威塞克斯小说：哈代以其故乡英国西南部乡村（古称维塞克斯地区）为背景所作小说的总称（又称性格与环境小说）。反映了十九世纪中叶以来英国农村的生活。特别是反映了资本主义侵入农村之后所激起的剧烈社会变动，农民的破产，农村经济、道德、风俗等方面的变化以及人们的精神痛苦，对资本主义社会的法律、道德、宗教、教育制度多有批判。有浓厚的宿命观念和悲剧气氛。
“多余人”指俄国文学中一批开始觉醒又找不到出路的贵族知识分子的典型形象。在令人窒息的社会现实中，这些人的性格和气质远远高于周围的贵族子弟，但没有明确的政治主张和社会理想，在窒息的社会现实中找不到出路，看不到希望，所以苦闷，彷徨，忧郁、痛苦，同时又非常脆弱。他们希望改变现状，但又不可能与这个社会彻底决裂。所以他们不会与社会正面对抗，其生活态度往往是消极的逃避，成为“多余人”。普希金笔下的奥涅金（《叶普盖尼·奥涅金》）是俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”的典型。
屠格涅夫对俄国长篇小说的发展作出了重要贡献：1他的长篇小说属于俄罗斯文学中最浓缩、最紧凑的长篇小说之列。作品情节简单，篇幅不长，人物不多，故事都发生在不长的时间里。2在内容上，屠格涅夫喜爱将爱情故事与政治问题联系起来，把抒情性与社会性紧密结合。3女性崇拜倾向。塑造了一系列光彩照人的女性形象，她们被研究性风趣地称之为“屠格涅夫家的姑娘”。4擅长写景，能够刻画出瞬息万变的大自然，有文学中的风景画大师之称。通过对大自然的描写有力地衬托了人物的心情，表现了人物的心理。5语言是朴素的、优美的，他的作品被视为俄罗斯语言的典范之一。
自然主义的艺术特征：1力图巨细无遗地描绘现实，排斥虚幻的想象，对描写的人和事采取客观态度，从而给人一种实录生活和照相式的印象。2擅长描写群众场面，注重群体的写照逐渐忽略典型的创造，或者说只追求人物的气质特点和变态心理。3开始淡化情节，不去追求戏剧性的曲折变化，主张按照生活“本来面目”去反映现实。甚至把人等同于一般生物，重视生理作用和遗传性问题。4将某些压迫人，扭曲人的社会现象拟人化，这是物对人的异化的初步描写，显得生动、形象。这一特点主要体现在左拉的作品中。托尔斯泰主义：托尔斯泰主义的内容是他的著名的两个命题：“勿以暴力抗恶”，“道德自我完善”。托尔斯泰主义是立足于基督教的禁欲主义基础上。他要人们博爱、不抗恶、道德完善、放弃财产，用最大限度压制自己正常欲望的办法来消除不幸，求得灵魂的安宁和幸福。因此他反对资本主义，推崇宗法制农民生活。
忏悔贵族：他们是托尔斯泰笔下的理想主人公、贵族知识分子，作家的自传性人物。他们的共同特征是惯于进行精神探索，探索宇宙、人类、阶级、个人的出路和人生的意义，表现了俄国民族的反思精神和作家本人的精神探索，寻找俄国出路。代表有尼古林卡（《自传三部曲》）、奥列宁（《哥萨克》），安德列、比埃尔（《战争与和平》）、列文（《安娜·卡列尼娜》），聂赫留朵夫（《一个地主的早晨》）、（《复活》）。
社会问题剧，1868——1891年，易卜生写了9部以社会和家庭问题为内容的现实主义戏剧。这些剧本分两类：一类是处理社会政治问题，如《青年同盟》、《社会支柱》、《人民公敌》等；一类处理婚姻家庭问题，如《玩偶之家》、《群鬼》等。这些作品大胆揭露资产阶级道德的堕落，婚姻的不合理，家庭生活的虚伪，思想的庸俗偏狭及资产阶级民主政治的破产。“社会问题剧”以其丰富的社会内容和高度的艺术技巧震动了西方舞台，引起了一场戏剧革命。
社会问题剧《玩偶之家》的艺术特点：结构艺术为戏剧创作提供了成功的经验。作者善于选择一个恰当的切入口，使观众从容地进入戏剧的高潮处，然后用回溯手法把前情交代出来，使整部作品情节紧凑，毫无拖沓之感。易卜生的这种结构手法，被称为“动作压缩法”或“情节压缩法”。《玩偶之家》的心理描写非常出色。尤其是主人公娜拉短短三天之内，从平静到混乱，从幻想到绝望、愤怒，最后完成自我觉醒的过程。剧中人物不多，但每一个都起到推动情节发展，突出主题的作用。剧中对话也非常出色。
