连词的用法-英语语法
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使用被动语态的三种情况
被动语态的使用主要见于以下几种情况:
1. 语义的需要:当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by短语。
如:
The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,教室的前窗被打破了。
(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid.他们的工资太低。
(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
2. 强调的需要:突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by短语。
如:
The time-table has been changed .时间表已变动了。
(要突出的是“时间”)
These books are written especially for children.这些书是专门为孩子们写的。
(强调的是“这些书”)
3. 交际的需要:为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。
如:
You are requested to make a speech at next meeting.请您在下次会议上作个发言。
It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人。
4. 修辞的需要:出于修辞的原因,或是说为了更好地安排句子。
如:
It is generally considered impolite to ask one’s age, salary, marriage, etc..问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。
The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。
(因those的定语太长了,若用它作主语,主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。
)
5. 语体的需要:在新闻报道中,为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透露时。
如:
A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event. 今天早晨高速公路上发生了一起车祸,三人丧生,伤员马上被送往了医院,并马上派了警察去处理这一事件。
另外,在科技论文中,常使用被动语态来强调客观事实。
如:
When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice. 当天气足够冷时,水就会变成冰。
So far, the moon has been visited by earthmen several times. 到目前为止,地球人已经几次拜访
Not only men but also women were chosen. 不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。
We were not only hungry, but also tired. 我们不但饿了,而且也累了。
She likes not only music but also sport. 她不但喜欢音乐而且喜欢运动。
She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏,而且还会作曲。
We go there not only in winter, but also in summer. 我们不仅冬天去那儿,而且夏天也去。
另外,在使用not only…but also…时还应注意以下几点:
1. 有时可将but also分开用,即将but视为普通的并列连词,用于连接两个句子,然后将also用于句中(用谓语动词用在一起)。
如:
He’s not only very fast, but he’s also got marvellous t echnique. 他不仅很快,而且技术高超。
2. 该结构中的also有时可以省略,或将also换成too, as well(置于句末)。
如:
He not only washed the car, but polished it too [as well]. 他不仅冲洗汽车,而且还擦拭了它。
His name is known not only in Japan, but in China. 他不仅在日本出名,而且在中国也出名。
3. 有时因为语境的需要,not only…but also…也可能用于连接两个性质不同的词或短语,但这多半因为承前省略的原因。
如:
He not only goes to work on weekdays, but also on weekends. 他不仅工作日去上班,在周末也去上班。
句中的not only后接的是谓语goes to,而but also后接的却是状语 on weekends,可视为but also后承前省略了谓语动词 goes to work。
4. 当not only…but also连接两个主语时,谓语动词的数原则上与其相近的主语保持一致。
如:
Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片,他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。
5. 为了强调,可将not only置于句首,此时其后的句子通常要用部分倒装的形式。
如:
Not only has she been late three times, she has also done no work. 她不仅仅迟到了3次,她还没干一点活。
Not only do they need clothing, but they are also short of water. 他们不但需要衣服,而且还缺水。
有时也可见到不倒装的情形,此时主要见于but also后接省略结构的情况(省略只剩下
3.汉语说“因为……所以……”,但英语却不能用 because…so…这样的结构。
如:
因为我病了半年,所以把工作丢了。
误:Because I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.
正:Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.
正:I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.
4.汉语说“之所以……是因为……”,英语可以类似以下这样的句型(用that比用 because 普通)。
如:
The reason (why)I’m late is that[because] I missed the bus. 我迟到的原因是因为我没有赶上公共汽车。
传统语法认为这类句型不能用 because, 但在现代英语中用because 的情形已很普遍。
5.在not…because…这一结构中,not 有时否定主句,有时否定从句,具体视语境而定。
一般说来,若 not 否定主句,最好在because 之前用逗号,否则会引起歧义,如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释:
I didn’t go because I was afraid.
