四级考前最新命制试卷一
Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Credit Card Consumption following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.
1. 现在信用卡消费已成为一种潮流
2. 信用卡消费提供很多方便，但也带来了不少问题
3. 我的看法……
On Credit Card Consumption
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Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and
D). For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Kindle Killers? The Boom in New E-Readers
Amazon, the online retailing giant, did more than any other company to turn the sale of digital books into a real business with the 2007 launch of the Kindle electronic reader. The company has sold an estimated 1.7 million units of the handheld device in the U.S., and it's getting ready to ship millions more. On Oct. 6, Amazon announced that it would soon begin selling Kindles — complete with a key feature that allows users to wirelessly download e-books from Amazon — in more than 100 countries.
Success breeds imitators. Amazon is about to be attacked by a squadron of would-be Kindle killers being brought to market by some of the biggest names in consumer electronics and publishing. To complicate the increasingly competitive landscape even further, Apple and, according to rumor, Microsoft are working on tablet computers that could prove to be handy e-readers but with more functions and features, such as video display capability and full web browsers. ……2009 is a breakout year for e-readers,?? says Sarah Rotman Epps, an analyst with Forrester Research. “But we?re still in the early stages.”
The early stages have lasted a long time. E-readers have been around for more than a decade, but the devices weren't popular due to high cost, proprietary (专利的) display formats and the reluctance of book publishers to sell digital versions of their best-selling titles. Now, just as digital music was driven into the mainstream by Apple's iPod and iTunes, Amazon's Kindle and online bookstore, which sells more than 350,000 titles, are proving there's a mass market for e-books. Total industry revenue from digital-book downloads has risen 149% this year, according to the Association of American Publishers, while e-reader sales are expected to reach 3 million by Dec. 31, according to Forrester Research. Almost a million of the devices could be sold during the upcoming holiday season alone. In 2010, sales are projected to double, to 6 million.
That kind of growth is hard to come by in the recession-wracked technology industry, and a crowd is starting to gather. Around the world, at least 17 e-readers are in development or already on the market. Among the better-known entrants is Asustek — the Taiwanese company practically invented the netbook category with its ASUS Eee-PC, and it is working on a product called the Eee-reader that it hopes to have on the market in time for Christmas. South Korea's two powerhouse consumer-electronics companies, Samsung and LG Electronics, are wading in too. Samsung earlier this year introduced a reader called the Papyrus in South Korea; reports circulating in the technology blogosphere say LG is developing a prototype with a large, 11.5-in.(diagonal) flexible screen. Meanwhile, Japan's Fujitsu has released the world's first dedicated e-reader with a color screen, although so far the device is only available in Japan.
It isn't just tech companies that are joining the fray. Bricks-and-mortar bookseller Barnes & Noble, which in the U.S. offers access to 750,000 e-books on its website, is rumored to be pondering the development of its own e-reader to rival the Kindle. (The retailer already has a partnership to sell e-readers made by IREX, a spin-off of Holland's Royal Philips Electronics.) Major newspaper and magazine publishers, which are suffering mightily from the loss of subscribers and advertisers to the recession and the Internet, are also getting involved. News Corp. chairman and CEO Rupert Murdoch, owner of the Wall Street Journal, is reportedly considering a deal with Japanese consumer-electronics giant Sony, which in 2004 introduced the first commercially viable e-reader, to use a black-and-white display technology called electronic ink (also used by the Kindle). Sony is rolling out a new family
of e-readers, including a pocket-size version and one with a large screen that's geared toward newspapers and magazines.
One reason e-readers are getting traction is that competition is driving down prices. Amazon has cut the price of the Kindle by $100 over the past six months, to $259. As e-readers proliferate (激增) and price disparities narrow, manufacturers are trying to differentiate their products by adding features such as MP3 players and touch screens. The eSlick by Foxit, based in Fremont, Calif., allows users to listen to songs while reading. Asustek recently unveiled a prototype e-reader with two screens, which would more closely duplicate the traditional reading experience, although the device that the company expects to release later this year will have a single screen.
At the same time, new display technologies are emerging that promise to improve battery life and make devices more portable and easier to read. U.K.-based Plastic Logic hopes to introduce next year the first e-reader with a plastic screen that will reduce glare and be less prone to cracking when dropped by ham-fisted owners. Electronic-ink technology is set to move from black and white to color by the end of 2010. Even video is on the horizon. "We'll see a range of models start to appear over the first half of 2010" offering "a range of different reading and productivity experiences," says Neil Jones, CEO of U.K.-based Interead, which in May launched a $249 e-reader called the COOL-ER.
Newcomers will have a hard time breaking Amazon's chokehold in the U.S., where the company controls 60% of the e-reader market, according to Forrester Research. But the edge Amazon gained when it launched the Kindle could be blunted by evolving technology and changing consumer needs. Currently, more people read e-books on their smart phones than they do on dedicated devices like e-readers.
And there's the looming threat posed by next-generation tablet computers. Apple, the king of cool handheld devices, is rumored to be readying a tablet computer with all the functions of a laptop as well as iPhone-like touch capabilities for release early next year. Microsoft has been secretive about its plans for a tablet, but a video making the rounds of the blogosphere show a dual-LCD-screen prototype that closes like a book. "E-readers are a transitional technology," says Rotman Epps of Forrester Research. Which means that just as the e-reader is taking off, it may be becoming obsolete.
1. What do we learn about Amazon from the first paragraph?
A) It was a giant electronics company. C) It was the first company to sell digital books.
