科技信息
SCIENCE &TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION 2011年第11期科Analysis on Rhetoric in President Barack
Obama ’s Speech
美国总统奥巴马演讲词修辞格分析
王钰潼
（黑龙江八一农垦大学黑龙江大庆163319）
【Abstract 】Under the great background of globalization today,communications between China and America are more frequent,it becomes significant for us to gain a deeper understanding of American presidents'speech.Obama serves as an example for us to study in this aspect.Until now,most people have been studying his speech mainly through either Chinese translations of his speeches or interpretations by the media,conducted through perspectives which are by no means rhetorically informed.Considering the fact that what we are dealing with is political speech,it is high time that the rhetorical perspective be introduced into the process of interpreting Obama's political communication in its original context.Such a perspective will help us obtain a better approach of interpreting his speech.This thesis has widely selected the typical political speeches of president Obama in his Election Campaign process,and analyzed three main rhetorical methods in political speech:simile,metaphor and metonymy.
Figure of speech is an expression that departs from the accepted literal sense or from the normal order of words,or in which an emphasis is produced by patterns of sound.It is an especially important resource of poetry;it is also constantly present in all other kinds of speech and writing.The figure of speech is commonly used in political speech.In this part of the thesis the author will analyze three main types of figures in Obama ’s speech:Simile,metonymy and Metaphor.
【Key words 】Obama ；S peech ；R hetorical analysis
A simile is a figure of speech that indirectly compares two different
things by employing the words “like ”,“as ”,or “than ”.Even though
similes and metaphors are both forms of comparison,similes indirectly
compare the two ideas and allow them to remain distinct in spite of their
similarities.The word “simile ”came from Latin word “similis ”,it means
“like ”or “as if ”,the use of this figure in English is almost the same as it
is used in Chinese.Simile is frequently used in Obama ’s speech:
(1)...America that shone as a beacon of freedom and opportunity to
so many who had come before.
(2)…Cutting the deficit by gutting our investments in innovation
and education are like lightening an overloaded airplane by removing its
engine.It may feel like you ’re flying high at first,but it won ’t take long
before you ’ll feel the impact.
By taking two things that don't have much in common and putting
them together,the simile forces us to imagine the situation in more vivid
and unconventional ways.The exaggeration inherent in most similes also
adds a certain force to the comparison,and makes us feel the power of
the thing or characteristic being compared.
In the speech metaphor is often used by the politicians to make their
speeches more convincing,president Obama is of course not an
exception.Single conceptual metaphor can also account for the semantic
coherence of a whole text and this is evident from an analysis of Obama's
inaugural address.
(3)...the rock of our family and the love of my life,our nation's next
first lady,Michelle Obama.
(4)The audacity of hop,In the end,that is God's greatest gift to us,
the bedrock of this nation.
