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A Navigational Data Model for Object Modeling Technique (OMT) Development Environment

A Navigational Data Model for Object Modeling Technique (OMT) Development Environment
A Navigational Data Model for Object Modeling Technique (OMT) Development Environment

A Navigational Data Model

for Object Modeling Technique (OMT) Development Environment Jae-Dong Yang* Myung-Nam Bae* Jae-Woo Chang** Wan Choi + Joon-Kyung Lee+

* Dept. of Computer Science, Chonbuk National University,

Chonju, 560-756, Republic of Korea

email: {jdyang, mnbae}@jbdblab.chonbuk.ac.kr

** Dept. of Computer Engineering, Chonbuk National University,

Chonju, 560-756, Republic of Korea

email: jwchang@moak.chonbuk.ac.kr

+ Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI)

161 Kajong-Dong, Yusong-Gu, Taejon, 305-350, Republic of Korea

email: {wchoi, jklee}@nice.etri.re.kr

Keywords: Object Modeling Technique, Data Model, Navigation

ABSTRACT

Extant tools supporting OMT(Object Modeling Technique) have a serious drawback that they fail to capture a lot of relationships inherently existing among design objects. This drawback may not only disallow designers to freely navigate the relationships but also make it difficult to automatically enforce integrity constraints derived from the relationships. To overcome the drawback, we propose a navigational data model called FONASSE(FOur-dimensional NAvigation Spaceship for Software Engineering). The data model captures four structural relationships among design objects : part of, the other development stage of, the other representation of, and version of. A considerable part of structural semantics the design objects inherently have can be well captured with the relationships. Since the four relationships are mutually exclusive with each other, designers may navigate a set of design objects in a four-dimensional space. Supporting the relationships at system level also entails the automatic enforcement of corresponding integrity constraints. We identified four integrity constraints, each of which is derived from one of the four relationships. In this paper, FONASSE is fully developed as a model suitable to the four-dimensional navigation. As a first step toward such development, a navigation function is defined to formally specify the semantics of queries related with the navigation. The queries, which turn out to be a specification of navigation paths, can be uniformly formulated by the combination of the navigation functions. The integrity constraints corresponding to the relationships are also expressed in terms of the navigation functions. Finally, we provide a scenario to explain the navigational characteristic of our model.

1. Introduction

Function-oriented software development methodologies have been rapidly replaced by object-oriented ones [1, 7, 11]. Obviously, object-oriented (OO) technology seems to be the software development solution of the next century [12]. A major characteristic of the OO methodologies lies in its way of thinking about software to put emphasis on static data perspectives rather than dynamic functional ones [7, 19]. In the OO methodologies, programs are the models of application domains, whereas in the function-oriented ones, they are the stream of actions that constitute solutions to target problems [7]. In other words, the OO methodologies encourage software developers to work and think in terms of the application domains to capture what is the problem rather than how the problem is solved. It is only when the inherent concepts of the application are identified, organized, and understood that the details of data structures and functions can be addressed effectively [19].

Rumbaugh proposed OMT (Object Modeling Technique) as one of the OO methodologies [19]. This technology is characterized by its graphic notations to uniformly model application environments based on OO concepts during whole software development life cycle. This uniformity turns out to be an important advantage of OMT over other methodologies adopting the OO concepts only to analysis stage. That is because the uniformity makes it possible for one kind of design tools to be applied consistently to the whole development life cycle. According to [15], the OMT methodology is ranked as the most promising OO development methodology together with Booch's method. Currently many successful test cases of OMT have been reported [3, 5, 8, 9].

To take full advantage of the OMT methodology, numerous OMT tools have been also customized such as LOV/OMT[12], Paradigm Plus[18] and Rationale Rose [19]. Such OMT tools, however, have one significant drawback in treating design objects produced in the OMT development environment—they lack well-defined underlying data model. The consequence is that they fail to capture much of inter-relational semantics among the design objects including four relationships such as part of, the other development stage of, the other representation of and version of. This drawback may make it difficult for designers to appropriately refer to related design objects based on the four relationships. Furthermore, since the relationships are generic and have structural semantics, it is quite probable that they are referenced repetitively, combined with each other making specific patterns. For example, when a designer consults an object diagram of 'ATM', it is quite probable that he may want to refer to the state diagram of one of its sub-components, say, Bank, followed by the program code of the state diagram. It is therefore necessitated that the relationships be captured and dealt with at system level. To capture such relationships at system level may entail the automatic enforcement of corresponding integrity constraints. For example, when a designer is trying to modify the signature part of a program code,

some warning could be helpful if the corresponding object diagram does not coincide with the program, leading to inconsistencies. Obviously, the design work would make the designer nervous if he is responsible for the inconsistencies without such a warning facility. However, even current OMT tools such as Paradigm Plus or Rational Rose fail to let the designer free from such a burden. Again, it is due to the drawback that they were implemented without well-defined data models.

To overcome the drawback, we propose a navigational data model called FONASSE(FOur-dimensional NAvigation Spaceship for Software Engineering). By capturing the structural semantics of design objects in terms of four-dimensional perspective, this model may not only enable designers to navigate design objects without restriction but also make it possible to automatically keep track of integrity constraints derived from the four relationships. In this paper, we first define the four-dimensional design object scheme of FONASSE to clarify its four-dimensional structure, and then define a navigation function to formally specify the semantics of queries based on the scheme. The queries, which turn out to be the specification of navigation paths in the four-dimensional space, can be uniformly expressed by the combination of the navigation functions. Integrity constraints corresponding to the relationships are also expressed in terms of the functions.

This paper is constructed as follows. In chapter 2, we briefly introduce the OMT methodology proposed by Rumbaugh. In chapter 3, a FONASSE model is fully developed to support OMT development environment by providing a four-dimensional designer view. An example scenario follows in chapter 4 to explain the navigation of design objects based on the functions. Finally, conclusions and further researches are discussed in chapter 5.

2. OMT Software Development Environment

The OMT methodology begins by providing requirement analysis documents. Analysis stage makes the documents precise by removing the ambiguities they contain. The analysis stage produces three kinds of models: object model, dynamic model, and functional model and they are described by object diagram, state diagram and functional diagram respectively. Shown in Figure 1 is an example object diagram of ATM. Refer to [19] for further explanation.

Figure 1. An object diagram of ATM

A design object needs to be defined precisely in our context. A design object is a special object which can be identified as an independent information unit. For example, an object diagram of 'ATM' depicted in Figure 1 is a design object. But 'Bank' may not be a design object if it lacks in its object diagram, since its existence can be known at system level only by the diagram. An object may be promoted to a design object through refinement. For example, if we refine 'Bank' to have its own object diagram, it would be promoted to a design object.

Occasionally we may use a model and its corresponding diagram interchangeably, if it doesn't lead to confusion. The reason is that even though the meanings of the two terms, model and diagram, are somewhat different from each other (a diagram is the representation of a model), it could help the intuitive understanding of our navigation mechanism. For example, a navigation from object diagrams to state diagrams would be intuitively more understandable than from object models to dynamic models. Note that both a state diagram and a functional diagram of 'ATM' are design objects, since each of them has its own object diagram. We do not allow the situation that either of them exists alone without its corresponding object diagram.

The analysis stage may be followed by system design stage where each of the three models is augmented by additional information or some high level strategic decisions to define the whole architecture of a system. After the system design, the object design stage details the models to provide an implementation. In this process, a feedback to the previous stage may also be required. Such an OMT development environment can be abstracted as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2. Software development life cycle based on OMT

3. FONASSE

We begin this chapter by defining a design object scheme to represent a design object in FONASSE

3.1 Design Object Scheme

In the FONASSE model, the user key of a design object is composed of four components: object name, development stage, OMT model, and version number. We now define a design object scheme describing its four-dimensional components.

Definition 1. Design object scheme S D is defined as the following 5-tuple.

S D =

OMT model : D3, version number : D4 >

S = set of possible design object surrogates

D1 = set of all possible design object names

D2 = { requirement_statement, analysis, system_design, object_design, implementation} D3 = {object_model, dynamic_model, functional_model, ?}

D4 = set of every possible version numbers.

Surrogates are required to actually represent a design object scheme in databases. The surrogate is basically a system-generated identifier to designate a unique design object physically stored in a database. It is used as a retrieval target to avoid a considerable overhead which may be caused when trying to extract actual design objects. We hence use the surrogates as the same terminology as design objects since we assume a surrogate or a set of surrogates is extracted rather than actual design objects whenever a designer issues queries containing 4-dimensional keys.

