中文2645字
出处：De Martino M, Morvillo A. Activities, resources and inter-organizational relationships: key factors in port competitiveness[J]. Maritime Policy & Management, 2008, 35(6): 571-589.
<文献翻译：原文>
Activities, resources and inter-organizational relationships: key factors in port competitiveness
De Martino M, Morvillo A
In the last decade, the port economics literature has given great emphasis to the Supply Chain Management approach as the new paradigm for the definition of port competitiveness. SCM supports the development of partnerships between the actors of the supply chain and considers the integration of activities and resources along business processes as source of competitive advantage. Nevertheless, the application of SCM approach to the port is particularly compiex given the traditional hostile relationships between port actors. In the effort to overcome such complexity, some authors have considered ports as Logistics Service Providers and interpreted their role within supply chains through the integrative practices undertaken by Global Players –mainly Shipping Companies and Terminal Operators – in the supply of integrated logistics services. Even tough these actors are crucial for the port competitiveness, they determine a passive role of port in the new competitive scenario. The definition of a potential and pro-active role of port in the supply chains is the objective of this paper that presents, through a literature review on SCM and port competitiveness, a new framework for port competitiveness. According to this framework, that is based on the value constellation concept value is generated by joint effort of port actors in the satisfaction of clients’ needs, through t he exploitation of different I mterdependencies (serial, pooled and reciprocal) between supply chains. In this context, Port Authority has a I fundamental role in identifying those resources – the so called critical assets – that encourage the development of interorganisational relationships between port actors in the value generation process.
1. Introduction
Studies on port competitiveness have traditionally focused on the analysis of specific services or port activities, within a context characterized by an increasing complexity, in which the actors involved are very often motivated by opposing interests and nonconvergent objectives.
One of the most interesting attempt to describe and strategically drive the port development in Italy, uses the theoretical model created by Abell in order to delimit the sphere of competitiveness and define the strategic business areas (SBA) of a port. The final aim is to design a model for the definition of strategic positioning and the port’s development options, within eac h strategic area (SBA) of which it is composed. Various applications of this conceptual framework have brought to the formulation of strategic positioning hypothesis and development options for the Port of Genoa, Gioia Tauro, Savona Vado and Naples.
With reference to the debate on who the true actors within the competitive arena are, Heaver believes that terminals are more clearly the focus of the competitive strategy and not ports, because of the different types of freight flows they deal with. Other authors have used a variant on the Porter diamond model to identify the main strengths and weaknesses of a port compared
with other competitors. For a proper analysis of the competitive relationship between ports, they refer to the term’range’, i.e. an area t hat includes a series of ports, with a wide overlapping of hinterlands to serve the same clients. The proposed framework, applied to the Port of Antwerp in the Hamburg–Le Havre range, identifies a series of specific factors (demand conditions, factor conditions, supporting industries, etc.) that influence the provision of logistics services in the port and thus determine a competitive advantage respect to the ports in the same range.
Other studies should also be mentioned, that are mainly based on an elaboration of different indicators of technical-dimensional features and performances of the infrastructures and the terminal’s equipment, so as to evaluate the competitive advantage of a port against its competitors.
In summary, the above-mentioned literature proves rigorous and coherent respect to the theoretical models of reference, generally applied for the analysis of manufacturing industry. Furthermore, it has the merit for triggering the debate on port competitiveness that had long been completely neglected. However, these studies, although having brought to light the traditional conflict of the port community and the need to integrate a port and its hinterland, they have not dealt with the integration among actors as a source of competitive advantage in a systematic way.
Consistent with the spread of the new paradigm by which ‘real competition is not company against company but rather supply chain against supply chain’ it has been stated that ‘competition is not unfolding between individual ports but between logistic chains’. Under this perspective, the supply of value-added services has gained a major role in the port competitiveness, within which terminals have become ‘simple elements’.The strategic importance of added-value logistics services as a source of competitive advantage of ports has been strongly supported by the two main agencies for international development: the World Bank and UNCTAD. In different statements, they refer to the opportunity of developing, alongside traditional logistics services—related to the movement of cargo—a whole set of added value activities that allow to optimize the flow of goods and increase the value of the product. They indeed highlight the necessity of a port to promote the development of its own productive hinterland, in order to guarantee a lasting economic development.
