Lecture one
Course requirements and evaluation
What is Stylistics about?
Language is a medium of conveying information and communicating feelings. To fulfill the communicative purpose, people should make the use of language. Considering different communicative environment, methods, objectives and purposes, communicators would opt different language varieties (语言变体) that has different functions so as to perform their communication effectively. The language varieties are what people called ―style‖ (文体或语体).
The use of ―Style‖ can extend to all situationally distinctive uses of language, literary and non-literary. As for English, for example, there are many styles of varieties, such as EST (English for Science and Technology), Advertising English, Press English, Law English, Tourism English, etc. In the middle 1970s, many scholars made the application of modern linguistics and literary criticism to the exploring research on various types of styles, thus bringing us a new discipline--- Stylistics.
Stylistics, simply defined, is a discipline that studies the ways in which language is used; it is a discipline that studies the style of language is used.
Stylistics and Translation Studies
Generally speaking, stylistics covers such fields:
1) analyzing various habits of language use to ensure the typical characteristics of a certain style;
2) explaining the reason that a certain style has its own characteristics;
3) classifying these characters according to their language functions.
As a matter of fact, different writings have different linguistic characteristics in the aspect of vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, structure, etc.
According to linguists Buler and Jackbson, there are three functions of language: expressive function, informative function, and vocative function. Any original work has the three functions.
Just as Newmark says, ―The main functions of language are expressive (the subjective or ―I‖ form), the descriptive or informative (the ―it‖ form), and the vocative or directive or persuasive (the ―you‖ form). All texts have aspects of the expressive, the informative and the vocative function.
Generally speaking, literary work mainly focuses on the expressive function, while non-literary works mainly center on informative function and vocative function. Compare the differences of English for Advertising and Literary work, for example. Now the examples:
1. He laughs best who runs longest.
谁跑到最后,谁笑得最好。（轮胎广告）
2. In Miami, it‘s no novelty. 游了迈阿密，才知天下奇。
3.Some fishing boats were becalmed just in front of us. Their shadows slept, or almost slept, upon the water, a gentle quivering alone showing that was not complete sleep or if sleep, that is was sleep with dream.
眼前不远,渔舟三五,凝滞不前,樯影映在水上,仿佛睡去,偶尔微见颤动,似又未尝熟睡,恍若惊梦。
4.Portia: And you must cut this flesh from off his breast.The law allows it, and the court awards it.
Shylock: Most learned judge! A sentence! Come, prepare!
(Excerpted from: Act IV, The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare)
鲍西娅:你必须从他的胸前割下这磅肉来;法律许可你,法庭判给你。
夏洛克：博学多才的法官！判得好！来，预备！
It is very important for us to introduce stylistics into translation study. Why can Stylistics be applied to translation study?
It lies in that both of them have the same aim, that is, how to fulfill social communication with effective linguistic methods.
They both put emphasis on the social standard of communicative function; they don‘t ignore the timeliness and individuality of writing style as well.
In the process of translation, it is necessary for translator to deal with his translation carefully in order to make the translation accord with the source text in the aspect of style. Now for some examples:
5.Grasp all, lose all.
Version 1：如果你样样都要抓, 就会一样都抓不到手。
Version 2：样样抓，样样差。（贪多必失）
As for translation of different types of writing, the key word is ―equivalence‖. Concretely speaking, there are four aspects of ―equivalence‖, they are:
1. Equivalence of semantic message of source language and target language. (原文的语义信息与译文的语义信息对等）
2. Equivalence of stylistic message of source language and target language. (原文的风格信息与译文的风格信息对等）
3. Equivalence of cultural message of source language and target language. ( 原文的文化信息与译文的文化信息对等)
4. Equivalence of response of source language readers and target readers. ( 原文的读者反应与译文的读者反应对等)
Exercise
Translate these terms or sentences of different writings.
1.irrevocable letter of credit
He insisted on an irrevocable letter of credit.
2.fine food, most attractive surroundings and a friendly disposition.
3.If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarettes, don‘t listen… They‘re probably trying to trick you into living.
4.More often, the heart disease process progresses silently until symptoms occur because the pump is not supplying blood insufficient quantity to other organs.
1.不可撤消信用证(指除非信用人同意, 信用证不得撤消) 他坚持只接受不可撤消信用证。
2. 饭菜上乘，环境幽雅，服务一流。
3. 凡劝您戒烟的人，一概莫理---他们就想骗您再多活几年。
4. 更常见的是, 这种心脏病在发作过程中并无症状,后来发生症状是因为心脏不能给其他器官供应充足的血液。
Lecture Two
A Brief Introduction to Translation Theory
Prerequisites for Being a Translator
(1) Mastery of both source language(原语) and target language(译语).
(2) Understanding of cultural background, national character and customs.
(3) Practice makes perfect.
Functions of translation
to help people better communicate with one another
to facilitate the development of culture and civilization of all nations
to promote global economic and cultural development
to enrich the ideas and expressions of the target language
Translation as an art or a science
Translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.
Principles for translation and criteria for translation
They are actually identical in essence, the only difference between the two terms lying in the fact that the former is observed from the perspective of the translator, while the latter is examined from the angle of the translation critic. Criteria for Translation
1. In China 1).严复(1898)的―信，达，雅‖faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance
―Faithfulness‖ means the full and complete conveying of the original content of thought;
―Expressiveness‖ demands that the version should be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes o r
confused logic and sense; ―Elegance‖ refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty.
2).鲁迅的―忠实，通顺‖faithfulness and smoothness
Faithfulness refers to that content and style of TL should be faithful to the SL.
Smoothness requires that version should be clear and distinct, flowing and easy to read without signs of the mechanical word-for-word translation, of obscure language, of grammatical mistakes, confused structure and logic.
3).傅雷(1951)的（文学翻译）―传神‖论similarity in spirit
TL should be similar to SL both in Form and in Spirit.
4).钱钟书(1964)的―化境‖说transfiguration
5). 刘重德（1979 ）―faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and closeness(切)‖,
faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original;
expressiveness: to be as expressive and smooth as the original;
closeness: to be as close to the original style as possible.
2. Western translation theory
1). A. F. Tytler ‘ s Three Principles of translation
a. That the translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.
b. That the style and the manner of writing should be the same character with that of the original.
c. That the translation should have all the ease of original composition.
2) E. A. Nida‘s Functional Equivalence
Equivalence is a central concept in translation theory, but it is also a controversial one.
Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.（所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体上在译语中用最切近而且最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。）(Nida and Taber, 1982)
3) Peter Newmark‘ Semantic Translation and Communicative Translation
Semantic translation: The translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to produce the precise contextual meaning of the ST. Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text.
Communicative translation: The translator attempts to produce the same effect on the TL readers as was produced by the original on the SL readers. Communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of receptors.
4) Skopos Theory
(Vermeer 1978, Christiane Nord 1988)
Skopos theory is an approach to translation which was developed in Germany in the late 1970s, and which reflects a general shift from predominantly linguistic and rather formal translation theories to a more functionally and socioculturally oriented concept of translation.
Lecture three
Translation Technique
Literal translation & Free/liberal translation 直译与意译
a choice on whether to retain form and structure based on expressiveness and smoothness
Literal translation: an adequate representation of the original, especially when the original coincidence with the target language.
Free/liberal translation: no strict adherence to the form or word order of the original.
E.g. Who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl. 与狼为伍将学会狼嗥。近朱者赤，近墨者黑。One swallow does not make a summer. 一只燕子不能造成夏季。一燕不成夏。偏不概全。
He is between the devil and the deep sea. 他在魔鬼与深海之间。他进退两难。
He needs to pull a rabbit out of his hat.他需要拿出一个绝招来（直译：他需要从自己的帽子里抓出一只兔子来）Transliteration 音译：the representation of foreign pronunciations in TL, especially used for proper nouns, terms, etc.
胡同、气功、台风、秧歌、舢板hutong, qigong, typhoon, yangko, sampan
豆腐、馄饨、大饼tofu, huntun, dabin
Often used with other techniques !!!
虎跑泉、景德镇、唐明皇Hupao Spring, Jingdezhen City，Emperor Tang Ming Huang
Foreignization & Domestication 异化与归化:
Foreignization: If the translator‘s preference is placed on prese rving the language and cultural differences of the Source Text, we call this kind of approaches or its translation foreignization.
Domestication: the method or practice of adapting the translation to the norms and values of the Target Language and culture is called domestication.
谋事在人，成事在天。
Man proposes, Heaven disposes. (Yang: 90) Man proposes, God disposes. (Hawkes: 152)
Unless you‘ve an ace up your sleeve, we are dished.
除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。除非你手中藏有王牌，否则我们是输定了。
Among Wolves one must howl.
入乡随俗在狼群中你就得嗥
Go to law for a sheep, you lose a cow.
捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。（归）为一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。（异）
Terms for Translation
Polysemy: One word has various parts of speech and various meaning. Firth said: ―Each word when used in a new context is a new word.‖
Example I want my martini dry. 我的马丁尼酒不要甜的。
There are still some dry states in the United States. 在美国尚有几洲禁酒。
She prefers dry bread. 她喜欢无奶油的面包。
He gave us a dry lecture yesterday. 昨天他给我们作了一个枯燥无味的讲演。
I am sure what he presented was a dry fact. 我相信，他所列举的是铁一般的事实。
Commendatory and derogatory words: Commendatory word means a praising word, or a word in good sense. Derogatory word means a word to lessen or impair the power or authority or a word in bad sense.
E.g. Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times.
很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。
Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。
They incited him to go into further investigation. 他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。
The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers.
阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。
Diction: It means proper choice of words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. Examples We can make out the meaning of the word from the context.
我们可以从上下文判断出这个词的意思。
We should settle the disputes in the context of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence.
我们应当在和平共处五项原则的基础上解决这些争端。
In this context, I‘ve to call your attention to the fact that the peaceful trend in the Indo-China Peninsula is essential to peace in the world. 就此而论，我不得不提醒大家注意这样一个事实：印度支那半岛局势的稳定对世界和平来说是至关重要的。
The traditional pattern of classroom experience at the college level brings the professor and a group of 20 to 30 students together for a 45-to-50 minute class session two or three times a week. The most common mode of instruction is the lecture.
由一位教授和二三十名学生每周会晤两三次，每次授课时间45分钟到50分钟，是大学程度课堂教学的传统方式。最普遍的教学方式是讲课。
Repetition: In translation we are required to repeat words over and over again for clearness, for the sake of emphasis and for attractiveness (vividness).
Examples Big families had their own difficulties. 大家庭有大家庭的难处。
Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。
Amplification: It means supplying necessary words in our translation work so as to make the version correct and clear. Words thus supplied must be indispensable either syntactically or semantically.
Examples The number of children being excluded in the area is getting out of hand.
该地区学生被开除的现象已到了无法控制的地步。
―According to Dr. John,‖ he said, ―the patient‘s life is still in danger. The first aid must be rendered as soon as possible.‖
―根据约翰大夫的诊断，‖他说，―这位患者的生命仍然处于危险之中，必须尽快采取急救措施。‖
Then a little over decade ago, Professors Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold, working at Cambridge, proposed an entirely different scheme.
然而三十多年前，剑桥大学的霍伊尔、邦迪和哥尔德三位教授却提出了完全不同的学说。
Omission: In the process of translation we may make proper omission of some individual words in accordance with the corresponding laws inherent in the two languages concerned in order to retain and better express the original meaning.
Examples He who has never reached the Great Wall is not a true man. 不到长城非好汉。
As the temperature increases, the volume of water becomes greater. 温度增高，水的体积就会增大。Conversion: It means that in translation a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessarily to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.
Examples The turning point of my life was my decision to give up a promising business career and study music. 我生活的转折点是我不做发迹有望的商人而专攻音乐。
A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。
Inversion: By inversion in translation we mean that the constituent elements of a sentence are arranged in way different from the general rules of word order of the language in question.