From the above examples we can find that metaphor can make
abstract things become specific.From the analysis it is clear that the
source domains are closely related to our daily life and experience which
make these metaphors understandable and persuasive.Political metaphors
have such functions as filtering,persuasion,motivation,simplification and
bridge.Metaphors are deeply rooted in people's experience and the American culture.Therefore,it is not difficult to appeal to the emotions of the Americans so as to have a better understanding of the policies of the politicians.Metonymy may also be instructively contrasted with metaphor.Both figures involve the substitution of one term for another.In metaphor,this substitution is based on some specific similarity,whereas,in metonymy,the substitution is based on some understood association.The special structure of this figure makes it possible for speakers to make his speech simple and vivid.There are some examples below.(5)...it's that we cannot have a thriving Wall Street while Main Street suffers.(6)Its the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen …In these two example Obama use special subject to represent certain group of people or organization.In example (5),Wall Street symbolized great financial group while Main Street represent small business owner.In example (6),“lines that stretched around schools and churches ”symbolized the polling station where people can vote.This kind of figure makes the speech easier to understand and transfer more information with fewer words.As we can see metonymy,traditionally seen as a figure of speech,actually is a kind of cognitive mechanism by which people connect one thing in the world to another and this ability of association helps people draw inferences easily from implicit conversations.Metonymy as well as the former two figures is frequently used to achieve an effect of polishing the speech.From the above analysis we can see using rhetoric devices properly can not only persuade and encourage the audience effectively and increase the appeal of public speech,but also gain great vehemence of the speech and finally make the speech has a sense of history.［责任编辑：常鹏飞］
○外语论坛○250
奥巴马的英语演讲稿 想不想要知道那些名人的英语演讲稿?我特地为大家收集了几位名人的经典演讲稿，下面分享给大家。 刘慈欣英语演讲稿 Ladies and Gentleman, Good evening! It’s my great honor to receive the Clarke Award for Imagination in Service to Society. Thank you. This award is a reward for imagination. Imagination is a capability that should have exclusive belonged to God but we, as human beings, luckily have this too. It is far beyond our imagination to grasp the meaning of the existence of imagination. A historian used to say that the main reason why human beings have been able to surpass other species on earth and to build civilizations is that we are able to create something in our heads that does not exist in reality. In the future, when artificial intelligence becomes smarter than us, imagination may be the only advantage we have over AI. Science fiction is a literary genre based on imagination. And the first sci-fi works that impressed me were those by Arthur C. Clarke. Together with Jules Verne and George Wells,
奥巴马就职演讲稿修辞简析 Summary: 总统大多在美国历史上占有特殊地位，其演说亦各具特色。作为美国的第四十四任总统句子结构，巴洛克.奥巴马就任之际正逢全国性的经济危机，其就职演说不可避免的也会起到表达这位新晋总统的政治思想和增加公众对于政府的信心的作用。本文将从修辞手段的运用，句子类型以及宗教 特色等多方面就这篇就职演说词的语言特色进行分析。 Key words: Repetition, Parallelism, Figures of similarity,Figures of Contrast Introduction: 一、Repetition 反复 Repetition is an important figure of speech. It usually repeats the same word, phrase, and sentence to intensify the mood, emphasize the ideas, and show the strong feelings. It’s used widely in poetry, prose, novel, speech etc. In the daily life, we also often use it. E.g.: 1.But above all, I will never forget who this victory truly belongs to. It belongs to you. It belongs to you . 2.Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real.They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or ina short span of time. But know this, America, they will be met. 3.This is the price and the promise of citizenship. This is the source of our confidence -- the knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny. This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed 在奥巴马的就职演说词中，有多个词如“危机”等被反复使用。具体分析如下：