The recognition of the supply chain management (SCM) as a lever for competitiveness, thus brings us to believe that the traditional approaches of analysis, briefly mentioned, are not enough to describe and interpret the current evolving market dynamics. As a result, a new systematic view is being affirmed, by which the competitiveness of a port, although still strongly related to structure-type variables (geo-economic context, institutional model and the infrastructures of connection), is increasingly dependent on software components of the port business, that include the range of services offered, the presence of ICT systems for the exchange of information between actors in the same and in other port communities, the know-how of the maritime industry, the level and intensity of relationships between actors: all elements that define the quality of a port.
Accepting this view, some authors have reconsidered recent contributions and conceptual categories within supply chain management (SCM) literature to re-define strategic positioning and port strategies. In particular, the supply chain concept primarily focused on the logistics lincages between focal firm, supplier and customer, subsequently its contents expanded to include the network of organizations involved, through upstream and downstream linkages, in various processes and activities that create value in terms of products and services to the final client. SCM, as a managerial philosophy, supports the development of partnerships between actors of the supply
chain and considers the integration of activities and resources of these actors along business processes as sources of competitive advantage.
Although the strategic importance of the SCM and logistics integration is widely recognized in the academic world and in current business practice, only few contributions have, until now, dealt with logistics integration and SCM issues in the port environment, while most of the available literature adopts a fragmented approach in the analysis of port activities.
Taking into consideration that the SCM is the new paradigm, by which ports can develop different competencies and offer a high quality service, this paper proposes a new theoretical framework for port strategy and development. To this aim, the paper is structured in three main parts. In the first part, of theoretical nature, there is an introduction of the SCM paradigm and its extension to networks. Networks are increasingly being looked at as an object of study within the SCM literature, as they more accurately describe the complex reality in which businesses operate. ‘The process in which raw materials are turned into end-products and services is rarely simple linear process chain, and much more like a spaghetti web of complex interconnected relationships’. In this context, the crucial factor for strategic positioning is the capability of a firm to create inter-organizational relationships, as they represent the means by which the company gains access to, mobilizes and combines different activities and resources, promoting and creating productivity and innovation, both within the business and in the network. The second part focuses on logistics integration and SCM issues in the port environment. This section of the paper is particularly outstanding as each concept has not been dealt with univocally in literature; from a review of these studies, it becomes evident that there is a lack of frameworks to represent the entire port community in the process of creating value.
As the port is a complex reality involved in a series of supply chains, each of which is a specific entity with particular needs, networks make it possible to describe the relationships between port actors involved in the process of customer satisfaction; moreover, the inter-organizational relationships between the different network actors created, both to manage various business activities and to oversee critical resources in order to satisfy the clients, are decisive for port competitiveness. On the basis of this hypothesis, in the third part of the paper a new model is proposed According to this model, value is created by a joint effort of all port actors to satisfy the needs of target customers, through exploiting different interdependencies (sequential, pooled and reciprocal) between supply chains.