B) It released an e-reader named the Kindle. D) It did more business with overseas customers.
2. According to the passage, from Oct. 6, users of Kindles can ______.
A) read complete books on Amazon for free C) download e-books from Amazon wirelessly
B) change their digital books into paper ones D) connect the handheld device with a computer
3. The notebook computer which Microsoft is developing is said to ______.
A) beat the Kindle in the market soon C) gain less popularity than e-readers
B) be a pale imitation of the Kindle D) be more powerful than e-readers
4. One of the reasons e-readers were not popular in the past is that ______.
A) they couldn?t cater for people who have expensive tastes
B) the appearance of these devices was not appealing to consumers
C) publisher were unwilling to sell digital versions of their best-sellers
D) people didn?t like the low display technologies used in these devices
5. According to the author, to sell 6 million e-readers in 2010 is _____.
A) unlikely B) possible C) realistic D) easy
6. What is said about the Eee-reader in the passage?
A) It will bring in big revenue for the company. C) It is the first color-screen e-reader in the world.
B) It is developed by a Taiwan-based company. D) It is already available on the international market.
7. The e-reader geared to News Corp. will ______.
A) help the company attract more advertisers C) be small enough to fit into people?s pockets
B) have a larger screen than that of the Kindle D) use the same display technology as the Kindle
8. Manufacturers are _________________________, like touch screens, to distinct their e-readers from their rivals?.
9. Now e-readers are easier to carry and read thanks to the emergence of _________________________.
10. As technology develops and consumer needs _________________________, the advantage the Kindle gave Amazon could no longer exist.
Part III Listening Comprehension(35 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the
questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must
read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
11. A) He believes that John was joking. C) He believes that John will resign his job.
B) He thinks that the woman is lying. D) He thinks that John will not sell his house.
12. A) She doesn?t like Prof. Emerson at all.
B) She hopes to meet Prof. Emerson soon.
C) She is happy that Prof. Emerson will be the dean.
D) She is not surprised that Prof. Emerson will be the dean.
13. A) She has left her umbrella in the office. C) Her bag is too heavy to take her umbrella.
B) She doesn?t believe the weather forecast.D) Her husband is wrong so much of the time.
14. A) She doesn?t know where to find the manager. C) She can help the man right now.
B) She can?t understand what the man means.D) She knows the building very well.
15. A) Sam?s knee should be better by now.C) Sam is not wise to quit school right now.
B) This isn?t a good time for Sam to quit. D) Sam should have stopped playing basketball earlier.
16. A) He has been home. C) He has been on vacation.
B) He has been in hospital. D) He has been abroad to further his study.
17. A) He is extremely lazy.C) He is usually very punctual.
B) He is usually late for appointments. D) He is a diligent student.
18. A) The band members have been working hard. C) The band members are being paid to play.
B) Band practice begins in an hour. D) The band will give a better performance hereafter.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) Because of the shop?s advertisement.
B) Because the T-shirts fit him perfectly.
C) Because the products are said to be good.
D) Because he had some acquaintances there.
20. A) They turned to be shabby. C) They became longer.
B) They became smaller.D) They lost their colors.
21. A) T-shirts on sale always have a poor quality.
B) People shouldn?t always believe in the advertisement.
C) People should not buy discounted T-shirts.
D) Shops can not run long if they sell discounted products.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22. A) Relaxing at the seashore. C) Sailing on a boat.
B) V isiting her parents. D) Preparing for the race.
23. A) She was accommodated only for the weekend.
B) She could not put up with the hot weather.
C) She felt difficult to focus on his study.
D) She had an appointment with her professor.
24. A) Play badminton. C) Go fishing.
B) Go swimming. D) Wade in the water.
25. A) Go to dinner. C) Go to the beach.
B) Go to have a BBQ. D) Go to swim.
Section B
Directions:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and questions will be spok en only once. After you hear a question,
you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the
corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A) 5 percent. C) 10 percent.
B) 8 percent. D) 11 percent.
27. A) Manufacturing. C) Building.
B) Health care. D) Education.
28. A) Men still hold about nine out of every ten top positions.
B) Women have become the main earners in American families.
C) Men still have the power of control in the family.
D) Women attach great importance to their independence.
Passage T wo
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. A) It was a present from the people of Florence.
B) Its face was designed as the sculptor?s mother.
C) It is also known as Freedom of Lady Liberty.
D) It is entirely made of copper.
30. A) Seven allied countries of the U.S..
B) Seven States in America.
C) Seven seas and seven continents.
D) Seven lights of freedom.
31. A) To raise its height. C) To fix its broken parts.
B) To enhance its structure. D) To attract more visitors.
Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
32. A) 1 million. C) 3. 5 million.
B) 2. 5 million. D) 9 million.
33. A) Maternal and newborn health. C) Cutting poverty.
B) Reduction of child deaths. D) Reducing maternal mortality.
34. A) In regions where poverty is prevailing.
B) In regions where maternal death rates are high.
C) In regions where medication is insufficient.
D) In regions where peop le?s life expectancy is short.
35. A) Lack of resources. C) Weak institutions and H.I.V.
B) Lack of commitment. D) Conflicts in these countries.
Section C
Directions:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are
required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For
blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you
can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words.
Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people. This association may be (36) _______ on emotions like love and liking, regular business interactions, or some other type of (37) _______ commitment. Interpersonal relationships take place in a great variety of contexts, such as family, friends, marriage, work, clubs, neighborhoods, and (38) _______. They may be regulated by law, custom, or mutual (39) _______, and are the basis of social groups and society as a whole. Although humans are (40) _______ social creatures, interpersonal relationships are not always healthy. Examples of unhealthy relationships (41) _______ abusive relationships and codependence. A relationship is normally viewed as a (42) _______ between two individuals, such as a romantic or (43) _______ relationship, or a parent-child relationship. Individuals can also have relationships with groups of people. Finally, groups or even nations may have relations with each other, though (44) ____________________________________________________________________________________. See such articles as international relations for more information on associations between groups. (45) ____________________________________________________________________________________. These
intimate relationships are, however, only a small subset of interpersonal relationships. All relationships involve some level of interdependence. People in a relationship tend to influence each other, share their thoughts and feelings, and engage in activities together. Because of this interdependence, (46) ____________________________________________________________________________________.
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully
before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may
not use any of the words in the bank more than once.
Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.
Humans use water for three basic purposes: agriculture, industry, and domestic and municipal use (water for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and so forth). And the amount of water 47 to each person decreases as the population grows, 48 the possibility of water shortages. Water shortages will not come all at once in every part of the world, just as the world?s population is 49 distributed by region, so is the annual supply of 50 water. Rainfall and snowfall are determined by uneven weather patterns and landscape, and as a 51 , some areas of the world get more precipitation (降水) than others. This leads the uneven distribution of water all over the world.
Natural water scarcity has 52 many nations to try to increase their water supplies by building dams to catch water that otherwise would escape to the sea, or by sinking more and deeper wells. But these efforts can have 53 side effects that can contribute to water scarcity. Instead of building dams, some countries choose to increase their access to groundwater. But this practice increases the 54 of over-pumping aquifers (蓄水层).
Pollution also affects the water supply, reducing the available water by making it toxic or otherwise unfit for human use.
Water shortages could also lead to 55 conflicts as countries compete for limited water resources. Political tensions over water often appear when different nations lay claim to the same river, lake, or aquifer. According to the UN, more than 300 river basins and aquifers worldwide cross national boundaries are creating the 56 for conflicts.
Section B
Directions:There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the
best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earth?s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hour rhythms. Our biological clocks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hour of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. (Contrary to popular belief, humans don?t need less sleep as they age.)
But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hour per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What?s worse, nearly one third of all Americans g et less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that?s not nearly enough.
Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 different sleep disorders. Some sleeping disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time zone or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep.” Jones says.
Sleep experts say that most people would benefit from a good lo ok at their sleep patterns. “My motto(座右铭) is …Sleep defensively?.” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines — like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day — are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elsner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few life style changes —avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath — yield better sleep.
57. What do we learn about human sleep from the second paragraph?
A) Most people need less sleep when they grow older.
B) Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.
C) On average, people in the U. S. today sleep less per night than they used to.
D) For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.
58. For our bodies to function properly, we should ______.
A) sleep for at least eight hours per night
B) believe that we need less sleep as we age
C) adjust our activities to the new inventions
D) be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocks
59. According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by ______.
A) other diseases C) pre-bedtime exercises
B) improper sleep patterns D) chronic fatigue syndrome
60. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?
A) Having late meals. C) Staying up late.
B) Traveling between time zones. D) Taking a hot bath.
61. What does the author mean by saying “Sleep defensively” (Line 2, Para. 4) means that ______.
A) people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosed
B) people should exercise immediately before going to bed every night
C) people should sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessary
D) people should give up going to bed and getting up at the same time every day
Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Some 23 million additional U.S. residents are expected to become more regular users of the U.S. health care system in the next several years, thanks to the passage of health care reform. Digitizing medical data has been promoted as one way to help the already burdened system manage the surge in patients. But putting people?s health information in databases and online is going to do more than simply reduce redundancies(冗余). It is already shifting the very way we seek and receive health care.
“The social dynamics of care are changing,” says John Gomez, vice president and chief technology strategy officer at Eclipsys, a medical information technology company. Most patients might not yet be willing to share their latest CT scan images over Facebook, he notes, but many parents post their babies? ultrasound (超声波) images, and countless patients nowadays use social networking sites to share information about conditions, treatments and doctors.
With greater access to individualized health information — whether that is through a formal electronic medical record, a self-created personal health record or a quick instant-messaging session with a physician — the traditional roles of doctors and patients are undergoing a rapid transition.
“For as long as we?ve known, health care has been …I go to the physician, and they tell me what to do, and I do it?,” says Nitu Kashyap, a physician and research fellow at the Yale Center for Medical Informatics. Soon more
patients will be arriving at a hospital or doctor?s office having reviewed their own record, latest test results and recommended articles about their health concerns. And even more individuals will be able to skip that visit altogether, instead sending a text message or e-mail to their care provider or consulting a personal health record or smart-phone application to answer their questions.
These changes will be strengthened by the nationwide shift to electronic medical records, which has already begun. Although the majority of U.S. hospitals and doctors? offices are still struggling to start the changeover, many patients already have electronic medical records —and some even have partial access to them. The MyChart program, in use at Cleveland Clinic, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas and other facilities, is a Web portal (门户) through which patients can see basic medical information as well as some test results.
Medical data is getting a new digital life, and it is jump-starting a “fundamental change in how care is provided”, Gomez says.
62. What does the author say about putting patient information in databases and online?
A) It enables more Americans to join the health care system.
B) It contributes to the passage of health care reform.
C) It increases the burden of the U.S. health care system.
