High school geography (o 'clock) required 1 review the knowledge points
Primary and high cohesion
A map,
1. Contour interpretation: bending direction: convex high to low, convex low to high.
2. Slope size interpretation: the same map, steep thin slow;
Share the same map, scale, the greater the contour interval, the greater the slope;
The same map, contour interval, the bigger the scale, the greater the slope.
Second, the earth
1, the prime meridian, the international rules, through the British capital of London's Greenwich observatory site that a meridian, as 0 °meridian, also called the prime meridian.
Note: the place where the international standard time to 0 degrees longitude.
2, longitude: from 0 °meridian, east, west members in 180 degrees, 180 degrees east of belong to the east, west of 180 degrees west longitude.
3, the east, the western hemisphere: since 20 °W warp clockwise to (or from east to west) and 160 ° E meridian this part is called the western hemisphere. Since 20 °W warp counter-clockwise from the west to the east (or ground) to 160 °E meridian, this part is called the eastern hemisphere. Memory method: 0-20 degrees are in the western hemisphere; 160-160 degrees of the old world; The rest of the E is the eastern hemisphere, W for the western hemisphere.
4, meridian characteristics: (1) all the meridian meet in north and south poles; 2 all the meridian length is equal; (3) the two corresponding meridian constitute a coil, and can divide the earth into two hemispheres.
5, parallel: on the globe, with the equator, are called lines of latitude parallel length range. All the parallel form a circle, called the pickfinding coil.
The first chapter: the earth in the universe
A, planet earth
1. The universe: no start and no end of time the vastness of space.
2. The object:
Low concept: the form of material existence, including streaming nebula, planets, stars, comets, and other interstellar matter (such as gas, dust).
Low celestial system: all the heavenly bodies attract each other, to form objects.
When the level of the celestial system:
3. The solar system and its members:
Second-ranking eight planets: fire, gold, land, water, wood, earth, pop, Neptune.
When they orbit common features: ecotropic, coplanar, nearly circular.
Low and can be divided into three categories:
Earth-like planets: (1) : water, gold, earth, Mars
(2) the giant planets: wood, Saturn
(3) far planets: pop, Neptune
When the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. (note: the fire with wood burning, with the asteroid belt)
4. The source of the life exists:
(1) to moderate distance, the suitable temperature (2) quality - volume suitable for biological breath of air
(3) - water material movement in the interior of the earth
Second, the influence of the sun on the earth
1. Provide energy:
The main components of the low sun: hydrogen and helium.
Low solar radiation in the form of electromagnetic radiation. Source: internal fusion.
Low latitude difference heat difference: low latitudes, strong solar radiation, biomass; On the other hand.
2 solar activity:
When the sun's atmosphere from outside to inside is divided into: corona (the outermost layer), color ball, ball, the sun's surface, the brightest).
Low solar activity: the main sunspot cycle (11 years).
Flare is important symbol, it is the most intense solar activity.
When the solar wind in the corona layer; A solar storm occurred in the surface of the sun.
Low solar activity of three effects:
(1) the electromagnetic disturbance in the ionosphere radio short-wave communication
(2) disturbance earth's electromagnetic field charged particles produce geomagnetic storm
(3) charged particles into the atmosphere The undesirable.
Low rainfall and sunspots have certain relevance: positive correlation, negative correlation. Three, earth movement:
: 1. The movement of the earth's rotation and revolution. Direction is from west to east.
2. The earth's rotation:
Low around the center: the earth's axis (it always points to the north near the north star)
Low earth rotation: sidereal day 56 minutes and 4 seconds) when (23, 360 o
Another cycle is: solar day (24 hours), 360 o59 '
Low rotation direction:
On the earth's rotation is counterclockwise from the North Pole, the South Pole is clockwise.
Low angular velocity: in addition to the north and south poles point of 0, other local angular velocity of 15 o/h.
Low linear velocity: the equator (1670 m/s), the largest to the poles gradually decreases, and the linear velocity between 0.
Low place with area:
The same place on the same meridian;
Today, the scope of all over the world = 180 degrees longitude place / 24
3. The revolution of the earth:
Low around the center: the sun
Low cycle:
Sidereal year: 365 6 9 and 10 seconds (real cycle)
Tropical year: 365 days at 5 48 minutes and 46 seconds (solar cycle)
Low orbit, elliptic, the sun is located in one of the focus.
Perihelion (in early January, angular velocity and linear velocity), aphelion (minimum in early July, angular velocity and linear velocity).
Note: the summer solstice point near aphelion, the winter solstice point near perihelion.
Low obliquity (23026) : the ecliptic plane + equatorial plane
4. Significance of motion of the earth:
Low rotation: produce change, local time, day and night to coriolis force, the transformation of the earth shape (slightly flat at the poles and the equator slightly drum)
Low orbit: the seasonal change (noon the sun changes height, length of day and night), the formation of WuDai.
The rotation and revolution of the earth: obliquity (23 o26 ').
5. Calculation of motion of the earth:
Low terminator: perpendicular to the sun's rays, the altitude of the sun to 0.
The morning line: from night into day. Faint line: from day into night.
Note: the sun point-blank point height is 90 degrees. By direct point decreases to the terminator, midnight ball of the sun is negative.
Low will be divided into 24 time zones around the world, each time zone 15 o across longitude, the adjacent two time zones differ for 1 hour.