<文献翻译：译文>
经济活动、资源和组织关系：港口竞争力的关键因素
在过去的10年里，港口经济学文献极大地强调了把供应链管理方式作为港口竞争力的新范式。供应链管理支持供应链的角色并且考虑在业务流程上整合作为竞争力优势来源的经济活动和资源之间关系的发展。然而，对港口供应链管理方式的应用在有传统的敌对关系的两个港口之间尤其复杂。
为了努力克服这种复杂性，有些作者已经考虑到港口是物流服务的提供商，并且理解它们在全球玩家掌控下的通过综合实践的供应链角色——主要是船公司和终端经营者——提供综合的物流服务。即使这些因素对港口竞争力而言是至关重要的，它们决定了在新的竞争情景下港口的被动角色。对港口在供应链中潜在的积极角色的定义是这篇文章所要呈现的目的，通过对供应链管理和港口竞争力的一系列文献回顾，构建出一个关于港口竞争力的新框架。根据这个框架，也就是基于价值概念的价值是由共同努力来满足客户需求所产生的，通过开发供应链之间的不同的（系列的混合的互惠的）的依赖性。在这种情形下，港口当局在鉴别那些资源的时扮演了基础性的角色——这就是所谓的关键资产——在价值形成过程中，鼓励港口各因素组织关系的发展。
1、介绍
关于港口竞争力的研究传统上聚焦于分析具体的服务或者港口活动，在环境特征日益复杂的情形下，这些涉及到的因素经常会被对方利益和无收敛的目标所驱动。
其中最有趣的是试图去描述策略性地驱使意大利港口的发展，采用ABELL 的理论模型，为了去划定竞争力的范围并且定义港口的战略业务领域。最终目标是为了战略定位的定义和港口的发展选择设计一个模型，这是由每一个战略区（SBA）所组成的。这个概念框架的各种应用带来了指定战略定位的假设和港口发展的选择，如热那亚，Tauro Gioia，Savona Vado和那不勒斯。
关于争论谁是这个竞争区域的真正主导者，Heaver相信，终端更明显地是竞争战略的焦点而不是港口的，因为他们所处理的不同类型的货物流。其他作者应用波特的钻石模型来说明港口相对于其他竞争者而言所具有的优势和劣势。为了正确地分析港口之间的竞争关系，他们参考“range（范围）”这个术语，也就是说，一个包含了一系列港口的区域，拥有广泛的叠加的相同的内地客户。这个被提出来的框架，应用到汉堡和勒阿弗尔地区之间的安特卫普港，表明了一系列的特定因素（需求条件，因素条件，支持产业等）会影响港口物流服务的提供，从而能确定在这个相同的区域范围内的港口所具有的竞争优势。
其他的研究也应该提到，即主要是基于不同指标的阐述，技术空间特点以及基础设施和终端设备的性能，从而来评价一个港口相对于它的竞争对手而言所具有的竞争优势。
总之，上述提及到的文献证明了对参考理论模型严谨而又连贯的尊重，一般是应用到制造业的分析。而且，它在引发关于港口竞争力讨论的时候具有很多优点，这在之前早就被全盘忽略了。然而，这些研究尽管已经揭示了港口社区的传统冲突，需要去整合港口和它的腹地，他们没有用一种系统的方式来处理好各种
要素的一体化，并把它作为竞争优势的一个来源。
符合新范式传播是这样子的“真正的竞争不是公司与公司之间的，而是供应链与供应链之间的”，它已经声明，“竞争不是在个体港口之间展开的，而是在物流链之间展开。从这个角度看来，在港口竞争下提供增值服务已经成为了重要的角色，终端已经成为了“简单元素”。具有战略重要性的增值物流服务作为港口竞争优势的一个来源，处于国际发展的需要已经被两家主要的机构强力支持着：世界银行和联合国贸易和发展会议。在不同的声明中，他们指的是发展的机会，与传统的物流服务——相关的货物运动——一整套允许优化商品流通和提升产品价值的增值活动。他们事实上突出了港口促进其生产腹地发展的必要性，为了确保一种持久的经济发展。
识别供应链管理作为竞争力的一根杠杆，从而使我们相信传统的分析方法只是简单地提到，不足以描述和解释当前发展的市场动态。结果，一个新的系统观正在逐步被肯定，根据港口的竞争力，尽管仍旧跟结构型变量非常相关（地理经济背景，制度模型和基础设施连接），正变得越来越依赖于港口业务的软件组成，包括提供服务的范围，用于相同或者其他港口社区之间交换因素信息的现有信息与通信技术系统，海上行业的专业知识，因素之间水平和强度的关系：所有的元素定义了一个港口的质量。
接受了这一观点，一些学者已经重新思考了在供应链管理文献下最近的贡献和概念范畴，来重新定义战略定位和港口战略。值得一提的是，该供应链的概念主要聚焦于公司、供应商以及顾客之间的物流体系，随着它的内容扩大到包括网络的组织参与，通过上游与下游之间的联系，以各种工序和活动来创造面向最终客户的关于产品和服务的价值。供应链管理，作为一个管理理念，支持发展使用者和供应链之间合作伙伴关系，考虑活动和资源的整合，作为业务流程中的具有相对竞争优势的一个来源。
尽管供应链管理的重要战略和物流一体化是学术界和当前贸易实务所广泛认同的，直到现在都只有一部分的贡献，在港口环境中处理了物流一体化和供应链管理的问题，然而大多数现有文献的采用一个支离破碎的方式在分析港口的活动。
考虑到供应链管理是新范式，港口可以发展不同的能力并且提供高质量的服务，本文在关于港口战略和发展上提出了一个新的理论框架。针对这一目标，本文结构可以分为三个主要的部分。第一部分，理论属性，介绍供应链管理的新范式及其延伸网络。网络正逐步被视作供应链管理文献的一个研究对象，因为他们能够更加准确地描述出商业活动中的复杂实相。“原材料转化成最终产品和服务的过程是一个相对简单的线性过程链，与其说像复杂的互联网络关系，更不如说是像意大利面条”。在此背景下，战略定位的关键因素是公司创造组织关系的能力，因为他们象征公司进入的方式，动员和结合不同的经济活动与资源，促进产品创造和创新，无论是在商业上还是在网络上。第二部分主要聚焦在港口环境下的物流一体化和供应链管理问题。文章的这一部分尤为突出，因为每一个概念都没有处理好文献中未提及的问题：从对这些文献的回顾，可以明显地看出，缺乏一个框架来呈现整个港口群体在过程中创造价值。
鉴于港口是涉及一系列供应链关系的复杂现状，其中的每一个部分都是具有不同需求的特殊实体，网络使描述港口之间的关系，在过程中令顾客满意变得更加可行；而且，组织间的关系在不同的网络中被创造，既能管理各种经营活动又能为了使客户满意而监督关键资源，这些都决定了港口的竞争力。根据这个假设，
在本文的第三部分提出了一个新的模型。根据这个模型，价值是通过共同努力而被创造的，各种港口因素都是为了满足目标客户的需求，通过开发供应链之间不同的顺序（顺序，混合，互惠）。