莫泊桑短篇小说内容大致分为五方面：1是以普法战争为背景的故事。《女疯子》、《米龙老爹》、《两个朋友》、《索瓦热老婆婆》、最著名的是《羊脂球》。2是描写小资产阶级和公务员的某些不良品质。《项链》、《我的叔叔于勒》、《骑马》等。3是描写莫泊桑青年时代生活的诺曼底乡村。《诺曼底人的玩笑》、《穷鬼》、《流浪汉》等。4是怪诞故事。《剥皮的手》、《一个疯子的来信》5是描写爱情、婚姻和家庭生活。《遗产》、《月光》
唯美主义的艺术特征：1认为艺术与政治、道德、功利无关。它是超脱一切利害关系的纯粹自由活动。
提倡“为艺术而艺术”，注重形式美，以增强文学作品的表现力。2提出艺术是心灵的故乡，在心的领域瞬间存在可以达到永恒，狭小的空间可以有无限的容量。因而，艺术是至高无上的。3主张艺术超然于现世，躲进象牙之塔；现实社会充满市侩气，没有艺术，没有美，艺术的发展非但不依赖生活，相反，生活应该追随和模仿艺术。此外，它认为艺术家对待题材的态度应是客观、冷漠的。
波德莱尔的艺术观：1他主张以丑为美，化丑为美。他不认为丑恶事情就是绝对的丑，而是认为丑中有美。这种美学观点是20世纪现代派文学遵循的原则之一。2他提出了通感理论。诗歌同别的艺术也是相通的，可以用色彩和声音去表达感情。3以象征手法去表达通感。象征手法丰富了挖掘人的精神世界的手段。4波德莱尔力图解放诗歌的形式，欣赏散文诗。他认为散文诗能将诗歌的节奏美、音乐美和小说反映真实的自由结合起来，兼有两者之长。
20世纪现实主义文学的特征：1主题思想，首先，20世纪现实主义文学的视野更加开阔，作品主题更加丰富。出现了历史文学、家族文学、战争文学、黑人文学、无产阶级革命文学等文学种类。另有很多政治题材的小说。其次，人道主义和民主思想依然是20世纪现实主义作家高举的一面旗帜。再次，20世纪现实主义文学非常关注当代知识分子的命运和精神世界，出现了许多这方面的作品。
2艺术特点，一现实主义文学涌现了大量的“长河小说”。长河小说是以描写家族的历史或个人命运的变化来反映社会变迁的多卷本小说。以一个人、一个家族或者一个家族的历史为线索。《约翰·克里斯朵夫》《蒂博一家》《布登波洛克一家》《福尔赛世家》等。，二20世纪的现实主义文学受到现代主义思潮的影响，从而使现实主义文学产生了巨大的变化。对现代主义的变现技巧兼收并蓄，在其他艺术形成如电影、电视、新闻报道中借鉴了一些有益的方法，丰富了艺术表现的技巧和手段。三越来越淡化情节，越来越淡化塑造典型人物。他们往往描写某一种社会现象、某一种社会心理。某一种犯罪动机，更注重心理变态的描写，而不是情节的曲折。高大全的英雄主义形象逐渐退出，取而代之的是非理想化、非英雄化的小人物。人物性格也更为丰富。
长河小说：由法国作家罗曼·罗兰从《约翰·克利斯朵夫》开创。它以小说的主人公的个人生涯为主线，构成基本情节。其他次要人物虽各有其独特的命运，但需依赖主线存在，不能独立成篇。小说的框架结构宛如一条由许多支流汇聚而成的大河，奔腾向前。这一新的体裁继承了古代流浪汉小说、司汤达《红与黑》等小说的传统发展而来。对二十世纪法国罗歇·马丁·林伽尔的《蒂波一家》、德国托马斯·曼的《布登波洛克一家》等产生了巨大影响。
《布登勃洛克一家》的艺术成就：（或简答或论述）首先，以塑造人物典型作为创作中心。小说中最具典型意义的人物形象，是托尔斯·布登波洛克和他的儿子汉诺。其次，在布局谋篇方面，全书结构严谨，作品的前半部分按时间顺序写，后半部分则有几条线索同行发展。再次，作品中还交替使用多种手法表现情节内容，如直接叙述和间接叙述。内心独白和借物抒情等。最后，小说的语言以平稳含蓄，略带忧郁而间夹讥诮为主要特点。
冰山风格（原则）：海明威在《死在午后》中提出冰山原则：“冰山在海里移动很是庄严宏伟，这是因为它只有八分之一露出水面”。他把文学创作比作漂浮在海上的“冰山”，认为用文字直接写出来的部分仅仅是“露出水面的八分之一”，隐藏在冰下的部分占冰山的“八分之七”，下面的就是作家省略掉的，需要读者去感受的部分。它表现为两个特点：第一，简约的艺术。即删掉一切不必要的文字，“电报体风格”；第二，经验的省略。简而言之，就是用最精炼的语言表达最丰富的内容。
