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连词的用法-英语语法

连词的用法-英语语法
连词的用法-英语语法

使用被动语态的三种情况

被动语态的使用主要见于以下几种情况:

1. 语义的需要:当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时,常用被动语态,这时往往不用by短语。如:

The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday. 昨天,教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)

They have been poorly paid.他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)

2. 强调的需要:突出或强调动作的承受者,如果需要说出动作的执行者,用by短语。如:

The time-table has been changed .时间表已变动了。(要突出的是“时间”)

These books are written especially for children.这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“这些书”)

3. 交际的需要:为了使语言得体或圆滑等不愿意说出动作的执行者。如:

You are requested to make a speech at next meeting.请您在下次会议上作个发言。

It is said that she is going to be married to a foreigner.据说她要嫁给一个外国人。

4. 修辞的需要:出于修辞的原因,或是说为了更好地安排句子。如:

It is generally considered impolite to ask one’s age, salary, marriage, etc..问别人的年龄、工资、婚姻状况等通常被认为是不礼貌的。

The notion is especially opposed to by those who have invested much in the area. 这个提议特别遭到了那些在本地区投资很大的人的反对。(因those的定语太长了,若用它作主语,主语与谓语就相距太远而显得句子松散。)

5. 语体的需要:在新闻报道中,为了表明报道的客观性而避免主观性的透露时。如:

A car accident happened on the high way this morning. Three men were killed, the wounded were taken away to hospital at once and policemen were sent there to cope with the event. 今天早晨高速公路上发生了一起车祸,三人丧生,伤员马上被送往了医院,并马上派了警察去处理这一事件。

另外,在科技论文中,常使用被动语态来强调客观事实。如:

When it is cold enough, water will be turned into ice. 当天气足够冷时,水就会变成冰。So far, the moon has been visited by earthmen several times. 到目前为止,地球人已经几次拜访

Not only men but also women were chosen. 不仅仅是男的,女的也有被选中的。

We were not only hungry, but also tired. 我们不但饿了,而且也累了。

She likes not only music but also sport. 她不但喜欢音乐而且喜欢运动。

She not only plays well, but also writes music. 她不仅很会演奏,而且还会作曲。

We go there not only in winter, but also in summer. 我们不仅冬天去那儿,而且夏天也去。

另外,在使用not only…but also…时还应注意以下几点:

1. 有时可将but also分开用,即将but视为普通的并列连词,用于连接两个句子,然后将also用于句中(用谓语动词用在一起)。如:

He’s not only very fast, but he’s also got marvellous t echnique. 他不仅很快,而且技术高超。

2. 该结构中的also有时可以省略,或将also换成too, as well(置于句末)。如:

He not only washed the car, but polished it too [as well]. 他不仅冲洗汽车,而且还擦拭了它。

His name is known not only in Japan, but in China. 他不仅在日本出名,而且在中国也出名。

3. 有时因为语境的需要,not only…but also…也可能用于连接两个性质不同的词或短语,但这多半因为承前省略的原因。如:

He not only goes to work on weekdays, but also on weekends. 他不仅工作日去上班,在周末也去上班。

句中的not only后接的是谓语goes to,而but also后接的却是状语 on weekends,可视为but also后承前省略了谓语动词 goes to work。

4. 当not only…but also连接两个主语时,谓语动词的数原则上与其相近的主语保持一致。如:

Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film. 不仅学生们在欣赏这部影片,他们的老师也在欣赏这部影片。

5. 为了强调,可将not only置于句首,此时其后的句子通常要用部分倒装的形式。如:

Not only has she been late three times, she has also done no work. 她不仅仅迟到了3次,她还没干一点活。

Not only do they need clothing, but they are also short of water. 他们不但需要衣服,而且还缺水。

有时也可见到不倒装的情形,此时主要见于but also后接省略结构的情况(省略只剩下

3.汉语说“因为……所以……”,但英语却不能用 because…so…这样的结构。如:

因为我病了半年,所以把工作丢了。

误:Because I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.

正:Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.

正:I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.