经济学文献综述写作 一、文献综述的含义 文献综述（以下简称综述），不同于学术论文或科研论文。学术论文或科研论文是作者亲自对某一具体课题进行研究后所做的文章。综述是一种综合性或专题性的情报资料，属于三次文献。具体地说，是指对某一专题的近期文献，经过阅读、摘选、融会贯通、分析、对比、归纳、加工、整理而成的综合评述。文献综述有两大特点，一是“综”，即收集“百家”之言，综合分析整理；二是“述”，即结合作者的观点和实践经验对文献的观点、结论进行叙述和评论。 文献综述虽不是科学论著，但在科学研究中的作用却不容低估。通过阅读近期原始文献而写成的综述，可以反映某一领域或某一专题的新动态、新进展、新水平、新发现、新趋向以及未来展望。因此，综述被看作是新知识突破和新技术推广应用的开始。毕业论文文献综述的写作是毕业论文写作过程中的重要一环，毕业生在进入毕业论文写作之前，应该先写一篇有关的综述，以便掌握该专题的最新信息，从而为选定研究论题和修订研究计划提供有益的信息和依据。 二、收集资料：文献综述写作的基础 收集文献资料是写作文献综述的基础。因此，收集的文献资料力求广泛与全面，且尽可能收集与研究论题有关的原始文献，同时也应收集相关的权威的综述性文章。 一般地，收集文献的方法有两种：一是通过各种检索工具，如文献索引、文摘杂志进行检索。选择文献时，应由近及远，主要应用近2～3年内的文献，这样才能体现出文献综述的新观点、新水平。二是从其它文章的参考文献追溯。即从一篇或数篇最新发表、有权威性的论著或综述，及这些文章所附的参考文献中寻找所需资料，这是一种较为快速而方便的方法。 收集到的文献如何阅读取舍?通常，阅读文献大致有三个步骤：
①It is universally acknowledged that the sharing economy means that people sell or purchase the unoccupied resources via online transaction. Having been a new trend, the sharing economy is playing a more and more crucial part in our modern life. ②There is no doubt that a large number of people benefit a lot from the sharing economy. Above all, it contributes to making good use of the resources. People, who own available stuff and don’t use it for the moment, can sell or rent it to others who need it. Thus, it’s beneficial for both of them, for not only the seller or renter can make money but the purchaser can save money. Moreover, it can make sure that things can be used as many times as possible instead of being abandoned. In addition, it helps to build up trust between each other. ③However, the rise of the sharing economy leads to the difficult management. For instance, the sharing bikes bring convenience for people, but people place the bikes at random and even occupy the room of the sidewalk. Therefore, how to manage the sharing things is worth considering 众所周知，共享经济意味着人们通过在线交易出售或购买未被占用的资源。在现代生活中，分享经济是一种新的趋势，它正在发挥着越来越重要的作用。 毫无疑问，许多人从分享经济中获益良多。最重要的是，它有助于充
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
外文翻译原文--目的地竞争力：可持续发展目标的战略 规划和愿景 Destination Competitiveness Meeting Sustainability Objectives Through Strategic Planning and Visioning Lisa Ruhanen The University of Queensland The School of Tourism and Leisure Management 11 Salisbury Road Ipswich QLD 4305 Australia lruhanencom 1 Introduction Destinations whether national state or local are
increasingly taking their role as tourist destinations very seriously as evidenced by the al- location of considerable funds towards tourism promotion and market- ing Much of this funding is being directed towards the enhancement and development of their touristic image and attractiveness Ritchie Crouch 2000 With so many destinations competing for the tourist dollar both on an international and domestic level competition is erce and destinations are looking to capitalize on all of their assets to dier- entiate themselves from their competitors This increasing level of com-
试谈提升大学生就业竞争力的培养体系研究 [摘要]1998年以来，我国高校持续扩招，大学毕业生的就业问题已成为全关注的焦点，我国高等培育机制与社会需求的错位和脱节是造成人才供需矛盾的主要原因。本文剖析了大学生就业竞争力培养体系构建的必要性，基于系统工程和胜任特征理论构建了大学生就业竞争力培养体系的框架模型，以培养大学生化素质为核心，以促进个人职业生涯规划和执行为手段，以提高大学生就业率和就业满意度为目标，从大学生职业能力素质模型、大学生职业能力素质测评系统、大学生就业竞争力培育机制、大学生就业竞争力评价体系等方面构建了四位一体的耦合培养体系，以期提升大学生的就业竞争力。 [关键词]大学生；就业竞争力；培养体系 就业为民生之本。近年来，高校毕业生就业是社会普遍关注的问题，是我国政府面临的重大难题之一，大量的高校毕业生不能及时就业已成为影响社会稳定与的重要因素。国内大多数学者都认为，“就业鸿沟”问题是因为大学生在就业能力方面的缺陷以及用人单位与大学毕业生之间的信息不对称造成的。当前，我国就业体制改革的目标是以市场选择为根本取向，以自主就业为主导模式，以素质能力为竞争之本，形成与经济迥然不同的就业机制。因此，需要让用人单位、学校共同建立新型的大学生就业竞争力培养体系，缓解就业压力、解决培养错位问题。 一、大学生就业竞争力的内涵