The problem solving three methods:
(1) a time zone: serial number 15 o = known longitude/zones, remainder < 7.5 integer number for time zone; Remainder > 7.5 integer serial number + 1 for time zone
(2) the difference between the two time zones: with area subtraction, different areas together
(3) "east and west" : prayer point in the east of known points with "+", to the west with "-"
Low date line: the principle of 180 o meridian as the date line, but there are three twists and turns. Twelve area from the east into the west 12 area minus one day; Twelve area from west to east into the twelve plus one day.
Three methods for the length of day and night low solution:
(1) a day length somewhere: a point for parallel or pickfinding coil, part of the day more is the nights are short, on the other hand, the days are short, the nights are long.
(2) one day long 2 x, the sunrise is 12:00 - x, the sunset is: 12: + x, the night long time * 2 = sunrise
Sunrise time = 12 - day length / 2; Sunset time = 12 + daylength / 2, sunrise and sunset = 24, day + night long = 24.
And (3) the equinoxes day: terminator meridian overlap, the globe equinox, sunrise at 6:00, 18:00 sunset.
Note: the problem solving breakthrough: the equator at equinox, sunrise at 6:00, 18:00 sunset. When noon the sun: H = 90 - ∣(phi - lambda) ∣(latitude)
Note: phi for petitions to latitude, lambda latitude for sun spot. When the sun and ask the same hemisphere with phi - lambda; When the sun and ask respectively in the south, the northern hemisphere in the phi + lambda. :
Place of longitude are as follows: a low sun dot was 12:00.
Note: the pole of the sun = direct point latitude; Just appear surfaces of the polar night latitude than with direct point latitude;
Solar panels and the ground = local geographic latitude Angle with direct point latitude latitude. Low date line: a date line minus one day, in the direction of the earth's rotation and vice plus one day.
Low apparent motion: the spring equinox, the autumnal equinox, the world is dongsheng, is;
The sun point in the northern hemisphere, the world outside, northeast litres of northwest fall;
The sun point in the southern hemisphere, the world outside, southeast litres of southwest. Fourth, the structure of the spheres of the earth
Study: 1. The seismic waves
Seismic wave is divided into: (S) (P) and shear waves.
Note: the longitudinal wave can be solid, liquid and gas.
Shear wave only through solid.
Faster than transverse wave, vertical wave during an earthquake on land first commonly so feel shake up and down, and then the vibration; Only shake up and down in the ocean.
2. Layers of earth's interior
Low from outside to inside is divided into three layers: the earth's crust, mantle and core. Between the crust and mantle is mohorovicic interface, between the mantle and the core is the Gutenberg interface.
Low asthenosphere: the earthquake and the birthplace of magma. In the upper portion of the upper mantle, but not at the top.
Low lithosphere, including the top of upper mantle and crust.
3. The outer layers of the earth: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere.
The second chapter: the earth's atmosphere
A, uneven and cause atmospheric movement
1. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation - > atmosphere weaken - > ground radiation absorption -- - > > ground radiation big reversed flow of qi (thermal effect)
2. The simplest atmospheric movement: thermal circulation
3. The sea-land thermal circulation: figure (activities).
Land breeze blowing sea breeze blowing during the day, night. Because the daytime terrestrial heats up faster than ocean, land formation of low pressure, the sea is high pressure; Night cool faster than ocean land, land formation pressure, the sea is low pressure.
4. The horizontal pressure gradient force: it is form the immediate cause of the wind; Isobar and vertical directions; By the high pressure to low pressure.
5. Coriolis force, to the right in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere to the left.
6. The friction that wind speed, the greater the friction, the smaller the wind speed; Can also affect the direction of the wind and the Angle of isobar.
2, 1. The seven pressure belt, and six wind belt: remember the name, location, and the wind with the wind.
Air pressure and wind with symmetrical about the equator.
2. Three times circulation: low weft, weft, in high latitude circulation.
3. The season of air pressure belt and belt movement: in the northern hemisphere summer, air pressure and wind belt moving north
Note: in the northern hemisphere is summer, is the southern hemisphere winter.
4. Sea-land thermal properties differences: winter mainland cooling fast, high pressure formation, turn off the subpolar depression belt; Mainland summer heating up fast, low pressure formation, turn off the subtropical high pressure belt.
5. Air pressure center:
North Asia Pacific north Atlantic
Winter Asian high pressure
(Mongolia - Siberian high pressure) Aleutian low Icelandic low
Summer Asian low pressure
Low voltage (India) Hawaiian high the Azores high
6. Monsoon: (key)
Summer: the prevailing southeast monsoon (from the western Pacific subtropical high pressure zone), and South Asia is southwest monsoon (the southern hemisphere summer the southeast trade winds across the equator, the ground under the action of coriolis force to the right slant gradually into southwest).
Winter: the prevailing northwest monsoon, south are the northeast monsoon.
7. Climate type:
Note: describe the climate of a place to describe the rainfall and temperature.
(1) under a single pressure belt or wind belt control: a tropical rainforest climate, temperate maritime climate.
Note: a tropical rainforest climate, high temperature and rainy all year. Temperate Marine climate, average temperature above 0 o, precipitation too much or too little.
(2) in two kinds of alternating pressure belt or wind belt control: the Mediterranean climate, tropical grassland climate.
Note: Mediterranean climate more less precipitation in summer in the winter, Cape Town is a Mediterranean climate.
The climate of our country is mainly: the subtropical monsoon climate (south), temperate monsoon climate (north), temperate continental climate (northwest)
3, 1. The frontal: cold and warm air mass convergence.
Below the cold in front.
Frontal and strike collectively known as the front.
(1) warm front: moving cold, warm air mass, precipitation in front of the front.
(2) a cold: cold to warm air mass movement, after precipitation in front.
(3) the quasi stationary front: warm, cold forces formed fairly.