4.汉语说“之所以……是因为……”,英语可以类似以下这样的句型(用that比用 because 普通)。如:

The reason (why)I’m late is that[because] I missed the bus. 我迟到的原因是因为我没有赶上公共汽车。

传统语法认为这类句型不能用 because, 但在现代英语中用because 的情形已很普遍。

5.在not…because…这一结构中,not 有时否定主句,有时否定从句,具体视语境而定。一般说来,若 not 否定主句,最好在because 之前用逗号,否则会引起歧义,如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释:

I didn’t go because I was afraid.

这个句子既可理解为“我没有去是因为怕”,也可理解为“我不是因为怕才去”。但是,如果because之前有副词just修饰,一般认为not是否定从句而不是主句。如:You shouldn’t get angry just because some people speak ill of you.你不要因为有人说你坏话而生气。

6.有时可引导一个句子作主语,此时通常采用just because这样的形式,并且主句谓语动词通常(当然不是一定)为mean。如:

Just because you speak English doesn’t mean you can teach it.你会说英语并不意味着你能教英语。

Just because you’re old doesn’t mean you have to be idle.只是因为你年纪大了,这并不意味着你就应该懒散不活动。

Because you have words with your wife is no reason to smash up things. 你和你的妻子吵架并不能成为摔东西的理由。

7.用于构成复合介词because of,其后可接名词、代词、动名词、what 从句(但不能是that从句或没有引导词的从句)等。如:

He is here because of you (that). 他为你(那事)而来这里。

We said nothing about it, because of his wife’s being there.因为他妻子在那儿,我们对此只字未提。

He left the company because of what the boss said at the meeting. 他离开了这家公司,是因为老板在会上讲的话。

8. because of通常用来引导状语,而用于不引导表语(引导表语时可用 due to)。如:

误:His absence is because of the rain.

正:His absence is due to the rain. 他因雨未来。

但是,若主语是代词(不是名词),则它引出的短语也可用作表语。如:

It is because of hard work. 那是因为辛苦工作的原因。

It will be because of money. 那将都是因为钱的原因。

although与 though的同与异

1.用作连词,表示“虽然”,两者大致同义,可换用,只是 although 比 though 更为正式。如:

Though [Although]they’re expensive, people buy them.虽然它们很昂贵,人们还是买。

2. although 一般不用作副词,而 though 可用作副词,表示“可是”“不过”。如:

I expect you’re right—I’ll ask him, though.我认为你说得对——我去问问他也好。

She promised to phone. I heard nothing, though. 她答应要打电话来. 可我没听到回信儿。

这样用的though通常位于句末,但有时位于句首的though也有这样的意思。如:

他说他要付钱,然而我认为他不会付的。

正:He sa ys he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will.

正:He says he’ll pay;I don’t think he will, though.

3.在 as though(好像,仿佛),even though(即使,纵然)等固定短语中,不能用 although 代替though。如:

She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一个陌生人。

He’s the best teacher even thoug h he has the least experience. 他尽管经验最少,但教得最好。

4.两者均可用于省略句,通常见于主句与从句主语相同,且从句谓语含有动词be的情形。如:

Although [Though](it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. 尽管是战前制造的,这台发动机仍然处于良好状态。

Although [Though](he is) still young he is going very grey. 尽管他还年轻他的头发却已

变得灰白。

Although [Though](she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears. 她虽然很疼痛,但还是硬把眼泪抑制住了。

5.当though用于倒装形式,它不能换成although,但可换成as。

Successful though [as] he is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功,但不骄傲。

Much though [as]I like you, I couldn’t live with you. 我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你在一起生活。

Try though [as] I would, I could not make her change her mind. 不管我多努力,也不能让她改变主意。

Surrounded though [as] we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着,但我们还是设法前进了。

Raining hard though [as]it is, I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨,我还是要出去散步。

注意,若倒装后置于句首的是名词时,其前习惯上不用冠词或其他限定词。如:

Expert though [as] he was, he failed. 他虽是专家,但还是失败了。

Big puzzle though [as]it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim.虽然是个大难题,但仍没有难倒吉姆。

6.不要按汉语“虽然……但是……”的表达习惯,在 although 后连用 but。如:

虽然他只是个业余爱好者,但却是一流的高手。

误:Although he’s only an amateur, but he’s a first-class player.