Examples It‘s good you‘re so considerate.你想得这样周到很好。
Formerly a worker himself, he was now an engineer. 他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。
Send us a message in case you have any difficulty. 万一有什么困难，请给我们一个信。
Negation: It means in translation some words, phrases or sentences with negative expression in SL may be transformed into affirmative expression in TL, or Vice versa, some affirmative expression in SL may be transformed into negative expression in TL, to make the version clearer and more explicit.
Examples I wrote three books in the first two years, a record never reached before.
我头两年写了三本书，打破了以往的记录。
The machine is far from being complicated. 这部机器一点也不复杂。
Don‘t lose time in cleaning thi s machine. 赶快把这部机器擦好。
Division: It means the necessary splitting of a long sentence into shorter ones.
Examples There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
我访问了一些地方，遇到不少人，要谈起来，奇妙的事可多着呢。
After singing a concert in this city, he said he wanted to greet his admirers backstage as he always does.
他在那个城市演唱了一场音乐会。音乐会结束以后，他提出要向往常那样到后台去见见他的崇拜者。Change of the voice
the active and the passive
E-C : the active voice
C-E : the passive voice esp. in EST (English for Science and Technology)
Examples The happy man cannot be harried. 吉人自有天相。
She is said to be the most respected teacher in our department. 据说她是我们系上最受尊敬的老师。
2.6 Translation Exercise
The English original:
"I will build a motor car for the great multitude. It will
be large enough for the family but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the
best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one -- and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces."
-- Ford
我要造一种平民汽车。这种汽车，举家出游不嫌小，个人驾驶不嫌大，维护保养又方便。它将使用最优良的材料，按照现代工程学最简洁的设计，由最优秀的工人建成。但是这种汽车价格低廉，工薪阶层人人都能买上一辆，都能和家人一起，在上帝那辽阔的大地上纵情驰骋，尽享欢乐。
Lecture Four
Journalistic Style Translation
新闻文体翻译
(一) O utline
What is Journalistic Style？
Features of Journalistic Style and Its Translation Approaches
What is Journalistic style ?
Journalistic style (also news style or news writing) is the particular prose style used for news reporting (ie. in newspapers) as well as in news items that air on radio and television. News style encompasses not only vocabulary and sentence structure, but also the way in which stories present the information in terms of relative importance, tone, and intended audience.
News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular event in the first two or three paragraphs: Who? What? When? Where? and Why? and occasionally How? (ie. "5 W's"). This form of structure is sometimes called the "inverted pyramid," to refer to decreased importance of information as it progresses.
News stories also contain at least one of the following important characteristics: proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity, or consequence.
Narrowly speaking: news report，news analysis, news features
（一）V ocabulary
（1）"新闻词语―:
story: news item/news report
Probe: （新闻）调查
E.g. CCTV重要栏目"新闻调查―(News Probe)
Cut: reduction；Bar: prevent；Curb: restrain/control 。
Other examples：
accord (give) ban (prohibition) bid (attempt) boost (rise, increase) clash (disagreement) deal (business agreement) freeze (stabilization) loom (appear) blaze (fire) comb (search) row (violent argument) move (plan, decision, suggestion)round (a series of action) shock (astonishment, blow) Shun (to keep away from…)viable (workable)
voice (express)pact (agreement) woo (to seek to win…，to persuade…)fake (counterfeit)
（2）novelty
new words and nonce words
basket (一组问题等) unisex (男女共用) hijack (劫持) supercrat (高级官员)
dial in (电话示威) moneywise (在金钱方面) thumbsuck (安抚)
sitcom (情景喜剧) Reaganomics (里根经济学)，Jazznik (爵士乐迷)，heartmen (换心人)，Euromart (欧洲共同市场)，Masscult (大众文化)，atobomb (原子弹)，blacketeer (黑市商人)等
（3）to borrow form other professions / languages
如从商业用语中它吸收借用了 a package deal (一揽子交易)
从赌博业中它借用了showdown （摊派）从体育中借用了knockout (击败)等
而外来词语有如：coup de theatre (非常事件，源自法语，)，swindler (骗子，源自德语)，Zen (禅宗，源自日语)，renegade (变节分子，源自西班牙语)，rapport(两国间的亲善关系，源自法语)，macho (伟男气概，源自西班牙语)等等。
（4）set phrase
according to…(eyewitness, AP reports, sources conce rned, etc.)（据目击者，美联社，有关方面等）informative sources or well-informed source（消息灵通人士）with guarded reserve（持审慎态度）no comments （无可奉告）on the brink of a breakthrough（即将取得进展）quoted as saying (cited as saying)（援引……的话说）
in response to allegation in The New York Times（就《纽约时报》的提法发表评论）
Not so, not yet（不置可否）preferred not to be identified（不愿透露姓名的）
（5）abbreviated words
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network综合业务数字网,是一种数字化电话连接系统)
PC (personal computer) TMD（Theater Missile Defense 战区导弹防御）计划）memo (memorandum) AIDS (Acquired immune Deficiency Syndrome) mod (modern), Lab (Labor), Lib (Liberal), nukes (nuclear weapons) heliport (helicopter airport) NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks战略武器限制谈判) 等等。
（二）sentence
（1）expanded simple sentences（扩展的简单句），其方法是使用定语、状语、同位语、介词短语、分词短语等语言成分来扩展简单句,大量使用或增加修饰限定词的数量。
英语报刊里经常出现一个句子就是一个段落的情况。
（2）direct Speech（3）passive voice（4）(title) v-ing :―某事正在发生‖ （5）omission (article, verb , prep ) House and Senate Pursuing Efforts to Reduce Deficit (The New York Times) = The House of Representatives and the Senate are pursuing the efforts to reduce the deficit.
Italian Exmayor Murdered = An Italian ex-mayor was murdered 意大利前市长遇刺身亡。
（三）text
标题（headline），导语（lead），正文（body），结语（conclusion）
{英语的标题通常十分简洁，几个关键词即可点明其报道内容的要旨。导语一般为新闻的第一句话，它通常提纲挈领地点明该条新闻的主要内容（即who，what, when, where, why or how）。
正文部分则对整个事件作进一步的详细说明，在先后排列顺序上，一般是比较重要的内容在前，较次要的在后，即形成一种倒金字塔形的结构（the inverted pyramid form）。这样，读者如有时间则可以将全文读完，如无时间则只需浏览一下较靠前面的部分以迅速了解该新闻的要旨，同时编辑也可很方便地决定取舍。当然，由于报道的事件的性质各异，作者也有采用顺时叙述法(the chronological method)或其它方法的。
在新闻的最后是结语部分，该部分通常对整个事件进一步发挥并做出结论。}
The first , American Airlines Flight 11 , a Boeing - 767 out of Boston for Los Angeles , crashed into the north tower at 8 :48 a. m. Eighteen minutes later , United Airlines Flight 175 , also headed from Boston to Los Angeles , plowed into the south tower.
irport , but instead hit the western part of the Pentagon , the military headquarters where 24 , 000 people worked , at 9 :40 a. m. . . .( The New York Times , September 12 , 2001)
上午8 :48 分,第一架飞机撞向世贸中心北塔。这架波音767 飞机是美国航空公司由波士顿飞往洛杉矶的11 次航班。18 分钟后,相同航线的联合航空公司175 次航班一头栽向世贸中心南楼。
随后,美国航空公司另一架波音757 飞机,自华盛顿杜丽斯国际机场起飞,原定飞往洛杉矶,却于上午9 :40 分撞向了五角大楼的西侧。当时美国国防部大楼里有24000 名工作人员。??(《纽约时报》2001 年9 月12 日)
[新闻报纸英语词汇]
daily 日报
morning edition 晨报evening edition 晚报quality paper高级报纸popular paper大众报纸evening paper 晚报trade paper商界报纸English newspaper 英文报纸vernacular paper本国文报纸political news 政治报纸Newspaper Week 新闻周刊the front page头版，第一版article记事headline 标题banner headline 头号大标题byline标题下署名之行dateline 日期、发稿地之行big news 头条新闻
hot new最新新闻exclusive news 独家新闻scoop特讯feature特写，花絮criticism评论editorial社论
review, comment 时评book review书评column 栏letters读者投书栏general news column 一般消息栏
cartoon, comics 漫画weather forecast 天气预报serial story 新闻小说obituary notice讣闻public notice公告advertisement 广告calssified ad分类广告the sports page运动栏literary criticism 文艺评论Sunday feature 周日特刊news blackout新闻管制press ban 禁止刊行yellow sheet低俗新闻tabloid图片版新闻"Braille" edition 点字版newspaper office 报社publisher发行人proprieter 社长bureau chief, copy chief总编辑editor-in-chief 总主笔
editor 编辑, 主笔newsman, newspaperman, journalist 新闻记者reporter 采访记者columnist 专栏记者star reporter一流通讯员correspondent 通讯员special correspondent 特派员contributor 投稿家news source 新闻来源informed sources 消息来源newspaper campaign新闻战
news conference, press conference 记者招待会International Press Association 国际新闻协会distribution 发行
circulation发行份数newsstand 报摊newspaper agency 报纸代售处newsboy报童subscription (rate)报费newsprint 新闻用纸
Approaches to translation
1 旧词新意
Umbrella ( a nuclear umbrella )
The odds(高尔夫球击球机会——成功可能性）P15.
2)创造新词
1969.7.20.美国阿波罗号(Apollo)宇宙飞船成功登月：moonship (月球飞船) moonwalk（月面行走）moonfall （登月）space race (太空竞赛) space travel(太空旅行) space suit（宇航服）
4)造词Nonce words/―coinages‖。
We are struggling against autocracy, for democracy by means of Xerocracy.
我们反对专制，争取民主，武器就是复印机。
Xerocracy [z?r?kr?si?]是即兴生造词，是在Xero这一著名的复印机牌号加后缀—cracy而成。意即借助复印机大量复制散发宣传品，来动员群众争取民主。此例的巧妙之处在于连用三个―—cracy‖结尾的词，既谐音又俏皮，省略了许多不必要的话。
e.g. Britain has hardened its stance over European Community (EC) economic and political union, indicating the sine qua non of the Maastricht summit next week would be prompt solution to the most contentious issues. 英国对欧共体经济与政治联盟的态度强硬。这表明下周于麦士的里支召开的首脑会议必须就最有争议的问题做出果断的解决。
句中sine qua non 来自拉丁语，意为―绝对必要的条件‖，―必备的资格‖，此处可译为―必须‖。
They have made fortunes from the sale of their scholarly certitude about the behavior of homo economicus, but are stupefied by the unfamiliar phenomenon of increasing world-wide unemployment running parallel with bounding inflation. 他们以出售有关―经济人‖行为的学术性确实资料而发了财，但在日益严重的世界性失业和跳跃式通货膨胀同时出现的这种陌生现象面前目瞪口呆。
句中的―homo economicus‖出自拉丁语，意为英语中的―economic man‖，因此可译为带引号的―经济人‖。
2) slang （俚语）
e.g.＊…… The New York Post summed up the spreading bewilderment by demanding in its blackest front – page: WHAT THE HECK ARE YOU UP TO, MR. PRESIDENT?
《纽约时报》用最大号的黑体字，在第一版以提问的方式概括了普遍存在的迷惑心态：―总统先生，您到底要干什么？‖
句中的―th e heck‖是―the hell‖的代称。
……―If the airlines can fill every seat they can find at full fare‖, says one Washington aviation expert, ―they‘d be
nuts to sell seat for 30 or 40 percent off.‖ 华盛顿一位民航界专家说：―航空公司如果能以全价卖出每个座位的话，那么，削价百分之三十或四十去卖座位就是傻瓜了。‖
俚语的翻译也是一道难题，在汉语中难以找到恰好相应的表达方式，往往只能―解其意‖，而难―传其神‖。在翻译过程中应开动脑筋，搜索大致对应的汉语表达法，或在表述的语气上做文章，尽可能体现出俚语的―味‖来，但切忌太过，以免媚俗。
【归纳总结】这些词语蕴含的信息量大，可借以引起联想，节省篇幅。在翻译时一般可根据原意直译，以保持语言精练的余韵，不必译得过于明白，以免使原句的蕴意失去原味，变得淡如白水。
Bonn has also told Damascus it did not intend to impound the tank and expressed a desire to settle the issue cordially.