奥巴马开学演讲稿——我们为什么要上学 阿文弗吉尼亚州，阿林顿市，2009年9月8日嗨，大家好！你们今天过得怎么样？我现在和弗吉尼亚州阿林顿郡韦克菲尔德高中的学生们在一起，全国各地也有从幼儿园到高三的众多学生们通过电视关注这里，我很高兴你们能共同分享这一时刻。 我知道，对你们中的许多人来说，今天是开学的第一天，你们中的有一些刚刚进入幼儿园或升上初高中，对你们来说，这是在新学校的第一天，因此，假如你们感到有些紧张，那也是很正常的。我想也会有许多毕业班的学生们正自信满满地准备最后一年的冲刺。不过，我想无论你有多大、在读哪个年级，许多人都打心底里希望现在还在放暑假，以及今天不用那么早起床。 我可以理解这份心情。小时候，我们家在印度尼西亚住过几年，而我妈妈没钱送我去其他美国孩子们上学的地方去读书，因此她决定自己给我上课——时间是每周一到周五的凌晨4点半。 显然，我不怎么喜欢那么早就爬起来，很多时候，我就这么在厨房的桌子前睡着了。每当我埋怨的时候，我妈总会用同一副表情看着我说：“小鬼，你以为教你我就很轻松？” 所以，我可以理解你们中的许多人对于开学还需要时间来调整和适应，但今天我站在这里，是为了和你们谈一些重要的事情。我要和你们谈一谈你们每个人的教育，以及在新的学年里，你们应当做些什么。 我做过许多关于教育的讲话，也常常用到“责任”这个词。 我谈到过教师们有责任激励和启迪你们，督促你们学习。 我谈到过家长们有责任看管你们认真学习、完成作业，不要成天只会看电视或打游戏机。 我也很多次谈到过政府有责任设定高标准严要求、协助老师和校长们的工作，改变在有些学校里学生得不到应有的学习机会的现状。 但哪怕这一切都达到最好，哪怕我们有最尽职的教师、最好的家长、和最优秀的学校，假如你们不去履行自己的责任的话，那么这一切努力都会白费。——除非你每天准时去上学、除非你认真地听老师讲课、除非你把父母、长辈和其他大人们说的话放在心上、除非你肯付出成功所必需的努力，否则这一切都会失去意义。 而这就是我今天讲话的主题：对于自己的教育，你们中每一个人的责任。首先，我想谈谈你们对于自己有什么责任。 你们中的每一个人都会有自己擅长的东西，每一个人都是有用之材，而发现自己的才能是什么，就是你们要对自己担起的责任。教育给你们提供了发现自己才能的机会。 或许你能写出优美的文字——甚至有一天能让那些文字出现在书籍和报刊上——但假如不在英语课上经常练习写作，你不会发现自己有这样的天赋；或许你能成为一个发明家、创造家——甚至设计出像今天的iPhone一样流行的产品，或研制出新的药物与疫苗——但假如不在自然科学课程上做上几次实验，你不会知道自己有这样的天赋；或许你能成为一名议员或最高法院法官，但假如你不去加入什么学生会或参加几次辩论赛，你也不会发现自己的才能。 而且，我可以向你保证，不管你将来想要做什么，你都需要相应的教育。——你想当名医生、当名教师或当名警官？你想成为护士、成为建筑设计师、律师
On this Memorial Day, as our nation honors its unbroken line of fallen heroes, our sense of patriotism is particularly strong. Because while we gather here under open skies, we know that far beyond the Organ Mountains – in the streets of Baghdad, and the outskirts of Kabul – America's sons and daughters are sacrificing on our behalf. And our thoughts and prayers are with them. I speak to you today with deep humility. My grandfather marched in Patton's Army, but I cannot know what it is to walk into battle like so many of you. My grandmother worked on a bomber assembly line, but I cannot know what it is for a family to sacrifice like so many of yours have. I am the father of two young girls, and I cannot imagine what it is to lose a child. My heart breaks for the families who've lost a loved one. These are things I cannot know. But there are also some things I do know. I know that our sadness today is mixed with pride; that those we've lost will be remembered by a grateful nation; and that our presence here today is only possible because your loved ones, America's patriots, were willing to give their lives to defend our nation. I know that while we may come from different places, cherish different traditions, and have different political beliefs, we all –every one of us – hold in reverence those who've given this country the full measure of their devotion. And I know that children in New Mexico and across this country look to your children, to your brothers and sisters, mothers and fathers, and friends –to those we honor today –as a shining example of what's best about America. Their lives are a model for us all. What led these men and women to wear their country's uniform? What is it that leads anyone to put aside their own pursuit of life's comforts; to subordinate their own sense of survival, for something bigger – something greater? Many of those we honor today were so young when they were killed. They had a whole life ahead of them – birthdays and weddings, holidays with children and grandchildren, homes and jobs and happiness of their own. And yet, at one moment or another, they felt the tug, just as generations of Americans did before them. Maybe it was a massacre in a Boston square; or a President's call to save the Union and free the slaves. Maybe it was the day of infamy that awakened a nation to a storm in the Pacific and a madman's death march across Europe. Or maybe it was the morning they woke up to see our walls of security crumble along with our two largest towers. Whatever the moment was, when it came and they felt that tug, perhaps it was simply the thought of a mom or a dad, a husband or a wife, or a child not yet born that made this young American think that it was time to go; that made them think "I must serve so that the people I love can live –in happiness, and safety, and freedom."