就业竞争力包涵着在就业能力和职业发展过程中的多项综合能力，关于其定义有多种解释。国际劳工(ILO)则指出，就业能力是个体获得和保持、在工作中进步以及应对工作生活中出现的变化的能力；英国原教育与就业部(DFEE)把就业能力解释为获得和保持工作的能力，进一步讲，就业能力是在劳动力市场内通过充分的就业机会实现潜能的自信。国外学者Howard认为就业竞争力是指雇员具有劳动力市场和雇主所需要和认为有吸引力的技能的能力；Fuguate认为：就业竞争力是指个体在其职业期间确认和实现在组织内部和外部职业机会的能力。国内学者赵志川认为大学生的就业竞争力是大学生初次进入人力资源市场以及在以后的职业生涯中能够相对于其他竞争对手更加有效地向市场提供自己的智力和服务，从而保证自身持续生存和发展的综合素质和能力；楼锡锦认为大学生就业竞争力是指毕业生在就业市场上，具有战胜竞争对手、找到适合才能发挥和实现自身价值的适当工作岗位的能力，可归结为核心竞争力、基础竞争力和竞争力。 本文所研究的大学生就业竞争力主要是指大学生在校期间通过较为系统的基础知识和专业知识的学习掌握，以及适应社会需要的综合素质的开发培养，在就业竞争和职业发展中所具有的获得和保持工作的职业化能力。 二、构建提升大学生就业竞争力的培养体系的必要性 (一)传统大学生培养模式的错位现象 1．大众化的高等教育与精英就业观的错位
China's economy, one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and the biggest contributor to global growth, grew 9.9 percent year-on-year in the first three quarters of this year, according to official figures released on Monday, showing a trend of a slowdown amid the current global financial crisis. In the third quarter, the gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate slowed down to 9 percent, the lowest in five years, from 10.6 percent in the first quarter, 10.1 percent for the second quarter and 10.4 percent in the first half of 2008. China's economic growth has been on a steady decline since peaking in the second quarter of 2007. The slowing world economy pummeled by the global financial crisis and weaker demand for Chinese exports on international markets heavily weighted on the Chinese economy, according to Li Xiaochao, spokesperson for the National Bureau of Statistics. Another widely watched indicator, the consumer price index (CPI) -- an important measure of inflation -- rose 4.6 percent in September, over the same period last year. The figure, coupled with 7.1 percent in June, 6.3 percent in July, 4.9 percent in August and a nearly 12-year-high of 8.7 percent in February, shows the CPI in a downward spiral. Analysts mainly attribute the decline in the CPI to ample grain supply and lower-than-expected income growth of Chinese residents, as the housing and stock markets take heavy toll, which dented residents' desire to consume. Chinese stocks have shed nearly 70 percent of their value from the last year's peak at 6,124 points due to weak investor confidence. The stock market rose more than two percent on Monday amid expectation the government would unveil more measures to stimulate economy. The benchmark Shanghai Composite Index gained 43.36 points to close at 1,974.01 points. Exports, one of the three major drivers of the Chinese economy along with investment and consumption, are taking hit from the global financial turmoil and economic slowdown. In the first three quarters exports grew 22.3 percent, 4.8 percent points lower than the same period last year. Fixed assets investment totaled 11.6246 trillion yuan ($1.66 trillion) in the first three