Early summer, quasi stationary front in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river region form the rainy weather.
2. The ridge: from high pressure extension of the long and narrow area.
Trough: the low pressure extension of the long and narrow area.
Cyclone: central pressure is low, high pressure around; In the northern hemisphere is counterclockwise convergence,
In the southern hemisphere is clockwise convergence; Vertical air currents to rise.
High anticyclone: central pressure, low pressure around; In the northern hemisphere is clockwise divergence,
In the southern hemisphere is counterclockwise divergence; Vertical direction airflow sink.
In the northern hemisphere with the right-hand rule, the southern hemisphere is left hand rule, thumb airflow direction and vertical direction in the same direction.
Note: (1) the typhoon is a special form of cyclone. (2) our country affected by the cyclone is mainly: extratropical cyclone and tropical cyclones. Perennial influenced by extratropical cyclone, tropical cyclone mainly in summer. (3) the anticyclone: summer is from Pacific warm tropical oceans anticyclone, such as drought weather to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze river; Winter from Mongolian cold temperate zone continental anticyclone.
4 and 1. Nearly a century, the global climate characteristics: rising temperatures. Since 1860, the
temperature rise by 0.6 oC.
2. The temperature rise of three effects: (1) (2) the impact of agricultural production rising sea levels (3) affect the water cycle.
3. Measures: controlling greenhouse gas emissions and afforestation, etc.
The third chapter: the water on the earth
A, 1. Water: (1) water is main body (2) the glacier is one of the most abundant fresh water resources. But not much
2. The relationship between rivers and lakes supply: if water from rivers, lakes, lake supplies to the river. On the other hand.
3. The three major types: water circulation between sea and land circulation, land circulation, circulate in the sea.
Among them between sea and land circulation is the most important and most complete. The circulation process:
2, 1. The currents are divided into: warm and cold.
Current: from the high temperature area ocean current flow to the low temperature area; General is also flow from low latitude to high latitude.
A cold snap.
The main motivation: 2. The current prevailing winds.
3. The winter currents distribution: figure 3.25; In low latitudes is clockwise in the northern hemisphere, ocean circulation, ocean circulation of high latitudes is anticlockwise; In the southern hemisphere in low latitudes is counterclockwise.
4. The north Indian Ocean currents: summer prevailing southwest, so is the ocean circulation clockwise; Ocean circulation is winter popular northeaster, counterclockwise.
5. The north Atlantic current, ice-free port to appear inside the Arctic Circle.
6. The formation of the four major fishing grounds:
(1) cold warm current intersection formed: Newfoundland, Hokkaido, and the north sea fisheries.
(2) affected by offshore wind: Peru fishing grounds.
7. El nino: from the sea near Peru, is the equatorial current flows to the south, the increased water temperatures cause coast of Peru.
Floods cause Peru and Ecuador formation; Australia, drought in Indonesia.
The atmospheric circulation such as the right:
Key: 3, 1. The water to measure average runoff for years.
Runoff = precipitation, evaporation.
2. One of the most abundant water resources continents: Asia.
Water is the most rich countries: Brazil. Our country is located in the sixth.
3. The rational utilization of water resources: open source throttling.
The fourth chapter: the surface shape of the form
A, 1. Geological processes including: internal force and external force. The internal force is dominant.
2. The internal force of the three forms: crustal movement, magmatic activity, metamorphism. The crustal movement is the main mode for shaping the surface morphology.
3. The crustal movement:
(1) horizontal motion: extrusion formation fold mountains, stretch forming fault zone.
(2) vertical movement: form rugged terrain and changes of the land and sea.
Among them is given priority to with horizontal motion.
4. The external force:
(1) weathering: weathering products to stay put
(2) erosion: product left in situ, in situ formation of erosion. Such as ice bucket, horn, mushroom rock.
(3) transportation
(4) the accumulation effect
5. Lithospheric material circulation as shown in figure:
Second, (the result of the internal force)
1. Fold mountain:
(1) anticline: rock up, older wing center strata is new, repairable tunnel, and oil and gas storage.
(2) the syncline: rock down, a new wing older center strata, reservoir.
Note: sometimes the crestal eroded due to tension into the valley; Syncline due to the slot of strong resistance to erosion and syncline mountains.
2. Block mountain:
(1) rock mass rise to form the mountains or heights: such as huashan, lushan mountain, mount tai.
(2) the rock down to form valley or lowland: wei river, fen river valley plain.
Note: the geological structure is mainly divided into two categories, four classes:
It is fold, anticline and syncline; Second, fault, including horst rises (rock) and graben (falling rock) two kinds.
Terrain: mountain, mountains, block mountain, valley, etc.
3. The volcano:
Composed of volcanic cone and the crater. The crater lake water is easy to form, such as China's changbai mountain tianchi (also called mountain tianchi).
Japan's Mount Fuji and volcanic.
Note: if the magma along the earth's crust linear fracture flow often form plateau, such as Columbia plateau.
4. Railway in mountain area highway in first, mainly considering the requirement of the topography and cost problem.
5. The traffic of mountain areas are mainly distributed in the mountain basin and river valley. Third, the external force ()
1. The erosion:
Consist of headward erosion, corrosion, lateral erosion; Early river valley, the cross section is "V" glyph, maturing into a trough.
2. Rivers in concave bank erosion, and convex bank accumulation; In the concave bank can build pier, convex bank can be gold.
3. The accumulation features:
Alluvial plain is a typical geomorphic types, the diluvial - (piedmont alluvial plain, alluvial flat plains (middle), delta plain (river mouth).