波恩也通知大马士革说，他们并不想扣押坦克，并表达了想妥善处理事端的真诚愿望。Bonn 和Damascus 分别代替德国和叙利亚。
对于这类名词一般只需按字面翻译，不必作更详细的解释，因为他们在报刊上经常出现，属一般常识，读者一看便知。
e.g. 1)short words
e.g. ①World eyes mid-East peace talks世界关注中东和平谈判(eyes = watcher, observes)
②Family planning urged in India印度急需计划生育(urged = promised / advocated)
③With jobs cuts, New York is losing war of brooms纽约裁减清洁工，环境卫生恶化(cuts = reduction)
④Australia makes bid to lure more Asian tourists澳大利亚力图吸引更多的亚洲游客。(bid = attempt)
当然缩略词的使用并非限于标题中，文章中也常出现。如：
One sign that it may be on the way was the announcement that Mr. Thomas Watson, the former head of IBM, who is interested in promoting trade with the Soviet Union, is to be the new American ambassador of Moscow.
积极促进对苏贸易的国际商用机器公司的前任负责人托马斯·华生先生将出任美国驻苏大使。这一消息的宣布，是可能出现某种情况的一个迹象。(IBM = International Business Machines Corporation) 缩略词的意思都可以在字典中查到。有些缩略词的全称还可直接从上下文中找到，因此在翻译中不成为问题。
这类简缩词不仅出现在标题中，有时也用于新闻报道中。如：
A tennis pro in white shorts will place his racquet alongside the court at the sports club and say his prayer.
身穿白短裤的职业网球手会把球拍放在体育俱乐部的球场旁，然后祈祷。(pro = professional) [ 小结] 新闻英语的翻译
翻译英语新闻报道，要顾及其文体特点，在遣词造句和谋篇布局上都应使译文―适如其所译‖。具体需注意的是: 要准确理解一些常用词语在新闻英语中的特定含义。如前所述，新闻英语有自己特定的一套惯用词汇，因此译者首先应准确理解这些词在新闻英语中的特定含义。否则极易张冠李戴，造成误译
2）要注意使译文的文体风格与原文相适应。总的来说，新闻英语语言正式程度适中，有时还带有一些会话语体色彩，所以译文语言不可太雅，亦不可过俗。但是，因为一些作者常在报道中引用当事人或其他相关人士的话语，也因一些作者有时会使用几个俚俗词语，所以译文语言的正式程度应尽可能与原文保持一致。此外，还应注意大报新闻语言特点与小报新闻文体特点的区别。一般说来，像《泰晤士报》、《纽约时报》一类的大报文体较为严肃正规，而像《每日镜报》、《纽约邮报》一类的小报则大多语言轻松活泼，词语正式程度偏低。因此译者必须认真分析原文的文体特点，使译文与原文保持文体上的一致。
3）处理好新闻中的新词和生造词。如遇新词和生造词，首先可依据英语构词法对其在词形上加以辨析，比如找出该词的词根或词缀，以帮助理解其词意。另外要从词的联立关系和上下文中，即该词与其它词的搭配、组合和它的各种语境中去寻找线索，判断该词可能的意义。如果经以上考证后仍不得其意，则可给出该词的音译，并在随后的括号内写上原英文词，必要时还可加脚注。这里所说的"新词"就是那些字典中查不到的词，那些按照你原先知道的词意译出但又发现语意逻辑不通的词。
4）
5）翻译时不要为某些动词的时态所惑，注意原文的一些特殊语法现象。如Largest Chinese trade delegation to visit US in Nov. 中省去了to前的is，Deposits, loans rising in HK意为Deposits and loans are rising in HK.，而 2 Workmen Injured in Electrical Accident则意为2 Workmen Are Injured…
6）标题翻译要尽量与原文一样简短，要注重译文能象原文一样传神达意。例如: Four Killed and Five Hurt in a House Fire 可译为"房屋起火五伤四亡"；Soccer kicks off with Violence可译为"足球开赛脚踢拳打"。
Lecture 5 Journalistic Style Translation (2)
新闻文体翻译 2
9·11 的报道:英语报刊新闻的一些语言特点
Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon
Hijackers rammed two jetliners into each of New York‘s World Trade Center towers yesterday , toppling both in a hellish storm of ash , glass , smoke and leaping victims , while a third jetliner crashed into the Pentagon in Virginia. The attacks seemed carefully coordinated. The hijacked planes were all en route to California , and therefore gorged with fuel , and their departures were spaced within an hour and 40 minutes.
英语报刊新闻的语言特点
1 ）标题特点
(1) 省略: 省略是报刊新闻标题的一大特色,编辑为了使标题言简意赅,节省空间,常常略去一些语法成分或词语,如冠词、物主代词、系动词、助动词等,以不影响理解为前提。
这则新闻的标题中省略了三个冠词: ( The) Hijacked Jets Destroy (the) Twin Towers and Hit (the) Pentagon。( 2) 时态: 本则新闻是报道前一天发生的事件,时态应该用一般过去时,但两个谓语动词destroy 和hit 均使用一般现在时,这是标题的另一个主要特点,新闻媒体报道中常用现在时记述已发生的事情,这种时态被称为―历史现在时‖,这样不仅省去了过去时常见的―-ed‖两个字母所占的空间,更重要的是增强了报道的新鲜感(freshness) 和直接感(immediacy) ,使读者感到读的是―新闻‖而不是―旧闻‖。
2 ) 词汇特点
(1) 选用简短词(short ,dynamic words) : 报道中选用了许多简短词, 如jets ( jetliners , aero planes) , hit(strike ,attack) , ram(force . . . to hit as hard as possible) 。报刊杂志力求以最小的篇幅容纳最大的信息量,而简短词字母较少,词义宽泛,且灵活生动,通俗易懂,为众多读者所理解接受,因此成为新闻工作者的首选用词。( 2) 使用形象词: 新闻撰稿人使用了很多形象词来描述世贸双塔被撞击后的惨象:烟尘(ash) 、玻璃碎片(glass) 、逃生者(leaping victims) 、如地狱般的风暴(a hellish storm) 。这一系列栩栩如生的描述,有助于渲染悲惨气氛,增加读者的同情感。
(3) 准确词、模糊词并用: 撰稿人不仅提供了被劫持飞机的具体信息,包括航班号、飞机型号、始发地及目的地,而且交待了劫机撞击世贸中心和五角大楼的准确时间。这些准确词的使用增强了报道的可信。第二段的首句中选用了―seemed‖这个模糊词,带有猜测的味道,撰稿人推测这一系列袭击是有预谋的。只有经过周密调查证明为事实后,才能用―were‖,因此选用这个模糊词既符合新闻报道的时效性( timeliness) ,又合乎读者的阅读习惯。
3 ) 句法特点
( 1) 使用复杂的长句(long ,involved sentences) :新闻的第一段只是一句话,由主句、分词短语和while引导的定语从句组成。英语中有丰富的连接词,句子成分可随时加以修饰,形成了多枝共干的树状句法结构,因此英语中长句较多。新闻撰写使用长句可增加信息容纳量,增强事件发生的紧凑感和逻辑性,节省版面空间。
( 2) 修饰语较多(cramming of modifiers) :新闻第三段开头的主语―The first‖接连由两个同位语修饰,这种较多的修饰成分似乎使局部显得累赘,但一次就能把需要说清楚的都说清楚,后文无需再作交待,这样可使全文简洁;另一方面,使用同位语或类似的修饰语可避免使用定语从句,既可简化句子结构,节省篇幅,又能帮助读者加快阅读速度。
4 ）语篇特点
篇章模式
（1）导语（Lead)，以尽量简明的表述方式概括主要事实或提引主要事件。（2）导语以下各段呈―倒金字塔‖状,以重要性递减的顺序来安排新闻中的各项事实,重要的在先,次要的在后,对细节内容逐步加以补充。
5 ）语义特点
标题中不仅形式上省略了冠词,而且内容上也进行了提炼, 例如,―hijacked jets‖隐含了―The jets were hijacked by the terrorists‖这一内容;―twin towers‖指的是世贸中心双塔。第一段中的―glass‖隐含了―broken glass‖的意义。这些语义方面的省略体现了新闻写作的简洁性特点。
翻译策略
(1 )标题翻译,化简为详语言简练是英汉标题的共同特征
英语标题重事实报道, 以精练的文字概括出新闻中最重要的某一点或某一方面来吸引读者,形式安排多采用单层式(single-deck) ;
汉语标题注重交待与新闻事件相关的人名、地名、人物身份和国籍、具体主题背景等内容,在表现事件的深度与广度上,更加出色,形式多采用多层式( multi-deck ) :引题(交待事实背景) - 主标题(标出最重要的内容) - 副标题(补充主标题的不足) 。
简言之,英语标题采取―重点‖(accentuation) ;汉语标题倾向于―总体性‖(totality) 。针对该标题中语义省略的特点,译成汉语时采用增字法补充缺失的内容(fill in the logical gaps) 并添加背景解释, 按时间顺序安排标题形式,便于汉语读者的理解。
译文如下:恐怖分子劫持飞机撞向(纽约) 世贸中心世贸双塔轰然倒塌(美国防部) 五角大楼也遭突袭. ( Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and Hit Pentagon)
(2)切长为短，使用四字格
英语句法结构: 重形合,句中各成分常用连接词结合,形成树状结构;
汉语句法结构: 重意合,句中成分依靠语义贯通,形成竹状结构。
针对第一段中的长句我们应按汉语习惯分成多个短句. 撰稿人使用了大量形象词渲染惨象(e. g. in a hellish storm of ash ,glass , smoke and leaping victims) ,但如果逐字翻译,会带有浓厚的翻译腔(translationese) , 势必破坏了原文的效果,汉语翻译可使用四字格使译文精练达意, 极具新闻味(newsy) 。
译文如下:
几名劫机分子昨日劫持两架喷气式飞机撞向纽约世贸中心,致使(南北) 双塔轰然倒塌,顿时尘土飞扬,玻璃飞溅,浓烟滚滚,人们四处逃生。这一切构成了一副地狱般的场景。与此同时,第三架飞机又撞击了位于弗吉尼亚州的(美国国防部) 五角大楼。
(Hijacke rs rammed two jetliners into each of New York‘s World Trade Center towers yesterday , toppling both in a hellish storm of ash , glass , smoke and leaping victims , while a third jetliner crashed into the Pentagon in Virginia. )
(3)注重衔接
思维与语言存在着一定的对应性,一定的思维方式影响语言的表达形式。西方人喜欢外露、直率;中国人喜欢含蓄。英语经常表态在前,叙事
在后;而汉语则相反。为符合汉语的思维和表达形式,在翻译第二段时把先果后因的语序调整为先因后果,并且运用关联词,以增强衔接性。
译文如下：
三架飞机均在飞往加利福尼亚途中被劫持,故而当时机上燃料充足,而且各自的起飞时间仅相距1 小时40 分钟。据此看来,这一连串的袭击是经过精心策划的。
(The attacks seemed carefully coordinated. The hijacked planes were all en route to California , and therefore gorged with fuel , and their departures were spaced within an hour and 40 minutes.)