这个句子既可理解为“我没有去是因为怕”,也可理解为“我不是因为怕才去”。
但是,如果because之前有副词just修饰,一般认为not是否定从句而不是主句。
如:You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。
6.有时可引导一个句子作主语,此时通常采用just because这样的形式,并且主句谓语动词通常(当然不是一定)为mean。
如:
Just because you speak English doesn’t mean you can teach it.你会说英语并不意味着你能教英语。
Just because you’re old doesn’t mean you have to be idle.只是因为你年纪大了,这并不意味着你就应该懒散不活动。
Because you have words with your wife is no reason to smash up things. 你和你的妻子吵架并不能成为摔东西的理由。
7.用于构成复合介词because of,其后可接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句(但不能是that从句或没有引导词的从句)等。
如:
He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。
We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there.因为他妻子在那儿,我们对此只字未提。
He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他离开了这家公司,是因为老板在会上讲的话。
8. because of通常用来引导状语,而用于不引导表语(引导表语时可用 due to)。
如:
误:His absence is because of the rain.
正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。
但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),则它引出的短语也可用作表语。
如:
It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。
It will be because of money. 那将都是因为钱的原因。
although与 though的同与异
1.用作连词,表示“虽然”,两者大致同义,可换用,只是 although 比 though 更为正式。
如:
Though [Although]they’re expensive, people buy them.虽然它们很昂贵,人们还是买。
2. although 一般不用作副词,而 though 可用作副词,表示“可是”“不过”。
如:
I expect you’re right—I’ll ask him, though.我认为你说得对——我去问问他也好。
She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 她答应要打电话来. 可我没听到回信儿。
这样用的though通常位于句末,但有时位于句首的though也有这样的意思。
如:
他说他要付钱,然而我认为他不会付的。
正:He sa ys he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will.
正:He says he’ll pay;I don’t think he will, though.
3.在 as though(好像,仿佛),even though(即使,纵然)等固定短语中,不能用 although 代替though。
如:
She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一个陌生人。
He’s the best teacher even thoug h he has the least experience. 他尽管经验最少,但教得最好。
4.两者均可用于省略句,通常见于主句与从句主语相同,且从句谓语含有动词be的情形。
如:
Although [Though](it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. 尽管是战前制造的,这台发动机仍然处于良好状态。
Although [Though](he is) still young he is going very grey. 尽管他还年轻他的头发却已
变得灰白。
Although [Though](she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears. 她虽然很疼痛,但还是硬把眼泪抑制住了。
5.当though用于倒装形式,它不能换成although,但可换成as。
Successful though [as] he is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功,但不骄傲。
Much though [as]I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你在一起生活。
Try though [as] I would, I could not make her change her mind. 不管我多努力,也不能让她改变主意。
Surrounded though [as] we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着,但我们还是设法前进了。
Raining hard though [as]it is, I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨,我还是要出去散步。
注意,若倒装后置于句首的是名词时,其前习惯上不用冠词或其他限定词。
如:
Expert though [as] he was, he failed. 他虽是专家,但还是失败了。
Big puzzle though [as]it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim.虽然是个大难题,但仍没有难倒吉姆。
6.不要按汉语“虽然……但是……”的表达习惯,在 although 后连用 but。
如:
虽然他只是个业余爱好者,但却是一流的高手。
误:Although he’s only an amateur, but he’s a first-class player.
正:Although he’s only an amateur, he’s a first-class player.
但是在强调时,although 可与 yet, still 等副词连用。
如:
Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 虽然他看起来很幸福,但他实际上很烦恼。
值得一提的是,在某些特定的语境中,although 与 but 连用的句子是可能的(注:but 引出的句子在 although 从句之前)。
如:
But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.但我当时的确不知道此事,尽管后来还是知道了。
He wanted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldn’t afford it.他想出国,尽管他有些钱,但还是负担不起。
正:He says he’ll pay;I don’t think he will, though.