D) It changes how people seek and receive health care.
63. What do many patients use social networking sites to do according to John Gomez?
A) To change their social interactions. C) To post their latest CT scan images.
B) To share information about their health care. D) To show their babies? recent pictures.
64. According to Nitu Kashyap, more patients in the future will ______.
A) refuse to follow their doctors? advice
B) be more dependent on their doctors
C) leave out their visit to doctors? offices and hospitals
D) have their health conditions examined through e-mail
65. It is stated in the passage that ______.
A) most of U.S. hospitals and doctors are against the shift
B) nationwide digitalization of medical data will begin soon
C) patients are worried about the security of their health information
D) patients are starting to make use of their electronic medical records
66. The best title for this passage could be ______.
A) The Future of Your Medical Data
B) Benefits of the U.S. Health Care Reform
C) Challenges against Doctors and Hospitals
D) How to Access and Share Your Health Information
Part V Cloze (15 minutes)
Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D) on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then
mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Doctors and researchers have begun to look for causes of overweight in a critical period of life —the nine months before birth. Research has found that women who gain too much weight in pregnancy 67 to have heavier babies, and that heavier babies are prone (很可能……的) more to obesity (肥胖) later on.
68 , for some time, researchers have not been able to rule 69 the role of genes. A new study helps eliminate that 70 . By looking at a large group of women who 71 birth at least twice between 1989 and 2003, researchers were able to 72 different pregnancies in the same women. Based on the data, the authors 73 that mother?s weight gain during pregnancy contributed 74 higher infant birth weights, independently of 75 factors.
The authors of the study 76 birth records of 513,501 women and their 1,164,750 babies born over a 15-year period in New Jersey. However, researchers 77 mothers with gestational diabetes(妊娠糖尿病) and babies born before 37 or after 41 weeks.
78 they found was that mothers who gained more than 53 pounds during pregnancy were more than twice as 79 to have a high-birth-weight baby as women who 80 18 to 22 pounds. David Ludwig of Children?s Hospital Boston says “A(n) 81 time to begin obesity prevention efforts for the next generation actually begins 82 birth.”67. A) attempt C) tend
B) choose D) intend
68. A) Besides C) Moreover
B) Therefore D) However
69. A) out C) off
B) into D) up
70. A) proposition C) suspicion
B) assumption D) possibility
71. A) bear C) deliver
B) gave D) labor
72. A) distinguish C) balance
B) compare D) contrast
73. A) prescribe C) conclude
B) predict D) reckon
74. A) to C) towards
B) for D) with
75. A) ethnic C) natural
B) relative D) genetic
76. A) identified C) analyzed
B) instructed D) acknowledged
77. A) excluded C) embarrassed
B) inc luded D) rejected
78. A) Whether C) How
B) What D) When
79. A) obliged C) probable
B) partial D) likely
80. A) put on C) bear down
B) step up D) ease off
81. A) abnormal C) ideal
B) preferable D) virtual
82. A) after C) till
B) before D) since
83 the public-health focus has been on making sure that women gain enough weight during pregnancy to 84 their risk of having babies with low birth weights. Now, however, with more than half of the US population being either overweight 85 obese, the focus has largely 86 to the other end of the spectrum to women who gain too much weight. 83. A) Traditionally C) Similarly
B) Unfortunately D) Largely
84. A) reduce C) lower
B) avoid D) take
85. A) nor C) and
B) but D) or
86. A) ranged C) varied
B) shifted D) altered
Part VI Translation (5 minutes)
Directions:Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
87. The station said the storm would continue to move north _______________________________ (以每小时15公
里的速度) and lose strength.
88. She glanced at her watch just to _______________________________ (确定她没有迟到) .
89. Not only does he want to say it well, but he wants it to be something_______________________________ (以
前没有说过的话) .
90. With all this work on hand, he _______________________________ (不应该去看电影) last night.
91. _______________________________ (过去常常有数十人) who stood a long line for hours in order to buy
some port.