英文新闻标题的特点与翻译
1）英文新闻标题的结构的特点：
（1 ）名词性短语
名词性短语由―名词+修饰语‖构成,修饰语可以是形容词、介词短语、不定式、-ing 分词、-ed分词、有时也可以是另一名词。例如: Mainland Road Deaths on the Rise陆路交通事故死亡人数呈上升态势
China Sending Students Abroad 中国公派出国留学
Answer for Developing Nations 发展中国家的对策。
（2）陈述句
陈述句用于阐释、解释、说明、规定和判断,语言显得比较客观、平实。因此在许多情况下,新闻标题往往是陈述句。例如:
Boeing Launches Long-haul Passenger Jets 波音公司推出飞得最远的―环球飞机‖
Fans Hope to Have New York Hotel 纽约热心民众挽救百年老饭店
（3）疑问句
有些新闻为了吸引读者,引起读者的兴趣,也用疑问句作标题。
Did Animals― Sixth Sense‖ Save Them from Disaster? (动物为何能逃过大劫难?）
Is love for Labor lost?(Newsweek，0ct，16，2000) 工党失宠了吗？——英首相布莱尔支持率下降
2）英文新闻标题的时态
（1）用一般现在时表达过去发生的事情
为了突出新闻的―时新性‖( freshness) 、现实性( reality)和直接性( immediacy) 。
Street Battle in Heavy Shelling as Peace Talks Proceed = Street battle in heavy shelling as peace talks proceeded
和平谈判照常进行街头巷战也照常不停
US Announces Economic Restrictions against Iraq = US Announced Economic Restrictions against Iraq
美国宣布对伊拉克实行经济制裁
（2）用不定式表达将来发生的事情
动词不定式在英文新闻标题中可直接表示未来动作。例如:
Pope to Visit Japan in February = Pope is to visit Japan in February
教皇拟于二月访日
Blair to Fly to US for War Summit with Bush= Blair is to fly to US for the war summit with Bush
布莱尔将赴美和布什一起参加战争峰会
Peking to Fire Test Rocket go South Pacific 中国将向南太平洋发射试验火箭。
Chinese leader to visit India 中国领导人将出访印度。
（3 ) 用现在分词表达正在进行的动作或正在发生的事态
B ill Gates Working on a New Book = B ill Gates is working on a new book 比尔·盖茨撰写新书（科技先锋展望未来）
Deposits, Loans Rising in Shanghai = Deposits and loans are rising in Shanghai 上海储蓄和贷款额呈增长态势 3）英文新闻标题的语态
过去分词在标题里可直接表示被动意义。例如:Regan V oted― Greatest American‖= Regan is voted― greatest American‖
里根笑傲群雄荣膺―最伟大的美国人‖
翻译策略
1）对译：例如:
US, Vietnam Resume Talks美越恢复会谈Chronic Insomnia Baffles Sleep Experts慢性失眠困扰睡眠研究专家
S. Africa‘s Black Middle Class Fuel Sales Boom 南非黑人中产阶层推动经济发展
Can Lebanon Weather Possible Economic Sanction? 黎巴嫩能承受经济制裁
2）增译
Emperor‘s Visit: a Milestone in Bilateral Ties天皇访华: (中日)双边关系的里程碑
Young Wheelers, Big Dealers青年摩托车手成了(保险公司)大主顾
Japanese Inns Take You Back in Time 传统日式客栈重温昔日生活
3）省译
Spectacular Bridge—World ‘ s Tallest— Opens Tuesday in France
法国―世界最高桥梁‖即将通行无阻
4.5 缩略词
英语新闻标题常用缩略词,尤其是首字母缩略词。在翻译时，需译出全称。
(1)音译法:按其发音译成中文。如:OPEC 22nd Session Ends 欧佩克第二十二届会议结束。(OPEC=Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 石油输出国组织,即欧佩克)。
(2)中文简称法：即按缩略词的全称中文译名再缩为中文简称。
如：NATO to seek New secretary G e n e r a l 北约寻求新任秘书长。
( N A T O :North Atlantic Treaty Organization 北大西洋公约组织,简称北约).
(3)全译法:大多数缩略词不能按发音译,或译为简称,否则中国人不明白是什么意思.因此, 必须将所有字母的含义都解释出来才行。如：BBC Considering Starting Global Television Service英国广播公司拟开通全球电视服务(BBC=British Broadcasting Corporation)。
START announced to begin June 29 (China Daily) 裁减战略武器会谈于六月二十九日开始。
( S T A R T = S t r a t e g i c Arms Reduction Talks)
Lecture 6
The Translation of Political Documents (1)
Introduction
Features
Translation Strategy
Conclusion
Introduction
Political documents mainly refer to declarations or statements made by the government or government leaders, and the articles li ke editorials about a country‘s political, economic and diplomatic affairs in newspapers and periodicals.Typical authoritative statements are political speeches, document etc., by ministers or party leaders; statutes and legal documents; scientific, philos ophical and ?academic‘ works written by acknowledged authorities (Newmark, 1998:39).
Features of Political Documents
1)They are usually full of big words, abstract words, terminology and even platitude.
2)Political documents tend to be formal so as to show a kind of solemnity.
E.g. 中部崛起（central rise）扩军备战（Arms race)
与国际接轨（To integrate … with the international standards/norms and practices/to conform to international norms and practices）
3) Neologisms
For example, WMD (weapon of mass destruction ), expo (exposition ), 五个统筹、走出去战略、八荣八耻，etc.
4) Politics -loaded terms:
Political documents are often full of political expressions
It is necessary for a good translator to grasp the meaning of these expressions and also it is very important for a translator to know the related policies and political events.
5) There are some examples about unique political terminologies describing the Chinese government and organizations.
三个代表（Three Represents）科学发展观（Scientific Outlook）.
The translation of ―改革开放‖ is ―reform and opening-to the outside-wo rd‖, but not ―open-door policy‖ which was originally used to describe the humiliating ―open -door policy‖ that was imposed on China by America in order to rob more profits from its colony after the Opium War in the late Qing-Dynasty.
7 ) Political documents are a relatively formal news style for solemnity, gravity and authority; they do not look for aesthetic beauty, so they are plain in writing, critical in the choice of words.
For example, John McCain‘s speech
Guiding Theory
Register
Translation Theory
Register
Political documents must be formalized as a form of power and a pattern of language norms for politics. In the translation process, the translator has to pay due attention to style and try to realize style equivalence.
e.g1.…the only thing we have to fear is fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.
译文1 …我们唯一不得不害怕的就是害怕本身----一种莫名其妙的,丧失理智的,毫无根据的恐惧,它会把转退为进所需的种种努力化为泡影.
译文2…我们唯一值得恐惧的就是恐惧本身----会使我们由后退转而前进所需的努力限于瘫痪的那种无名的、没有道理的、毫无根据的害怕。
译文3…我们唯一值得恐惧的就是恐惧本身----会使我们由后退转而前进所需的努力化为乌有的那种无名的、没有道理的、毫无根据的害怕。
e.g.2Four score and seven years ago,…87年前八十七年前
e.g.3 Hello, Chicago!A.芝加哥，你好！B芝加哥的市民们，你们好！C 芝加哥的公民们，大家好！D芝加哥，你好啊！
e.g.4 改革开放以来，我们立的章程并不少，而且是全方位的。
译文1: Since the reform and opening policy was carried out, we have formulated quite a few statutes, which are all-inclusive.
译文2: Since we introduced the reform and the open policy, we have drawn up many rules and regulations covering fields of endeavor.
Translation strategy
Literal translation vs. free translation
Alienation vs. domestication
Semantic translation vs. communicative translation
Dynamic equivalence
Approaches to the translation of the political phrases
科学发展观:scientific outlook on development 一个中国原则one-China principle 毛泽东思想Map Zedong Thought
邓小平理论Deng Xiaoping Theory保护和振兴地方戏曲：protect and rejuvenate local operas
保证人民的知情权、参与权、表达权和监督权：Ensure people‘s right to know, to participate, to express and to supervise
不搞一刀切：without imposing a single solution
粗放性增长方式：the extensive mode of growth/ inefficient model of growth
Accuracy-adaptation
E.g.1 联合王国政府声明：联合王国政府与1997 年7 月1 日将香港交还给―中华人民共和国。‖
The Government of U. K, declares that it will restore Hong Kong to th e People‘s Republic of China with effect from 1 July, 1997.
Cf. return
E.g.2 When we are talking about Taiwan issue, we often say ―和平统一‖.
In this expression, ―统一‖can be translated into ―unification‖. But in the context,―和平统一‖means reunification. The co nnotation meaning in the word ―unification‖ is that China is gonging to unify the independent Taiwan, that‘s not the fact. So in this sentence, the translator ought to select the word ―reunification‖.
Methods: omission
E.g.3 邓小平是中国改革开放和现代化建设的总工程师。
Deng Xia oping is the chief architect of China‘s reform, opening-up and modernization construction.
Actually, in the translation of ― 现代化建设‖into English, ―modernization‖ is enough. The use of ―construction‖ (category words) here is redundant.
E.g.4 经济大起或大落，都不利于经济发展，不利于改革开放，不利于社会稳定。
Both drastic upturns and downturns in economic growth are bad for economic development, reform and opening up, and social stability.
E.g. 5实践永无止境，创新永无止境。
There is no end to practice or innovation.
Methods: addition
E.g. 6 我们必须合理确定―低保‖标准，切实做到应保尽保。
We must rationally determine the criteria for basic pensions for retirees and subsistence allowances for needy urban residents, so that all the eligible urban poor will receive the benefits to which they are entitled.
E.g. 7必须坚持全面协调可持续发展。
We must pursue comprehensive, balanced and sustainable development.
E.g. 8增强发展协调性，努力实现经济又好又快发展。
Promote balanced development to ensure sound and rapid economic growth.
Methods: substitution
机遇前所未有，挑战也前所未有，机遇大于挑战。
This brings us unprecedented opportunities as well as unprecedented challenges，with the former outweighing the latter．
要健全民主制度，丰富民主形式，拓宽民主渠道。
We need to improve institutions for democracy, diversify its forms and expand its channels,
Methods: Interpretation
For instance, the ―豆腐渣工程‖ can be translated as ―bean -curd projects ‖, so named because they fall apart easily. 拳头产品‖ is translated as ―knockout Products, so named because ? ―白条‖ can be translated as IOU (I owe you) note.
―绿色奥运，人文奥运，科技奥运‖ ―Environment-friendly, Culture-enriched and Technology propelled Olympics.‖
― 三个代表‖：―Three Represents‖ theory (The Party should always
represent the development needs of China‘s advanced social productive forces, always represent the onward direction of China‘s advanced culture, and always represent the fundamental interests of the largest number of the Chinese people ).
Lecture 7
The Translation of Political Documents (2)
中国政治文化中独有的表达法
―三通‖direct links of mail, transport and trade
―三步走‖战略the three- step strategy for modernization
―西部开发‖the large- scale development of China‘s western region
砸三铁: break ―Iron Rice Bowl , Guaranteed Wages and Permanent Position‖
达到小康:reach the ―better - off level‖
盲流: drifters ; transient farmers ( or people/population) ; job - seekers ; migrant workers
隐形就业: unregistered employment , veiled reemployment
要统筹城乡经济社会发展,切实做好―三农‖工作。
Economic and social development in urban and rural areas must be coordinated , and work relating to agriculture , rural areas and farmers must be done well .
特别是要严格按照干部四化的要求,把企业的领导班子整顿建设好。
It is especially important to recognize and build leading bodies of enterprises exactly in accordance with the four standards set for leading cadres. ( The four standards set for leading cadres : the ranks of cadres should be more revolutionary , younger , better educated and more professionally. )
继续加强―两个确保‖和城市―低保‖工作, 搞好―三条保障线‖的衔接。
We should continue improving the work of ensuring payment on time and in full of the living allowances for workers laid off from state - owned enterprises for retirees and subsistence allowances for the urban poor. We should also do a good job of streamlining the ―three - stage guarantees‖
职工基本生活保障、失业保障和城镇最低生活保障―三条保障线‖。
The system of three social security programs - - - the programs for ensuring the basic cost of living allowance for laid - off workers , the unemployment insurance program , the program of subsistence allowance of needy urban residents.