3.在 as though(好像,仿佛),even though(即使,纵然)等固定短语中,不能用 although 代替though。
如:
She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一个陌生人。
He’s the best teacher even though he has the l east experience. 他尽管经验最少,但教得最好。
4.两者均可用于省略句,通常见于主句与从句主语相同,且从句谓语含有动词be的情形。
如:
Although [Though](it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. 尽管是战前制造的,这台发动机仍然处于良好状态。
Although [Though](he is) still young he is going very grey. 尽管他还年轻他的头发却已变得灰白。
Although [Though](she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears. 她虽然很疼痛,但还是硬把眼泪抑制住了。
5.当though用于倒装形式,它不能换成although,但可换成as。
Successful though [as] he is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功,但不骄傲。
Much though [as]I like you, I couldn’t live with you.我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你在一起生活。
Try though [as] I would, I could not make her change her mind. 不管我多努力,也不能让她改变主意。
Surrounded though [as] we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着,但我们还是设法前进了。
Raining hard though [as]it is, I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨,我还是要出去散步。
注意,若倒装后置于句首的是名词时,其前习惯上不用冠词或其他限定词。
如:
Expert though [as] he was, he failed. 他虽是专家,但还是失败了。
Big puzzle though [as]it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim.虽然是个大难题,但仍没有难倒吉姆。
6.不要按汉语“虽然……但是……”的表达习惯,在 although 后连用 but。
如:
虽然他只是个业余爱好者,但却是一流的高手。
误:Although he’s only an amateur, but he’s a first-class player.
正:Although he’s only an amateur, he’s a first-class player.
但是在强调时,although 可与 yet, still 等副词连用。
如:
Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 虽然他看起来很幸福,但他实际上很烦恼。
值得一提的是,在某些特定的语境中,although 与 but 连用的句子是可能的(注:but 引出的句子在 although 从句之前)。
如:
But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.但我当时的确不知道此事,尽管后来还是知道了。
He wanted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldn’t afford it.他想出国,尽管他有些钱,但还是负担不起。
并列连词的分类与用法
一、表转折的并列连词
主要有 but(但是), yet(可是), while(而,却)等。
如:
I would have written before but I have been ill. 我本该早写信的,但我生病了。
I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了,但我还要尝试。
You like tennis, while I’d rather read.你爱打网球,但我爱看书。
二、表选择的并列连词
主要 or (或者,还是,否则), either…or…(不是…就是…), neither…or…(既不…也不…), otherwise (要不然)等。
如:
Be careful about what you say or you may regret it. 当心你讲的话,否则你会后悔的。
Either say you’re sorry or else get out!你要么道歉,要么滚开!
Neither does he smoke nor does he drink. 他既不抽烟也不喝酒。
Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it. 要抓住机会,否则你会后悔的。
注:neither…nor…连接两个句子,注意用倒装语序。
三、表联合的并列连词
主要有 and, not only…but also…(不但…而且…), when(=and just at this time 就在这时)等。
如:
Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。
Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确,也讲得更不费劲了。
He was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 他正要上床睡觉,这时电话铃响了起来。
四、表因果的并列连词
主要有 for(因为), so(因此)等。
如:
He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇了摇头,因为他有不同想法。
He told me to do it, so I did it. 他让我这样做,于是我就这样做了。
because的语法与用法
1.表示原因,语气较强,可用来回答 why 提出的问题。
如:
A:Why do you love her? 你为什么爱她?
B:Because she is kind. 因为很善良。
2. because 除经常用于引导原因状语从句外,还可引出表语从句或用于强调句等。
如:
It is be cause you’re eating too much.那是因为你吃得太多了。
It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想
买本字典而进城的。
3.汉语说“因为……所以……”,但英语却不能用 because…so…这样的结构。
如:
因为我病了半年,所以把工作丢了。
误:Because I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.
正:Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.
正:I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.