Key Terms of International Economics Chapter3 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage Comparative advantage 比较优势 Absolute advantage 绝对优势 Opportunity cost 机会成本 Production possibility frontier 生产可能性边界 Unit labor requirement 单位产品劳动投入 Relative price 相对价格 Relative demand curve相对需求曲线 Relative supply curve 相对供给曲线 Relative wage 相对工资 Relative quantity 相对产量 Ricardian model 李嘉图模型 Pauper labor argument 贫民劳动论 Nontraded goods 非贸易商品 Chapter 4 Resources and Trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin Model Abundant factor 丰裕要素 Biased expansion of production 偏向性生产扩张 Equalization of factor prices 要素价格均等化 Factor abundance 要素丰裕度 Factor intensity 要素密集度 Scarce factor 稀缺要素 Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫悖论 land-intensive 土地密集型 Labor-intensive劳动密集型 the ratio of 2 factor prices 要素价格比 Wage-rental ratio 工资-租金比 Land-labor ratio ，the ratio of land to labor 土地劳动比 Chapter 5 The standard Trade Model Biased growth 偏向性增长 Export-biased growth 出口偏向性增长
文献信息： 文献标题：Putting the sharing economy into perspective（透视共享经济） 国外作者：Koen Frenken，Juliet Schor 文献出处：《Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions》, 2017, 23:3-10 字数统计：英文3345单词，18027字符；中文5823汉字 外文文献： Putting the sharing economy into perspective Abstract We develop a conceptual framework that allows us to define the sharing economy and its close cousins and we understand its sudden rise from an economic-historic perspective. We then assess the sharing economy platforms in terms of the economic, social and environmental impacts. We end with reflections on current regulations and future alternatives, and suggest a number of future research questions. Keywords:Sharing; Platform; Sustainability; Reverse technology assessment; Regulation 1.Introduction In the Spring of 2014, the sharing economy held an unusual gathering in San Francisco, a sort of “coming out” party. Entitled “SHARE,” the conference included not only founders, funders and fans of the sharing economy, but also harsh critics. Politically progressive insiders and outsiders raised questions about access, exclusion and the distribution of value in the sector. They discussed their vision of a fairer, lower-carbon, more transparent, participatory and socially-connected economy, and whether those goals are consistent with the actions of the large, moneyed players—the successful platforms and the venture capitalists who are backing them with vast sums
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
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外文翻译 原文 EXPORT COMPETITIVENESS OF INDIAN TEXTILEAND GARMENT INDUSTRY Material Source: Indian Council For Research On International Economic Relations Author:Samar Verma The international trade in textile and clothing sectors has been a egregious exception to the most favoured nation principle of GATT and, since the early 1960s, has been a case of managed trade through forced consensus. However, the WTO Agreement on Textile and Clothing (ATC) marked a significant turnaround. According to the ATC, beginning 1st January 1995, all textiles and clothing products that had been hitherto subjected to MFA-quota, are scheduled to be integrated