揭密试卷命制过程 揭密试卷命制过程 绥化普高联校复制 揭密试卷命制过程 一、命题目的 命题有狭义广义之分。狭义命题是指对考试试题的命制，广义命题则还包括由试题组合成试卷。这里采用广义命题观，即命题系指试题和试卷的命制和编辑。 命题的目的就是命制一份高质量的试卷，它必须符合考试目的，满足试卷、试题的质量指标要求。 二、命题组织及工作程序 1、命题组编制测评考试的命题双向细目表及能力和情感目标考查说明。然后命题组成员各自据之编写试题、试卷、参考答案和评分标准草稿。命题组应对试卷草稿进行认真论证，从中筛选出用于组卷的试题，然后编辑试卷初稿。与此同时，应编制相应的参考答案和评分标准初稿。 2、命题组应对试卷初稿进行试测试评，试测人员由命题人员或合适的学生担任。根据试测结果，命题组再进行修订工作，最后拿出试卷、参考答案和评分标准及试卷双向细目表定稿。 3、命题组组长将试测试卷、命题双向细目表和试卷双向细目表、试卷、参考答案和评分标准的定稿一并交科负责人，并填写传递卡有关栏目完成交接手续。命题组长负责保存除移交审卷组的文档外的一切有关书面文档。 三、命题的总体要求 1、符合测评考试目的的要求。按照对测评考试分数解释依据的不同，考试可分为参照常模性测验和参照目标性测验两种。参照常模性测验适合于选拔性测验，如升学、竞赛、升学练兵考试。参照目标性测验适合于达标性测验，如期中、期末考试和毕业会考等。 2、符合测评考试的难度要求。考试难度要求有两项。其一是试题的难易程度，由易度指数衡量，易度指数越大，试题越容易。其二是试
题的难度分布，即按试题的难易程度将试题分为容易题、中难题、难题三类、三类题的比例分配要符合要求。 对于学科考试，参照目标性测验的易、中、难题比例一般为6：2：2到8：2：O，及格率一般为75~90%，优秀率一般为10~20%，参照常模性测验的易、中，难题比例一般为3：5：2到2：5：3，成绩分布大体呈正态分布。 3、遵从命题双向细目表。命题双向细目表是规定考试范围和认知目标的二维表格，表的纵向竖直栏规定测验的范围和内容，表的横向水平栏规定考试对认知目标或难度水平的要求。 下表是命题双向细目表样表。表中A、B，C对应于易、中、难三个难度水平，所列数字是指具有给定难度的对应章、节或知识点在试卷中的权重，是确定考试时问及试题数量和分数的依据，权重可以根据内容的重要程度、教学时问及其它因素确定。该表的纵向合计表示试题的难度分布，横向合计表示考试范围和内容的比重。编制试卷时，可在保证基本符合总的权重分配条件下，灵活调节表中个别项目的权重；与此同时，试卷内容要有良好的代表性和充分的覆盖率，各部分内容的比例要适当。 表3.1命题双向细目表样表 范围知识点难度水平合计 章节ABC 第一章第 一 节●12 39 ○235 ★1 1 第 二 节☆2 29 ◎◎◎◎◎◎33 ◇◇◇◇◇◇4 4
初中英语试题命制的基本要求.txt再过几十年，我们来相会，送到火葬场，全部烧成灰，你一堆，我一堆，谁也不认识谁，全部送到农村做化肥。初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组 1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。 1998 年4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。 1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。 2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和
中考英语试题命制的基本要求 初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。1998 年 4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。
1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和基本要求。通过上述措施，全国各地在初中毕业、升学考试的指导思想、试题命制、考试管理等方面都取得了较大进展。具体表现在：在考试的指导思想方面，各地在落实2000 年《指导意见》的基础上，对初中毕业生学业考试的认识不断深化，进一步探索按照推进素质教育和课程改革的要求，向着有利于学生的全面和谐及个性化发展、有利于学校创新发展、有利于课程改革健康发展、有利于基础教育均衡发展的
中学试卷命制要求 一、考试科目 1.适合科目：语文、数学、外语、物理、化学、生物、政治、历史、地理 2.单独命题科目：计算机、美术、音乐、书法等。 二、组织形式 命题人和审题人由各学科备课组长指定，考试采用闭卷密封形式。 三、命题要求 1.命题范围：原则上为本期所学内容，也可根据教学的实际情况进行调整，并将调整情况报教务处备案并说明原因。 2.基本要求：试卷结构合理，符合新课标，试题尽量原创，原题须改造或重组，不可使用现成试卷，命题、审题要认真细致，无重要失误。 3.学科分值：语文、数学、外语、三科均为150分；其它学科均为100分。 4.考试时间： （1）语文为150分钟；（2）数学为120分钟； （3）外语为120分钟；不含听力为100分钟（试卷分值为120分）。 （4）其它学科均为90分钟。 5.难度系数：要求掌握在0.80±0.05；试题的易、中、难比例按5:4:1命制。 四、输机要求 （1）题目：第一行：安阳市三中20xx-20xx学年x期期x考试（小三黑体）第二行：高xхх试题卷（答题卷、参考答案卷）（三号黑体） 第三行：命题人（小三黑体）、审题人（小三黑体） （2）内容：①大题题型号（四号黑体） ②正文（小四宋体），行间距：固定值约为18 ③页脚：高xхх（学科）卷，共x页第x页（五号黑体） ④页边距：上下左右均为2cm ⑤纸张大小为B5 （3）序号：①大写“一二三”后面，要用“顿号”，如“一、二、”。 ②小写“123”和字母后面，要用实心小圆点，如“1．A．a．”。 ③序号加括号，如（1）（2）（3）等后面，不加任何标点符号。（4）密封：密封线内要填写班级、姓名、考场号-座号等，并放在答题卷首页左侧，密封线内宽度约3.5厘米，便于密封。 五、试卷交付 1.保密要求：从命题到考试期间的各个环节，要求相关人员严格注意保密问题并采取相应的措施，包括选题、输机、发送、校对、印刷、分卷等。接触试题的各相关人员也必须注意保密。 2.试卷交付：备课组长应在规定时间内将试卷、参考答案的纸质稿及电子稿一并交予教务处。 安阳市三中教务处 2013年10月28日