奥巴马励志演讲稿(精选多篇) 奥巴马竞选演讲稿 2014年11月07日星期五下午10:42 请在此处输入标题 hello, chicago! 芝加哥，你好！ if there is anyone out there who still doubts that america is a place where all things are possible; who still wonders if the dream of our founders is alive in our time; who still questions the power of our democracy, tonight is your answer. 假如还有人不相信美国是一个不存在不可能的地方，还有人怀疑开国之父们的梦想依然在影响着我们这个时代，还有人质
疑美利坚民主的力量，那么，他们的疑惑在今夜得到了解答。 it’s the answer told by lines that stretched around schools and churches in numbers this nation has never seen; by people who waited three hours and four hours, many for the very first time in their lives, because they believed that this time must be different; that their voice could be that difference. 在学校和教堂外面，人们排起了长长的队伍，人数之多在美国历史上前所未有。为了投上自己的一票，他们可以等待三个小时、四个小时。许多人是一生中第一次参加投票，因为他们坚信这一次必须有所变革，而他们的声音将举足轻重。 it’s the answer spoken by young and old, rich and poor, democrat and republican, black, white, latino, asian, native american, gay, straight, disabled and not disabled —americans who sent a
My fellow citizens: 各位同胞： I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. 今天我站在这里，为眼前的重责大任感到谦卑，对各位的信任心怀感激，对先贤的牺牲铭记在心。我要谢谢布什总统为这个国家的服务，也感谢他在政权转移期间的宽厚和配合。 Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forbearers, and true to our founding documents. 四十四位美国人发表过总统就职誓言，这些誓词或是在繁荣富强及和平宁静之际发表，或是在乌云密布，时局动荡之时。在艰困的时候，美国能箕裘相继，不仅因为居高位者有能力或愿景，也因为人民持续对先人的抱负有信心，也忠于创建我国的法统。 So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. 因此，美国才能承继下来。因此，这一代美国人必须承继下去。 That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. 现在大家都知道我们正置身危机核心，我国正处于对抗深远暴力和憎恨的战争。我们的经济元气大伤，是某些人贪婪且不负责任的后果，也是大众未能做出艰难的选择，为国家进入新时代做淮备所致。许多人失去房子，丢了工作，生意垮了。我们的医疗照护太昂贵，学校教育辜负了许多人。每天都有更多证据显示，我们利用能源的方式壮大我们的对敌，威胁我们的星球。 These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America’s decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. 这些都是得自资料和统计数据的危机指标。比较无法测量但同样深沉的，是举国信心尽失—持续担心美国将无可避免地衰退，也害怕下一代一定会眼界变低。 Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America - they will be met. 今天我要告诉各位，我们面临的挑战是真的，挑战非常严重，且不在少数。它们不是可以轻易，或在短时间内解决。但是，美国要了解，这些挑战会被解决。 On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord.