有些装红白脸
with some wearing the white make - up of the stage villain and others the red make - up of the hero.
中国政论体中的习语
(1) 中国政论体中的古代习语。
我说中印两国友好的时间有2000 多年,可以说占99. 9 % , 两国的冲突的时间很短, 不到0. 1 %。即使这个冲突,也已化干戈为玉帛。
I told him that the duration of time when China and India enjoy friendly relations stretched 2, 000 years, or 99. 9 percent of our total interactions. In terms of conflict, the conflict between our countries only lasted two years , or less than 0. 1 percent of the conflict, we could always turn swords into ploughs.
（2）中国现当代独有的政治习语表达
必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓,两手都要硬的方针,加强精神文明建设。
We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand.
以江泽民同志为核心的党中央坚持两手抓、两手都要硬的方针,从多方面加强精神文明建设。
The Party Central Committee with Comrade Jiang Zemin at the core , in adherence to the principle of placing equal emphasis on material progress and ethical and cultural progress , with neither aspects neglected , has promoted ethical and cultural progress in all fields.深入贯彻落实科学发展观，要求我们始终坚持―一个中心、两个基本点‖的基本路线。
To thoroughly apply the Scientific Outlook on Development, we must always adhere to the Party's basic line of taking economic development as the central task and upholding the Four Cardinal Principles and the reform and opening up policy, known as―one central task and two basic points.‖
覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系基本建立，人人享有基本生活保障。
A basic system of social security will cover both urban and rural residents so that everyone is assured of basic living standards.
Exercise 1
中国将坚定不移地综合执行和平独立的外交政策。中国的外交政策是为了争取长期健康的国际环境，尤其是争取有利于中国社会主义现代化建设的环境，有利于维护世界和平、促进共同发展的环境。
China will unswervingly carry out its independent fore ign policy of peace in a comprehensive manner. China‘s foreign policy serves to gain a long-term, sound international environment. Particularly, the policy aims to achieve an environment conducive to China‘s socialist modernization drive, the maintenance o f world peace and the promotion of joint development.
中国将继续加强同发展中国家，特别是周边国家的积极关系，坚持睦邻友好的政策。我们要贯彻中国—东盟非正式首脑会议的成果，加强面向21世纪的相互信任的中国—东盟伙伴关系。我们要进一步在广泛领域里同西方发达国家进行合作与交流。我们要加强同非洲、拉丁美洲、南亚、中欧和东欧的团结与合作，努力建立公正与合理的国际政治秩序和国际经济秩序。
China will continue to foster positive relationships with the developing countries and especially surrounding countries, persisting in a good-neighborly and friendly policy. We will implement the outcome of the China-ASEAN informal summit and intensify the China-ASEAN partnership of mutual trust oriented toward the 21st century. We will further develop extensive cooperation and exchange with the developed countries of the west in a wide range of areas. We will also strengthen unity and cooperation with countries in Africa, Latin America, South Asia, and Central and Eastern Europe, striving to establish a just and rational international political and economic order.
中国还将继续参与全球性、洲际性和地区性的多边外交活动，在联合国改革、地区冲突、维护和平、裁军、军备控制和环境保护方面发挥建设性的作用。
China will continue to take part in multilateral diplomatic activities of a global, intercontinental and regional nature, and play a constructive role in the affairs of UN reform, the settlement of regional conflicts, peace-keeping,
disarmament, arms control and environmental protection.
Exercise 2
If there is anyone out there who still doubts that America is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. It's the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voices could be that difference.
A如果有人怀疑美国是个一切皆有可能的地方，怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们这个时代依然燃烧，怀疑我们民主的力量，那么今晚这些疑问都有了答案。学校和教堂门外的长龙便是答案。排队的人数之多，在美国历史上前所未有。为了投票，他们排队长达三、四个小时。许多人一生中第一次投票，因为他们认为这一次大选结果必须不同以往，而他们手中的一票可能决定胜负。
B 如果还有人对在美国是否凡事皆有可能这一点存疑，还有人怀疑美国奠基者的梦想在我们所处的时代是否依然鲜活，还有人质疑我们的民主制度的力量，那么今晚，这些问题都有了答案。这是设在学校和教堂的投票站前排起的前所未见的长队给出的答案；是等了三四个小时的选民所给出的答案，其中许多人都是有生以来第一次投票，因为他们认定这一次肯定会不一样，认为自己的声音会是这次大选有别于以往之所在。
C 美国是否暗藏一切皆有可能的巨大潜力？美国是否已经实现开国者锻造的美国梦？民主信仰是否具有强大力量？如果还有人对此报以怀疑，那么今晚这里发生的一切就是答案。学校旁、教堂边，无数人都在排队投票，这一情景我们已经多年未见；3个小时、4个小时，他们为此而等候良久，这是很多同胞有生以来的第一次。因为他们相信，这一次，将不同以往；这一次，因为他们的呼声而有所不同。
Ｄ假如还有人怀疑美国是不是一切皆有可能的地方，假如还有人困惑于我们的建国先辈们所持有的梦想，在今天还是不是鲜活，假如有人仍在质疑我们民主的力量到底强不强大，（那么）今晚（发生的一切）就是你们给他们的回答。这个回答，是由那些连续三四小时在学校，在教堂，排着长长的队伍的人们给出的，这情形美国历史上从来没有发生过。其中有很多人是平生第一次去投票，因为他们相信，这次一定与以往不同，他们相信，自己的声音肯定会使一切与过去不同。
Thank you for your attention!
第8讲科技翻译（1）
Science and Technology Translation
English for science and technology
By Dr. Ramakanta Sahu Associate Professor Faculty of Education Mahweet
Over the past few years, there has been a steady increase in focus on the use of a specialized variety of English for specific disciplines. This is broadly known as register- based English or English for special purposes (ESP).
M. A. K. Halliday, a prominent linguist, defines ?register‘ as ?language distinguished according to ?use‘ not to ?user‘. Within the broad framework of general English, register based use of English forms a subset wher e there is high correlation between linguistic features and subject matter.
Examples of register based use of English are :English for Science and Technology (EST), English for Business and Trade (EBT), Legal English, Religious English and so forth.
In science and technology, language is used to define, classify, report, explain, and prove. Clarity of concepts and logical thinking are very important cornerstones of scientific English.
The central concern of EST is the accessibility of knowledge. ?We thu s need a rhetoric that reveals how knowledge is mapped into the print and sound system of English.‘
(Keith Jones 1975)
The language here serves a purely referential purpose. Objectivity and impersonal tone are the watchwords in science and technology. Most often it is concerned with the referential or propositional meaning of language and not with the pragmatic or a socio-linguistic meaning.
Obviously, the language in science and technology is valued for objective, propositional content, where an interrogative structure means a question and a declaration is embedded in a statement.
English for science and technology is a variety of language usage. Here the language is manifested in a certain way in the expression of concepts and procedures that characterizes the study of science and technology.
Hence words are primarily associated with, what MAK Halliday calls, ―the heuristic and representational functions‖ as contrasted with ―personal and interactional function.‖ Therefore words used in English for sci ence and technology have to be immune to any cultural associations or implications.
There is a high degree of correlation between grammatical structures and the purpose of language. As far as the style of writing is concerned, there is little scope for individual style of writing. As a natural corollary of this, a greater emphasis is put on the language ?use‘ and not the ?user‘. Moreover, there is little conside ration for role relationships.
The most important purpose of English for science and technology is, so to say, not to show how beautifully one can write, how wide is one‘s vocabulary, how varied is one‘s sentence structure ,but to focus on its referential, roles and functions . Keeping this in view, English for science and technology should be properly taught and learnt. Characteristics of EST (English for Science and Technology)
1. V ocabulary: specialized terms
Splash : （水等飞溅）
to land in water, especially in the ocean, after a space flight（宇宙飞船等从太空归航时溅落于大洋水面）
2 Grammar
1）Nominalization
e.g. determination, transmission, evaluation, programming, teaching, processing.
Expanded Noun Premodifiers
Illumination intensity determination= determination of the intensity of illumination照明强度测定
a. The earth rotates on its own axis, which causes the change from day to night.
b. The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜的变化。
2）Nonfinite Verbs
a. A direct current is a current which flows always in the same direction.
b. A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
3）passive voice
Translation method
1. Passive voice---active voice
Sand may be carried many miles away by the wind.
风可以把沙土带到许多英里以外的地方。
A new device was put in the chimney and so no harmful dirty smoke spread out.
一种新的装置装入了烟囱, 从而有害的污烟便不再冒出来。
Communications satellites are used for international living transmission throughout the world.
全世界都将通讯卫星用于国际间的实况转播。
2. Change of subject
Stroke victims should be warned to stop smoking , to exercise and control cholesterol. 应当警告脑中风患者停止吸烟、加强锻炼和控制胆固醇。
Potassium and sodium are seldom met in their natural State.人们很少见到自然状态的钾和钠。Temperature is changed quickly from room temperature to 125°C and is held there for at least 15 minutes.
温度很快地从室温升高到125°C , 并至少保持15 分钟。
3. ―据说‖ ―据信‖ ―据报道‖―听说‖
It is believed that ?人们相信, 大家相信It is estimated that ?据统计(推算) n It has been found that ?已经发现; 实践证明
It must be kept that ?必须记住It is predicted that ?据估计; 据预计It must be realized that ?必须了解(认识、明白)
It is suggested that ?有人建议It is understood that ?人们理解; 不用说
It‘s believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream.
有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了。
?5. ―是…的‖ ―遭受‖、―遭到‖、―受到‖ ―为…所‖, ―加以‖、―予以‖等
?The temperatures and pressures are controlled and adjusted with these switches. 温度和压力是用这些开关来调节的。
Plastic articles are not damaged by water. 塑料制品不会为水所损坏。
6. multiplication
The distance is eight times as long as the previous one.
1.这一距离为前者的8倍
2.这一距离8倍于前者
3.这一距离比前者长7倍
Auto accidents increased by 2.5 times compared with late 1960s.
车祸比60年代末期增多了1.5倍. 车祸增加到60年代末期的2.5倍
?Since Vesta is about 2.4 times farther From the Sun than is the Earth, it receives only about one-sixth of the light and heat that we do.
灶神星离太阳的距离是地球离太阳的距离的2.4倍，它从太阳那里接受的光和热只相当于地球从太阳那里接受的光和热的六分之一。
Signals will be issued every fourth minute.
每4分钟发出一次信号。
Computers and People
In future, cash will be used less and less. We may one day, live in a cashless society where all financial transactions are processed by computers without the use of cash.
Transference of money will be through electronic fund transfer.
The way we live will also be affected. We shall work shorter hours and have more time for leisure. There will even be no need to travel to work.
Unemployment may also result. Many workers will be replaced by machines. People will need to be computer-literate and re-training is required for the people involved.
L e c t u r e14
Literary Translation (2)
E-C t r a n s l a t i o n
It was one of those days that the peasant fishermen on this tributary of the Amazon River dream about. With water levels falling rapidly at the peak of the dry season, a giant school of bass, a tasty fish that fetches a good price at markets, was swimming right into the nets being cast from a dozen small canoes here.
“With a bit of luck, you can make $350 on a day like this,” Lauro Souza Almeida, a leader of the local fishermen's cooperative, exulted as he moved into position. “That is a fortune for people like us,” he said, the equivalent of four months at the minimum wage earned by those fortunate enough to find work.
But hovering nearby was a large commercial fishing vessel, a “mother boat”equipped with large ice chests for storage and hauling more than a dozen smaller craft. The crew on board was just waiting for the remainder of the fish to move into the river's main channel, where they intended to scoop up as many as they could with their efficient gill nets.