命制试卷的基本要素 一、数学考试的目标： 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 二、试卷功能： (一)对学生学习的诊断与促进，恰当评价学生基础知识和基本技能的理解和掌握 对基础知识和基本技能的评价，应遵循《标准》的基本理念，以本学段的知识与技能目标为基准，考察学生对基础知识和基本技能的理解和掌握程度。对学生评价时，应重点考察学生在学习过程中结合具体材料对所学内容实际意义的理解 (二)情感与态度目标的落实 评价考试不应该还是冷冷的面孔，应该符合课程标准的理念，采用鼓励性语言，体现人文关怀，发挥评价的激励作用。让每一个考生在考试过程中，能够放松、愉悦地发挥其聪明才智，保护学生的自尊心和自信心。 (三)重视对学生发现问题和解决问题能力的评价，要注意考察学生能否从日常生活中发现并提出简单的数学问题；能否选择适当的方法解决问题；能否表达解决问题的大致过程和结果；是否养成反思自己解决问题过程的习惯。 解决问题过程评价的目标:
◆能否从不同角度观察、分析问题； ◆能否恰当应用各种策略和方法解决问题或者自己独立探究出解决问题新的思路与方法； ◆能否用数学语言清楚地表达解决问题的过程，并尝试用不同的方式（文字、符号、图表等）进行表达； ◆根据最初的问题情境证实和解释结果的合理性； ◆对解决问题的过程进行反思，获得解决问题的经验； ◆能否将解法或策略概括为一般的策略与方法并用于解决新的问题之中； ◆能否将问题及其结论作进一步的概括、推广与发展。考试命题要体现对学生的人文关怀，彻底摒弃考试就是甄别学业和成绩排队的错误观念，命题设计题目时不会一味的“捅漏子”、“造陷井”，而是让学生有展示所学和发挥能力的机会，这样才能真正做到让学生认识自我，建立数学自信心和争取更大的发展。 三、命题要求： （一）“考基础、抓重点、求稳定”的命题指导思想和“起点低、坡度缓、尾巴略翘”的试卷设计风格以及“依纲据本、考学一致”的命题原则。 （二）试卷难易分值配比合理，对主观性试题适当考虑分小题设计；评分坚持比较细致的分步得分方案和原则，以适当增加区分度。 试题难度逐题推进，在综合题设计上，难度也是按小题逐步增加的。难度适当，将难点分散在不同题目中，对主观性试题，适当考虑分小题设计，以体现适度区分，使不同层次考生都有所发挥。
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质：？ 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。 （3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化．（4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问题、目标构思和探索问题解决的思路、策略。这种以考查学生学科应用能力的做法，可以引发教师在教学中注意实施自主型开放式教学模式。 试卷编制还应体现学科特点： （1）重视对数学核心观念、基本运算能力、发散性思维、数学思考、数学思想方法和空间观念的考查。突出知识学习和形成数学观念,发展数学思考之间的联系。注重考查活学活用教材、知识迁移于新情景的能力，变式的能力，注重通性通法的考查，要考活知识。 （2）体现地方特点和时代性，渗透情感与态度教育。试题要突出数学与现实的联系，贴近生活和生活实际，立意要新颖，考查学生对周围事物的观察能力，强调学生通过实践，增强探究和创新意识，学习科学研究方法，发展综合运用知识的能力，注意体现试题的思想性。把市场意识、应用意识和国情教育渗透到试题中。 ①与现实相联系的试题总分值基本上要占总分的50%。 ②问题情境注重鲜活，适合学生的实际，不仅仅包含有解决社会实际问题的情境，同时也有一定含量的适应学生年龄特点的游戏问题。体现现实性和趣味性。？ 数学发展的历史贯穿着理性探索与现实需要这两股动力，贯穿着对真善美与对功利使用的两种追求。我们在文化这一更加广阔的背景下讨论数学的发展、数学的作用以及数学的价
试题命制筛选要求 试卷按模板排版，试题完整，无残缺题，分数设置合理，有参考答案。 一、九大基本原则： 1.从零散走向综合； 2.从积累走向运用； 3.从书本走向生活； 4.从知识走向方法； 5.从结果走向过程； 6.从封闭走向开放； 7.从学科走向素养；8.从教师走向学生； 9.从内容走向形式； 二、八点关键要求： 1.原创：试卷要求原创，可适当精选组合，所选题必须更换内容或考题形式。 2.范围：试题覆盖面要广，是经过仔细研读课标，教材内容、学生学习情况后制订的。 3.题型：考点不能重复。 4.表述：题干描述要准确，不设陷井，不要因为题目理解干挠学生完成试题。 5.难度：难度是指试题的难易程度，它是衡量试题质量的一个重要指标参数，它和区分度共同影响并决定试卷的鉴别性。 一般认为，试题的难度指数在0.3－0.7之间比较合适，整份试卷的平均难度最好在0.5左右，高于0.7和低于0.3的试题不能太多。 P=1—x/w x为某题得分的平均分数，w为该题的满分。 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题容易，值大时表明试题难，最小值为0，最大值为1。 P=x/w 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题难，值大时表明试题容易，最小值为0，最大值为1。 6.区分度：区分度是区分应试者能力水平高低的指标。试题区分度高，可以拉开不同水平应试者分数的距离，使高水平者得高分，低水平者得低分，而区分度低则反映不出不同应试者的水平差异。通常来说，中等难度的试题区分度较大。 7.信度：信度是指测得结果的一致性或稳定性，稳定性越大，意味着测评结果越可靠。相反，如果用某套试题对同一应试者先后进行两次测试，结果第一次得80分，第二次得50分，结果的可靠性就值得怀疑了。 8.效度：效度是一个测试能够测试出它所要测试的东西的程度，即测试结果与测试目标的符合程度。也就是说，一套测试是否达到了它预定的目的以及是否测量了它要测量的内容。