? in D3 denotes a case that any of the three OMT model perspectives can not be applied to a design object. For example, every design object at an implementation stage has ? as its OMT

model value since three OMT models become integrated into one design object, i.e., a program code at this stage. However, a system design stage has its own three OMT models, each of which is made by extending its counterpart of analysis stage to accommodate information about a system architecture. On the other hand, to have ? or not as the OMT model of the requirement statement wholly depends on applications. That is because it is also possible to prepare three kinds of requirement statement, each of which derives one of the three models, if it fits for the characteristic of some applications.

3.2 Navigation Function

In FONASSE, all design objects are classified and identified according to design object scheme S D . In this section a navigation mechanism is developed to navigate design objects classified based on S D. The mechanism is basically a function to map a four-dimensional designer key to a

When the four-dimensional key components of a design object are completely specified, an identified design object is represented as a point in our four-dimensional space and the point designates a surrogate. But when any one of them remains unspecified, selected surrogates may form a line segment, when any two of them unspecified, a plane, and so on. The following definition describes the concept more formally.

Definition 3. Let S D = be a design object scheme. Then a navigation function, F N, is defined as follows.

4

F N : S D i' C 2S, where D i'= D i W {*}

i=1

where * notation means the corresponding component is unspecified.

To clearly explain the semantic of the navigation function, we may need another mechanism

extracting the component value of a designer key from a given surrogate. For example, when F N(S, Bank/NAME, *, *, *) = S'Q 2S, we may want to specify that the design object name of each surrogate in S' is 'Bank'. The following definition is provided for that.

Definition 4. Let f1 = f NAME, f2 = f STAGE, f3 = f OMT and f4 = f V# are attribute functions respectively. Then they are defined as follows.

f i : S C D i', i = 1, ..., 4, where D i' = D i W {*}

As an example, suppose the surrogate of a design object designated by is s1. Then f NAME(s1) = Bank, f STAGE(s1) = analysis, f OMT(s1) = object, and f V#(s1) = 3.0.

Note that a value of function f i, i = 1, ..., 4 can be * or ?. The distinction between them is that f i(s) = *, for s Q S, denotes that f i value of s is not specified, while f i(s) = ? means that f i can not be applicable to s. The following example shows how the attribute functions are used to specify the navigation function.

Example 1. Let a designer key be given as Q D1' D2' D3' D4' . If the surrogate set extracted by the designer key is S' = {s1, s2, s3} Q 2S,, then F N(S, Bank, analysis, *, 3.0) = S' where f NAME(s) = Bank, f STAGE(s) = analysis, f OMT(s) = *, and f V#(s) = 3.0 for ?s Q S' . Since the value of f OMT(s) is not specified, S' would contain the surrogates of all OMT models, i.e., object model, dynamic model, and functional model. If f OMT(s1) = 'object', for s1Q S', then s1 = F N(S', Bank, analysis, object, 3.0). Let us consider another case when a designer key is . If s Q F N(S, Bank, implementation, ?, 3.0), f OMT(s) would be ?, which means that f OMT cannot be applied to the program code of 'Bank'.

Definition 3 may be viewed as a declarative version of F N. However, such a declarative definition may not be sufficient if we want to actually implement the navigation function. The following two definitions are provided to elaborate this function in the procedural point of view.

Definition 5. Let S be a set of surrogates. Then a class c is defined as a subset of S, i.e., c Q 2S, and a class set C= { c } is a set of c.

Definition 6.Let C i, i = 0, ..., 4, be a set of classes, and let F i be F NAME, F STAGE, F OMT and F V# respectively for i = 1, ..., 4. Then, F i: C i-1 D i C C i, i = 1, ..., 4, are called class move functions if they satisfy the followings;

If F i: C i-1 D i C C i , i = 1, ..., 4, then

c Q C i an

d f i(s1) = f i(s2) for Ys1, Ys2Q c

and

if F i: C i-1 {*} C C i , i = 1, ..., 4, then

C i-1 = C i , c Q C i-1 and F i(c, *) = c.

Example 2. Let a designer key and a set of surrogates S Q C0 be given as and S = {s1, s2, s3, s4} respectively. Suppose a surrogate subset of S satisfying design object name = 'Bank' is c1 = {s1, s2, s3} Q C1 and suppose a surrogate subset of c1 satisfying development stage = 'analysis' is c2 = {s1, s2} Q C2 . Then the moves between the classes can be well described as F NAME(S, Bank) = c1, and F STAGE(c1, analysis)= c2. These class move functions satisfy the condition that each value of f NAME(s1), f NAME(s2) and f NAME(s3) is 'Bank', and each value of f STAGE(s1) and f STAGE(s2) is 'analysis'. In addition, since the values of OMT model and version number are specified as * , F OMT(c2, *) = c2Q C3 and F V#( c2, *)= c2Q C4.

Once the name of a concerned design object is specified by F NAME, each of the class move functions F i, i = 2,..., 4, is used to move between two design object classes along the corresponding axis of S D. In other words, it enables us to move from a design object class to the other one which is more specialized from the four-dimensional view point. To explain it, shown in Figure 4 is a FONASSE metamodel for design objects of ATM constructed only in terms of development stage and OMT model perspective. Since both of the two perspectives are modeled by generalization, there may be two directions into which design object classes are specialized. For example, 'Analysis_Design_Object' class can be specialized as the three design object classes of object model, dynamic model and functional model produced at analysis stage. The following application sequence of two class move functions shows a possible navigation path from S to 'Analysis State Diagram' class (c32) ( or to 'Analysis Dynamic Model' class) ;

F STAGE(design_object, ATM) = c1, F STAGE(c1, analysis) = Analysis_Design_Object and F OMT(Analysis_Design_Object, dynamic)= c32 where C0 = {design object = S}, C1 = { c1}, C2= {...,Analysis_Design_Object,...}, C3 = {..., c31, c32, c33,...}, and C3 = C4 .

Figure 4. Metamodel example of FONASSE design objects

Note that all design objects whose name = ATM in Figure 4 may be abstracted into one generic design object, ATM. The same would also be true if version number perspective participates in this abstraction. For example, the collection of every version of c31 may be abstracted into 'Analysis Object diagram' class. This kind of abstraction is referred to as a multiple inheritance formed by using three distinct and independent dimensions [19]. However, composite hierarchy perspective has somewhat different meaning in abstracting design objects. For example, though the aggregation of 'Bank' and 'Computer' may be viewed as ATM, any object diagram of ATM does not inherit its property to 'Bank' or 'Computer' which occur as its subparts. To be specific, the fact that the object diagram was built at object design stage and its version number is 2.0 doesn’t imply that the object diagram of Bank made at the same stage should exist and its version number should be the same. On the contrary, every version of c31 may be an object diagram made at analysis stage. This issue will be addressed again in 3.4.

The class move functions are basically building blocks to implement F N. In the following definition, F N is redefined with them as a procedural version of definition 6 .

Definition 7. Let S D be a design object scheme given in definition 2 and let π = < π1, π2, π3,π4 > be a permutation such that πi∈ { 1, 2, 3, 4} for i = 1, ..., 4. Then the following navigation function F N is defined as the arbitrary composition of four class move functions.

4

F N : S D i' C C, where C is a set of classes, D i'= D i W {*} for i= 1, ..., 4 and

i=1

F N = Fπ1?Fπ2?Fπ3?Fπ4.

As will be shown in the following example, every designer query related with the four-dimensional navigation can be uniformly formulated in terms of the navigation functions. For notational simplicity, we will omit Fπi when d = * ∈ Dπi' for i=1, ... , 4 . Additionally, when * needs not be specified in F N, we will use [ ] notation with the specification of needed key components?for example, F N(S, Bank, analysis, *, *) will be denoted by F N[Bank/NAME, analysis/STAGE].

Example 3. Let S be a set of all possible design objects and suppose we want to retrieve the state diagrams of ATM created at all development stages. Then this query can be simply expressed as F3. F1[ATM/NAME, dynamic/OMT]. To formulate a more sophisticated query, suppose a designer is currently manipulating ATM of version 3.0 created at object design stage. What if he wants to refer to the state diagram of ATM created at analysis stage, while its version number remains the same ? F3. F2[ F N( ATM, object_design, *, 3.0)/S, analysis/STAGE, dynamic/OMT] would be the specification of the query.