A symbol of abundance to the rest of the world, the Amazon is experiencing a crisis of overfishing. As stocks of the most popular species diminish to worrisome levels, tensions are growing between subsistence fishermen and their commercial rivals, who are eager to enrich their bottom line and satisfy the growing appetite for fish of city-dwellers in Brazil and abroad.
In response, peasants up and down the Amazon, here in Brazil and in neighboring countries like Peru, are forming cooperatives to control fish catches and restock their rivers and lakes. But that effort, increasingly successful, has only encouraged the commercial fishing operations, as well as some of the peasants' less disciplined neighbors, to step up their depredations.
“The industrial fishing boats, the big 20- to 30-ton vessels, they have a different mentality than us artisanal fishermen, who have learned to take the protection of the environment into account,” said the president of the local fishermen's union. “They want to sweep everything up with their dragnets and then move on, benefiting from our work and sacrifice and leaving us with nothing.”
在亚马逊河的这一支流上捕鱼的农民就希望遇上那天的情况。旱季最缺水的时候，河面迅速下降，一大群鲈鱼正游进从十几只小船上撒下的网里。鲈鱼味道鲜美，能在市场上卖个价钱。“要是运气不错，赶上今天这种情况，就能挣350 美元，”劳鲁·苏扎·阿尔梅达说道。他是当地渔民合作社的一位负责人。他一边兴高采烈地说着，一边摆好了架式准备干活。他说：“对我们这样的人来说，这可是一大笔钱呀。”因为就算一个人运气好，能找到工作，按最低工资计算，要四个月才能挣这么些钱。
然而就在不远的地方，有一只大型商业渔船在游弋，那是一只“母船”，备有巨大的储藏冰柜，还拖着十几只小船。船员都在船上等候，等到剩余的鱼进入主河道以后，他们就用高效率的刺网进行捕捞，能捞多少，就捞多少。
亚马逊河在世界上是物产丰富的标志，但它现在正经受一场过量捕鱼的危机。随着人们最喜爱的各种鱼类数量日渐减少，到了令人担忧的地步，靠打鱼糊口的渔民和他们商业对手之间的紧张关系也日益加剧，因为这些对手一心想着装满自己的船舱，以满足巴西乃至国外城里人越来越大的吃鱼胃口。
针对这种情况，亚马逊河沿岸的农民群众，在巴西境内也好，在秘鲁等邻国也好，纷纷成立合作社，以求控制捕鱼量，增加河湖中鱼的数量。但是，这方面的努力虽日见成效，却促使那些为商业目的而捕鱼的机构以及附近一些不大守规矩的农民加紧进行掠夺。
“那些工业化的渔船，二、三十吨位的，他们的想法跟我们这些手工操作的渔民不一样，我们懂得考虑怎样保护环境，”当地的渔业工会主席说道。“他们想用拖网一网打尽，然后有上别处去打。我们出力，他们受益，弄得我们一无所有。”
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P o e t r y T r a n s l a t i o n
1.孔子曰：“求！无乃尔是过与？夫颛臾，昔者先王以为东蒙主，且在邦域之中矣，是社 稷之臣也。何以伐为？” 译文：孔子说：“冉有！我恐怕该责备你了。那颛臾，从前先王把他当作主管东蒙山祭祀的人，而且它地处鲁国境内。这是鲁国的臣属，为什么要讨伐它呢？” 2.孔子曰：“求！君子疾夫舍曰欲之而必为之辞。丘也闻有国有家者，不患寡而患不均， 不患贫而患不安。盖均无贫，和无寡，安无倾。夫如是，故远人不服，则修文德以来之。 既来之，则安之。 译文：孔子说：“冉有！君子厌恶那种不说自己想去做却偏要编造借口（来搪塞态度）的人。我听说士大夫都有自己的封地，他们不怕财富不多而怕分配不均匀，不怕民众不多而怕不安定。财物分配公平合理，就没有贫穷；上下和睦，就不必担心人少；社会安定，国家就没有倾覆的危险。依照这个道理，原来的远方的人不归服，就发扬文治教化来使他归服；使他来了之后，就要使他安定下来。 3.谨庠（xiáng）序之教，申之以孝悌(tì)之义，颁白者不负戴于道路矣。 译文：认认真真地兴办学校教育，把孝敬父母的道理反复讲给百姓听（庠序：学校，商（殷）代叫序，周代叫庠），头发花白的老人就不会背着或者顶着东西奔走在道路上了。 4.“狗彘食人食而不知检，涂有饿莩（piǎo）而不知发，人死，则曰：‘非我也，岁也。 译文：“猪狗吃人所吃的食物，（贵族们）却不加制止，路上有饿死的人（官府）却不知道打开粮仓赈救灾民，老百姓死了，就说：“‘这不是我的罪过，是年成不好造成的。 5.对曰：“姜氏何厌之有？不如早为之所，无使滋蔓。蔓，难图也。蔓草犹不可除，况君 之宠弟乎？” 译文：祭仲说道：“姜氏有什么可满足呢？不如早些处置共叔段，不让他的势力蔓延。如果蔓延开来，就难对付了。蔓延开的野草都除不掉，更何况是您习卜受宠的兄弟呢？ 6.大叔完聚，缮甲兵，具卒乘，将袭郑。夫人将启之。 译文：太叔修造城池，聚集百姓，修整铠甲和武器．准备好了步兵和战车，将要偷袭郑国国都。武姜打算为他打开城门作内应。 7.今乃弃黔首以资敌国，却宾客以业诸侯，使天下之士退而不敢西向，裹足不入秦，此所 谓“借寇兵而赍盗粮”者也。 译文：抛弃百姓使之去帮助敌国，拒绝宾客使之去事奉诸侯，使天下的贤士退却而不敢
在国际新闻报道中，英语新闻翻译占了相当大的比重。在英语新闻中，“标题被视作报道全文的缩写”，为了尽量吸引读者，编辑往往运用各种修辞手段，力争使新闻标题更具吸引力。这为英语新闻翻译带来挑战。翻译者需调动各种翻译手段，力争把原标题的意义和风格以汉语形式再现出来。为此，翻译时应兼顾三个方面：准确理解标题意义，尤其是要透过字面理解其深层意义；在不曲解原意的情况下发挥汉语特点，以增强译文可读性；在文化背景缺失的情况下，注意译文的可接受性。 一、直译或基本直译新闻标题 直译和意译孰是孰非在我国译界争论不休，迄今未有定论。笔者以为，两种译法各有长短，翻译中需视实际情况而定，扬长避短。但无论直译还是意译，都应把忠实于原文内容放在首位。就英语新闻标题翻译而言，笔者以为，如果英语标题的含义明白，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，可考虑采用直译或基本直译。比如： Putin faces harsh press criticism over terror 普京因恐怖事件受媒体严厉批评 Olympics Begin in Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold 奥运盛妆开幕泳将喜夺首金 UK soldest person dies at 115 英国第一寿星谢世，享天年百岁又十五 以上三则新闻标题属于直译或基本直译，没有洋腔洋调，显得很自然流畅。又如：Ugly Duckling N-Shipat Last GetsHappy Home 丑小鸭核动力船终于找到安乐窝 这则新闻讲述的是某国一艘核动力船，因许多国家担心核污染而拒绝让其靠岸，所以只得在海上到处漂泊，历经周折之后最终被获准在一港口停泊。原标题中以调侃的语气将这艘核动力船比喻成安徒生笔下的“an ugly duckling”（丑小鸭），这也是广大中国读者早已熟悉的典故，故译文采用了“拿来主义”的直译手法，读者一看也就明白怎么回事了。 二、翻译中添加注释性词语 英语报刊的新闻标题往往迎合本国读者的阅读需要，而且由于思维习惯与中国人不同，英语新闻标题的表达方式也与中文有所不同。因此，翻译过程中必须充分考虑到“内外有别”的原则和我国读者的阅读心理，对国人可能不太熟悉的有关信息、文化背景知识以及不符合国内读者阅读习惯的表达方式进行必要的变通，该删则删，该增则增。正如刘宓庆先生在《文体与翻译》中说的：“即使是明白、易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需加上逻辑主语，或电讯中有关的人的国籍、事件发生的地点等等，总之必须增补介绍性、注释性词语以利中国读者的理解，避免读者产生误会。”例如： For Beslans children, alegacy of nightmares （俄罗斯：）劫后相逢，别城孩童仍似恶梦中
汉英新闻翻译策略 美国新闻学者约斯特认为: “新闻是已经发生或正在发生的事实的报道。”从中可以看出新闻的根本特点：新闻是对信息的报道, 新闻的时效性很强, 客观性是新闻的灵魂。 新闻一般包括标题、导语和正文三个部分。标题高度概况了整条新闻的主要内容, 被喻为“新闻的眼睛”, 是信息量最集中、最丰富的地方。新闻标题的功能包括五个方面: 把最精彩的内容揭示给读者, 用最短的文字阐明内容主旨, 以特殊方式表达报纸的倾向性, 凭借特殊强势吸引读者, 选择让人震撼的语句激励读者。导语简要交代整条新闻的人物、时间、地点、事件、原因等要素, 通常称为5W, 这些有时甚至用一句话表达。正文则体现前重后轻的做法, 先提供重要的信息, 再补充必要的背景报道, 所谓“倒金字塔”结构。 纽马克认为,采取何种翻译方法取决于三个因素：文本类型(type of text) 、读者身份(nature of thereadership) 和翻译目的(purpose of the translation) 。具体而言,译者可以打破新闻原文的形式上的束缚,在标题、词汇和句法结构上进行改写(rewriting) 。在出发语和目的语之间发生矛盾时,要优先考虑目的语的表达习惯。“好的翻译听起来不像是翻译”(奈达) ,而像译者用目的语写作的产物。交际翻译法的实质是意译、归化、适度再创造。 1．标题改写 新闻标题的功能是提炼内容、美化版面和吸引读者(郜书锴,2002) 。好的新闻标题常常具有简约、醒目、概括、风趣的特点(刘宓庆,1998 :82) 。标题翻译的好坏,直接影响着整篇新闻翻译的交际效果和读者的兴趣。纽马克认为:“Normally, as a translator, you are entitled to …change? the title of your text . ”(2001 : 156) 因此,除了极少数采用语义翻译外,译者都在标题翻译上下了很大功夫用交际翻译法处理。 标题翻译应积极地揭示新闻内容, 兼顾中英文标题的差异性和考虑读者的接受能力, 可采用以下三种策略: 其一, 如果标题含义明白、直接而且信息功能强烈, 译成目标语后读者不至于产生理解上的困难, 则可直译或基本直译, 例如: “Looking Back to Look Ahead——回首往昔展望未来”; “Olymp ics Begin in Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold——奥运会隆重开幕泳将夺首枚金牌”, 但中英文采用通栏标题或对仗式标题, 不完全一致。其二, 标题译成目标语能保留原文的重要信息和审美价值, 又不至于使读者产生理解上的困难。例如: “A V ow to Zip his Lips (夸张) ——誓要守口如瓶”; “So lar System Search from Space (头韵) ——从太空对太阳系进行探索”。“Zip”和“守口如瓶”并不对应, 但译文和原文对接受者的作用和接受者
新闻英语标题翻译:语态 英语新闻标题中的动词表示被动语态时，被动语态结构“be+过去分词”形式中的助动词“be”，通常被省略，也经常不用“by”来引出动作的执行者，剩下的过去分词在标题里就可直接表示被动意义，读者切忌将之误解为该动词的过去式。如： Girl Of 18 Raped After Threat With Bread Knife. (A Girl Of 18 Raped After Threat With A Bread Knife.) 餐刀威逼下，18岁少女遭强暴。 Van Goghs Recovered After Theft. (Van Goghs Are Recovered After The Theft.) 梵高名画窃而复得。 Father Jailed For Murder Of Daughter. (Father Is Jailed For The Murder Of His Daughter.) 谋杀亲生女儿父亲锒铛入狱。 其实，读者在广泛接触英语报刊时会发现，新闻标题使用动词主动语态的频率远远超过被动语态。因为从修辞学角度而言，主动语态比被动语态更加生动多彩且富有感染力，所表达的意义更为直接，或更具有说服力，使读者感到真实可信，读来朗朗上口，流利自然。英语新闻标题只有在事件或动作的接受者比执行者更重要时才使用被动语态，突出强调宾语部分，以引起读者注意。这是因为读者读报时的心理状态同看书或查阅资料时的情况不尽相同。人们往往是在就餐时或上班途中、候车、饭后用茶等较空闲时看报的，阅读时思想往往不是完全集中的。只有当他们看到一条特别能引起他们兴趣的标题时，才会把注意力全部集中起来，全神贯注的看下去。因此,英语新闻标题有时为突出动作的承受者通常采用被动语态，目的在于抓住读者的注意力。
最新时政新闻（两会）英汉词汇翻译 1.新思想 new thought 2.新常态 new normal 3.新增长目标 new growth target 4.新反腐模式 New anti-corruption model 5.民生 people's livelihood 6.扶贫 poverty alleviation 7.国防 national defense 8.改革开放40周年 40 years of reform and opening up 9.中国梦 the Chinese Dream 10.人类命运共同体 a community with shared future for humanity 11.五位一体economic, political, cultural, social, and ecological progress 12.四个全面 the four-pronged comprehensive strategy 13.一带一路 the Belt and Road Initiative 14.文化自信 cultural confidence 15.获得感 sense of benefit 16.成就感 sense of achievement 17.城市群 city cluster 18.低碳城市 low-carbon cities 19.智能制造 intelligent manufacturing 20.中国制造2025 Made in China 2025 21.工匠精神 craftsmanship spirit 22.中国天眼：500米口 径球面射电望远镜 （FAST） China's Eye of Heaven: The Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) 23.国产航母 domestically built aircraft carrier 24.国产客机 homemade passenger jet 25.数字家庭 digital homes 26.数字经济 digital economy 27.人工智能 artificial intelligence 28.第五代移动通信 5G mobile communications 29.自媒体 We-Media 30.自贸试验区 pilot free trade zones 31.医疗改革 medical reform 32.国内生产总值 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) 33.居民消费价格 Consumer Price Index (CPI) 34.税收减免 tax reduction and exemption 35.去产能 reducing excess capacity