《老人与海》桑提亚哥的形象分析：桑提亚哥是“硬汉子”的形象的最典型代表，具有一种超越命运的力量，是一种永恒的、超时空的存在，具有浓厚的哲理性与象征意义。1桑提亚哥是一个“失败的英雄”。在对待失败败的风度上，桑提亚哥赢得了胜利，“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以把他消灭，可就是打不败他。”2桑提亚哥是一个“孤独的英雄”。无儿无女，妻子早亡。海上三天，是他一生的浓缩。他一个人与象征异己力量的大海、马林鱼、鲨鱼搏斗，象征了个体生命面对命运孤立无援的处境。生命中的哪一个人不是孤独地面对自己的大海（环境），马林鱼（理想）和鲨鱼（邪恶、命运）呢？3桑提亚哥是一个“慈爱的英雄”，不同于早期剑拔弩张、气势汹汹的“硬汉子”形象，他是一个饱经人世风霜，年老体迈的老渔夫，他对曼诺林慈父般的爱，体现了他对人类、甚至对大海、对马林鱼、对鲨鱼都流露出一种欣赏。
宽容谅解和慈爱的情怀。对世界的温情柔情常常是英雄身上最动人的部分。
现代主义文学的艺术特征2强调表现内心生活和心理真实,具有主观性和内倾型特征。3普遍运用象征隐喻的神话模式,追求艺术的深度模式。4提倡“以丑为美”，“反向诗学”，大量描绘丑的事物，确立审丑的美学风格。5热衷于艺术技巧的革新与实验，某些作家创作具有形式主义倾向。
后期象征主义：是20世纪20年代至40年代西方盛极一时的现代主义文学流派，随着意象派汇入，形成了现代主义诗歌大潮。它以19世纪中后期象征主义文学为基础发展而来，注重内在体验的象征表现，借助精致传神的鲜明意象，间接地暗示心灵对世界的把握，以求激起想象和联想，实现心灵体验的传达沟通。未来主义：否定传统文化，彻底抛弃以往的艺术遗产和传统文化，歌颂机械文明和都市混乱，打破旧有的形式规范，用自由不羁的语句进行随心所欲的艺术创造。表现出狂热的无政府主义和文化虚无主义倾向。意识流小说：意识流小说是20世纪二三十年代流行于英、法、美等国的一种现代主义文学流派。意识流小说突破了现实主义小说高度关注外部环境与人物情节的传统模式，主张直接摹写个人内心的意识流动，在创作技巧上，意识流小说大量运用内心独白、自由联想和象征暗示的手法，语言、文体和标点等方面都有很大的创新。
《荒原》的艺术特征：1神奇地运用了蒙太奇的剪接手法和拼贴技法。2采用了丰富复杂的象征。3跨越时空界限，古今融为一炉。4意象新奇怪诞，语言复杂多变。5明显的音乐结构——交响乐。1作者把一系列互不相联的“图景”拼接起来，把许多不相干的意象组合起来，形成一副表达主观情感的“客观对应物”，纳入“荒原”的象征性结构之中，从而取得了内在的有机的联系，提示了西方文明衰退的必然趋势，既有历史的透视，又有现实的观照。2这部长诗既不同于现实主义的叙事诗，也不同于浪漫主义的抒情诗，而是典型的现代主义诗作，作者从整体上在远古神话的框架内安置了现代的荒原和荒原人，“荒原”就是现代欧洲的象征，“荒原人”就是现代人的象征，水是生命的甘泉，又是灾难的象征，风信子是春天的象征，枯骨是死亡的象征……3作品大量运用了时空交错、顺序倒置等手法，使神话人物与现实人物相交织，昨天、今天、明天相并存，泰晤士河、莱茵河景象相重叠，充分显示了作品的现代性。4作者大量选取病态的卑微的意象，继承《恶之花》从恶中掘出美的传统，全诗充满了枯槁、孤独、丑陋、衰老、散乱、荒蛮、死尸等意象，正是在这里以法国象征主义为发端的现代主义诗歌与通常选取高雅、健康、激烈、奔放、美好意象的浪漫主义分道扬镳。5它仿佛一首宏大复杂的交响诗，如果说展示“荒原”和“荒原人”的情景是它的全部主题，那么“拯救荒原”就应该是它的副部主题，其余各种小的主题则围绕着主部主题和副部主题在显示和对比中交织展开，也就是说哦，荒原的主要主题就是“荒”和“救”，其中“救”的主题又次于“荒”的主题。
《变形记》艺术特色：1．荒诞手法：作品寓严肃于荒诞，借虚无写真实，将人的精神的异化用外形的异化来表现，撕破一切伪饰，将现代人的真实处境暴露给人看，达到惊世骇闻的效果。从而引发人们对现实进行严肃的哲学思考，人变甲虫是荒诞的，人的精神异化却是真实的。2．寓言性与多义性：寓言与象征的区别。寓言的表层意义不是自足的，总是指向另一个故事和意义。比如：狐狸吃不到葡萄。象征就是它所代表的东西，本身是具象与抽象的统一。比如：十字架。寓意本身的复杂和作者意识的紊乱而使得人们几乎不可能破译它，必然导致作品的多义性。不讲求故事的明晰性；不讲求人物性格的典型性；不讲求环境描写的具体性。