The major advantage of the navigation function is its conceptual simplicity in that every kinds of designer queries specifying some navigation paths can be expressed by a simple expression, i.e., the composition of a well defined set of functions. Therefore, we will adhere to this design criteria—conceptual simplicity for not compromising its readability, when developing another auxiliary navigation mechanism in the next chapter.

3.3 Relationship Function

We now explain the navigation of interrelated design objects by relationship functions. While a navigation with the class move functions is made by specifying design objects in terms of the four-dimensional perspective, a navigation with the relationship functions is performed by retrieving some design objects related to a design object specified by explicit OMT relationships, such as 'refinement_of ', 'next_stage_of ', 'next_OMT_model_of ' and 'next_version_of '. Unlike the previous relationships discussed so far, they are not fundamental relationships in that they are introduced only to remove a restriction imposed on when navigating with the class move functions. For example, what if we want to move directly from 'Analysis State Diagram' class to 'Analysis Dataflow Diagram' class in Figure 6? Relationship functions are designed to facilitate such a navigation. Before defining the functions, we may need another set of attribute functions dealing

with 4 kinds of links to participate in the navigation.

Definition 8. Let f1' = f REFINED, f2' = f NEXT_STAGE, f3' = f NEXT_OMT and f4' = f NEXT_VERSION. Then attribute functions f1', ..., and f4' are defined as follows.

f i : S C 2S, i = 1, ..., 4.

Definition 9. Let F i' be F REFINED, F NEXT_STAGE, F NEXT_OMT and F NEXT_VERSION respectively, for i = 1, ..., 4. Then relationship functions F i', i = 1, ..., 4 are defined as follows.

When F i': C i-1C C i, i = 1, ..., 4

1) F i'(c1) = { f i'(s1) ·Ys1Q c1 } = c2 , and

2) if i j, j = 1, ..., 4

f j(s1) = f j(s2), f i(s1) f i(s2) for Ys1Q c1, Ys2Q c2 where c1Q C i-1 and c2Q C i.

W e may also define what is 'next_OMT_model' and 'next_version_of' for the corresponding functions. As defined in Definition 2, the order of OMT models is sorted according to their significance. But, since next version of a design object wholly depends on version control strategies, we assume that F NEXT_VERSION always returns meaningful next version number by using some sophisticated tools such as Team/V by Digitalk or ENVY by Object Technology International, Inc..

To explain next the usage of the functions shown above, let the names of design objects refined from each of design objects in c1 = F NAME(S, ATM) be 'Computer' and 'Bank' (we say 'Computer' and 'Bank' are refined from 'ATM' when they are promoted to design objects, occurring in the object diagram of ATM as its constituents). Then f NAME(f REFINED(s)) Q {'Computer', 'Bank'} for all s Q c1. Suppose F NAME(S, 'Computer')= c1' and F NAME(S, 'Bank')= c1". Then the object class c1'W c1" would be defined to have a refinement relationship with c1, described by the relationship function F REFINED(c1) = c1' W c1". Attribute functions here have the condition that f STAGE(s1)=f STAGE(s), f OMT(s1)=f OMT(s), and f V#(s1)=f V#(s) but f NAME(s1) Q { 'Computer', 'Bank' } for all s1Q c1'W c1". It ensures that a move initiated by each of the relationship functions is made only along its own axis.

To justify the usefulness of F NEXT_OMT, suppose we move to the object diagram class of 'ATM' by evaluating F OMT(c1, object) and then we immediately want to traverse the class hierarchy in Figure 6 from the class to reach the state diagram class of 'ATM', defined as the next OMT model. Obviously, the evaluation time of F NEXT_OMT(c1) would be faster than that of F OMT(c1, dynamic) since F NEXT_OMT exploits a context information thanks to links in f NEXT_OMT of F OMT(c1, object)—the information that current position is the object diagram

class of 'ATM'. The semantic of F NEXT_STAGE and F NEXT_V# is the same as this function in that each of them moves to its own next class which is predefined in the four-dimensional space, using its links.

The semantic of F REFINED, however, is somewhat different from the other three relationship functions. It is mainly used to reference the constituent classes of a given design object classes rather than its predefined next class. It may be coupled with F NAME, when the explicit name specification of a constituent is needed. This function also makes the class move function F NAME efficient by using its aggregation links. For example, it is obvious that F NAME ( F REFINED(c1), Bank) is evaluated more quickly than F NAME(S, Bank). The following proposition clarifies this point.

Proposition 1. Let c be a class and c'be one of its constituent classes whose name is N. Then the following holds.

F NAME ( F REFINED(c), N) = F NAME(S, N).

Proof. Since F REFINED(c) is a surrogate set of all constituents of c, it would include all surrogates in c' . In other words, it would include all s' Q c' such that f NAME (s') = N. Accordingly, F NAME ( F REFINED(c), N) = c'. Next, since the names of all design objects in a system are unique, there is no s Q F NAME(S, N) such that s ?c'. Therefore, F NAME(S, N) ?c' = F NAME ( F REFINED(c), N). On the other hand, since F NAME(S, N) includes all the surrogates whose name is N, F NAME(S, N) ?c'. Now, we conclude F NAME ( F REFINED(c), N) = F NAME(S, N) .

Example 4. Suppose we are trying to move from ATM to Bank, which is a constituent of ATM as shown in Figure 5. Two paths may be possible? F NAME(S, Bank) and F NAME ( F REFINED(c), Bank) such that f NAME(s) = 'ATM' for ? s ∈c.

Figure 5. Moves along composite hierarchy

We are now in a position to show an example of a navigation function revised by augmenting the relationship functions.

Example 5. Let 'Bank' be a constituent in an object diagram of 'ATM'. If we want to retrieve the state diagram of 'Bank' whose development stage is the same as ATM's, then the needed query would be formulated as

F N ( F NAME(F REFINED ( F N'(S, ATM, x/STAGE, *, object)), Bank), x/STAGE, *, dynamic).

Another advantage of our framework is its conceptual uniformity in that the navigation function can also be used as a formal specification of integrity constraints imposed on OMT design objects. This is because the constraints are naturally derived from inherent semantics of the FONASSE model, that is, four-dimensional relationships. Since each of the relationship derives the corresponding integrity constraint, four integrity constraints can be identified. We describe each of them one after another in the following section.

3.4 Integrity Constraints

Capturing four integrity constraints at system level may entail not only the preservation of the four-dimensional semantic among design objects but also its automatic enforcement. In this section, we introduce each of the constraints and then show how to specify them appropriately by using the navigation functions. The following definition 10 provides a standard form needed for the clear specification of the constraints.

Definition 10. An expression of the following form is called integrity constraint expression and is denoted by E .

F N( d1,d2,d3,d4) ≠Φ→ F N'(d1', d2', d3', d4') ≠Φ for Y d i , d i'Q D i' , i= 1, 2, 3, 4.

Definition 11. IC is defined as a set of E.

Definition 12.Suppose E be given as in Definition 10. Then the number of components of a designer key in F N affected in E is denoted by Dim(E).

As you will see, each of the following four constraints turns out to be an E having additional conditions.

Constraint of composite hierarchy

In the OMT developing environment, a constituent object of a design object can be promoted to

another design object through refinement and the promoted design object can, in turn, have other design objects as its constituents. Since this process continues recursively, it may form a hierarchy, which is called composite hierarchy.

To preserve the semantic of this hierarchy, we may be allowed to delete a design object only when any other design objects do not contain it as their subpart. A rule used to preserve this semantic is called the constraint of composite hierarchy. The integrity constraint expression E for this constraint is given as follows.

F N(S, y/NAME, d2, d3, d4) ?C F N'(S, x/NAME, d2, d3, d4) ???????? (1)

for Yd i Q D i', i=2, 3, 4 and x, y Q D1

where x is a subpart of y, i.e., f NAME(s) = x such that Ys Q F REFINED(F N)).

Practically it may be rare for design objects to be deleted since they are valuable information in general. But, some warning facility would turn out to be useful despite that, since it is quite probable that the signature of a design object may be modified, which makes the design object unqualified as the subpart of any other one.

Recall that any constituent of a design object need not have the same stage as the design object's, as mentioned in 3.2. Obviously, (1) doesn't coincide with it. For example, even if 'Bank' is a constituent of an object diagram of 'ATM' made at object design stage, the following constraint may not hold between them if we adopt the dynamic binding, which binds an object diagram of 'Bank' made at analysis stage to 'ATM' when the counterpart made at object design stage is not available.