4.汉语说“之所以……是因为……”,英语可以类似以下这样的句型(用that比用 because 普通)。
如:
The reason (why) I’m late is that [because] I missed the bus.我迟到的原因是因为我没有赶上公共汽车。
传统语法认为这类句型不能用 because, 但在现代英语中用because 的情形已很普遍。
5.在not…because…这一结构中,not 有时否定主句,有时否定从句,具体视语境而定。
一般说来,若 not 否定主句,最好在because 之前用逗号,否则会引起歧义,如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释:
I didn’t go because I was afraid.
这个句子既可理解为“我没有去是因为怕”,也可理解为“我不是因为怕才去”。
但是,
2. 根据英语习惯,although不能与连词but搭配使用,但是有时although可以与yet搭配连用(此时的yet可视为副词)。
如:
Although we are poor, yet we are happy. 尽管我们穷,但我们很快活。
连词and 用法方方面面
1.基本义为“和”“又”“而且”等,但它有时还可表示对比或转折,相当于汉语的“而”“但”“却”。
如:
She’s a bank manager and I’m just a road-sweeper. 她是银行经理,而我不过是个扫街的。
I’ve read Tony’s book and I don’t understand it.我读过托尼的书,但我不懂。
He hasn’t had anything published and he calls himself a writer!他什么都没发表过,却自称作家!
2.有时用于连接两个相同的词语,主要有以下用法:
(1) 连接两个相同的比较级,表示“越来越……”。
如:
The weather is getting colder and colder. 天气越来越冷了。
Your English is getting better and better. 你的英语越来越好了。
Computers are becoming more and more complicated. 计算机变得越来越复杂。
(2) 连接两个相同的动词,表示动作的反复或连续。
如:
He coughed and coughed. 他咳个不停。
He tried and tried but without success. 他试了又试却未成功。
(3) 连接两个相同的副词,也表示动作的反复或连续。
如:
He kept moaning on and on. 他呻吟不已。
(4) 连接两个相同的名词,有以下两种主要用法:
①表示“许多”。
如:
They talked for hours and hours. 他们谈了很长很长时间。
The road went on for miles and miles. 这条路很长很长。
②强调差别,意为“与……不同”。
如:
Don’t worry there are rules and rules.别担心——规则跟规则不一样。
I like city life but there are cities and cities. 我喜欢城市生活,但城市之间也有差别。
3.在come和go以动词原形出现时,其后习惯上不跟不定式表示目的,而是用“and+动词原形”表示目的。
如:
I must go and help my mother. 我必须去帮助我母亲。
I’ll come and check the accounts.我将来清理账目。
Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. 去给自己买双新鞋吧。
Come and play a game of bridge with us. 来跟我们一起打桥牌吧。
但是,如果go和come不是以动词原形出现,而是以过去式、过去分词、现在分词、动名词等方式出现,则其后应不定式表示目的。
如:
I’ve come to collect my book.我来取我的书。
I’ m thinking of going to look for mushrooms.我想去采蘑菇。
I didn’t come to talk to Bill; I came to talk to you.我不是来跟比尔说话的,我是来跟你说话的。
I went to buy a newspaper and lost my place in the queue. 我去买了份报纸,回来就找不到我排队中的位置了。
另外,在come, go 之后的 and 有时可以省略(尤其在美国英语中)。
如:
I’ll come (and) see you later.我晚些时候再来看你。
4.用在祈使句后,表示结果,意为“那么”(暗示一种条件)。
如:
Work hard and you’ll pass the examinations (=If you work hard, you’ll pass the examinations). 努力吧,你考试会及格的。
Arrive la te once more and you’re fired (=If you arrive late once more, you’re fired).再迟到一次,就把你开除。
有时也可以不是用于祈使句后表示结果。
如:
One more step and I will fire. 你再动一步,我就要开枪了。
5.用在 good, nice, fine 等之后,表示“很”“挺”。
如:
I won’t go until I’m good and ready.我完全准备好了才去。
Make sure you cut the bread nice and thick. 你一定要把面包片切得厚厚的。
6.在主从复合句中,不要在主句前误加 and。
如:
使用两个镜子能看见自己的头的后部。
误:If you use mirrors, and you can see the back of your head.