正:Although he’s only an amateur, he’s a first-class player.

但是在强调时,although 可与 yet, still 等副词连用。如:

Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 虽然他看起来很幸福,但他实际上很烦恼。

值得一提的是,在某些特定的语境中,although 与 but 连用的句子是可能的(注:but 引出的句子在 although 从句之前)。如:

But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.但我当时的确不知道此事,尽管后来还是知道了。

He wanted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldn’t afford it.他想出国,尽管他有些钱,但还是负担不起。

正:He says he’ll pay;I don’t think he will, though.

3.在 as though(好像,仿佛),even though(即使,纵然)等固定短语中,不能用 although 代替though。如:

She treats me as though I were a stranger. 她待我仿佛我是一个陌生人。

He’s the best teacher even though he has the l east experience. 他尽管经验最少,但教得最好。

4.两者均可用于省略句,通常见于主句与从句主语相同,且从句谓语含有动词be的情形。如:

Although [Though](it was) built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order. 尽管是战前制造的,这台发动机仍然处于良好状态。

Although [Though](he is) still young he is going very grey. 尽管他还年轻他的头发却已变得灰白。

Although [Though](she was) in pain, she bravely blinked back her tears. 她虽然很疼痛,但还是硬把眼泪抑制住了。

5.当though用于倒装形式,它不能换成although,但可换成as。

Successful though [as] he is, he is not proud. 他虽然成功,但不骄傲。

Much though [as]I like you, I couldn’t live with you.我尽管很喜欢你,却不能和你在一起生活。

Try though [as] I would, I could not make her change her mind. 不管我多努力,也不能让她改变主意。

Surrounded though [as] we were by the enemy, we managed to march forward. 虽然我们被敌人包围着,但我们还是设法前进了。

Raining hard though [as]it is, I’m going out for a walk. 虽然正在下着大雨,我还是要出去散步。

注意,若倒装后置于句首的是名词时,其前习惯上不用冠词或其他限定词。如:

Expert though [as] he was, he failed. 他虽是专家,但还是失败了。

Big puzzle though [as]it was, it hadn’t got the better of Jim.虽然是个大难题,但仍没有难倒吉姆。

6.不要按汉语“虽然……但是……”的表达习惯,在 although 后连用 but。如:

虽然他只是个业余爱好者,但却是一流的高手。

误:Although he’s only an amateur, but he’s a first-class player.

正:Although he’s only an amateur, he’s a first-class player.

但是在强调时,although 可与 yet, still 等副词连用。如:

Though he seems happy, yet he is worried. 虽然他看起来很幸福,但他实际上很烦恼。

值得一提的是,在某些特定的语境中,although 与 but 连用的句子是可能的(注:but 引出的句子在 although 从句之前)。如:

But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.但我当时的确不知道此事,尽管后来还是知道了。

He wanted to go abroad, but although he had some money he couldn’t afford it.他想出国,尽管他有些钱,但还是负担不起。

并列连词的分类与用法

一、表转折的并列连词

主要有 but(但是), yet(可是), while(而,却)等。如:

I would have written before but I have been ill. 我本该早写信的,但我生病了。

I have failed, yet I shall try again. 我失败了,但我还要尝试。

You like tennis, while I’d rather read.你爱打网球,但我爱看书。

二、表选择的并列连词

主要 or (或者,还是,否则), either…or…(不是…就是…), neither…or…(既不…也不…), otherwise (要不然)等。如:

Be careful about what you say or you may regret it. 当心你讲的话,否则你会后悔的。

Either say you’re sorry or else get out!你要么道歉,要么滚开!