小说一般不交代具体地点，没有明确的时间，也不说明具体的社会背景。所有这些特点都是小说内容的寓意性而来。卡夫卡小说是寓言小说，包含深刻的哲学和寓意。3．悖谬，悖即反动、悖逆，谬即错误，悖谬指阴差阳错，事与愿违，常指人物命运。荒诞指荒谬怪诞，虚妄离奇，不合逻辑，不合情理，不合常规，不真实，常指故事情节。比如《城堡》中的K，千方百计想办户口而不得，却在临终得到允许，城堡通知他报到，他却至死无法进入城堡。4．梦幻性与神秘性，卡夫卡习惯深夜写作，恐惧来临时开始写作，一气呵成，同时，按照梦的法则进行创作：故事没有开头和结尾，过去和未来，只有现在和“这里”，小说没有完整的结尾，像梦一样。5．冷峻与客观的写实风格：叙而不议，受福楼拜影响很深。《变形记》没有一个形容词、没有一个比喻。
现代主义与后现代主义的区别，1哲学基础不同：现代主义的哲学基础是叔本华、柏格森、尼采、弗洛伊德的理论，而后现代主义更多地是吸取了海德格尔和萨特的存在主义哲理。2美学倾向不同，现代主义
者有着明确的精英意识，后现代主义往往是指向通俗的大众艺术3表达形式不同，现代主义注重优雅的形式和隐含深邃的内容，后现代主义主张平面化、消解深度。后现代主义更强调否定性，强调破碎性，强调多元性和相对性。
存在主义文学：存在主义文学是存在主义哲学思潮的基础上产生的文学流派。产生于20世纪30年代的法国，繁荣于二战时期和战后整个西方。基本主题是揭露世界和人的存在的荒诞性，肯定人的存在先于人的本质，表现人在荒诞、绝望的情况中的精神自由和自由选择。反对宿命论。代表作家有萨特、加缪和波伏瓦等。
荒诞派戏剧：于20世纪50年代在法国兴起，后流传到欧美各国。以反传统戏剧的“荒诞”形式表现“荒诞”主题。没有完整连贯情节，没有戏剧冲突，也没有合乎逻辑的连贯的语言和明显的时空观念，着力于表现荒诞的世界、痛苦的人生和无法沟通的人与人的关系。代表作家主要有法国的尤内斯库、阿达莫夫。黑色幽默：性格乖僻20世纪60、70年代主要流行于美国的文学流派，又称绝望的喜剧或绞刑架下的幽默。在思想上深受存在主义的影响。主要特点是以调侃轻松的语言和滑稽可笑的外在形式，表现压抑、沉闷、绝望的情绪，和对荒诞世界的思考。小说的主人公往往是性格乖癖的“反英雄”，情节结构具有非逻辑性，只要代表作家有约瑟夫·海勒。
萨特：存在主义观点“他人即地狱”，首先你不能正确的对待他人，那么他人的存在对你来说就是地狱。即倘自己是恶化与他人关系的原因，自己就得承担地狱之苦的责任。其次，如果你不能正确对待他人对你的判断，那么他人的判断对你来说就是地狱。他人的判断固然重要，但只能参考不能依赖，不可看做最高裁决，更不是自己行为的最终目的。第三如果你不能正确对待你自己，那么你也是你自己的地狱。对待人生中的差错，人们容易去找社会原因、客观原因和他人原因，往往看不到自己的原因，正确对待自己常为我们忽略。
《百年孤独》作为魔幻现实主义这一文学流派最重要的代表作，充分表现了“魔幻性的特征。首先。小说通过棉鞋人鬼混杂、生死交融的奇异世界表现魔幻性特征。其次，小说通过对生活中千奇百怪、似是而非的神奇事物的描写，显示魔幻性特征。第三，小说通过运用神话、传说显示魔幻性特征。第四，作者才i用了一些很有特色的艺术手法，加重了小说的魔幻色彩，比如循坏往复式的许是方法和结构。这一作品一反传统的按时间叙述，而是以某一时间为端点，从将来回到过去。象征和隐喻也是这一作品中一种重要的表现方法。
英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not
外国文学史名词解释和解答题 名词解释： 1、骑士抒情诗：即普罗旺斯抒情诗，因其主要流行于法国南部的普罗旺斯一带，故有此名。它主要抒写骑士与贵妇人之间在黎明时缠绵悱恻、依依惜别的恋情，讴歌骑士对贵妇人的爱慕和崇拜，以及他们为了爱情而去冒险征战、建功立业的骑士道德。在艺术上，骑士抒情诗注意心理描写，感情细腻，对早期文艺复兴时期的抒情诗产生过影响。 2、骑士传奇：采用荒诞不经的冒险故事形式，赞美忠于国王，锄强扶弱，为捍卫宗教、荣誉或爱情而献身的骑士精神。按照题材的来源不同，可以分为古代希腊罗马系统、不列颠系统和拜占廷系统三类，其中以亚瑟王及其圆桌骑士的传说最为典型。