4. The rivers are stacked landform influence on settlement distribution:
Terrain settlement settlement shape distribution
Plateau on both sides of the river valley plains of flood land obvious banded
Mountain piedmont pluvial fan, fan, overbank plain obvious banded
Plain along the river settlement zone, coastal settlements with ribbon, clumps
5. Chongming island:
Is a part of Shanghai, the Yangtze river estuary is, water erosion, handling, stacking formed.
Add: earth movement knowledge best problem solving skills
A, the direction of the earth's rotation:
The earth rotates from west to east. Along the direction of increasing degrees east longitude and along the west longitude direction as the earth's rotation direction. Vertical view in the arctic is counterclockwise rotation of the earth, the earth is at the South Pole the vertical clockwise rotation.
Second, the north and south hemispheres of the judgment:
In the arctic earth movement in the top viewport, the earth a counterclockwise rotation, the center for the North Pole; A clockwise rotation, the center to the South Pole. Summarized as: "the north inverse lam soon"
The comparison, the size of the velocity:
North and south poles without angular velocity and speed of wireless. Linear velocity of the earth's rotation due to the difference of each latitude and there are differences. From the equator to the poles, linear velocity equatorial region, the largest 60 °from the equator linear velocity is about half of the equator. Equal angular velocity (in addition to the north and south poles) anywhere, approximately 15 °/.
Four, far, perihelion judgment:
In the earth's orbit diagram, if the axis of the earth to the sun, judge the revolution of the earth to near aphelion (July), revolution speed slower. If the axis of the earth from the sun, judge the revolution of the earth to perihelion (1 month). Revolution speed faster, and from perihelion to aphelion, revolution speed slower and slower.
Five, the morning line and faint lines of interpretation:
The characteristics of the terminator is a perpendicular to the sun's rays, the second is always share the equator.
Methods: (1) day and night hemisphere boundaries - terminator, along the earth's rotation by night into day hemisphere line for the morning line, from the dayside hemisphere into night line is faint line.
Method (2) : use when judging the morning line and faint line. Because the equator day and night all year long, from the perspective of the local time is 6 sunrise, sunset when 18, and the place where the equatorial node if the terminator is 6, for the morning line; If time is 18, is faint line. Six, place the calculation:
As the earth rotates from west to east, at the same latitude region, by east place than location by west places to see the sunrise, place (i.e., east west late) early, early, therefore, longitude different places, different place, on the basis of earth rotation angular velocity, longitude every 15 °, place a difference of 1 hour. In rizhao figure on the calculation of the key is to find a place of meridian, and other according to the place where the meridian meridian.
Methods: (1) in the vertical view: daytime hemisphere for noon (12) and the central meridian meridian in the middle of the night for 0/24.
Method (2) : use morning and faint line intersects with the equator calculated when a meridian, the place where the morning line intersects with the equator is 6, faint line intersects with the equator place to 18.
Article a meridian was determined by the two methods of place, to see how much the earth is divided into equal parts, two adjacent longitude difference is how many degrees longitude, and calculated on the principle of "east and west to reduce" place in other parts of the world. Seven, judgment, latitude and longitude:
With 0 °longitude (prime meridian) as the starting line, 0 °east longitude in degrees east longitude, for the west of longitude, and for increasing degrees east longitude, east to the west increases as the west longitude; If with the opening of the 180 °meridian line, east to west, longitude 180 °meridian for west of degrees east longitude, and the decrease of west east longitude, to the west for degrees east longitude. Assuming no 0 °or 180 °the starting line, along the earth's rotation direction and east, longitude degree for increasing degrees east longitude, reduced to west longitude.
Eight, horizontal motion object movement direction deviation judgment:
Due to the earth's rotation, the horizontal motion object migration direction. Along the direction of motion of the object, the northern migration to the right, in the southern hemisphere to the left deviation, not deflection on the equator.
Nine, judgment, direct sunlight and solar terms:
At a certain hour of direct sunlight, in the day the sun of the parallel and noon the longitude line (divide the dayside hemisphere meridian as the sun point-blank meridian, place of 12 points) on the intersection of.
Throttle position and main basis terminator surfaces at the range of the polar night to determine: if the terminator through the north and south poles and meridian overlap; No polar day and polar night around the north and south poles, for half day sunshine figure; If terminator with polar circle tangent, and inside the Arctic Circle to surfaces (darkness), within the Antarctic circle for polar night (surfaces), it is in the northern hemisphere summer solstice day (winter solstice).
10 and judgment for the length of day and night and the day is long, night long calculation: Direct sunlight which hemisphere (northern or southern hemisphere), which hemisphere nights are short, and the higher latitudes of the shorter days and the long night, the other half ball, on the other hand. Direct sunlight point moving north, the northern hemisphere day, night grow shorter. The surfaces around the arctic (darkness) expanded (narrow), the southern hemisphere, on the other hand; Direct sunlight point move southward, the northern hemisphere day short, night grew and the surfaces around the arctic (darkness) narrow (enlarge); The southern hemisphere, on the other hand.
On the same latitude equals the length of day and night, half day length of day and night, anywhere for 12 hours. On the equator day and night all year long, other time different latitude of the length of day and night. Day long for sunrise to sunset for a period of time. If calculated by day (night) long point not terminator line, but before that point does it take to make a parallel, computing the intersection of parallel and terminator again the day (night) long. Because the same weft length of day and night, the same latitude on the same latitude north and south hemispheres day length is equal to half the nights are long.
