压、糖尿病、心脏病——的人数要比乐观者多。 [12]许多研究显示，悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系，即免疫系统。密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己。他消极被动，无法避开生活中的打击，无论做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临。他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品，逃避体育锻炼，不听医生的劝告，还总是要再贪一杯。 [13]在多数人身上，乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之，但总是更倾向于其中之一。塞利格曼说，这是一种早在“母亲膝下”就开始形成的思维模式，来自千万次警告或鼓励，消极的或积极的话语。过多的“不许”及危险警告会使一个孩子感到无能、恐惧以及悲观。 [14]随着年龄的增长，儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感，如学会系鞋带等。家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感，从而培养出乐观主义。 [15]悲观是一种很难克服的习惯，但并非不能克服。在一系列具有重大突破的研究中，伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作。她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从“我准是很笨”变成“我学习还不够努力”——因此他们的学习成绩提高了。 [16]匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命。在一次试验性研究中，两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗，但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助。试验结果表明这一做法有一定的效果。现在已在计划实施一项重大研究，以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展。 [17]因此，如果你是个悲观主义者，你完全有理由乐观起来。你能改变自己。以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：
Unit 1 travel language旅行通用语 The Academie Francasie has for decades been the watchdog over the French language. A few years ago, French sensitivity to the influx of English words became so great that law for the purification of French was adopted. The law covers even technical applications. For example, in theory, it is now compuslory in France to refer to the Boeing 747 as a gros-porteur, leasing as credit-bail, etc. the list is very long and detailed and applies to all facets of life. Mr. Chirac, the French President, might well expand on this list and come up with some new French terms for words such as "internet" or "byte stream" just to name a couple. The mind boggles at what the world might face. 数十年来，法兰西语言研究院一直捍卫着法语的尊严。几年前，由于法国人对英语词汇的入侵非常敏感，该机构颁布了净化法语的法律，其内容甚至涉及专业术语。就拿波音747 (Boeing747)来说吧，现在法国人必须用法语词gros-porteur；表示出租的leasing 也变成了credit-bail。此类例子不胜枚举，触及生活的方方面面。法国总统希拉克很可能会继续加大力度，直至连英特网internet和字节流(信息组)byte stream之类的词也找到相应的法语新词。哎，真不知未来的法语会变成什么样。 Unfortunately (or perhaps not), the English language is not so protected. Quite apart from the unforgivable deviations from the king's English prevlent in America, where "honour" is commonly written as "honor" and "night" as "nite," many well-tested has also been give new meanings, making communication somewhat difficult. For example, the boot of a car has become to be called a trunk – a word reserved in England for the main part of a tree. The bonnet is a hood, good old nappies are diapers, and a baby's matinee jacket is a vest. It's obvious that the two countries are indeed separated by what once was a common language! From an American point of view, of course, it could be argued that the British speak English with a speech deficiency. 不幸的是(或许并非不幸)，英语没有受到如此的保护。在美国，随处可见严重偏离英国标准英语的美式英语。―honour‖普遍被写成―honor‖，―night‖也变成了―nite‖。许多词意广为人知的英式英语单词被赋予新的解释，交流也变得有些困难。比如说，汽车的行李箱―boot‖变成了―trunk‖(一个在英国指代树干的单词)；引擎盖―bonnet‖变成了―hood‖(英式英语中的风帽)；老式婴儿尿布―nappy‖变成了―diaper‖(英式英语中的菱格花纹织物)；婴儿小外套―matineejacket‖也变成了―vest‖(英国的内衣汗衫)。显而易见，两国英语曾同出一源，而如今却将两国彼此隔离。当然了，按美国人的观点，是英国人的语言表达出了问题。 Even worse English, however, is in use. Anyone who travels in foreign countries and observes it on menus and posters, in hotels, and indeed in everyday life can testify that what used to be the king's lingo has become in these places but a poor relation thereof. Allow me to elaborate. 实际使用中，甚至还有更糟的英语呢!只要你在外国旅游并注意一下菜单、海报、旅店、甚至当地日常生活中的英语，就可以证明过去的标准用语在这些地方已变得不伦不类，让我详例如下： The travel writer Perrot Phillips has taken pains to highlight some of his experiences, which I feel should not be withheld from a wider readership. He refers to a Dutch bulb catalogue which promised customers "a speedy execution" and to an East Berlin cloakroom sign that requested guests to "please hung yourself here." One hopes that nobody took the advice literally. 旅行作家波洛?菲利浦曾不惜笔墨地渲染自己的几番经历，我觉得该有更多的读者了解一下。他提及某份荷兰的灯泡目录，上面对用户承诺有―a speedy execution‘——快速处死(毫无疑问，想表达的应是―送货及时‖)。此外，东柏林的一个衣帽间告示要求客人―please hang yourself here‖——请在这儿吊死自己(本想说的是―将衣帽挂在这儿‖)。只希望没人会真的从字面上去理解。