正:If you use mirrors, you can see the back of your head.
7.某些用 and 连接的两个词,与汉语顺序相反,不要按汉语词序颠倒过来。
如:
rich and poor 贫富 land and water 水陆
right and left 左右 north and south 南北
Although he had only entered the contest for fun, __________ he won first prize.
A. but
B. and
C. even
D.不填
【陷阱】容易误选A,将汉语的“虽然……但是……”直译为although … but …。
【分析】正确答案选D。
按英语语法,although 为从属连词,用以引导让步状语从句,它表明整个句子为复合句;而 but 在表示“但是”时,它是并列连词,用以连接两个简单句使之成为并列句。
由于在同一句中既用了从属连词 although,又用了并列连词 but ,使得该句一半像复合句,一半像并列句,从而导致错误。
正确的做法是,任意去掉 although 和 but 中的一个,使之要么成为复合句,要么成为并列句。
其实,此题与上面一题的分析思路是一样的。
这里顺便说一句,许多同学(包括许多老师和教学参考书)为了便于记忆,将此题与上面一题的知识点简单地归纳为“按英语习惯,because和so不可连用,although 与 but 不可连用”。
这种说法在通常情况下无疑是对的,也是有效的,但同学们一定要在明白以上道理的情况下来使用此规则,如果只是死记该规则,有时遇到一些语言特例仍然会出错。
如:But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.但我当时的确不知道此事,尽管后来我还是知道了。
此句既用了并列连词 but,又用了从属连词 although,但它并未造成错误,原因是此句与上面所讨论的情形有所不同,即此句 but 用于 although 之前,but 在此仅起到与上文转折的作用,but 后的I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.仍为一个复合句。
I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我试着
算这些账,但尽管我懂点数学,仍感到很困难。
此句将 but 与 although 用在一起,但此句也没有错误。
该句从总体来看,它是一个以并列连词 but 连接的并列句,而在该并列句的后面一句又是一个包含让步状语从句 although I knew some maths 的复合句——这种句型就是所谓的并列复合句。
此句也可改写为 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it very difficult although I knew some maths.
for表示原因时的四个“不能”
■for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前:
Because it was wet he took a taxi. 因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。
(这里不能用for)■for引导的从句不能位于not, but或任何连词之后:
He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing. 他偷东西,并不是因为他想要钱,而是他有这种毛病。
(这里不能用for)
■for引导的从句不能用于回答问题:
2. 连接谓语
She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏,而且还会作曲。
He not only read the book, but also remembered what he read. 他不仅读过这本书,还记得内容。
She not only sings like an angel, but also dances divinely. 她不但唱歌唱得像天使一样,而且跳舞也跟天仙一般。
3. 连接表语
He is not only arrogant but also selfish. 他不但傲慢,而且自私。
The place was not only cold, but also damp. 那个地方不但很冷而且很潮湿。
Certain poisons, used as medicines in small quantities, prove not only innocuous, but beneficial. 某些毒品,如少量用作药品,证明不但无毒,而且有益。
4. 连接宾语
He speaks both French and English well. 他法语和英语都说得好。
She likes not only music but also sport. 她不但喜欢音乐而且喜欢运动。
If this project fails it will affect not only our department, but also the whole organization. 要是这个方案不成功,这不仅不会影响我们这个部门,而且会影响整个组织。
5. 连接定语
There are problems not only with the students, but also with the teachers themselves. 不但学生们有难题,教师们自己也有。
6. 连接状语
We go there not only in winter, but also in summer. 我们不仅冬天去那儿,而且夏天也去。