11, sunrise and sunset moment calculation:
According to the area where the intersection of parallel and terminator place or moment: according to day long time calculated,
Method 1: time + sunset moment = 24 method 2: when the sunrise time = 12 - half day long; Sunset moment = 12 + half day long, judging the relative position of two points:
Meridian indicates the north-south direction, away from the south (north) pole of all points in the north (south); The northern latitude high (low) relative direction is north (south), the southern hemisphere, on the other hand. Parallel instructions what direction, the (reverse) the earth's rotation direction, is to the east (west). At the same latitude longitude difference compare things must two less than or equal to 180 °.
13, noon sun height calculation:
At the same time, the height by the sun at high noon sun to the north and south on both sides. The sun highly decrease degree is equal to the latitude difference between the two places. How many degrees latitude related, noon the sun from the sun to the north and south sides reduce how many degrees.
14, date change and the date range of interpretation:
Date change line has two: one is natural date line (24/0 time line) when time is 0/24, namely along the earth's rotation direction, from the "today" to "tomorrow". A for the international date line (180 °meridian), on both sides of the same time zone, date by a day, 12 district east one day earlier than the west 12 district. Date line for today, west of east for yesterday. But the date line do not coincide with 180 °meridian, or along the earth's rotation to east across the date line date minus one day, against the earth's rotation direction date plus one day, namely, "east west reduction plus".
Replace line has two date, date range is: to zero along the earth's rotation direction from 180 °meridian meridian to () a day later than yesterday, against the earth's rotation direction from 180 °meridian to zero meridian for today. The zero meridian east one day earlier than the west. If the date line 180 °on the meridian is 24, when the global scope for a date, if the place of 12, the date for a split into two.
15 and obliquity effect:
Due to earth movement produced obliquity, size of 23 °26 ". In a certain period can be regarded as a constant. Assume obliquity increases, then the sun point-blank range, tropical, frigid zone, surfaces (darkness), air pressure and wind move all increase. Only temperate zone radius reduced. Suppose obliquity decreases, and the sun point-blank range, tropical, frigid zone, surfaces (darkness), air pressure and wind mobile rate were decreased. The only temperate expanded.
英语语法大全 初中英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词 或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间 接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如： He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：
2021初三英语语法选择提高篇（5篇） (一) Yesterday I read a report on a charity show in a local newspaper. The aim of the show was 1._____ money for the poor children. In the poor areas, some children were out of school because their parents couldn't 2.______ their education. Many pop stars3.______the charity show, such as Andy Liu, Jay, Faye Wang and Kitty Chen. The stars didn't ask for any pay. They did it for long! There were a lot of performances 4._____singing and dancing. The audience (观众) were so 5.______that they clapped their hands from time to time. Of course, the show was 6._______. All the people followed the stars' example. They showed their generosity in 7.______their money to the show. Both the ticket money and the donated money were soon sent to the poor areas and some of the poor children could get back to school. Now many charity shows 8.______ on our country, not only to support the education in poor areas, but also 9.______ people in trouble. As the Chinese saying goes, "All the others will come to one's rescue(援助) 10.______ one is in trouble." I hope the whole world will become better and better. （）1.A.raise B.to raise C.raising D.raised （）2.A.pay for B.pays for C.paid for D.paying for （）3.A.take part in B.took part in C.takes part in D.taking part in （）4.A.for B.of C.as D.like （）5.A.exciting B.excited C.excite D.excitement （）6.A.success B.successful C.successfully D.succeed （）7.A.give B.gave C.gives D.giving （）8.A.are hold B.are held C.will be held D.will be hold （）9.A.help B.helped C.helping D.to help （）10.A.when B.than C.before D.because
人教版九年级全册英语重点语法知识点复习提纲 一. 介词by的用法（Unit-1重点语法） 1. 意为“在……旁”，“靠近”。 Some are singing and dancing under a big tree. Some are drawing by the lake. 有的在大树下唱歌跳舞。有的在湖边画画儿。 2. 意为“不迟于”，“到……时为止”。 Your son will be all right by supper time. 你的儿子在晚饭前会好的。 How many English songs had you learned by the end of last term? 到上个学期末你们已经学了多少首英语歌曲? 3. 表示方法、手段,可译作“靠”、“用”、“凭借”、“通过”、“乘坐”等。 The monkey was hanging from the tree by his tail and laughing. 猴子用尾巴吊在树上哈哈大笑。 The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send messages by railway telegraph. 孩子的父亲是那么的感激,于是他教爱迪生怎样通过铁路电报来传达信息。 4. 表示“逐个”，“逐批”的意思。 One by one they went past the table in the dark. 他们一个一个得在黑暗中经过这张桌子。 5. 表示“根据”，“按照”的意思。 What time is it by your watch? 你的表几点了? 6. 和take , hold等动词连用，说明接触身体的某一部分。 I took him by the hand. 我拉住了他的手。