页眉内容 初中毕业生英语学科学业考试命题指导课改实验区初中毕业生英语学业考试命题指导项目组 1997年，教育部基础教育司组织专家，就义务教育课程实施状况对9个省(市) 的16 000 多名学生、2 000 多名校长、教师进行了抽样调查。调查结果显示，初中毕业、升学考试对教师的教学行为、教师布置作业的内容与数量、学生的学习方式等都有重大的影响。调查结论认为，当时的考试评价制度存在着较大问题，严重制约了学生的全面发展，甚至影响到青少年的身心健康，已成为实施素质教育的瓶颈。为解决这一问题，教育部基础教育司在研究新的课程方案的同时，采取了一系列措施进行中考改革。 1998 年4 月，教育部基础教育司下发了《关于中考语文考试改革试点工作的指导意见》，在江苏省苏州市、湖北省荆门市、福建省莆田市、山东省烟台市、吉林省辽源市、上海市闽行区、北京市顺义县等七个地区进行初中毕业、升学语文考试改革试点。以语文学科初中毕业、升学考试改革为突破口，拉开了全国初中毕业、升学考试改革的帷幕。 1999 年和2000 年，教育部基础教育司两次下发《关于初中毕业、升学考试改革的指导意见》(以下简称《指导意见》)，提出了初中毕业、升学考试改革应符合国家的教育方针，体现义务教育的性质和素质教育的要求，推动了全国范围内的初中毕业及升学考试改革。1999 年，教育部基础教育司组建了“全国初中毕业、升学考试评价课题组”，从1999～2003 年连续五年对各地的初中毕业、升学考试进行分学科的评价，并于2000 年、2001 年、2003 年三次组织全国命题单位的研修培训，对命题、审题、阅卷和试卷评价等问题进行了深入的研讨。 2002 年12 月，经国务院同意，教育部下发了《关于积极推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的通知》，提出了新课程背景下全面推进中小学评价与考试制度改革的行动纲领和基本要求。通过上述措施，全国各地在初中毕业、升学考试的指导思想、试题命制、考试管理等方面都取得了较大进展。具体表现在：在考试的指导思想方面，各地在落实2000 年《指导意见》的基础上，对初中毕业生学业考试的认识不断深化，进一步探索按照推进素质教育和课程改革的要求，向着有利于学生的全面和谐及个性化发展、有利于学校创新发展、有利于课程改革健康发展、有利于基础教育均衡发展的方向努力。在试题命制方面，各地在重视考查基础知识与基本技能的基础上，普遍关注对学生在具体情境中运用所学知识与技能分析和解决问题能力的考查，注意加强试题与社会实际和学生生活的联系，杜绝设置偏题、怪题，成为各地命题单位的共同追求。在考试管理方面，各地都加强了命题、审题、阅卷、考务、招生的管理制度建设，促进了考试管理的科学化、制度化，并初步建立了各地自评与专家评价相结合的初中毕业、升学考试评价监控机制。随着新课程的推进，需要各地进一步深化初中毕业、升学考试改革，加大高中招生制度改革的力度，为新课程的顺利实施创造条件。为了确保2004 年17 个国家基础教育课程改革实验区的初中毕业和普通高中招生制度改革符合基础教育课程改革的理念和课程标准的要求，基础教育司于2003 年成立了由北京师范大学心理学院院长、全国心理测量专业委员会理事长车宏生教授为组长的“初中毕业与普通高中招生制度改革项目组”。项目组将通过专项研究和专业指导，力求在初中毕业生学业考试、综合素质评定、高中招生录取三方面取得突破，改变以升学考试科目分数简单相加作为唯一录取标准的做法，以促进基础教育课程改革的顺利实施，并为2005 年在更大范围内进行初中毕业与普通高中招生制度改革奠定基础。与此同时，教育部基础教育司继续组织国家课程标准组的核心成员、部分师范院校学科教学论研究人员、评价研究人员、部分省市教研人员共计100 余名专家，对2003 年全国抽中毕业、升学考试情况进行评价。根据各地上报的材料及专题调查，课题组通过研究形成了较为系统的分析报告。初中毕业生英语学业考试是义务教育阶段的终结性考试，其目的是全面、准确地考查初中毕业生在英语学习方面达到《全日制义务教育英语课程标准》(以下简称《课程标准》)所规定的英语毕业水平的程度。考试结果既是衡量学生是否达到毕业标准的主要依据，也是高中阶段学校招生的重要依据之一。初中毕业生英语学业考试落实《课程标准》所确立的课程评价理念，有利于促进和引导英语教学全面落实《课程标准》所规定的课程目标，有利于
试卷命制的基本要素Revised on November 25, 2020
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质： 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。 （3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化． （4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问
试卷命制的基本要素集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-