Neither does he smoke nor does he drink. 他既不抽烟也不喝酒。

Seize the chance, otherwise you will regret it. 要抓住机会,否则你会后悔的。

注:neither…nor…连接两个句子,注意用倒装语序。

三、表联合的并列连词

主要有 and, not only…but also…(不但…而且…), when(=and just at this time 就在这时)等。如:

Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。

Not only did he speak more correctly, but he spoke more easily. 不仅他讲得更正确,也讲得更不费劲了。

He was about to go to bed when the telephone rang. 他正要上床睡觉,这时电话铃响了起来。

四、表因果的并列连词

主要有 for(因为), so(因此)等。如:

He shook his head, for he thought differently. 他摇了摇头,因为他有不同想法。

He told me to do it, so I did it. 他让我这样做,于是我就这样做了。

because的语法与用法

1.表示原因,语气较强,可用来回答 why 提出的问题。如:

A:Why do you love her? 你为什么爱她?

B:Because she is kind. 因为很善良。

2. because 除经常用于引导原因状语从句外,还可引出表语从句或用于强调句等。如:

It is be cause you’re eating too much.那是因为你吃得太多了。

It was because I wanted to buy a dictionary that I went to town yesterday. 我昨天是由于想

买本字典而进城的。

3.汉语说“因为……所以……”,但英语却不能用 because…so…这样的结构。如:

因为我病了半年,所以把工作丢了。

误:Because I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.

正:Because I was ill for six months, I lost my job.

正:I was ill for six months, so I lost my job.

4.汉语说“之所以……是因为……”,英语可以类似以下这样的句型(用that比用 because 普通)。如:

The reason (why) I’m late is that [because] I missed the bus.我迟到的原因是因为我没有赶上公共汽车。

传统语法认为这类句型不能用 because, 但在现代英语中用because 的情形已很普遍。

5.在not…because…这一结构中,not 有时否定主句,有时否定从句,具体视语境而定。一般说来,若 not 否定主句,最好在because 之前用逗号,否则会引起歧义,如下句在没有特定上下文时就有两种解释:

I didn’t go because I was afraid.

这个句子既可理解为“我没有去是因为怕”,也可理解为“我不是因为怕才去”。但是,

2. 根据英语习惯,although不能与连词but搭配使用,但是有时although可以与yet搭配连用(此时的yet可视为副词)。如:

Although we are poor, yet we are happy. 尽管我们穷,但我们很快活。

连词and 用法方方面面

1.基本义为“和”“又”“而且”等,但它有时还可表示对比或转折,相当于汉语的“而”“但”“却”。如:

She’s a bank manager and I’m just a road-sweeper. 她是银行经理,而我不过是个扫街的。

I’ve read Tony’s book and I don’t understand it.我读过托尼的书,但我不懂。

He hasn’t had anything published and he calls himself a writer!他什么都没发表过,却自称作家!

2.有时用于连接两个相同的词语,主要有以下用法:

(1) 连接两个相同的比较级,表示“越来越……”。如:

The weather is getting colder and colder. 天气越来越冷了。

Your English is getting better and better. 你的英语越来越好了。

Computers are becoming more and more complicated. 计算机变得越来越复杂。

(2) 连接两个相同的动词,表示动作的反复或连续。如:

He coughed and coughed. 他咳个不停。

He tried and tried but without success. 他试了又试却未成功。

(3) 连接两个相同的副词,也表示动作的反复或连续。如:

He kept moaning on and on. 他呻吟不已。

(4) 连接两个相同的名词,有以下两种主要用法:

①表示“许多”。如:

They talked for hours and hours. 他们谈了很长很长时间。

The road went on for miles and miles. 这条路很长很长。

②强调差别,意为“与……不同”。如:

Don’t worry there are rules and rules.别担心——规则跟规则不一样。

I like city life but there are cities and cities. 我喜欢城市生活,但城市之间也有差别。

3.在come和go以动词原形出现时,其后习惯上不跟不定式表示目的,而是用“and+动词原形”表示目的。如:

I must go and help my mother. 我必须去帮助我母亲。

I’ll come and check the accounts.我将来清理账目。

Go and buy yourself a new pair of shoes. 去给自己买双新鞋吧。

Come and play a game of bridge with us. 来跟我们一起打桥牌吧。

但是,如果go和come不是以动词原形出现,而是以过去式、过去分词、现在分词、动名词等方式出现,则其后应不定式表示目的。如:

I’ve come to collect my book.我来取我的书。

I’ m thinking of going to look for mushrooms.我想去采蘑菇。

I didn’t come to talk to Bill; I came to talk to you.我不是来跟比尔说话的,我是来跟你说话的。

I went to buy a newspaper and lost my place in the queue. 我去买了份报纸,回来就找不到我排队中的位置了。

另外,在come, go 之后的 and 有时可以省略(尤其在美国英语中)。如:

I’ll come (and) see you later.我晚些时候再来看你。

4.用在祈使句后,表示结果,意为“那么”(暗示一种条件)。如:

Work hard and you’ll pass the examinations (=If you work hard, you’ll pass the examinations). 努力吧,你考试会及格的。

Arrive la te once more and you’re fired (=If you arrive late once more, you’re fired).再迟到一次,就把你开除。

有时也可以不是用于祈使句后表示结果。如:

One more step and I will fire. 你再动一步,我就要开枪了。

5.用在 good, nice, fine 等之后,表示“很”“挺”。如:

I won’t go until I’m good and ready.我完全准备好了才去。

Make sure you cut the bread nice and thick. 你一定要把面包片切得厚厚的。

6.在主从复合句中,不要在主句前误加 and。如:

使用两个镜子能看见自己的头的后部。

误:If you use mirrors, and you can see the back of your head.

正:If you use mirrors, you can see the back of your head.

7.某些用 and 连接的两个词,与汉语顺序相反,不要按汉语词序颠倒过来。如:

rich and poor 贫富 land and water 水陆

right and left 左右 north and south 南北

Although he had only entered the contest for fun, __________ he won first prize.

A. but

B. and

C. even

D.不填

【陷阱】容易误选A,将汉语的“虽然……但是……”直译为although … but …。

【分析】正确答案选D。按英语语法,although 为从属连词,用以引导让步状语从句,它表明整个句子为复合句;而 but 在表示“但是”时,它是并列连词,用以连接两个简单句使之成为并列句。由于在同一句中既用了从属连词 although,又用了并列连词 but ,使得该句一半像复合句,一半像并列句,从而导致错误。正确的做法是,任意去掉 although 和 but 中的一个,使之要么成为复合句,要么成为并列句。其实,此题与上面一题的分析思路是一样的。这里顺便说一句,许多同学(包括许多老师和教学参考书)为了便于记忆,将此题与上面一题的知识点简单地归纳为“按英语习惯,because和so不可连用,although 与 but 不可连用”。这种说法在通常情况下无疑是对的,也是有效的,但同学们一定要在明白以上道理的情况下来使用此规则,如果只是死记该规则,有时遇到一些语言特例仍然会出错。如:But I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.但我当时的确不知道此事,尽管后来我还是知道了。

此句既用了并列连词 but,又用了从属连词 although,但它并未造成错误,原因是此句与上面所讨论的情形有所不同,即此句 but 用于 although 之前,but 在此仅起到与上文转折的作用,but 后的I didn’t know that then, although I learned it later.仍为一个复合句。

I tried doing the accounts, but although I knew some maths I found it very difficult. 我试着

算这些账,但尽管我懂点数学,仍感到很困难。

此句将 but 与 although 用在一起,但此句也没有错误。该句从总体来看,它是一个以并列连词 but 连接的并列句,而在该并列句的后面一句又是一个包含让步状语从句 although I knew some maths 的复合句——这种句型就是所谓的并列复合句。此句也可改写为 I tried doing the accounts, but I found it very difficult although I knew some maths.

for表示原因时的四个“不能”

■for引导的从句不能位于它所解释的动词之前:

Because it was wet he took a taxi. 因为下雨,他叫了一辆出租车。(这里不能用for)■for引导的从句不能位于not, but或任何连词之后:

He stole, not because he wanted the money but because he liked stealing. 他偷东西,并不是因为他想要钱,而是他有这种毛病。(这里不能用for)