九年级上册英语复习资料 九年级英语Unit1 1. by + doing 通过……方式如：by studying with a group by 还可以表示：“在…旁”、“靠近”、“在…期间”、“用、”“经 过”、“乘车”等 2.talk about 谈论，议论，讨论 talk to sb. =talk with sb. 与某人说话 3. 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? ②Why don’t you + do sth.? ③Why not + do sth. ? ④Let’s + do sth. ⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 4. too…to 太…而不能 常用的句型 too+adj./adv. + to do sth So…to 如此…以至于 not …at all 一点也不根本不 5. be / get excited about sth.= be / get excited about doing sth. =be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋 6 first of all 首先 to begin with 一开始 later on 后来、随 also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也 (用于肯定句) 常在句末
make mistakes 犯错 make up 组成、构成 7. laugh at sb. 笑话；取笑（某人） enjoy doing sth . 喜欢做…乐意做… enjoy oneself 过得愉快 8. one of +(the+ 形容词比较级)+名词复数形式…其中之一 9. It’s +形容词+(for sb. ) to do sth. (对于某人来说)做某事… 句中的it 是形式主语，真正的主语是to study English 10. deal with =do with 处理 11.see sb. / sth. do 看见某人（经常）做某事 see sb. / sth. doing 看见某人正在做某事强调正在发生12.too many 许多修饰可数名词 too much 许多修饰不可数名词 much too 太修饰形容词 13 .compare … to …把…与…相比 九年级英语Unit2 1. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事 否定形式：didn’t use to do sth. / used not to do sth. 2.反意疑问句 ①肯定陈述句＋否定提问②否定陈述句＋肯定提问 ④陈述句中含有否定意义的词，如：little, few, never, nothing, hardly,nobody等。其反意疑问句用肯定式。
初三英语语法练习题 一、根据所给名词的适当形式填空： 1. There are a lot of ___________ ( leaf ) on the tree. 2. Uncle Li bought two ____________ ( watch ) yesterday. 3. There are many ______________ ( child) in the classroom. 4. We have a lot of nice ____________ ( tomato ) here. 5. There are lots of ____________ ( sheep ) in the hill. 6. There are about eighty __________________( man doctor) in the hospital. 7. I have a lot of ______________ ( information ) to tell you. 8. The baby has two ______________ ( tooth ). 9. There are 13 ____________( Japanese) and 30 ____________( German) here. 二、根据所给的动词的适当形式填空： 1. It took us two hours ______________ ( finish ) the work. 2. I heard someone _______________ (go) upstairs at 12:00 last night. 3. I asked him _______________ ( not make ) much noise there. 4. Why not _____________ ( have ) a drink? It is too hot. 5. Please remember ____________ (turn) off the light before you go to bed. 6. Thank you for _____________ ( help ) me with English. 7. I am interested in ________________ ( play ) soccer. 8. It is time for us _______________ ( play ) baseball. 9. They both take turns ______________ ( look after ) the old man. 10. My uncle often goes _______________ ( shop ) on weekends. 三、用所给的动词以适当的时态形式填空： 1. The teacher told us that the earth _____________ ( go ) around the sun. 2. We won't go to the park if it _____________ ( rain )tomorrow. 3. Mike usually ____________ ( take ) a walk after supper. 4. Jack ___________ ( visit ) her uncle last week. 5. I will tell you as soon as he ____________ ( come back). 6. He often ____________ ( watch ) TV at night. 7. Jenny ______________ ( read ) a book when her mother came home. 8. Look! The children _______________ ( swim ) in the river. 9. My uncle ______________ ( leave ) for Shanghai next week. 10. Mary __ ____________( have ) lunch at noon yesterday. 11. Tom _____________ ( come ) back from Australia in a week. 12. Mom ______________ ( cook ) when the bell rang. 13. The boys ________________ ( play ) football on the playground now. 14. Hurry up, or you _______________ (miss) the train. 15. Listen. Someone ______________ ( knock ) at the door. 16. Be quiet. My father _____________ ( sleep ) in the bedroom. 17. I _____________ ( go ) hiking with my friends last Monday. 18. My mother ___________ ( stay ) at home yesterday. 19. I _____________ ( mend ) my broken bike at 9:30 yesterday morning. 20. I ____________ ( feed) my dogs the day before yesterday.
九年级英语重点语法 Unit 1 1. 动词不定式 (1)做定语—后置 The best way to learn English is reading aloud. The fastest way to travel is by plane (2)与所修饰的名词构成动宾关系 I need a pen to write with. I don’t have a partner to practice English with. I need some paper to write on. I don’t have a room to live in. 2. 动名词 (1)作主语（谓语为第三人称单数） Memorizing the words of pop songs also helps a little.记流行歌曲的词也起作用。Swimming is good for our health. (2)作宾语 在动词(keep\practice\finish \enjoy\hate\be busy\mind) 后只用—ing 作宾语 Eg. We should keep speaking English in class. He often practices singing in the morning. I have finished reading the book. Would you mind opening the door? (3) 作定语I think that doing a lot of listening practice is one of the secrets…… Unit 2 1. used to 过去常常做某事,暗指现在已经不存在的动作或状态. 后跟动词原形. 否定形式为: didn’t use to 或use not to / usedn’t to 疑问形式为: Did…use to…? 或Used…to…? Eg. I used to be really quiet. I didn’t use to like tests. Did you use to play the piano? Yes, I did./ No, I didn’t. =Use you to play the piano? Yes, I use. / No, I use not. You used to be short, didn’t you? Yes, I did./ No, I didn’t. 2. wear 表示状态. put on 表示动作. dress + 人给某人穿衣服. 3. on the swim team on 是…的成员,在…供职. 4. Don’t you remember me? 否定疑问句. Yes, I do. 不, 我记得. No, I don’t 是的, 我不记得了. 5. be terrified of 害怕的程度比be afraid of 深. 6. miss: ①思念, 想念例: I really miss the old days. ②错过, 未中, 未赶上, 未找到.