F N(S, ATM, object_design/STAGE, d3, d4) ?C

F N'(S, Bank, object_design/STAGE, d3, d4) ? for Yd i Q D i', i=3, 4.

However, our constraint specification may still remain valid in that such dynamic binding could lead to some inconsistencies whenever a target program code is generated. For example, under the situation that the object diagrams of ATM is fully concreted up to contain real procedure names in its method field, suppose a designer tries to generate a program code from the diagram, without knowing that the object diagram of 'Bank' at object design stage is no longer qualified as its subpart due to some illegal modification or deletion. Obviously, the program code would be far from what he wants if an object diagram made at analysis stage is used in this code generation by the dynamic binding. Nevertheless, this integrity constraint may need to allow some variation in its specification, depending on application requirements.

Constraint of development stage

When one class precedes another one in the development stage, let the former be a direct ancestor and the latter be a direct predecessor. For example, if c1 and c2 are design object classes

made at a system design stage and an object design stage respectively, c1 is a direct ancestor and c2 is a direct predecessor. We can now identify a rule that if an instance object s2 exists in class c2, an instance object s1 should also exist in c1, which is different from s2 only in the stage among the four-dimensional components. We call it as the constraint of development stage. Now, the corresponding E is as follows.

F N(S, d1, x/STAGE, d3, d4) ?C F N'(S, d1, y, d3, d4) ???????? (2)

for Yd i Q D i', i = 1, 3, 4 and x, y Q D2.

Here, y directly precedes x in the development stage, i.e., F NEXT_STAGE (F N') = F N.

As an example to explain its usage, suppose a designer tries to modify the functional diagram of 'ATM' produced at analysis stage, which has already its counterpart detailed at object design stage. This situation is quite probable since OMT development stage is iterative in nature. Similarly to the case of the composite hierarchy constraint, such an attempt would encounter the warning message that the counterpart should be modified together.

Constraint of OMT model

When two classes include only design objects which are different from each other in their OMT model, the two classes are said to be associated by OMT model relationship. For example, let c1 be a design object class of object model and c2 be a design object class of dynamic model respectively. Then c1 and c2 are called to be associated with each other by the OMT model relationship. Constraint of OMT model is deciphered as the rule that if an instance object s1 exists in class c1, then class c2 should also have the corresponding instance object s2 which is different from s1 only in the OMT model among the components of their designer keys. We now get the corresponding E as follows.

F N(S, d1, d2, x/OMT, d4) ?C F N(S, d1, d2, y, d4) ???????? (3)

for Yd i Q D i', i = 1, 2, 4 and x, y Q D3.

Practically this constraint may be too strict to obey, since, three models don't always exist simultaneously, It could be therefore tedious for designers to get warning whenever violating the constraint. However, this constraint is nevertheless useful, if used appropriately. To explain it, consider the situation that the state diagram of OMT, s1 was built based on the object diagram of OMT, s2 and through some verification and iteration, s1 produces its version, s1', which in turn causes the creation of a version of s2, s2' by adding detail to s2. Now, the constraint would issue a warning message if one tries to delete s1' since s2' exists already as its counterpart.

Constraint of version hierarchy

A version can produce other versions continuously which forms a version hierarchy. In this process, when a version x is deleted, all versions derived from x directly and indirectly should also be deleted. The rule is termed the constraint of version hierarchy. It can be described as follows.

F N(S, d1, d2, d3, y/V#) ?C F N'(S, d1, d2, d3, x) ???????? (4)

for Yd i Q D i', i = 1, 2, 3 and x, y Q D4

where y is a version number derived from x directly, i.e., F NEXT_V# (F N') = F N.

By the same reason as in the constraint of composite hierarchy, any attempt to delete or to change the signature of a version may be prohibited in case such an attempt leads to invalidating all the other versions it derived.

Though we specified the four integrity constraints individually, they are in fact interconnected constraints by the inherent properties of the FONASSE model. To show that they can specify more sophisticated constraints if composed, it would suffice to consider the constraint that if the object diagram of Bank produced at object design stage exists as a constituent of ATM of the same stage, then its corresponding diagram made at analysis stage should also exist. We may need a proposition to materialize the composition of the constraints.

Proposition 2. Let E1 , E2∈ IC. Then we can make E3∈ IC such that E1∧E2→E3.

Proof. Without the loss of generality , we can let F N [d i, d j] ≠Φ→ F N'[d i', d j] ≠Φ, F N' [d i', d j] ≠Φ→ F N''[d i', d j'] ≠Φ be E1 and E2 respectively where d i≠ d i' and d j ≠ d j' for 1≤ i, j ≤ 4. Then by the transitive property of →, we can derive E3, F N [d i, d j] ≠Φ→ F N''[d i', d j'] ≠Φ, which turns out to be an E by Definition 10. By the same way, we can always derive E3even when d i ≠ d i' or d j≠ d j' for more than one 1≤ i, j ≤ 4.

Example 6. Consider again the constraint that if 'Bank' produced at object design stage exists as a constituent of ATM of the same stage, then the counterpart of 'Bank' made at a prior stage, say, analysis stage should also exist. Now, it can be described as E3: F N [ATM/NAME, object_design/STAGE] ≠Φ→ F N''[Bank/NAME, analysis/STAGE] ≠Φ which is obtained by E1∧ E2→ E3where E1 : F N [ATM/NAME, object_design/STAGE] ≠Φ→ F N'[Bank/NAME, object_design/STAGE] ≠Φ and E2 : F N' [Bank/NAME, object_design/STAGE] ≠Φ→F N''[Bank/NAME, analysis/STAGE] ≠Φ.

Proposition 3.Suppose E1 , E2 , E3∈ IC which are obtained by using Proposition 2. Then Dim(E3) = Dim(E1) + Dim(E2), if E1∧ E2→ E3.

Proof. It can be proved by Definition 12. We omit it.

Example 7.Consider the constraint that if the object diagram of ATM was produced at object-design stage having Bank as its constituent, then the state diagram of Bank produced at analysis stage also exists. If we let

E1 : F N [ATM/NAME, object/OMT, object_design/STAGE] ≠Φ→

F N''[Bank/NAME, object/OMT , analysis/STAGE] ≠Φ and

E2 : F N'' [Bank/NAME, object/OMT, analysis/STAGE] ≠Φ→

F N'''[Bank/NAME, dynamic/OMT, analysis/STAGE] ≠Φ,

then we can get the following E3 by E1∧ E2→ E3.

E3: F N [ATM/NAME, object/OMT, object_design/STAGE] ≠Φ→

F N'''[Bank/NAME, dynamic/OMT, analysis/STAGE] ≠Φ.

We now get Dim(E3) = 3 according to proposition 3, since Dim(E1) = 2 and Dim(E2) = 1.

As mentioned in 3.2, since the constituents of a design object don't inherit any properties from the design object, it may not always be possible to construct a meaningful E∈ IC such that Dim(E) = 4 specifying an integrity constraint implied by the four-dimensional axes. The following example explains this issue.

Example 8.The following E3'∈ IC such that Dim(E3') = 3 is valid since by the constraints (2)(3)(4). To be specific, version 3.0 should not exist if version 2.0 doesn’t exist, since it was derived from version 2.0.

E3': F N [ATM/NAME, object/OMT, object_design/STAGE, v3.0/V#] ≠Φ→

F N'''[ATM/NAME, dynamic/OMT, analysis/STAGE, v2.0/V#] ≠Φ.

However, the following E4such that Dim(E4) = 4 may not be meaningful if we adopt the dynamic binding. By dynamically binding 'Bank' version 1.0 to 'ATM' version 3.0, it supports the interpretation that even if the version 2.0 of 'Bank' object diagram is deleted, there is no reason that the deletion of version 3.0 of ATM should be accompanied by.

E4: F N [ATM/NAME, object/OMT, object_design/STAGE, v3.0/V#] ≠Φ→

F N'''[Bank/NAME, dynamic/OMT, analysis/STAGE, v2.0/V#] ≠Φ.

Remark that the constraint expressions specified so far may be easily implemented with ECA(Event-Condition-Action) rules, if it can be extended to treat design objects as units of inference. Refer to [4, 21] for further detailed explanation.

4. Navigating Design Objects in FONASSE

In this chapter we present a navigation scenario obtained from the prototype of our model. For each sequence of a navigation in this scenario to be easily followed up, we first visualize the overall navigating path on the four-dimensional space. Figure 6 sketches a circular path from the object diagram of ATM, to the same place after passing through its state and data flow diagram.