■for引导的从句不能用于回答问题:

初中英语语法之连词练习题

连词 (一) 正误辨析 1、[误]Both my parents are not here. They went to the concert just now. [正]Neither of my parents is here. They went to the concert just now. [析]在英语中both一般用于肯定句中,如用于否定句中,其意义也不同于汉语,如:Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neither of us is right。才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。 2、[误]He or his parents has some tickets for the film. [正]He or his parents have some tickets for the film. [析]由or 连接两主语时,谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。 3、[误]You should study hard, and you won't pass the exam. [正]You should study hard, or you won't pass the exam. [析]or作为连词,这里的意思为"否则"。又如:Hurry up, or you'll be late for school. 4、[误]Though he is poor, but he is ready to help others. [正]Though he is poor, he is ready to help others. [正]He is poor, but he is ready to help others. [析]"虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构,但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是",用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然",二者只可用其一。 5、[误]Either you or I are on duty. [正]Either you or I am on duty. [析]either…or 连接两个主语时,其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应,这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or, neither…nor, not only…but also等。 6、[误]Tom is our English teacher and teaching English in our school now. [正]Tom is our English teacher and is teaching English in our school now. [析]并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略,以免重复,但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时,后面的那个系动词不可省略,也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。 7、[误]My father likes swimming and to collect stamps. [正]My father likes swimming and collecting stamps. [析]由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词,如用不定式则都应用不定式,这是初学者要注意的一点。 8、[误]My father is reading a newspaper, I am doing my homework. [正]My father is reading a newspaper while I am doing my homework. [析]两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接,要用并列连词来连接。 9、[误]My father asked me that if I wanted to learn how to drive. [正]My father asked me if I wanted to learn how to drive. [析]宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。 10、[误]We will go both to Beijing and Shanghai. [正]We will go to both Beijing and Shanghai. [析]用both…and…作连接词时,其相连接的部分结构也要相同。 11、[误]Not only Mary but also her brothers is going to dance. [正]Not only Mary but also her brothers are going to dance. [析]由not only…but also…连接两个主语时,其重点在其后面的那一个主语,所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。

初中英语语法——动词的时态

动词的时态 一、考点解读 今天我们复习动词的时态,英语的时态是同学们学习英语的难点,在各地的中考题目中许多题型都会有对于动词时态的考查。出现较多的是在单选,完形填空,及其在第二卷中出现的根据汉语意思填词的题目,还包括翻译句子,书面表达。可以说中考题目中大部分都会涉及到动词的时态。既是难点也是重点。在今天的专题中我们复习初中阶段需要掌握的八个时态。 1.一般现在时 2.现在进行时 3.一般过去时 4.过去进行时 5.一般将来时 6.过去将来时 7.现在完成时 8.过去完成时 二、专题梳理 初中阶段所学的英语的时态有8种。英语的时态有很强的表达能力,能使句子的意思明确,能显示细微的差异,能使句子生动逼真。但它们不是相当灵活,在不同的时间中,要用不同的形式,这是与中文大不相同的地方。 1.一般现在时:一般现在时是描述经常性、反复性的动作、性质或状态的时态。 (1)一般现在时的时间状语通常有: ①often ②usually ③always

④seldom ⑤sometimes ⑥every+时间 ⑦次数+时间 ⑧on+时间 ⑨in+时间 ⑩没有时间,但表示客观存在的事实 (2)一般现在时动词的形式主要用动词原形表示,但如果主语是单数第三人称时,则在动词后加s或es,变成否定句和疑问句时,又将s、es去掉,还为原形。 ①be动词的一般现在时的构成 否定式和疑问否定式如下表所示: ②其他实义动词的一般现在时的构成

其他实义动词一般现在时的构成如下 表所示(以动词work为例) 特别提示: have(has)在表示“有”时,否定形式为haven’t(hasn’t)或have not(has not),变为疑问句时可直接把have(has)放在句首也可借助于助动词do(does)。当不表示“有”的意思时,其否定句和疑问句只能加助动词do(does)构成。 e.g.Has she any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√) Does she have any experience in teaching piano lessons?(√) 她有教钢琴的经验吗? Had you a good time going hiking yesterday?(×) Did you have a good time going hiking yesterday?(√) 你昨天徒步旅行玩得开心吗?