初中英语语法练习题 第一套（全十六单元） Unit 1 1. It took the workmen only two hours to finish ________ my car. A. repairing B. repair C. to repair D. repaired 2. It’s no good _______ over split milk. A. to cry B. crying C. cried D. cry 3. Have you forgotten ___________$1000 from me last month? Will you please remember _________ it tomorrow? A. borrowing; to bring B. to borrow; bring C. borrowed; bringing D. borrowing; bringing 4. The classroom wants __________. A. clean B. cleaned C. to clean D. cleaning 5. Jack said that he wouldn’t mind ___________ for us. A. o wait B. wait C. waiting D. waited 6. My brother keeps _________ me with my work. A. to help B. help C. helping D. helped 7. We should often practise _________ English with each other. A. to speak B. spoke C. speak D. speaking 8. Keep on _________ and you will succeed. A. a try B. try C. triing D. trying 9. Don’t forget ______ the notebook with you when you go to the lecture. A. to take B. to carry C. to send D. to bring 10. You’d better ________ her, it would only worry her. A. not tell B. tell C. to tell D. not to tell 11. The librarian work is ________ the books in the library. A. takes care of B. take care of C. to take care of D. taking care of 12. Her parent’s won’t let her ________ out with her boyfriend. A. goes B. to go C. going D. go 13. I asked her _______ with us. A. when to go B. when he will go C. if he will go D. that he would go 14. I have not got a chair ________. A. for sitting B. to sit on C. to sit D. for sitting on 15. My mother often tells me ________ in the sun A. not to read B. don’t read C. doesn’t read D. not read 16____ makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services. A. What B. Who C. Whatever D. Whoever 17 ____ fashion differs from country to country may reflect the cultural differences from one aspect. A. What B. That C. This D. Which
1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如：Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用
should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如： How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。
3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与Which...? 1. what 与which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如： What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job? Which 指代的是特定范围内的某一个人。如：
英语语法大全 初中英语语法学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。 如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
初中生重点英语语法归纳总结 将初中英语语法内容都归纳在下文了，希望对你有帮助。 初中生重点英语语法归纳名词：所有事物的名称1，名词的种类：专有名词：首字母大写(山脉，河流，国家等)China普通名词：首字母不大写(普通的事物的名称)desk ，pen2，名词的数：可数名词：可以数的名词(有单复数)ruler，pen，pencil不可数名词：不可以数的名词(没有单复数)bread，meat，water，可数名词变化规则1，一般加s，例如：pen---pens2，以s，sh，ch，x结尾加es，例如：bus—buses，brush—brushes，watch—watches，box—boxes3，以辅音字母加y结尾，去掉y为I 加es 例如：baby---babies4，以f，fe 结尾，去掉f，fe 加ves life---lives，leaf---leaves5，以有生命的o 结尾加es 例如：hero---heroes，tomato---tomatoes，potato---potatoes，mango---mangoes6，复合名词遇见man，woman两个词时，两个名词都要加复数A man teacher---two men teachers不规则的变化Is，am----are，his，her，its----their，does---do，has---have，his，hers，its---theirs，Isn’t ---aren’t ，I ---we，you---you，me---us，he，she，it---they，him，her，it---them，Your---your，yours---yours，my---our，mine---ours，that---those，this---these，fish—fish，sheep---sheep，deer---deer，Chinese---Chinese，Japanese---Japanese，man---men，woman—women，tooth---teeth，foot---feet，mouse---mice单数句变成复数句This is my book--- These are our books不可数名词的量化A cup of 一杯。
马上就要中考了，祝大家中考都考上一个理想的高中！欢迎同学们下载，希望能帮助到你们！ 2020最新中考英语语法知识点汇总
一、词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、 程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、 状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通 常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小 姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词 担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打 扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者 “怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由
初中英语语法介词知识点归纳 1.in; on; at用在时间词前,表“在” 1at + 具体时刻 2on + 具体某天(具体某天的上、下午等;星期词;以及上、下午词前有修饰词时 3in + 年、月、季节及一天中的某部分 但注意:at night= in the night at noon at this / that time at Christmas eg. 1.___ the morning 2.___ Monday morning 3. ___ a rainy evening 4. ___3:50 5.__ 2002 6.___ the morning of April 10 7.___ spring 8.___ night 9.___ this time 10. ___ March 另外注意:在时间词(morning , afternoon , evening ; Sunday…前有last, next , this , that 时,不再用介词. tomorrow, tonight前也不用介词。 eg. I will go(A to the cinema(B in(C this evening.
2. in , on , at 表地点: at一般指小地方;in一般指大地方或某个范围之内;on往往表示“在某个物体的表面”。例如: eg. 1He arrived ___Shanghai yesterday. 2They arrived ___a small village before dark. 3There is a big hole ____ the wall. 4The teacher put up a picture ____ the wall. 3.in , on , to表方位 in(范围内;on(范围外且接壤;to(范围外但不接壤。可表示为下图的位置关系 eg.1Taiwan is in the southeast of China. 2Hubei is on the north of Hunan. 3Japan is to the east of China. cross: 动词“跨过,越过”=go across 4. across: (表面跨过 through: (内部穿过,贯穿介词 eg. 1Can you swim _____ the river? 2The road runs __________ the forest. 3 _____ the bridge, you’ll find a cinema.