Figure 6. Partial Navigation Path 1

In the sequel, Figure 7 shows a moving from the object diagram of Bank to its implementation

.

after reaching the diagram by using the relationship function F REFINED

We are now in a position to follow up the navigation path with our scenario provided to

materialize it. Shown in Figure 8 is an initial window to display the design object s1 designated by

< ATM, analysis, object, 1.0>.

Figure 8. Design object s1 whose designer key is

In the sequel, we can retrieve a design object s2 designated by < ATM, analysis, dynamic, 1.0> as shown in Figure 9. The navigation is made by using a relationship function F NEXT_OMT({s1}).

Figure 9. Design object s2 designated by

Suppose now we need to reference a design object 'Bank' which is a subpart of s1. Figure 10 shows it, reversed by the selection of the design object. Let s4 be the object diagram of 'Bank' designated by . s4 can be obtained by using a relationship function F REFINED({s1}, Bank). s4 may also be obtained by a class move function F NAME(S, Bank) where the designer key of each s in S would be of the form <*, analysis, object, 1.0>.

Figure 10. Subpart, Bank of the design object s1 Figure 11 shows s4 together with its program code.

Figure 11. Retrieval of s4 and its program code

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描写常青藤优美句段写常青藤作文散文句子 描写常青藤优美句段写常青藤作文散文句子第1段: 1.睁开朦胧的泪眼,我猛然发觉那株濒临枯萎的常春藤已然绿意青葱,虽然仍旧瘦小,却顽强挣扎,嫩绿的枝条攀附着窗格向着阳光奋力伸展。 2.常春藤是一种常见的植物,我家也种了两盆。可能它对于很多人来说都不足为奇,但是却给我留下了美好的印象。常春藤属于五加科常绿藤本灌木,翠绿的叶子就像火红的枫叶一样,是可爱的小金鱼的尾巴。常春藤的叶子的长约5厘米,小的则约有2厘米,但都是小巧玲珑的,十分可爱。叶子外圈是白色的,中间是翠绿的,好像有人在叶子上涂了一层白色的颜料。从叶子反面看,可以清清楚楚地看见那凸出来的,一根根淡绿色的茎。 3.渴望到森林里探险,清晨,薄薄的轻雾笼罩在树林里,抬头一看,依然是参天古木,绕着树干一直落到地上的常春藤,高高低低的灌木丛在小径旁张牙舞爪。 4.我们就像马蹄莲,永不分开,如青春的常春藤,紧紧缠绕。 5.我喜欢那里的情调,常春藤爬满了整个屋顶,门把手是旧的,但带着旧上海的味道,槐树花和梧桐树那样美到凋谢,这是我的上海,这是爱情的上海。 6.当我离别的时候,却没有你的身影;想轻轻地说声再见,已是人去楼空。顿时,失落和惆怅涌上心头,泪水也不觉悄悄滑落我伫立很久很久,凝望每一条小路,细数每一串脚印,寻找你

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什么是美国常青藤大学

https://www.doczj.com/doc/c32577760.html, 有意向申请美国大学的学生,大部分听过一个名字,常青藤大学联盟。那么美国常青藤大学盟校到底是怎么一回事,又是由哪些大大学组成的呢?下面为大家介绍一下美国常青藤大学联盟。 立思辰留学360介绍,常青藤盟校(lvy League)是由美国的七所大学和一所学院组成的一个大学联合会。它们是:马萨诸塞州的哈佛大学,康涅狄克州的耶鲁大学,纽约州的哥伦比亚大学,新泽西州的普林斯顿大学,罗德岛的布朗大学,纽约州的康奈尔大学,新罕布什尔州的达特茅斯学院和宾夕法尼亚州的宾夕法尼亚大学。这8所大学都是美国首屈一指的大学,历史悠久,治学严谨,许多著名的科学家、政界要人、商贾巨子都毕业于此。在美国,常青藤学院被作为顶尖名校的代名词。 常青藤由来 立思辰留学介绍,常青藤盟校的说法来源于上世纪的50年代。上述学校早在19世纪末期就有社会及运动方面的竞赛,盟校的构想酝酿于1956年,各校订立运动竞赛规则时进而订立了常青藤盟校的规章,选出盟校校长、体育主任和一些行政主管,定期聚会讨论各校间共同的有关入学、财务、援助及行政方面的问题。早期的常青藤学院只有哈佛、耶鲁、哥伦比亚和普林斯顿4所大学。4的罗马数字为“IV”,加上一个词尾Y,就成了“IVY”,英文的意思就是常青藤,所以又称为常青藤盟校,后来这4所大学的联合会又扩展到8所,成为现在享有盛誉的常青藤盟校。 这些名校都有严格的入学标准,能够入校就读的学生,自然是品学兼优的好学生。学校很早就去各个高中挑选合适的人选,许多得到全国优秀学生奖并有各种特长的学生都是他们网罗的对象。不过学习成绩并不是学校录取的惟一因素,学生是否具有独立精神并且能否快速适应紧张而有压力的大一新生生活也是他们考虑的重要因素。学生的能力和特长是衡量学生综合素质的重要一关,高中老师的推荐信和评语对于学生的入学也起到重要的作用。学校财力雄厚,招生办公室可以完全根据考生本人的情况录取,而不必顾虑这个学生家庭支付学费的能力,许多家境贫困的优秀子弟因而受益。有钱人家的子女,即使家财万贯,也不能因此被录取。这也许就是常青藤学院历经数百年而保持“常青”的原因。

2019年美国常春藤八所名校排名

2019年美国常春藤八所名校排名享有盛名的常春藤盟校现在是什么情况呢?接下来就来为您介绍一下!以下常春藤盟校排名是根据2019年美国最佳大学进行的。接下来我们就来看看各个学校的状态以及真实生活。 完整的常春藤盟校名单包括耶鲁大学、哈佛大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、布朗大学、普林斯顿大学、哥伦比亚大学、达特茅斯学院和康奈尔大学。 同时我们也看看常春藤盟校是怎么样的?也许不是你所想的那样。 2019年Niche排名 3 录取率5% 美国高考分数范围1430-1600 财政援助:“学校选择美国最优秀的学生,想要他们来学校读书。如果你被录取,哈佛会确保你能读得起。如果你选择不去入学的话,那一定不是因为经济方面的原因。”---哈佛大三学生2019年Niche排名 4 录取率6% 美国高考分数范围1420-1600 学生宿舍:“不可思议!忘记那些其他学校的学生宿舍吧。在耶鲁,你可以住在一个豪华套房,它更像是一个公寓。一个公寓有许多人一起住,包括一个公共休息室、洗手间和多个卧室。我再不能要求任何更好的条件了。这个套房很大,很干净,还时常翻修。因为学校的宿舍深受大家喜爱,现在有90%的学生都住在学校!”---耶鲁大二学生

2019年Niche排名 5 录取率7% 美国高考分数范围1400-1590 综合体验:“跟任何其他学校一样,普林斯顿大学有利有弊。这个学校最大的好处也是我选择这个学校的主要原因之一就是它的财政援助体系,任何学生想要完成的计划,它都会提供相应的财政支持。”---普林斯顿大二学生 2019年Niche排名 6 录取率9% 美国高考分数范围1380-1570 自我关心:“如果你喜欢城市的话,宾夕法尼亚大学是个不错的选择。这里对于独立的人来说也是一个好地方,因为在这里你必须学会自己发展。要确保进行一些心理健康的训练,因为这里的人通常会过量工作。如果你努力工作并且玩得很嗨,二者都会使你精疲力尽,所以给自己留出点儿时间休息。”---宾夕法尼亚大一学生 2019年Niche排名7 录取率7% 美国高考分数范围1410-1590 综合体验:“学校的每个人都很关心学生,包括我们的身体状况和学业成绩。在这里,你可以遇到来自世界各地的多种多样的学生。他们在学校进行的安全防范教育让我感觉受到保护。宿舍生活非常精彩,你会感觉跟室友们就像家人一样。总之,能成为学校的一员我觉得很棒,也倍感荣幸!”---哥伦比亚大二学生2019年Niche排名9 录取率9% 美国高考分数范围1370-1570 学术点评:“新的课程培养学术探索能力,在过去的两年中我