艺术上，骑士传奇既有荒诞不经、神秘色彩浓厚、歪曲现实的缺陷，也有想像丰富，情节引人，注意人物心理刻画等优点，对后来的浪漫主义文学颇有影响。《朗斯洛，或坐囚车的骑士》和《特里斯丹和绮瑟》是骑士传奇中的名篇。 3、城市文学：城市文学又称市民文学，是在12世纪以后随着工商业中心城市的兴起而产生的反映市民思想感情的世俗文学。它取材于现实生活，充满乐观精神。主要内容是揭露、抨击封建主和僧侣的残暴、贪婪、愚蠢，赞美市民的勇敢、机智、聪敏，具有鲜明的反封建、反教会的倾向。在艺术上，它的主要手法是讽刺，风格生动活泼；因受教会文学的影响也采用
隐喻、寓意和象征的手法。主要形式有短小的韵文故事、长篇叙事诗、抒情诗和戏剧等。在欧洲国家中，法国的城市最为发达，其城市文学的成就也最高。 4、文艺复兴：文艺复兴是14世纪初到17世纪初，新兴资产阶级思想家打着恢复古希腊罗马文化的旗号，在思想文化领域所进行的一场大规模的反封建、反教会的思想文化解放运动。它对欧洲乃至人类社会历史的发展，产生了极其重大而深远的影响。 5、“彼特拉克体”：是由彼特拉克创立的一种十四行诗体形式。它把每首诗分为两部分；前一部分有两节四行诗组成，后一部分由两节三行诗组成，押韵的格式是abba abba cdc cdc 。诗句每行1个音节，通常是抑扬格。彼特拉克的十四行诗形式整齐、音韵优美，以歌颂爱情表现人文主义思想为主要内容，有力地推动了欧洲近代抒情诗的创作。 6、“七星诗社”：是16世纪后半叶出现在法国的具有贵族倾向的诗人团体，由龙沙等7人组成，龙沙被称为法国第一位近代诗人。七星诗人肯定生活、热爱自由、反对禁欲主义，推崇古希腊罗马文学，对法国民族语言的统一和民族诗歌的建立做出了贡献。但他们一味模仿古人，轻视民间文学和人民语言，并强调 作家必须“出身高贵”，带有明显的贵族偏见。7、流浪汉小说：流浪汉小说是16世纪中叶产生于西班牙，17、18世纪流
1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.
1. In the medieval period ， it is Chaucer alone who ， for the first time in English literature ， presented to usa comprehensive __picture of the English society of his time and created a whole galery of vivid ___ from all walks of life in his masterpiece “the Canterbury Tales ”。 A. visionary / women B. romantic /men C. realistic / characters D. natural / figures 2. Although ____ was essentially a medieval writer, he bore marks of humanism and anticipated a new era of literature to come. A. William Langland B. John Gower C. Geoffrey Chaucer D. Edmund Spenser 3. Humanism spume from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious ，intellectual side ，for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on the conception that man is the ____ of all things . A. measure B. king C. lover D. rule 4. The essence of humanism is to ______. A. restore a medieval reverence for the church