初中英语语法速记口诀大全 很多同学认为语法枯燥难学，其实只要用心并采用适当的学习方法，我们就可以愉快地学会英语，掌握语法规则。笔者根据有关书目和多年教学经验，搜集、组编了以下语法口诀，希望对即将参加中考的同学们有所帮助。 一、冠词基本用法 【速记口诀】 名词是秃子，常要戴帽子， 可数名词单，须用a或an， 辅音前用a，an在元音前， 若为特指时，则须用定冠， 复数不可数，泛指the不见， 碰到代词时，冠词均不现。 【妙语诠释】冠词是中考必考的语法知识之一，也是中考考查的主要对象。以上口诀包括的意思有：①名词在一般情况下不单用，常常要和冠词连用；②表示不确指的可数名词单数前要用不定冠词a或an，确指时要用定冠词the；③如复数名词表示泛指，名词前有this，these，my，some等时就不用冠词。 二、名词单数变复数规则 【速记口诀】 单数变复数，规则要记住， 一般加s，特殊有几处： 末尾字母o，大多加s， 两人有两菜，es不离口， 词尾f、fe，s前有v和e； 没有规则词，必须单独记。 【妙语诠释】①大部分单数可数名词变为复数要加s，但如果单词以/t蘩/、/蘩/、/s/发音结尾(也就是单词如果以ch，sh，s，x等结尾)，则一般加es；②以o结尾的单词除了两
人(negro，hero)两菜(tomato，potato) 加es外，其余一般加s；③以f或fe结尾的单词一般是把f，fe变为ve再加s；④英语中还有些单词没有规则，需要特殊记忆，如child—children，mouse—mice，deer—deer，sheep—sheep，Chinese—Chinese，ox—oxen，man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，tooth —teeth。 三、名词所有格用法 【速记口诀】 名词所有格，表物是“谁的”， 若为生命词，加“’s”即可行， 词尾有s，仅把逗号择； 并列名词后，各自和共有， 前者分别加，后者最后加； 若为无生命词，of所有格， 前后须倒置，此是硬规则。 【妙语诠释】①有生命的名词所有格一般加s，但如果名词以s结尾，则只加“’”；②并列名词所有格表示各自所有时，分别加“’s”，如果是共有，则只在最后名词加“’s”；③如果是无生命的名词则用of表示所有格，这里需要注意它们的顺序与汉语不同，A of B要翻译为B的A。 四、接不定式作宾语的动词 【速记口诀】 三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝； 设法学会做决定，不要假装在选择。 【妙语诠释】三个希望两答应：hope，wish，want，agree，promise 两个要求莫拒绝：demand，ask，refuse 设法学会做决定：manage，learn，decide 不要假装在选择：petend，choose 五、接动名词作宾语的动词
初中英语语法选择题及答案 名词和冠词50题 12. We are ready to start at short ______. A. information B. advice C. message D. 从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 notice 1. At first ______, the bag seems made of real leather. But actually 13. --- Hey, Mr. Smith, you are wanted on ______ phone. it is just an imitation. --- Who is calling? A. sight B. look C. appearance D. view --- ______Mr. Green. I don’t know who he is. 2. --- What do you think of the headmaster of your school? A. 不填; A B. the; 不填 C. the; A D. 不 --- Oh, she is _____ headmaster who is kind-hearted and helpful. 填；不填And it’s _____ pleasure to work with her. 14. Have a ______ of these apples. They are sweet and delicious. A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; A. look B. taste C. smell D. feel a 15. If you drive from the airport, go on the motorway and follow 3. During a successful business career he gained a great amount of the ______. ______. A. designs B. signs C. ways D. A. force B. wealth C. health D. power points 4. My mother asked me to repeat ______ telephone number ______ 16. Money plays an important role in ______ material world. But second time
1. by + doing 通过……方式如：by studying with a group by 还可以表示："在…旁","靠近","在…期间"、"用,""经过","乘车"等如：I live by the river. I have to go back by ten o'clock. The thief entered the room by the window. The student went to park by bus. 2. talk about 谈论，议论，讨论 如：The students often talk about movie after class. 学生们常常在课后讨论电影。talk to sb. === talk with sb. 与某人说话 3. 提建议的句子： ①What/ how about +doing sth.? 如：What/ How about going shopping? ②Why don't you + do sth.? 如：Why don't you go shopping? ③Why not + do sth. ? 如：Why not go shopping? ④Let's + do sth. 如：Let's go shopping ⑤Shall we/ I + do sth.? 如：Shall we/ I go shopping? 4. a lot 许多常用于句末如：I eat a lot. 我吃了许多。 5. too…to 太…而不能常用的句型too+adj./adv. + to do sth. 如：I'm too tired to say anything. 我太累了，什么都不想说。 6. aloud, loud与loudly的用法三个词都与"大声"或"响亮"有关。 ①aloud是副词,重点在出声能让人听见,但声音不一定很大, 常用在读书或说话上。通常放在动词之后。aloud没有比较级 形式。如: He read the story aloud to his son.他朗读那篇故事给他儿子听。 ②loud可作形容词或副词。用作副词时,常与speak, talk, laugh等动词连用,多用于比较级,须放在动词之后。如: She told us to speak a little louder. 她让我们说大声一点。 ③loudly是副词,与loud同义,有时两者可替换使用,但往往 含有令人讨厌或打扰别人的意思,可位于动词之前或之后。 如: He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. 他不当众大声谈笑。 7. not …at all 一点也不根本不如： I like milk very much. I don't like coffee at all. 我非常喜欢牛奶。我一点也不喜欢咖啡。 not经常可以和助动词结合在一起，at all 则放在句尾 8. be / get excited about sth.=== be / get excited about doing sth. === be excited to do sth. 对…感兴奋如： I am / get excited about going to Beijing.=== I am excited to go to Beijing. 我对去北京感到兴奋。 9. ①end up doing sth 终止做某事，结束做某事如： The party ended up singing. 晚会以唱歌而结束。 ②end up with sth. 以…结束如： The party ended up with her singing. 晚会以她的歌唱而告终。 10. first of all 首先. to begin with 一开始later on 后来、随 11. also 也、而且（用于肯定句）常在句子的中间 either 也（用于否定句）常在句末 too 也(用于肯定句) 常在句末 12. make mistakes 犯错如：I often make mistakes. 我经常犯错。