He works not only on weekdays but on Sundays as well. 他不仅平时工作,星期日也工作。
They landed up not only having to apologize but also offering to pay. 他们最后不但同意道歉,而且还要付款。
二、连接非对称结构
但在实际运用中,该结构有时不完全遵循“连接相同句子成分”的用法而出现一些非对称结构。
这类用法主要有以下几类:
1. 因承前省略而导致的不对称
(1) He not only goes to work on weekdays, but also on weekends. 他不仅工作日去上班,在周末也去上班。
句中的not only后接的是谓语goes to,而but also后接的却是状语 on weekends,可视为but also后承前省略了谓语动词 goes to work。
(2) She not only plays the piano, but also the violin. 他不仅弹钢琴,而且还拉小提琴。
句中的not only后为谓语动词,而but also后接的是名词,实为动词plays的宾语,可视为在but also后承前省略了谓语动词plays。
(3) Her charm not only consists in her beauty but also in her self-confidence. 她的魅力不仅在于她的美貌,而且在于她的自信。
可视为but also后承前省略了consists。
2. 因强调导致不对称
有时为了强调,not only…but also…连接的两个成分也可能是“不对称”的,这类用法尤其见于not only后接的是句子的一个部分,而but却用于句中“连接”一个句子(其后的句中可能出现also,也可能省略also)。
如:
(1) It’s not only useless to trouble him but it is needless to do so. 去麻烦他不仅没有用而且没有必要。
(2) He’s not only very fast, but he’s also got marvellous technique.他不仅很快,而且技术高超。
(3) His headache and fatigue not only subsided, but, what is more, his craving for alcohol disappeared. 不但他的头疼和疲劳减累轻了,而且他嗜酒的毛病也消失了。
这类用法有时也可能会省略but后面的主语,而保留其后的谓语。
如:
(4) The film was not only amusing, but gave a valuable moral lesson.这部电影不但逗人,而且也上了一堂有价值的道德教育课。
(句子后半部分可视为but it gave a valuable moral lesson 之省略)
(5) She was not only the largest ship that had ever been built, but was regarded as unsinkable. 这艘轮船不仅是造船史上建造的最大的一艘船,而且也被认为是不会沉没的。
(句
We __________ until he came.
A. stopped
B. arrived
C. left
D. waited
此题应选D。
选项A,B,C都有可能被误选。
要弄清此题需弄清以下几点:
1. until 意为“一直到……”,其相应主句的谓语只能是持续性的,而不能是终止性的。
它表示的是:主句动作一直持续到从句动作发生时为止。
以上一题的A,B,C选项是错的,主要是因为其含义荒唐:
若选A,句意为:我们一直在停止,直到他来就不停止了。
若选B,句意为:我们一直在到达,直到他来就不到达了。
若选C,句意为:我们一直在离开,直到他来就不离开了。
以上各句的意思显然不通。
选D是对的,因为其意为:我们一直在等,直到他来就不等了(即我们一直等到他来)。
2.上面说到,与 until 从句连用的主句谓语不能是终止性动词,但是若这个谓语是否定的,则可以是终止性动词,因为终止性动词一旦被否定,即成为状态,而状态都是可以持续的(注:not...until...意为:直到……才……):
误:We stopped until he came.
正:We didn’t stop until he came.直到他来我们才停止。
误:We started until the rain stopped.
正:We didn’t start until the rain sto pped. 直到雨停我们才开始。
误:He finished it until it was dark.
正:He didn’t finish it until it was dark.直到天黑他才完成。
此题应填unless还是until
请看下面这道题:
I didn’t manage to do it __________ you had explained how.
A. unless
B. until
C. when
D. since
此题应选B。
这道题从句意来看似乎选A,B都行。
不少考生看不出选项A错在什么地方,这里我们可以从句意和时态两方面来分析:
选A,句意为:你若没给我解释,我就不会做好它。
—-按此选择,主句谓语应用would have managed之类的,也就是说这是一个虚拟语气的句子。
选B,句意为:直到你给我作了解释,我才会做。
—-按此选择,你先给我解释,我后才会做,所以“解释”用过去完成时,“会做”用一般过去,顺理成章。
请做以下试题:
1.I didn’t know anything about it___ he told me.。