美国常青藤大学研究生申请条件都有哪些

我国很多学子都想前往美国的常青藤大学就读于研究生,所以美国常青藤大学研究生申请条件都有哪些? 美国常青藤大学研究生申请条件: 1、高中或本科平均成绩(GPA)高于3.8分,通常最高分是4分,平均分越高越好; 2、学术能力评估测试I(SAT I,阅读+数学)高于1400分,学术能力评估测试II(SAT II,阅读+数学+写作)高于2000分; 3、托福考试成绩100分以上,雅思考试成绩不低于7分; 4、美内国研究生入学考试(GRE)成绩1400分以上,经企管理研究生入学考试(GMAT)成绩700分以上。 大学先修课程(AP)考试成绩并非申请美国大学所必需,但由于大学先修课程考试对于高中生来说有一定的挑战性及难度,美国大学也比较欢迎申请者提交大学先修课程考试的成绩,作为入学参考标准。

有艺术、体育、数学、社区服务等特长者优先考容虑。获得国际竞赛、辩论和科学奖等奖项者优先考虑,有过巴拿马国际发明大赛的得主被破例录取的例子。中国中学生在奥林匹克数、理、化、生物比赛中获奖也有很大帮助。 常春藤八所院校包括:哈佛大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、哥伦比亚大学、达特茅斯学院、布朗大学及康奈尔大学。 新常春藤包括:加州大学洛杉矶分校、北卡罗来纳大学、埃默里大学、圣母大学、华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校、波士顿学院、塔夫茨大学、伦斯勒理工学院、卡内基梅隆大学、范德比尔特大学、弗吉尼亚大学、密歇根大学、肯阳学院、罗彻斯特大学、莱斯大学。 纽约大学、戴维森学院、科尔盖特大学、科尔比学院、瑞德大学、鲍登学院、富兰克林欧林工程学院、斯基德莫尔学院、玛卡莱斯特学院、克莱蒙特·麦肯纳学院联盟。 小常春藤包括:威廉姆斯学院、艾姆赫斯特学院、卫斯理大学、斯沃斯莫尔学院、明德学院、鲍登学院、科尔比学院、贝茨学院、汉密尔顿学院、哈弗福德学院等。

留学美国常春藤八大院校

留学美国常春藤八大院校 美国常春藤声誉: 几乎所有的常春藤盟校都以苛刻的入学标准著称,近年来尤其如此:在过去的10多年里常春藤盟校的录取率正在下降。很多学校还在 特别的领域内拥有极大的学术声誉,例如: 哥伦比亚大学的法学院、商学院、医学院和新闻学院; 康乃尔大学的酒店管理学院和工程学院; 达特茅斯学院的塔克商学院(TuckSchoolofBusiness); 哈佛大学的商学院、法学院、医学院、教育学院和肯尼迪政府学院; 宾夕法尼亚大学的沃顿商学院、医学院、护理学院、法学院和教 育学院; 普林斯顿大学的伍德鲁·威尔逊公共与国际事务学院; 耶鲁大学的法学院、艺术学院、音乐学院和医学院; 美国常春藤八大名校【哈佛大学】 哈佛大学(HarvardUniversity)是一所位于美国马萨诸塞州波 士顿剑桥城的私立大学,常春藤盟校成员之一,1636年由马萨诸塞州 殖民地立法机关立案成立。 该机构在1639年3月13日以一名毕业于英格兰剑桥大学的牧师 约翰·哈佛之名,命名为哈佛学院,1780年哈佛学院更名为哈佛大学。直到19世纪,创建了一个半世纪的哈佛学院仍然以英国的牛津大学、 剑桥大学两所大学为模式,以培养牧师、律师和官员为目标,注重人 文学科,学生不能自由选择课程。19世纪初,高等教育课程改革的号

角在哈佛吹响了,崇尚“学术自由”和“讲学自由”。“固定的学年”和“固定的课”的老框框受到冲击,自由选修课程的制度逐渐兴起。 哈佛大学是一所在世界上享有顶尖大学声誉、财富和影响力的学校, 被誉为美国政府的思想库,其商学院案例教学也盛名远播。作为全美 的大学之一,在世界各研究机构的排行榜中,也经常名列世界大学第 一位。 美国常春藤八大名校【耶鲁大学】 耶鲁大学(YaleUniversity)是一所坐落于美国康涅狄格州纽黑 文(纽黑文市CityofNewHaven)的私立大学,创于1701年,初名“大学学院”(CollegiateSchool)。 耶鲁起初是一所教会学校,1718年,英国东印度公司高层官员伊莱休·耶鲁先生向这所教会学校捐赠了9捆总价值562英镑12先令的 货物、417本书以及英王乔治一世的肖像和纹章,在当时对襁褓之中的耶鲁简直是雪中送炭。为了感谢耶鲁先生的捐赠,学校正式更名为 “耶鲁学院”,它就是今日耶鲁大学的前身。18世纪30年代至80年代,耶鲁在伯克利主教、斯泰尔斯牧师、波特校长等的不懈努力下, 逐渐由学院发展为大学。至20世纪初,随着美国教育的迅猛发展,耶 鲁大学已经发展到了惊人的规模,在世界的影响力也达到了新的高度。耶鲁大学是美国历建立的第三所大学(第一所是哈佛大学,第二所是 威廉玛丽学院),该校教授阵容、学术创新、课程设置和场馆设施等 方面堪称一流,与哈佛大学、普林斯顿大学齐名,历年来共同角逐美 国大学和研究生院前三的位置。哈佛大学注重闻名于研究生教育,威 廉玛丽学院闻名于本科生教育,耶鲁则是双脚走路,都非常,在世界 大学排名中名列前茅。 美国常春藤八大名校【宾夕法尼亚】 宾夕法尼亚大学(UniversityofPennsylvania)是一所私立大学, 是在美国开国元勋本杰明·富兰克林的倡导下于1740年建立起来的。 它是美国东北部常春藤大学之一,坐落于合众国的摇篮——费城,独

美国常青藤名校的由来

美国常青藤名校的由来

美国常青藤名校的由来 以哈佛、耶鲁为代表的“常青藤联盟”是美国大学中的佼佼者,在美国的3000多所大学中,“常青藤联盟”尽管只是其中的极少数,仍是许多美国学生梦想进入的高等学府。 常青藤盟校(lvy League)是由美国的8 所大学和一所学院组成的一个大学联合会。它们是:马萨诸塞州的哈佛大学,康涅狄克州的耶鲁大学,纽约州的哥伦比亚大学,新泽西州的普林斯顿大学,罗德岛的布朗大学,纽约州的康奈尔大学,新罕布什尔州的达特茅斯学院和宾夕法尼亚州的宾夕法尼亚大学。这8所大学都是美国首屈一指的大学,历史悠久,治学严谨,许多著名的科学家、政界要人、商贾巨子都毕业于此。在美国,常青藤学院被作为顶尖名校的代名词。 常青藤盟校的说法来源于上世纪的50年代。上述学校早在19世纪末期就有社会及运动方面的竞赛,盟校的构想酝酿于1956年,各校订立运动竞赛规则时进而订立了常青藤盟校 的规章,选出盟校校长、体育主任和一些行政主管,定期聚会讨论各校间共同的有关入学、财务、援助及行政方面的问题。早期的常青藤学院只有

哈佛、耶鲁、哥伦比亚和普林斯顿4所大学。4的罗马数字为“IV”,加上一个词尾Y,就成了“IVY”,英文的意思就是常青藤,所以又称为常青藤盟校,后来这4所大学的联合会又扩展到8所,成为现在享有盛誉的常青藤盟校。 这些名校都有严格的入学标准,能够入校就读的学生,自然是品学兼优的好学生。学校很早就去各个高中挑选合适的人选,许多得到全国优秀学生奖并有各种特长的学生都是他们网罗的对象。不过学习成绩并不是学校录取的惟一因素,学生是否具有独立精神并且能否快速适应紧张而有压力的大一新生生活也是他们考虑的重要因素。学生的能力和特长是衡量学生综合素质的重要一关,高中老师的推荐信和评语对于学生的入学也起到重要的作用。学校财力雄厚,招生办公室可以完全根据考生本人的情况录取,而不必顾虑这个学生家庭支付学费的能力,许多家境贫困的优秀子弟因而受益。有钱人家的子女,即使家财万贯,也不能因此被录取。这也许就是常青藤学院历经数百年而保持“常青”的原因。 布朗大学(Brown University)