B. avoid the circumstances of earthly life C. explore the next world in which men could live after death D. emphasize human qualities 5. Many people today tend to regard the play “ The Merchant of Venice ” as a satire of the hypocrisy of ___ and their false standards of friendship and love ， their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against _________ . A. Christians / Jews B. Jews / Christians C. oppressors / oppressed D. people / Jews 6. In “ Sonnet 18 ”， Shakespeare has a profound meditation on the destructive power of _________ and the eternal __________ brought forth by poetry to the one he loves . A. death/ life B. death/ love C. time / beauty D. hate / love 7.In The Pilgrim’s Progress, John Bunyan describes The Vanity Fair in a ______ tone. A. delightful B. satirical C. sentimental D. solemn 8. The religious reformation in the early 16th-century England was a reflection of the class struggles waged by the _____. A. rising bourgeoisie against the feudal class and its ideology B. working class against the corruption of the bourgeoisie C. landlord class against the rising bourgeoisie and its ideology D. feudal class against the corruption of the Catholic Church 9. The ______ was a progressive intellectual movement throughout western Europe in the 18th century . A. Renaissance B. Enlightenmrent C. Religious Reformation D. Chartist Movement 10.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form -the modern English novel, which, contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of the common English people. A. romantic B. idealistic C. prophetic D. realistic 1. The title of the novel “ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ” written by James Joyce suggests a character study with strong _________ elements .