新闻英语标题翻译:欣赏及汉译 我们在阅读英语报刊时，不仅要学会看借新闻标题，而且最好还能善于欣赏并翻 译新闻标题，惟有如此，我们才能较正确地理解英语新闻标题的词汇、语法及修辞等 特点，判断出标题的寓意。 欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题时应该兼顾三个方面：准确理解标题，领悟其妙处；适 当照顾译文特点，增强可读性；重视读者的接受能力。欣赏或翻译英语新闻标题，对 于不太熟悉英语国家历史、文化背景的读者来说，有时并不是很容易的。许多妙不可 言的精彩之处，一疏忽就可能从眼皮底下滑过去。因此，这就要求我们平时注意积累，不断熟悉英语国家的历史掌故、文艺作品以及英语的修辞手段等等。一旦真的领会并 译出了英语标题中作者苦心营造的深奥内涵，那份喜悦不亚于数学家攻克一道难题。 一、直译或基本直译 如果英语标题的含义明白、直接，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则可直译或基本直译。如： Looking Back To Look Ahead. 回首往昔展望未来。 America's Careening Foreign Policy. 摇摆不定的美国对外政策。 Bill Clinton Assumes Office In White House As Us President. 比尔，克林顿入主白宫，就任美国总统。（或译：克林顿入主白宫，新总统始掌 大权。） Olympics Begin In Style; Swimmer Takes 1st Gold. 奥运会隆重开幕泳将夺首枚金牌。
二、添加注释性词语 即使是明白易懂的新闻标题，我们在汉译时也常需酌情加上逻辑主语，或新闻人物的国籍、消息的事发地点等等。总之，应兼顾中英语新闻标题之异同，适当增补有关介绍性、注释性词语以利读者理解，避免产生误会。例如： Li Elected Cppcc Head. 李（瑞环）当选为全国政协主席。 Lewis, Xie Voted World's Top Two. 路（易斯）谢（军）当选世界最佳男女（运动员）。 Emperor's Visit A Milestone In Bilateral Ties. 天皇访华：（中日）双边关系的里程碑。 Quake Death Toll Tops 5000. （日本限神地区）地震死亡人数己逾五千。 Young Wheelers, Big Dealers. 青年摩托车手成了（保险公司）大主顾。 三、体现原文修辞特点 如果英语标题寓意于某种修辞手段，如双关、比喻、押韵等，译成汉语以后中国读者不至于产生理解上的困难，则应尽可能体现原标题的修辞特色。如： 押韵：After The Boom Everything Is Gloom.
英文翻译中文在线翻译：促进经济平稳较快 发展 英文翻译中文在线翻译：促进经济平稳较快发展 （一）促进经济平稳较快发展 1. Promoting steady and robust economic development 扩大内需特别是消费需求是我国经济长期平稳较快发展的根本立足点，是今年工作的重点。 Expanding domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, which is essential to ensuring China’s long-term, steady, and robust economic development, is the focus of our economic work this year. 着力扩大消费需求。加快构建扩大消费的长效机制。大力调整收入分配格局，增加中低收入者收入，提高居民消费能力。完善鼓励居民消费政策。大力发展社会化养老、家政、物业、医疗保健等服务业。鼓励文化、旅游、健身等消费，落实好带薪休假制度。积极发展网络购物等新型消费业态。支持引导环保建材、节水洁具、节能汽车等绿色消费。
扩大消费信贷。加强城乡流通体系和道路、停车场等基础设施建设。加强产品质量安全监管。改善消费环境，维护消费者合法权益。 We will work hard to expand consumer demand. We will move faster to set up a permanent mechanism for boosting consumption. We will vigorously adjust income distribution, increase the incomes of low-and middle-income groups, and enhance people’s ability to consume. We will improve policies that encourage consumption. We will vigorously develop elderly care, domestic, property management, medical and healthcare services. We will encourage consumer spending on cultural activities, tourism, and fitness; and implement the system of paid vacations. We will actively develop new forms of consumption such as online shopping; support and guide the consumption of green goods such as environmentally friendly building materials, water-saving sanitation products, and energy-efficient vehicles; and expand consumer credit. We will improve the urban-rural logistics system and infrastructural facilities, such as roads and parking lots, strengthen supervision over product quality and
随着全球化的发展，中国与世界在政治、经济、文化等各方面的交流日益增多，越来越多的人去关注国际信息。新闻媒体的发展给予我们渠道去关注国际新闻，而英语新闻报道的翻译让我们能更好地掌握国际信息。新闻标题是新闻的重要部分，做好新闻标题的翻译就极为重要。本文介绍了英语新闻标题的一些基本信息，如新闻标题的定义、功能等。同时结合实例，详细分析英语新闻标题在词汇、语法及修辞手法等层面的特点。最后根据英语新闻标题在不同层面的特点提出一些英语新闻标题翻译的原则以及在实际翻译过程中的翻译技巧及方法。 1.中英文新闻标题的总论 在信息化时代，新闻是人们生活不可缺少的一部分，新闻标题是新闻内容的高度浓缩，也是吸引读者视线的关键所在，在国际报道中，新闻占了相当大的鼻中隔，而英语新闻更是重中之重，标题被当做英语新闻报道全文的精炼概括，为了吸引读者关注，往往采用各种手法来提升新闻标题的吸引力。同时给新闻标题的翻译带来不少挑战。 1.1标题的定义 新闻标题是新闻的眼睛, 也是新闻的重要组成部分。新闻标题是新闻文本对新闻内容加以概括或评价的简短文字。其字号大于正文，作用是划分、组织、揭示、评价新闻内容、吸引读者阅读。按不同的分类标准可以分不同的种类 1.2.中英文标题对比 1.2.1.共同之处 a).它们都是新闻的重要组成部分，是对全部新闻内容的浓缩和提炼，使读者能在短时间内选择新闻，阅读新闻和理解新闻。 b).新闻报道讲究客观公正，但是新闻标题具有明显的政治倾向，媒体编辑往往利用制作标题的机会借题发挥，在概括或浓缩新闻内容的同时，巧妙的融入自己的政治倾向，借以体现媒体的政治方针，宣传自己的政治主张，便于引导舆论。 c).中英文标题在写作方面，都十分的精炼，含义深邃。 1.2.2.差异之处 a).英语新闻相对较长，占字空间较大，所以标题必须十分简单。但中文相对含义比较丰富。
英语新闻系列讲座词汇特色(1) 现代社会发展迅猛，其结果之一便是新词语不断涌现。新中国成立以来，尤其是改革开放以来，现代汉语中出现了大量的新词汇，包括旧词新义、流行语、外来新词语等；甚至不少己湮没多年的旧词语也频频亮相，给人们，尤其是年轻一代，以耳目一新之感。在改革开放的今天，由于词典等工具书的编纂周期难以赶上现实生活中新词语的产生速度，广大英语学习者面临的一大难题就是，如何把这些新词语译成地道的英语。而英语报刊正好起到了为一般双语词典“拾遗补缺”的作用，如“双休日”、“拳头产品”、“人才流动”、“外向型经济”、“三资企业”、“扫黄运动”、“不正之风”、“小康水平”、“退居二线”、“有偿新闻”，“与国际接轨”等词语的英译，首先都是见诸英语报端的。现列举几则摘自英语报刊含有这类新词语英语表达的实例，以资佐证： 1）Taking advantage of the two-day dayoffs，he basked in the spring sunshine with his family. （他和家人一起沐浴在春天的阳光之下，享受双休日所带来的乐趣。） 2）The central government called on every region to develop its own export-oriented hit products according to its local advantages and characteristic. （中央政府号召各地利用本地优势和特点开发当地的出口型拳头产品。） 3）In order to fully tap the human resources，the rational flow of trained personnel should not only be allowed but also be encouraged． （为了充分发掘人才潜力，不仅应该允许人才合理流动，而且还要鼓励人才流动。） 4）To further develop the export一oriented economy，Shanghai is to make a number of preferential policies soon to encourage business people both at home and abroad to set up more enterprises in the the three forms of ventures，i．e. enterprises for Sino-foreign joint venture，for Sino-foreign co-production and enterprises with sole foreign capital. （为了进一步发展外向型经济，上海最近将出台一系列优惠政策，以鼓励国内外经营者创建更多的三资企业，即中外合资企业、中外合作企业和外商独资企业。） 5）The disappearance of such materials as pornographic（色情画，色性描写）and obscene（淫秽的）books，periodicals and tapes is proof that China''s campaign against porns is making progress. （黄色书刊及音响制品现己难觅踪迹，这证明了中国的扫黄运动正在取得进展。） 6）Some austere measures should be taken to check the unhealthy tendencies which，according to the press exposures ，were rampant in some localities. （从新闻媒介所暴露的情况来看，不正之风在一些地区已非常严重，必须采取严格措施刹住这股歪风。） 7）The next ojective for the Chinese people to strive for is to reach the well-to-do level．（中国人民的下一个奋斗目标是在本世纪末达到小康水平。） 8）He works enthusiastically as ever even though he has retired from the leading post． （尽管己退居二线，他的工作热情丝毫不减。） 9）Journalists should firmly object to the payoffs-aimed journalism which deviates from press ethics. （新闻记者应坚决反对有偿新闻，因为它违背了新闻记者的职业道德。） 10）Many large companies in Shanghai have geared（使齿轮连接，使适应）themselves to the international conventions and set up aftersales services accepting repairs and
新闻英语的词汇特征及中文翻译 摘要：新闻已经成为人们生活中不可缺少的一部分。新闻英语从某种程度上可以说是现代英语的重要组成部分，其语言变化日新月异，新的词汇层出不穷。新闻英语频繁使用新词，包括新事生新词、派生新词汇、旧词衍生新义；广泛使用借用词，如借用外来词，俗语和俚语，地名，人、物名称等；多使用首字母缩略词。英语新闻词汇具有简洁性、可读性以厦新词的广泛运用等特点。新闻英语的这些词汇特点，了解和掌握这些特点，才能提供正确的中文翻译。 关键词：新闻英语词汇特征英译汉 引言 当今世界日新月异，作为世界性语言的英语每天都有大量新词语问世。事实上，现代英语的涵盖范畴正在成百上千倍地被拓展，而英语世界里能够详尽记录这一变迁世界的最佳手段，已经非英语新闻媒体莫属。新闻英语集现代英语之大成，各学科的专业术语，不同领域的行话，民众的饭后闲聊等，新闻英语几乎无所不在。新闻英语作为一种重要跨文化的传播媒介，在语体上有着自己独特的写作风格，从语言上看，也有着自己行业英语明显的特征。在词汇方面，新闻英语有别于其他的写作形式。中国读者一般熟悉从英语教材上学到的比较规范的文字，而对新闻报刊上的新闻体词汇可能较为陌生，这就增加了中国英语习得者阅读和翻译英语新闻报刊的难度。了解和掌握一些新闻英语词汇的特点，才能提供正确的中文翻译。 新闻英语的词汇特点及其翻译 第一，新词的频繁使用。 旧词衍生新义。旧词获得新义也就是一个词获得了新的词义范畴，使原来的表达形式分化来了一个新的词位。新闻英语中，旧词添新义的现象屡见不鲜，随着这些词语的广泛运用，它们也逐步渗入日常生活用语中。例如，海啸(tsunami)本来是指一种灾难性的海浪，通常由震源在海底下50千米以内、里氏震级6.5以上的海底地震引起。水下或沿岸山崩或火山爆发也可能引起海啸。但人们现在借用金融海啸(6nancial tsunami)来形容经济危机。又如，常用的动词(break)有了新词义霹雳舞。再如，在计算机术语中mouse(老鼠)成了鼠标；menu 原指菜馆的菜单，现在为电脑的菜单。还有其他的例子，如：hacker(黑客)原指热衷于深入了解计算机网络内部工作原理的那些程序设计人员，现在常被用于贬义的场合，指那些利用其掌握的技术侵入非公开机构如金融等部门网络进行破坏的人；cool原指凉爽的，现在用来形容比较时尚、新潮甚至另类的年轻人。 上述这三类新词，虽然有时与原义风马牛不相及，但在新闻英语中却层出不穷，大大丰富了新闻英语的词汇。翻译时应有足够的敏感度，以免引起误解和误译。 第二，借用词的大量使用。 借用外来词。在报道第一手新鲜资料时，最先使用外来词汇主要是为了引起读者的兴趣与注意。一方面，外来词表现外国新出现的事物；另一方面，外来词使新闻的时新性更强。随着时间的推移，外来词会渐渐英语化，继而被人们所接受。如blitz原本是德语词，意思是闪电和打雷，后来在英语中指闪电战。又如kungfu一词源于中文，表示功夫、武功，现在在英语中指武术或那些打斗的动作片。外来语的使用填补了英语词汇的不足，翻译时应仔细品味，准确把握其表层意思与深层含义，用相应的汉语进行释译。有时要采用灵活的方法进行翻译，如对于源于日语的英语新词karaoke，在汉译时可以采用特殊的方法，翻译成卡拉