高中英语语法(时态和语态)

高中英语语法(时态和语态) 一.动词的时态 时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态,但是常见的只有九种:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时、现在完成进行时。 (一)一般现在时(do / does) 1.具体用法 1) 表示经常性或习惯性动作 We always care for each other and help each other. 我们总是互相关心互相帮助。 He goes to school every day. 2)表示现在的特征或状态 He is very happy. Do you sing? ----A little. 3)表示普遍真理 Light travels faster than sound. 光速比声速快。 Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜过言语。 * 常与一般现在时态连用的词或短语主要有:often, usually, sometimes, every day, every morning/afternoon, on Sundays/weekends等等。 I often go to the cinema on Sundays. 我经常星期天去看电影。 He goes to work early every day. 他每天上班很早。 (二)一般过去时( did ) (1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如: We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如: He always went to class last. I used to do my homework in the library. (三)一般将来时( will / shall do) 1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如: I shall graduate next year. 2)一般将来时有时可以表示一种倾向或习惯性动作。如 Crops will die without water. You won’t succeed with out their support. 3) 几种替代形式: *be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如: I'm going to buy a house when we've saved enough money. *be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有"必要"的强制性意义。例如: I am to play tennis this afternoon. *be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如: He was about to start. *be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。例如: The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)少数动词如:begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等的一般现在时可用来表示将来的动作。(多用来表示按计划事先安排好即将发生的动作,句中通常还有一个表示将来的时间状语)。例如: The meeting begins at seven.

英语语法大全 连词

英语语法大全:连词 连词(Conjuction—conj.) 定义用以连接句子中的单词、短语、从句,或连接句子和句子的词叫做连词。例如: and(和),but(但是),so(所以),or(或者),… that,because(因为),since(既然),… 连词的表达功能如下: (1)并列功能(“+”代表连词) (a)词+词 boys and girls(男生和女生) you and I(你和我) poor but happy(贫困的,但是快乐) (b)短语+短语 in the city and in the country.(在城市和在乡村) by bus or by train(乘公共汽车或乘火车) (c)从句+从句 例:He is not very bright but he studies hard. (他并不聪敏,但是他很用功。) 例:I didn't have breakfast this morning, so I am hungry now. (今天早晨我没吃早餐,所以我现在饿了。)解说表达并列功能的连词叫做并列连词(Coordinate Conjunction)。并列连词两端的词的词类必须相等。又如“词+短语/从句”或“短语+词/从句”等也都不成立。 (2)从属功能 请先了解什么叫做从句(Subordinate Clause.)

本身不能独立表达完整的意思而只在句子中作句子结构的一部分者叫做从句。用以连接从句使其在主句中发挥表达功能的词叫做从属连词(Subordinate Conjunction)。 as,when,since,that,who,which,what,… 例:I know that he is a very good student. (我知道他是一个很好的学生。—“that…”是名词从句作“know”的直接宾语。) 例:People who use free time well are usually healthy and happy. (善于利用空闲时间的人通常都是又健康又快乐。—“who…well”是形容词从句修饰其前面的名词“People”。) 例:Many people enjoy reading when they have free time. (许多人有空闲就喜爱阅读。—“when…time”是副词从句在修饰动词“enjoy”。)