美国常青藤大学

一、常春藤大学的综合考察 1 (一)秉承传统,注重办学特色 2 (二)讲求质量,保持领先地位 4 (三)避免封闭,与盟校切磋交流 7 二、常春藤大学的分别考察 (一)哈佛大学 9 (二)耶鲁大学 13 (三)哥伦比亚大学 18 (四)普林斯顿大学 23 (五)康乃尔大学 25 (六)宾西法尼亚大学 27 (七)布朗大学 29 (八)达特茅斯学院 34 三、常春藤大学面向未来开展教育创新 36 (一)调整课程体系 37 (二)倡导学术诚信 37 (三)加强科研攻关 37 (四)推动数字建设 38 (五)服务经济发展 38 (六)加强国际交流 39 (七)营造优美校园 39 (八)提高管理效率 40

美国常春藤大学 美国著名的八所常春藤大学均位于纽约领区,在一定程度上体现了我领区的优秀教育资源。本资料基于教育组领事对全部常春藤大学的实地考察编写而成。 一、常春藤大学的综合考察 美国常春藤大学历史悠久,崇尚学术,注重特色,塑造校风,规范办学,教授水平高,学生质量好,在美国乃至全世界高教领域都有较大影响,“常春藤”(Ivy League)几乎成了一流大学的代名词,成了这些名牌老校的无形资产。在21世纪的头几年,常春藤大学通过委任资深校长,聘用杰出教师,招收优秀学生,致力于发现知识、传授知识、培养人才、贡献社会,并制定出面向未来的规划,意欲在激烈的竞争中,始终处于不败之地。 (一)秉承传统,注重办学特色 源于竞技,代表名校。20世纪三、四十年代,美国各大学之间体育比赛如火如荼,并将体育比赛成绩与学校水平相提并论。各校为在比赛中独占鳌头,纷纷降低录取条件,提供高额奖学金,争招体育运动尖子,客观上造成为比赛而比赛,为名次而降分的局面,引起一些名校的不满。1945年,哈佛大学(建于1636)、耶鲁大学(1701)、哥伦比亚大学(1754)、和普林斯顿大学(1746)、四校达成共识,声明取消体育项目奖学金,并结成橄榄球竞赛联盟,在四校间进行比赛。“四”的罗马数字为I V,音同I V Y,意为长春藤,于是有人称这些大学为长春藤大学。 1954年,康乃尔大学(建于1868)、宾夕法尼亚大学(1740)、达特茅斯学院(1769)、布郎大学(1764)入盟。八校共同签署协议,决定各种体育比赛项目均在八校间开展。这八所名校皆为私立,除康乃尔建于19世纪外,其余都有数百年历史,比美国建国还早。这些大学均有古色古香的建筑物,墙壁上爬满了常春藤,从而强化了对常春藤的称谓。由于常春藤大学的历史久、水平高、名气大,尽管学费高昂,人们仍然心向神往。一些人上名校不只为读书,也为广泛交友,八面得风,预埋一张无形的社会关系网。 挟其声威,广揽财源。借助于在学术上的显赫气焰,常春藤大学一般很会造势。每年召开很多会议,邀请知名校友和著名财团、政要成为校董,以使财脉不段。校友乐于回馈母校,报答社会,向母校捐赠成为风尚。 学术自由,独立办学。常春藤大学享有充分的自主权。开什么专业,由学校决定;开什么课,由院系决定;如何上课,由教师决定。这些大学认为,学术自由是宪法修正案中明确赋予大学的权利,惟有如此,方能不媚权贵,追求真理,培育英才。当然,自由是相对的,有自由就有责任。 发展强项,注重特色。常春藤大学根据实际情况规划学校发展,有所为有所不为。注重特色,讲究比较优势,扬长避短。哈佛的政府学院历来第一,哥大的国际关系学院首屈一指,宾大的沃顿商学院傲视同行,耶鲁的法学院赫赫有名。达特茅斯学院曾有发展成研究型大学的机会,但它不改校名高扬本科教育的旗帜;布郎一贯实施课程的完全选修制,让学生自主学习;普林斯顿尽管财力雄厚,但不设医学院,集中力量办好原有系科;康乃尔农牧见长,农业推广项目享誉全美。 优美环境,优良校风。常春藤大学校园美丽,清静整洁,建筑典雅,错落有致,春夏秋冬各具风光,是理想的学习研究之地。这些大学提倡严谨诚信,以人为本,培养品德高尚、独立思考、身体健康、具有领导才能和创新精神的杰出人才。 依法治校,规范管理。常春藤大学均设有法律事务处,依据学校规模,内设3----18名专职法律顾问,总顾问常由一名副校长兼任。他们对外协调法律纠纷,努力维护学校权益,对内理顺部门关系,协助校长监管学校运作和教师操行。同时,各校均有一整套详尽的管理制度,实行规范管理。学校总部负责重大事项,院系则安排具体的教育教学活动,各司其职,各负其责。校董会(Corporation)是学校最高决策机构,由上院(Board of Fellows)和下院(Board of Trustees)组成。校董会的主要职责是:保证办学诚信,任命校长,确保教学管理有序,通过预算,筹款并管理大学的基金,却保足够的物质设施,总揽长远规划,充当大学于社区的桥梁,保持大学自治,仲裁校内纠纷。

常青藤代表着什么教育理念

来源:南方人物周刊 作者:南方人物周刊特约撰稿薛涌最后更新:2012-08-29 08:27:02 “常青藤”在中国已经甚为耳熟。人们对于耳熟的东西,也往往误会很多。10年前,中国掀起了“建设世界一流大学”的运动,常青藤作为“研究性大学”被当成模仿的标本。如今,中国的留学潮从研究院蔓延到了本科,常青藤的博雅教育、“完人”(well-rounded person)培养的理念,也被广为讨论,成为批判中国“应试教育”的有力武器。另外,在制度上,常青藤基本属于私立,和官办的中国高等教育体制形成了鲜明的对照。这似乎也成为市场效率的明证,值得中国的大学借鉴。 在我看来,对常青藤的这些认识,都有简单化之嫌。我个人作为美国教育制度的介绍者,对此也并非没有责任。现在的常青藤固然多为研究性大学,但却来自于和研究性大学非常不同的传统。教育的“完人”理想固然可贵,但这种贵族性的理念长期以来被用于维护上流社会的既得利益,有着相当丑陋的历史。相比之下,常青藤录取中的“应试化”,倒是一种进步的趋势。作为私立的常青藤,充分利用了市场模式,比起欧洲的官办大学来显示出巨大的优势。但是,常青藤在战后的进步,往往和联邦资金的大量介入、政府的一系列法规有密切关系。总之,常青藤有着悠久丰富的传统,但很难代表一个一成不变的教育理念。理解常青藤,就必须分析其复杂的历史基因。 耶鲁大学校园,布什和克里都曾在这里加入“骷髅会”(一个秘密精英社团,成员包括许多美国政界、商界、教育界的重要人物) “牛桥传统” 美国的高等教育是几大传统的汇流。追根寻源,哈佛、耶鲁、普林斯顿等常青藤盟校属于盎格鲁-萨克逊传统,或称“牛桥传统”(Oxbridge),即牛津-剑桥所代表的高等教育。这派的要旨,是培养“完人”,强调通才教育而轻视专业研究。牛津、剑桥到20世纪初尚不授予博士学位。人,而非专业,是教育的核心。 平民社会急剧扩张,几所贵族气十足的常青藤自然无法满足高等教育的需求。南北战争后,联邦政府通过了“颁地法”,即1862年的Merrill Land Grant Act和1887年的Hatch Act,拨给各州大量的联邦土地,让其用卖地所得的款项建立和发展州立大学,其宗旨是传授实用的生产技艺,特别是农业生产的技艺。密歇根、威斯康星以及加利福尼亚的州立大学体系,就是在这个时期成型的。直到今天,州立大学大多比较强调实用技能,也是和这种下里巴人的起源有关。 到19世纪末,德国的研究型大学崛起,其基本理念是把大学建成学术工厂,以学术带头人为中心组成专门的科系,研究人员在严格的分工下推进知识的新边疆。这种专业化体制,使德国在科学研究上突飞猛进,很快就成为诺贝尔奖得主最多的国家。爱因斯坦等一代科学巨子,实际上都是德国体制的产品。美国高等教育界人士显然在第一时间注意到了这一体制的优势,仿照德国模式建立了一系列私立的研究型大学。芝加哥大学、约翰·霍普金斯大学等等,都是在这一潮流中问世的。到20世纪,这种研究型大学和顶尖的州立大学汇流,强调专业训练,强调课程,和标举“完人”教育理想的常青藤形成了鲜明的对照。 在南北战争后,美国进入了急剧的工业扩张,一跃而成为世界第一大经济体。在这样一个激荡的年代,常青藤依然还是盎格鲁-萨克逊白人清教徒(WASP)精英阶层的私人俱乐部。其学生来源,主要是纽约、新