into WTO over a period of ten years. “The dismantling of the quota regime represents both an opportunity as well as a threat. An opportunity because markets will no longer be restricted; a threat because markets will no longer be guaranteed by quotas, and even the domestic market will be open to competition”. From 1st January 2005, therefore, all textile and clothing products would be traded internationally without quota-restrictions. And this impending reality brings the issue of competitiveness to the fore for all firms in the textile and clothing sectors, including those in India. It is imperative to understand the true competitiveness of Indian textile and clothing firms in order to make an assessment of what lies ahead in 2005 and beyond. Owing to its significant contribution, the Indian textile and clothing industry occupies a unique place in the Indian economy. It contributes about 4% of GDP and 14% of industrial output. Second largest employer after agriculture, the industry provides direct employment to 35 million people including substantial segments of weaker sections of society. With a very low import-intensity of about 1.5% only, it is the largest net foreign exchange earner in India, earning almost 35% of foreign exchange. This is the only industry that is self-sufficient and complete in cotton value chain- producing everything from fibres to the highest value added finished
中文3487字 本科毕业论文（设计） 外文翻译 原文： EV A: A better financial reporting tool Economic Value Added (EV A) is a financial performance measure being adopted by many companies in corporate America. This new metric, trademarked by Stern Stewart and Company, is a profit measure based on the concept of true economic income which includes the cost of capital for all types of financing. EV A provides a more comprehensive measure of profitability than traditional measures because it indicates how well a firm has performed in relation to the amount of capital employed. This article summarizes the EV A concept of measuring profitability, the EV A calculation and the benefits of adopting an EV A framework. The EV A Concept of Profitability EV A is based on the concept that a successful firm should earn at least its cost of capital. Firms that earn higher returns than financing costs benefit shareholders and account for increased shareholder value. In its simplest form, EV A can be expressed as the following equation: EV A = Operating Profit After Tax (NOPAT) - Cost of Capital NOPAT is calculated as net operating income after depreciation, adjusted for items that move the profit measure closer to an economic measure of profitability. Adjustments include such items as: additions for interest expense after-taxes (including any implied interest expense on operating leases); increases in net capitalized R&D expenses; increases in the LIFO reserve; and goodwill amortization. Adjustments made to operating earnings for these items reflect the investments made by the firm or capital employed to achieve those profits. Stern Stewart has identified as many as 164 items for potential adjustment, but often only a few adjustments are