修辞学期末作业 ——关于奥巴马就职演讲的修辞格分析 11级英语7班 1105020224 张骁
奥巴马就职演讲的修辞分析 一、头韵(Alliteration) 1.Time and again these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life. 此句中struggled与sacrificed和live与life两组头韵，前一组再现了先辈们浴血奋战的场景和他们无私奉献的精神，后一组则把一组对美好明天的向往生动地勾勒了出来。 2.We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth. 此句中prosperous与powerful这组头韵，描绘出了美利坚合众国的繁荣富强，头韵的修辞使表达非常具有感染力。 3.But our time of standing pat, of protecting narrow interests and putting off unpleasant decision-that time has surely passed. 此句中pat，protecting与putting三个以“P”开头为头韵的词放在一起，给人以巧夺天工之感。 4.We will restore science to its rightful place, and wield technology’s wonders to raise health care’s quality and lower its cost. 此句中wield与wonders的运用浑然天成，运用地非常精准。5....whether it can help families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. 此句中三组头韵：families和find，decent与dignified,care与can的运用不仅有效地表达了评判一个政府的标准，而且在演讲中演讲极富韵律，让人过耳不忘。
2017年奥巴马就职演讲稿英文原稿(附中文翻译) 篇一：奥巴马就职演讲稿中英文对照 奥巴马就职演讲稿中英文对照 (CNN) -- Barack Obama was sworn in as the 44th president of the United States and the nation's first African-American president Tuesday. This is a transcript of his prepared speech. In his speech Tuesday, President Obama said America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace. My fellow citizens: I stand here today humbled by the task before us, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, mindful of the sacrifices borne by our ancestors. I thank President Bush for his service to our nation, as well as the generosity and cooperation he has shown throughout this transition. Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace. Yet, every so often, the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms. At these moments, America has carried on not simply because of the skill or vision of those in high office, but because We the People have remained faithful to the ideals of our forebearers, and true to our founding documents. So it has been. So it must be with this generation of Americans. That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered. Our health care is too costly; our schools fail too many; and each day brings further evidence that the ways we use energy strengthen our adversaries and threaten our planet. These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land -- a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, and that the next generation must lower its sights. Today I say to you that the challenges we face are real. They are serious and they are many. They will not be met easily or in a short span of time. But know this, America: They will be met. On this day, we gather because we have chosen hope over fear, unity of purpose over conflict and discord. On this day, we come to proclaim an end to the petty grievances and false promises, the recriminations and worn-out dogmas, that for far too long have strangled our politics. We remain a young nation, but in the words of Scripture, the time has come to set aside