关于美国常青藤盟校的6大趣事

关于美国常青藤盟校的6大趣事常青藤盟校中拥有的都是一些在大学教育中十分知名的院校:即哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、哥伦比亚大学、布朗大学、达特茅斯大学、宾夕法尼亚大学和康奈尔大学。 但这些名字就是你对常青藤盟校的全部了解吗?是不是惊讶的发现,其实自己对这一盟校一点都不了解。 继续往下读的这篇文章,为你介绍有关常青藤盟校的六大趣事。 1.“常春藤盟校”一词最初被用作侮辱。 关于“常青藤联盟”一词的起源有几种理论,我们可能永远无法确定哪一种才是最为准确的。但目前最流行的理论认为,它是由体育作家卡斯韦尔·亚当斯最开始使用的。 20世纪30年代,亚当斯为《纽约先驱论坛报》撰文。作为一名自豪的福特汉姆大学毕业生,当亚当斯被派去报道哥伦比亚大学和宾夕法尼亚大学之间的一场足球比赛,而不是他深爱的母校时,他很不高兴。 他向他的老板抱怨说,他被迫写关于这些“常春藤覆盖”老大学的报道,而不是报道当时的足球强国福德汉姆大学。在他的文章中,他就是用的“常春藤联盟(Ivy League)”这个词来侮辱哥伦比亚大学和宾夕法尼亚大学。 2. 他们的传统是独特的。 拥有如此悠久的历史,常春藤盟校以悠久的传统而闻名也就

不足为奇了。这些传统中大多都可以用“独特”一词来形容。 康奈尔大学的龙日:自1901年以来,康奈尔建筑系一年级的学生们建造了一条巨龙,这条巨龙穿过校园游行到康奈尔大学的艺术广场。在这个过程中,龙和穿着服装的建筑专业学生受到了来自工程学院竞争对手的质疑。在艺术广场,龙“被象征性的篝火吞噬”。 哈佛与原始呐喊:原始呐喊(Primal Scream)旨在缓解哈佛大学期末考试前的压力。最初,主要是由于学生们在期末考试前,总是半夜从窗户往外大声尖叫,这一词由此而来。如今,哈佛的学生们在校园里奔跑,通常一边高喊“哈佛,哈佛,哈佛”。 哥伦比亚大学的Orgo之夜:在进行有机化学期末考试的前一天午夜,哥伦比亚大学的进行曲乐队打断了巴特勒图书馆里勤奋的学习,讲了几个笑话,演奏了几首曲子。大约30分钟后,乐队将迁移去其他校园地点。有一种理论认为,这种传统是为了改善Orgo考试的评分曲线。 在宾夕法尼亚大学做“祝酒”:第三场过后,宾夕法尼亚大学的学生和球迷们唱起了校歌《fight song》,歌词是“Here’s a toast to dear old Penn”。在20世纪70年代以前,球迷们会在这个时候喝上一大口酒。但后来富兰克林球场禁止饮酒,球迷们从此就把真正的吐司(面包和其他烘焙食品)扔到球场上。 布朗大学的午夜风琴独奏会:万圣节前夕,身着盛装的布朗大学学生们抱着枕头和毯子涌向塞勒斯大厅。他们聚集在宽敞的大厅地板上,大学管风琴手使用1903年的哈钦斯-沃泰管风琴演奏着诡异的曲调。

美国常春藤大学名单

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常青藤的重要成员宾夕法尼亚大学校园景观一览

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校,后来这4所大学的联合会又扩展到8所,成为现在享有盛誉的常春藤盟校。 这些名校都有严格的入学标准,能够入校就读的学生,自然是品学兼优的好学生。学校很早就去各个高中挑选合适的人选,许多得到全国优秀学生奖并有各种特长的学生都是他们网罗的对象。不过学习成绩并不是学校录取的惟一因素,学生是否具有独立精神并且能否快速适应紧张而有压力的大一新生生活也是他们考虑的重要因素。学生的能力和特长是衡量学生综合素质的重要一关,高中老师的推荐信和评语对于学生的入学也起到重要的作用。学校财力雄厚,招生办公室可以完全根据考生本人的情况录取,而不必顾虑这个学生家庭支付学费的能力,许多家境贫困的优秀子弟因而受益。有钱人家的子女,即使家财万贯,也不能因此被录取。这也许就是常春藤学院历经数百年而保持“常青”的原因。 第二章 常春藤8所名校的详细介绍 2.1 哈佛大学(Harvard University) 学校简介: 建于1636年,是全美最古老的高等学府,也是全球知名的多种领域的研究及教学中心。

美国常春藤大学包括哪些学校

?网站地图加入收藏 美国常春藤大学包括哪些学校 信息来源:网络发布时间:2012-11-05 美加百利留学隶属于百利天下教育集团,公司成立于2004年,是获得教育部、公安部和国家工商行政 管理局批准的权威专业认证的留学咨询公司。美加百利留学提供美国、加拿大、英国、日本等多个国家的留学及签证服务,多年来致力于出国留学高端申请,已经为无数学子申请到名校OFFER和奖学金,在业界享有极高的知名度。美加百利留学是国内首家把职业规划引到留学行业并付诸实践的机构,引发业界震撼 和媒体广泛关注,实施以来客户好评不断。 内容摘要 ?美国常春藤大学包括哪些学校?美国常春藤大学是由美国新英格兰地区8所大学组成的联盟,包括:哈佛、耶鲁、宾夕法尼亚、康奈尔、哥伦比亚、普林斯顿、布朗以及达特茅斯。 关键词: ?美国常春藤大学包括哪些学校,美国常春藤大学 美国常春藤大学联盟顶尖的学术水准、一流的教学质量,早已成为美国最顶尖名校的代言词。那么美国常春藤大学包括哪些学校?下面我们来详细看一下各个学校的简单的介绍。 1. 哈佛大学 哈佛大学是美国最著名与古老的高等学府之一,这所位于麻萨诸塞州坎布里奇镇的私人学府于1636年9月8日创立,原名是坎布里奇学院。 2. 耶鲁大学 耶鲁大学是美国历史上最悠久的私立大学之一,于1701年创立于美国康涅狄格州的吉灵伍斯,即首任校长彼埃斯的家乡所在地,最初称为大学学院。

3. 宾夕法尼亚大学 宾夕法尼亚大学是一所私立大学,是在美国开国元勋本杰明o富兰克林的倡导下于1740年建立起来的。它是美国东北部常春藤大学之一,因其优秀的本科生教育、出色的科研成果和卓越的研究生课程而闻名于美国和全世界。在全美名牌大学中,宾夕法尼亚大学占据着一个相当显著的位置。 4. 康奈尔大学 康乃尔大学建于1865年,是由艾兹拉·康乃尔创建的。在所有“常春藤盟校”中,康乃尔是历史最短的一个,而同时它又是最大的一个。它拥有本科生13000多人,遥遥领先于其它“常春藤盟校”,让人想起“百川归海,有容乃大”的古话。 5. 哥伦比亚大学 哥伦比亚大学位于纽约市中心,于1754年成立,在2004年庆祝了建校250周年。成立初期仅一间课室,一位教授及八名学生。现在,她已经是常青藤八大名校之一,现有学生23650人。因为其占尽纽约市地利,许多莘莘学子慕名而来。 6. 普林斯顿大学 普林斯顿大学(Princeton University(NJ))位于美国新泽西州的普林斯顿。它是美国殖民时期第四所成立的高等教育学院.它是英属北美洲部分成立的第四所大学。虽然它最初是长老制的教育机构,但是现在已经成为非宗教大学,对学生亦无任何宗教上的要求。这所大学提供两种主流的本科学位:文学士学位和工学士学位。普林斯顿保有浓厚的欧式教育学风。创立宗旨上强调训练学生具有人文及科学的综合素养。7. 布朗大学以学风“最最自由”而闻名的布朗(Brown University)大学建于1764年,是美国的老牌私立大学,也是“长春藤盟校”(Ivy Ieague)的成员之一。她坐落在美国小州罗德岛(Rhode Island)的首府。1998年《美国新闻与世界报导》公布的全美大学排行榜上,布朗大学排名

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