经济学基础文献选目（暂定） 第一单元：现代经济学方法论 1、弗里德曼：“实证经济学的方法论” 2、周其仁：“研究真实世界的经济学：科斯研究经济学的方法及其在中国的实践”。 3、阿尔钦：“不确定性、进化与经济学” 4、丹尼尔.贝尔：“经济论述中的模型与现实” 第二单元：经济运行的一般过程 5、里德：“铅笔的故事” 6、雷德福德：“战俘营的经济组织”。 第三单元：知识、信息与人类行为 7、哈耶克：“知识在社会中的利用”。 8、斯蒂格勒：“信息经济学”。 9、阿伦.杨“递增报酬与经济进步” 10、亚当.斯密：《国富论（节选）》。 第四单元：新制度经济学 11、张五常：“关于新制度经济学” 12、科斯：“生产的制度结构”。 13、科斯：“企业的性质” 14、科斯：“社会成本问题” 15、德姆塞茨：“关于产权的理论” 16、阿尔钦、德姆塞茨：“生产、信息费用与经济组织” 第五单元：经济学的性质、范围和边界 17、凯恩斯：“我们孙辈的经济学”。 18、兰格：“马克思经济学与现代经济理论”。 19、赫什拉弗：“扩张中的经济学领域”。 20、贝克尔：“观察生活的经济方式”。 经济学基础教材简介 一、入门教材：人大版《经济科学译丛系列》 1、曼昆《经济学原理》上下册，88元。梁小民教授翻译。曼昆为哈佛高才生，天才横溢，属新古典凯恩斯主义学派，研究范围偏重宏观经济分析。 该书为大学一年级学生而写，主要特点是行文简单、说理浅显、语言有趣。界面相当友好，引用大量的案例和报刊文摘，与生活极其贴近，诸如美联储为何存在，如何运作，Greenspan 如何降息以应付经济低迷等措施背后的经济学道理。该书几乎没有用到数学，而且自创归纳出“经济学10大原理”，为初学者解说，极其便利完全没有接触过经济学的人阅读。学此书，可了解经济学的基本思维，常用的基本原理，用于看待生活中的经济现象。可知经济学之功用及有趣，远超一般想象之
毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日
译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。
外文翻译 原文 The Core Competence of the Corporation Material Source:Harvard Business Review,May-June,1990 P79-93 Author:C.K.Prahalad and Gary Hamel C. K. Prahalad is professor of corporate strategy and international business at the University of Michigan. Gary Hamel is lecturer in business policy and management at the London Business School. Their most recent HBR article "Strategic Intent" (May June 1989), won the 1989 McKinsey Award for excellence. This article is based on research funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation. The Roots of Competitive Advantage The distinction we observed in the way NEC and GTE conceived of themselves a portfolio of competencies versus a portfolio of businesses was repeated across many industries. From 1980 to 1988, Canon grew by 264%, Honda by 200%. Compare that with Xerox and Chrysler. And if Western managers were once anxious about the low cost and high quality of Japanese imports, they are now overwhelmed by the pace at which Japanese rivals are inventing new markets, creating new products, and enhancing them. Canon has given us personal copiers; Honda has moved from motorcycles to four wheel off road buggies. Sony developed the 8mm camcorder, Yamaha, the digital piano. Komatsu developed an underwater remote controlled bulldozer, while Casio's latest gambit is a small screen color LCD television. Who would have anticipated the evolution of these vanguard markets? In more established markets, the Japanese challenge has been just as disquieting. Japanese companies are generating a blizzard of features and functional enhancements that bring technological sophistication to everyday products. Japanese car producers have been pioneering four wheel steering, four valve-per cylinder engines, in car navigation systems, and sophisticated electronic engine management systems. On the strength of its product features, Canon is now a player in facsimile transmission machines, desktop laser printers, even semiconductor manufacturing equipment.