奥巴马演讲稿【精选】 伟大不是凭空而来的，而是赢得的。在我们的历程中，从来没有走捷 径或是退而求其次。以下是###分享的奥巴马励志演讲，一起来看看吧。奥巴马演讲稿【精选】 对于那些在世界各个地方挑起冲突或一味批评西方不良影响的： 你的人民评判你的依据是你建立了什么，而不是破坏了什么。 我们共同终结那些虚假的承诺、陈腐的教条、以及指摘与怨言。 我们要延续代代相传的宝贵礼物，延续神圣的理想，那就是上帝 赐予我们的承诺--人人平等，人人自由，人人都有机会去追求水准的 幸福。 我们对能源的使用，日益让对手强大，与此同时又威胁着我们的 星球。 伟大不是凭空而来的，而是赢得的。在我们的历程中，从来没有 走捷径或是退而求其次。——努力 一次又一次，这些男男女女，他们奋斗和牺牲;他们将双手磨破为 了给我们带来更好的生活。在他们眼中，美国超越了我们每个人雄心 的总和，超越了个人、财富和派系的差别。——力量 这些愤世嫉俗的人无法理解这个国家所发生的转变——那些陈腐 的政治已经缠绕了我们太久太长。——障碍 六十年前，一位父亲走入餐厅甚至无人理睬，而今天他的儿子能 够站在这里，在你们面前许下最庄严的誓言。——自豪 我今天站在这里，因面前的任务感到谦卑，因你们的信任而感激，同时缅怀我们的前人所做出的牺牲。——感激
政府所扮演的角色——应该协助家庭获得体面的收入，购买他们 的所需，有尊严地退休。——公平 市场的力量将如野马一样脱缰——一个仅有财富的国家不可能持 续繁荣。——警惕 告诉未来的世界……当一切陷入寒冬，万物俱灭，只有希望和勇 气能够长存……这座城市和这个国家，在共同的危机下团结起来，共 同面对前方的艰难。——信心 当我们面对挑战时，我们没有怯懦、没有退缩，更没有踟蹰不前。我们在上帝的关爱下眺望远方，我们在自由的道路上继续前进，我们 的精神将永远闪耀着光芒。——希望 伟大不是凭空而来的，而是赢得的。 还有难以度量但同样长远的问题，那就是整个国家信心的缺失。 但美国人民，请记住这个点：这些挑战会被解决。 我们今日遇到挑战前所未有，所有的情况完全陌生。但是，我们 赖以走向成功的价值观从未改变——诚实、勤勉、勇敢、公正、宽容、好学、忠贞和爱国。——信念 如今，我们面对的是一个全新的责任时代——人人都需重视，对 我们自己，我们的国家乃至整个世界，都有一份责任。我们会欣然接 受这份责任，人生也正所以而充实。——责任 奥巴马演讲稿【精选】 大家好!谢谢你们。谢谢你们，大家好，大家请就坐。你们今天都 好吗?蒂姆·斯派塞好吗?我现在与弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿郡韦克菲尔德高 中的学生们在一起。美国各地从小学预备班到中学XX年级的学生正在 收听收看。我很高兴大家今天都能参与。我还要感谢韦克菲尔德高中 出色的组织安排。请为你们自己热烈鼓掌。
奥巴马演讲稿英文版 篇一：奥巴马中英文演讲稿 Good afternoon. It is a great honor for me to be here in Shanghai, and to have this opportunity to speak with all of you. I'd like to thank Fudan University's President Yang for his hospitality and his gracious welcome. I'd also like to thank our outstanding Ambassador, Jon Huntsman, who exemplifies the deep ties and respect between our nations. I don't know what he said, but I hope it was good. 下午好。能够有机会在上海跟你们大家交谈，我深感荣幸。我要感谢复旦大学的杨校长，感谢他的款待和热情的欢迎。我还要感谢我们出色的大使Jon Huntsman，他代表了我们两国之间的深远联系和相互尊重。我不知道他刚才说什么，但是希望他说的是好的。 What I'd like to do is to make some opening comments, and then what I'm really looking forward to doing is taking questions, not only from students who are in the audience, but also we've received questions online, which will be asked by some of the students who are here in the audience, as well as by Ambassador Huntsman. And I am very sorry that my Chinese is not as good as
美国总统奥巴马开学演讲西方修辞学浅析 李荣义 （福建农林大学蜂学学院2009级学号：090723067） 【摘要】肯尼斯·伯克认为任何语篇都包含着人类动机。人类的行为是在动机驱使 下发生的。语言作为人类的一种行为，可以成为动机的载体。西方修辞学的发展史表明，演讲是修辞的最早来源，两者关系密切。古典修辞学理论认为，修辞学就是研究 演说的技巧。修辞和演讲密不可分，演讲是一门劝说的艺术。演讲者要得到劝说目的 就需要应用各种修辞表达技巧。而通过对语言的研究，可以发现其中隐藏的动机。本 文试图通过奥巴马总统的开学演讲，浅析其中西方修辞的应用，讨论修辞应用对劝说 效果的影响。 【关键词】奥巴马演讲受众修辞 一、戏剧五要素分析 肯尼斯·伯克的戏剧五位一体理论作为发现动机工具，其中的五个因素：行动、场景、执事者、工具、和目的。伯克是这样阐述的：任何有关动机的完整阐述都应该回 答这样五个问题：发生了什么(行动)，在什么时候或哪里发生的(场景)，行动实施者是谁(执事者)，怎么发生的(工具)，以及为什么(目的)。