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
外国文学史名词解释复习资料 1、万隆会议：1995年在印尼万隆召开的有29个国家参加的亚非会议，是东方历史上第一次没有欧洲殖民主义国家参加的国际会议，会议的主题是：反对殖民主义、帝国主义、争取和保障民族独立。 2、日本战后派：日本当代文学流派，指第二次世界大战后新登上文坛的一批作家。他们以《近代文学》杂志为中心，以尊重个性，艺术至上为基本精神，提倡文学独立于政治。主要代表是野间宏、梅崎春生、三岛由纪夫。 3、第三新人：日本50年代文学流派，他们主张以纤细的感觉和小市民的意识取代战后派的雄心勃勃的风格，厌恶政治性意识形态，以日常生活感觉构筑作品世界，其代表有安冈章太郎、吉行淳之介，阿川弘之等。 4、新感觉派：日本现代文学流派，代表作家：川端康成、横光利一等人。其特点是：对传统文学表示怀疑甚至否定，提倡依靠直观、直觉去把握客观事物；力图在表现形式上标新立异，在创作中大量使用感性的表达方式，以新奇的文体和辞藻，去刺激人们的感觉。 5、新倾向派：朝鲜20世纪20年代初的无产阶级文学流派，代表作家是崔曙海、李相和、赵明熙等人。他们反对资产阶级文学追求唯美情调，坚持把文学与人民的命运、祖国的前途紧密结合起来。
6、述美派：又称旅美派，是20世纪二、三十年代旅 居美洲的叙利亚、黎巴嫩诗人、作家组成的文学流派，代表人物是纪伯伦、努埃曼等人，他们都以别具一格的创作风格，丰富和发展了阿拉伯文学。 7、埃及现代派：阿拉伯现代文学流派，第一次世界大 战后首先在埃及形成，后扩展到叙利亚、黎巴嫩、伊拉克等国。代表人物是海卡尔、侯赛因、台木尔等人。 他们坚持现实主义的创作方法，创作了一批不同于阿拉伯传统文学的现代小说。 8、日本无产阶级文学：日本现代文学的一种思潮，以 1916年前后的“工人文学”为基础，20年代十分活跃，代表人物是叶山嘉树，黑岛传治等人，先后创办《播种人》、《文艺战线》、《战旗》等刊物。1934年随着“日本无产阶级作家同盟”的解散而失去实力。9、日本唯美主义：日本近代文学流派，以永井荷风、 谷崎润一郎为代表，其特点是：描写人的表态心理和表态情欲，在官能享受中寻求精神的满足。 10、白桦派：日本近代文学派，代表作家是武者小路实笃、有岛武郎、志贺直哉等，因他们创办《白桦》而得名，特点是：追求个性解放，提倡人道主义精神，强调人的尊严和意志。 11、“破理显实”：日本近代自然主义文学的理论主张之一。就是主张作家排除一切理想，不带任何功利目的地按照事物原样去描写“真实”，为日本白色主义理
Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.
1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young
Romanticism began in the mid-18th century and reached its height in the 19th century.It was an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in Europe.The ideologies and events of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution laid the background for Romanticism. The Enlightenment also had influence on Romanticism .It was a revolt against the aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature.The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as apprehension, horror and terror, and awe.The Romantic literature of the nineteenth century concentrating on emotion, nature, and the expression of "nothing".famous romanticism writers are such as william Wordsworth:lyrical ballods、william whitman ：leaves of grass Realism beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and extending to late-19th- and early-20th-century .It was a reaction againest romanticism and paved the way to modernism.the realism is product of europe capitalist system?s establishment and development.the philosophy and science of europe in 19th century has promated its production authors trend to depictions of contemporary life and society as it was, or is. In the spirit of general "realism" ,realist authors opted for depictions of everyday and banal activities and experiences, instead of a romanticized or similarly stylized