摘要:文化因素在文学翻译中占有举足轻重的地位,正确地处理文学翻译中的文化差异对于提高翻译作品质量和促进各国之间的文化交流有着至关重要的作用。本文探讨了几种处理文学翻译中文化差异的方法,无论采用哪一种方法或兼并使用,翻译的目的是为了创造更完美的翻译作品——既充分体现原文的风格、内涵又满足译文读者的需要。 关键词:文化差异;文学翻译;源语(source language) ;目的语(target language)转载于中国论文联盟https://www.doczj.com/doc/c34127460.html, 随着全球经济、政治和科技的一体化,多元文化并存势在必行,文化在各国交流与往来中变得极为重要。受其影响,文化成为文学翻译作品中的一个重要因素。在今天的社会中,翻译已不再仅仅被看作是语言符号的转换,而被看作是一种跨文化交际的行为。翻译成为了一种文化模式的转换。人们用“intercultural communication(跨文化交际) ”、“intercultural cooperation ( 跨文化合作) ”、“acculturation(文化交融) ”或“t ransculturation(跨文化交际) ”等一系列术语来替代“翻译”(郭建中,2000 , P277) 。因此,怎样更加准确、恰如其分地处理文学翻译中的文化差异是创造完美翻译作品的关键。本文从不同的角度探讨了尽量减少文化差异的四种不同的翻译方法。 一、文学体裁和文化差异 翻译实践是与翻译作品的文体紧紧相联的。不同文体的翻译作品有着各自独特的语言特征。只有在同时掌握源语和目的语两种语言的特征且能熟练运用两种语言的情况下,译者才能创造出真实体现源语 风格的翻译作品。作品语言风格的不同就意味着所蕴涵的文化因素也各不相同。例如:就科技体裁的文章而言,其所承载的文化因素较少。在这类作品的翻译过程中,准确如实地将源语信息内容转化成目的语远远比对两种语言文化的转换要重要得多。相反,在文学体裁的作品中,如小说、诗歌、散文等,文化就成为翻译中应考虑的重要因素之一。如果忽略了文化因素,译作就成了没血没肉的、只是由词汇和句子堆积起来的躯壳。在读者眼里,失去了文化的译作也是没有灵魂的作品。因此,优秀的译者在文学翻译实践中应充分考虑如何处理不同体裁作品中的文化差异。 在所有的文学作品中,诗歌是富含文化因素最多的一种文学体裁,无论是其形式或内容都充分展现了它自身的文化特性。例如: 英语的十四行诗和汉语的七律诗都体现了各自浓厚的文化特色。在翻译实践中,除准确地再现诗的内涵、风格和原作者的思想外,还应译出诗的文化特色。许多翻译技巧,例如增补、注释、回译、替代等,都可以用来解决翻译中出现的文化差异现象,从而使目的语读者能够充分体会源语的文化风格。众所周知,汉语语言重视意合(Parataxis) 而英语语言注重形合(Hypotaxis) 。汉语意合的典型特征就是语言中有许多无主语句和不完整的句子,但是,在正常的英语语法中,句子必定有主语。因此,在英汉翻译中,可以通过增加或删减主语、宾语、关联词等来实现语言和篇章的连贯以及解决两种语言文化差异的矛盾。例如,唐代诗人李白的《静夜诗》中的“床前明月光,疑是地上霜”可译为了符合英语形合的特征,译者按照英语“主谓宾(SVO) ”结构的语言模式,增加了主语“I”、关联词“if”和谓语动词“see”;译者采用诠释的方法,将“床前明月光”译成了“Abed , I see a silver light”1替代也是通常用来弥补文化差异的一种翻译技巧。例如:“众人拾柴火焰高”可译作”Many handsmake light work”。这里,译者根据英语读者的文化习惯用“众人干活活不累”替代了“众人拾柴火焰高”。再如,“胆小如鼠”被译作“as timid as a rabbit”。当汉语转换成英语后,“兔子”代替了“老鼠”,因为英语国家的读者在他们的文化氛围中认为“兔子最温顺”,而不理解“胆小如鼠”。其它类似的例子如下: 如鱼得水like a duck to water 多如牛毛as plentiful as blackberries 一箭之遥at a stone’s throw 水中捞月to fish in the air
Outline 1. Introduction 2. Development of English News Title 2.1 History of English News Title 2.2 Functions of English News Title 2.2.1 Pointing Out the News Content 2.2.2 Producing Attractive Effects. 2.3 Differences between Chinese and English News Titles 2.3.1 V ocabulary Similarities and Differences 2.3.2 Tense Similarities and Differences 2.3.3 Rhetoric Similarities and Differences 2.3.4 Punctuation Mark Similarities and Differences 3. Translation of English News Titles 3.1 Literal Translation 3.2 Free Translation 3.3 Addition 3.4 Omission 3.5 Negation Translation 3.6 Alliteration 3.7 Making Use of the Advantage Chinese in Translation 4. Conclusion
[Abstract] English news titles play a special role in news reporting. Thus we should place special emphasis on the research of the characteristics and translation of English news titles. This thesis focuses on the study of English news titles in terms of their grammatical features and its translation. When it comes to translation, it tries to reproduce the functions of English news titles which requires translators’ agility and ingenuity in applying semantic and rhetorical devices. With grammatical and semantic exploration into the English news titles, such studies strive to benefit the readers in their understanding of what the editor wants to convey. [Key words] English news title; function; comparison; translations methods 英语新闻标题及其翻译 [摘要]标题在新闻报道中具有独特的地位。因此在整个新闻英语翻译中标题翻译的作用不可忽视。本文拟从以下角度进行论证：英文报刊标题的文字简练醒目，无疑是来源于对英语语法得心应手的灵活运用。而要再现英文标题在原文中所起的浓缩主题、画龙点睛的作用，需要译者同样在用词和修辞等语法方面匠心独运。本文拟通过对英语新闻标题翻译原则和策略的探讨，以期能对新闻英语包括英语标题翻译找到一条具有特定翻译规则的途径作出有益的尝试。 [关键词] 英语新闻标题; 作用; 分类; 对比; 翻译方法 1 Introduction What is the title? A title of a piece of news usually printed in large type and devised to summarize, gives essential information, or interests readers in reading the news content . Naturally readers buy newspapers in order to keep posted on daily happenings. However, t oday’s English newspapers are getting fatter with a great
【新闻一】 欧洲杯期间谨防足球流氓 原文 British football supporters have a particularly bad reputation so much so nine crimes that only applied to the sport have been enforced. Elsa Ali finds find out why fans are given the red card. Scenes like these are not uncommon during football matches. Despite British football fans and hooliganism being considered synonymous abroad, fans here say that the troublemakers are few and because of them, that fans are all being treated like criminals. The sort of numbers that we're dealing with here 38 million people were attending football matches last season，and there were eighteen hundred and seventy arrests that sort of all that's a tiny tiny number. So most football matches are trouble-free，arrest free. There's a few bad apples they need to be targeted, but the behavior of fans is good. There are nine football-only crimes which wouldn't be considered a criminal offence if committed anywhere outside of a football stadium. They include encroaching on the pitch，drinking in view of the pitch or even reselling or giving away a ticket. And if those weren't enough, fans are also subjected to special powers. Football banning orders can impose restrictions such as not going within three miles of a football stadium on match days. Requirements to report to the police station at designated times or even surrendering your passport when your club or country are playing abroad. But The Home Office told us evidence shows the legislation has proved effective. Levels of football disorder have been significantly reduced since the introduction of football banning orders in 2000. But the policing is always proportional. Some fans feel like they're being unfairly targeted by government legislation forced by police forces up and down the country. We're here in Millwall whose supporters say they're routinely harassed by the authorities week in week out. Sometimes it starts before the trouble starts you know. They're trying to keep people in check sometimes it can cause more alceration. I have a lot of respect for the police. Because they have a lot of tough job to do in these day. It's not their fault. Sometimes they're told what to do by other people. At the end of the day, people are just trying to watch a football game. And I think we gave more than most things. Indeed several of the Millwall fans that we spoke to concede that they have a bad reputation. It was their supporters we saw at the beginning of the piece fighting with Barnsley fans during the recent League One play-off final at Wembley. But what if the police start arresting people for slightly less a crimes. As we were celebrating, I got pulled out a crowd and you know I was arrested for common assault. Many football fans might have a problem sinking their teeth into laws being used for seemingly