在本文研究材料中五要素表现为：美国刚上任总统奥巴马（执事者）在和弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿市的韦克菲尔德高中（场景），通过麦克风以对现场听众，以及电台及电视台的转播（工具）面对全美国学生 及教育者，学生家长等演讲（行动），强调学习的重要性并希望通过演讲使学生重视 并认真学习（目的）。这五个要素不是孤立存在的，它们可以以不同的方式组合。按 照伯克的观点，戏剧五要素的不同组合可形成十对关系比场景-行为、场景-执行者、场景-工具、场景-目的、行为-目的、行为-执行者、行为-工具、执行者-目的、执行者-工具、工具-目的，颠倒每-对关系比的顺序可创设另外十对关系比。演讲是由演讲者的动机驱使而发生的行为，动机会决定五个元素在其中的排列组合。因此，了解动机可以 对演讲的理解起到帮助作用。相比竞选就职等政治色彩演说，开学演讲的动机只需要 博得受众的认同并实践，而受众的认同及付诸行动并不需要放弃一放选择另一平行的 选择，如投选票。开学演讲中，没有竞争对手，演讲动机即说服受众承认学习的重要 性并采取行动以正确的态度认真学习。因此演讲动机并不需要顶着另一方同等竞争备 选项的挑战。 二、开学演讲受众分析 修辞的首要问题便是对受众的把握。受众应该成为整个修辞过程的中心。演讲者 必须对受众有清晰的认识，了解受众心理，及时调整演讲内容、选定语法结构、框定
Thank you! Hello! (Applause.) Thank you. Thank you. Well, hello, Philadelphia! (Applause.) And hello, Masterman. It is wonderful to see all of you. What a terrific introduction by Kelly. Give Kelly a big round of applause. (Applause.) I was saying backstage that when I was in high school, I could not have done that. (Laughter.) I would have muffed it up somehow. So we are so proud of you and everything that you’ve done. And to all the students here, I’m thrilled to be here. 谢谢！你们好！（掌声。）谢谢。谢谢。你好，费城！（掌声。）你好，马斯特曼。见到你们真是太好了。Kelly的介绍真是太棒了。让我们对Kelly报以热烈的掌声。在后台的时候我说，我上高中的时候我就做不这么好，我可能会弄的一团糟。所以让我们为你和你做的一切自豪吧。站在这里我很激动。 kelly 在奥巴马总统演讲前，一名叫Kelly的学生做了演讲 backstage n.后台 muff v.笨拙地处理，将事情弄糟 thrilled a.激动的 We’ve got a couple introductions I want to make. First of all, you’ve got the outstanding governor of Pennsylvania, Ed Rendell, in the house. (Applause.) The mayor of Philadelphia, Michael Nutter, is here. (Applause.) Congressman Chaka Fattah is here. (Applause.) Congresswoman Allyson Schwartz is here. (Applause.) Your own principal, Marge Neff, is here. (Applause.) The school superintendent, Arlene Ackerman, is here and doing a great job. (Applause.) And the Secretary of Education, Arne Duncan, is here. (Applause.) 我想介绍几个人。首先，来到这儿的有，杰出的宾夕法尼亚州州长， Ed Rendell。（掌声。）费城市长，Michael Nutter。国会议员Fattah和Allyson Schwartz（掌声）。你们的校长Marge Neff（掌声）。学校管理人Arlene Ackerman是这个学校的，并且为学校做了很大的贡献。（掌声）。还有教育部秘书长Arne Duncan。（掌声） outstanding a.杰出的
奥巴马演讲词英文 奥巴马胜选演讲的语言风格特点鲜明，结构清晰，承前 启后，主题明确，用词简朴平实，寓意深刻。句法方面无论 短句和长句，还是复合句和简单句，规范严谨，运用合理，尤其是排比语句接二连三，气势磅礴，表达感染力很强。奥 巴马作为平民总统，他胜选演讲的语言风格既能为普通民众 所喜闻乐见，又能为精英阶层所欣赏，具有较高的赏析价值。以下是XX为大家搜集整理的，欢迎借鉴与阅读! 奥巴马演讲词英文 The audacity of hope Keynote Address at the XX Democratic National Convention July 27, XX On behalf of the great state of Illinois, crossroads of a nation, land of Lincoln, let me express my deep gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. Tonight is a particular honor for me because, let's face it, my presence on this stage is pretty unlikely. My father was a foreign student, born and raised in a small village in Kenya. He grew up herding goats, went to school in a tin-roof shack. His father, my grandfather, was a cook, a domestic servant.