初中英语语法八大时态总结

初中英语语法八大时态 1.结构 肯定句式: 主语+动词原形/动词的第三人称单数+其他 否定句式: 主语+(助动词)don't/doesn't +动词原形+其他 一般疑问句式: Do/Does+主语+动词原形+其他 简略回答: (肯)Yes,主语+do/does (否)No,主语+do/does not 缩写形式: don't = do not doesn't = does not 例句:He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2.用法 1)表示经常的、习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常与表示频度的副词连用。 常用的频度副词有:always、often、usually、seldom、never、sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week, on Sundays.频度副词在句中通常放在行为动词之前,系动词、助动词之后。 例如: He often goes swimming in summer. I usually leave home for school at 7 every morning. 2)表示主语具备的性格、特征和能力等。 例如:All my family love football . My sister is always ready to help others . Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 3)表示客观真理、客观存在、自然现象。 例如:The earth moves around the sun. Shanghai lies in the east of China. 4)表示按计划或安排好的,或将要发生的动作,可用一般现在时表将来。 但只限于start,begin,leave,go,come,arrive,return,take place等。 例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. He comes back tonight. 5)在复合句中,当主句是一般将来时,时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作。 例如:I'll tell him the news when he comes back. If you take the job , they will talk with you in greater details. 1.结构 肯定句式: 主语+动词过去式+其他 否定句式: 主语+(助动词)didn’t +动词原形+其他 一般疑问句式: Did+主语+动词原形+其他

高考英语语法专题复习动词时态和语态

高考英语语法专题复习动词时态和语态 Document number:PBGCG-0857-BTDO-0089-PTT1998

高考英语语法复习专题:动词时态和语态 一、考点聚焦 1、动词时态考查要点简述 (1)一般现在时考点分析 ①表示客观事实或普通真理(不受时态限制) The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. Water boils at 100o C. ②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用 动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 Ice feels cold. We always care for each other and help each other. ③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong seem等。如: I know what you mean. Smith owns a car and a house. All the students here belong to Middle School. ④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。 ⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一 个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排,肯定会出现的状态,只用一般现在时。 The shop closes at 11:00 . every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday.

英语语法连词

连词的定义: 连词是连接字、短语、从句与句子的词,是虚词,因此它不能独立担任句子成分。连词主要分为两大类:并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、词组或分句。它包括:and,or,but,so,for,both…and,either…or,neither…nor,not only…but also。 从属连词用来引导从句,它包括:that,when,till,until,after,before,since,because,if,whether,though,although,so…that,so that,in order that,as soon as 并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词,短语或句子。常见的并列连词有: (1)表并列关系的and, both…and, not only…but also, neither…nor等。 (2)表选择关系的or, either…or等。 (3)表转折关系的but, while等。 (4)表因果关系的for, so等。 1并列连词 1 and:和,并且 I like basketball,football and table-tennis. 我喜欢篮球、足球和乒乓球。 1.基本用法 and表示“和”、“而且”的意思,用来连接对等关系的字和字,片语与片语,句子与句子。He got up and put on his hat. 他站起来,戴上了帽子。 I went to the Summer Palace and he went to Bei Hai Park. 我去颐和园,他去北海公园。 注意 单词或词组如果是三个以上连接,一般在最后的单词或词组前加and。另外“and”在译成中文时不一定要翻译出“和”来。 2.特别用法:and在祈使句中的作用 句型:祈使句,and…=If you…,you'll… Use your head,and you'll find a way. 动动脑筋,你就会想出办法来。 =If you use your head,you'll find a way. 如果你动动脑子,你就会想出办法。 Hurry up,and you'll catch the bus. 快点,你就会赶上公共汽车。 =If you hurry up,you'll catch the bus. 如果你快点,你就会赶上公共汽车。 2 or:或,或者,否则 Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai. 李明是北京人还是上海人呢? 1.基本用法 or表示“~或”的意思,使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。 Would you like coffee or tea? 你喜欢咖啡还是茶? Tom or I am right.我或者汤姆是对的。 Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room. 李明或者是他的同班同学在打扫房间。

初中英语语法动词时态

初中英语语法总结 ( 动词的时态) 11.1 一般现在时的用法 1)经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语:every…, sometimes, at…, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 2)客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 3)表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。 4)现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I don't want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。 比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。 第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。11.2 一般过去时的用法 1)在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如:时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如: Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了? 2)表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。例如: When I was a child, I often played football in the street. 我是个孩子的时候,常在马路上踢足球。 Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.

高考英语语法填空——动词的时态和语态专题

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