命制试卷的基本要素 考试说明一共有六大部分，这六大部分包括第一，考试的性质，第二，考试的范围，第三，考试的内容和目标，第四，考试的方式，第五，试卷的结构，第六是题型示例以及参考答案。简单地说，这一个小小的册子就告诉我们中考数学要考什么，怎么考，考试范围是什么，考试的难度又会怎样。那这个难，难会难在哪儿 一、中考的性质： 考试的指导思想是：有助于高级中等学校的招生录取工作，有助于进一步促进初中教学质量的提高，有助于课程改革的实施和中学素质教育的全面推进。考试应具有较高的信度、效度、必要的区分度和适当的难度。 考试命题“一切为了学生的发展”，从考试对象的实际状况出发，遵循课程标准但不面面俱到、人为追求“知识技能”考点的覆盖面，注意数学思考、解决问题方面的教育目标达标测评，有所体现对过程性目标（经历、体验、探索）的测评。要为教与学的方式的改进服务，通过考试抑制将数学能力技能化的过分训练，使探索性与接受性学习并行，为动手实践、主动探索、合作交流的学习方式提供活跃的生存空间。 试卷编制应适应课改要求： （1）体现知识的迁移、转化、应用或问题解决等能力因素。 （2）重视知识技能形成过程的考查，引导加强过程教学。例如；对一些公式的形成，规律的得出可以设计探究性的试题，让学生通过观察、分析、归纳、猜想，发现其中蕴含的规律。
（3）注重联系生活实际，突出学科知识的实践和运用。试卷命题的外在形式上都要努力体现生活化、情节化，应避免单纯用符号、公式、模型表达的题目，避免类似于物理学科中“一个小球”“一个铁块”之类抽象的表述形式，尽可能将每一道题设计成实际生活中的情境或故事．这样既可以激发学生的创造灵感，又可以使学生所学的知识与方法生活化． （4）体现试题的开放特点，引导探究、创新的学习风气。例如，对概念、规则等知识的考查，可以把它们揉合在实际问题的解决中去。这类试题新意浓，思路广，自由度大，探究性强，可以激发学生的学习兴趣。再如，对应用问题的考查，也可以考虑设计一些开放性试题。如一题多解、一题多问、一题多编、一题多变的题型。多解题可要求学生说明其中的最佳解法，并且在量分上作出区别，对创新性解法给予特别加分。教师要避免总以教材例题为标准去套用试题的不良影响。另外，试卷中可对问题设计解决万案,尝试依据问题、目标构思和探索问题解决的思路、策略。这种以考查学生学科应用能力的做法，可以引发教师在教学中注意实施自主型开放式教学模式。 试卷编制还应体现学科特点： （1）重视对数学核心观念、基本运算能力、发散性思维、数学思考、数学思想方法和空间观念的考查。突出知识学习和形成数学观念,发展数学思考之间的联系。注重考查活学活用教材、知识迁移于新情景的能力，变式的能力，注重通性通法的考查，要考活知识。
谈谈如何命制一份合适的试卷 晋江市南侨中学教研室胡启山 几年来，随着高中新课程改革的不断推进，各学科各阶段各种各样的考试命题也面临着新挑战。试题的题目是否真正体现“知识与目标”“过程与方法”、“情感态度价值观”等方面的考察？题目是否具有科学性?题目能不能检测学生真实学习水平?题目是否能真正暴露出教与学之中存在的问题?在考查学生对过 程体验和运用方法解决问题能力的同时,是否贴近生活,体现时代性？这一个个问题我们是否引起我们的注意，我们注意到了，但是否思考过？，思考过了，但我们是否尝试过如何解决的它等等。诸如此类的问题我们可以提出很多，这都不重要，我们应当如何做这才是最重要的。今天我就与各位同仁谈一谈如何命制一份试题。 当老师就免不了要命题，命题并不是一件容易的事。命好题是教师一项重要的能力体现。课上得好的老师不见得能命好题。因为命题能力的提高，必须是在学习、探索和实践中实现的。命制一份合适的试卷，是很不容易的。在教学实践中，我们部分教师不会独立命制出合适的试题，尤其是新教师，在这个方面的能力就更差一些，也可以说这是新教师的水平与能力的缺陷。命题大致分为两类，一为科学型，一为经验型。科学型命题要求过于专业，要建立题库，要有数据统计分析，要经过测量等。目前中考，甚至会考、高考，一直都是采用的经验型命题，我想着手研究科学型命题是我们以后追求的一个目标，在当前一个较长时期内，尤其在平时的考试、测验中，我们仍将采用经验型命题。当然，经验型命题中也应不断地加入科学的成分，如试题分析等。一般来说经验型命题大都经历三个阶段：拿来、模仿、创造。先是从众多的试卷中，筛选自以为满意的部分试卷，
试题命制要求 Company number：【WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998】
试题命制筛选要求 试卷按模板排版，试题完整，无残缺题，分数设置合理，有参考答案。 一、九大基本原则： 1.从零散走向综合； 2.从积累走向运用； 3.从书本走向生活； 4.从知识走向方法； 5.从结果走向过程； 6.从封闭走向开放； 7.从学科走向素养；8.从教师走向学生； 9.从内容走向形式； 二、八点关键要求： 1.原创：试卷要求原创，可适当精选组合，所选题必须更换内容或考题形式。 2.范围：试题覆盖面要广，是经过仔细研读课标，教材内容、学生学习情况后制订的。 3.题型：考点不能重复。 4.表述：题干描述要准确，不设陷井，不要因为题目理解干挠学生完成试题。 5.难度：难度是指试题的难易程度，它是衡量试题质量的一个重要指标参数，它和区分度共同影响并决定试卷的鉴别性。 一般认为，试题的难度指数在－之间比较合适，整份试卷的平均难度最好在左右，高于和低于的试题不能太多。 P=1—x/w x为某题得分的平均分数，w为该题的满分。 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题容易，值大时表明试题难，最小值为0，最大值为1。 P=x/w 这种定义法，难度值小时表明试题难，值大时表明试题容易，最小值为0，最大值为1。 6.区分度：区分度是区分应试者能力水平高低的指标。试题区分度高，可以拉开不同水平应试者分数的距离，使高水平者得高分，低水平者得低分，而区分度低则反映不出不同应试者的水平差异。通常来说，中等难度的试题区分度较大。 7.信度：信度是指测得结果的一致性或稳定性，稳定性越大，意味着测评结果越可靠。相反，如果用某套试题对同一应试者先后进行两次测试，结果第一次得80分，第二次得50分，结果的可靠性就值得怀疑了。