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with natural language feedback

ITRI-98-04What Y ou See Is What Y ou

Meant:direct knowledge

editing with natural language

feedback

Richard Power,Donia Scott and Roger Evans

May,1998

Also published in Proc.13th European Conference on Arti?cial Intelligence,Brighton,

UK

Information Technology Research Institute Technical Report Series

What You See Is What You Meant:direct knowledge editing

with natural language feedback

Richard Power Donia Scott Roger Evans

August13,1998

Abstract

Many kinds of knowledge-based system would be easier to develop and maintain if domain experts(as opposed to knowledge engineers)were in a position to de?ne and edit the knowledge.From the viewpoint

of domain experts,the best medium for de?ning the knowledge would be a text in natural language;how-

ever,natural language input cannot be decoded reliably unless written in controlled languages,which are

dif?cult for domain experts to learn and use.WYSIWYM editing is an alternative solution in which the texts

employed to view and edit the knowledge are generated not by the user but by the system.The user can

add knowledge by clicking on‘anchors’in the text and choosing from a list of semantic alternatives;each

choice directly updates the knowledge base,from which a new text is then generated.

1KNOWLEDGE EDITING

Many applications require editing of information expressed in a knowledge representation formalism.Ex-pert systems are an obvious example;others are systems for generating documents[4,8]and for encoding design speci?cations[5].With currently available support tools,knowledge editing has to be performed by knowledge engineers who are familiar with the representation formalism;the knowledge cannot be directly inspected and modi?ed by domain experts or other interested parties.Much recent research has sought to simplify knowledge editing,e.g.by graphical browsers,or by input in controlled languages.

We propose here a new knowledge-editing method called‘WYSIWYM editing’.WYSIWYM editing allows a domain expert to edit a knowledge base reliably by interacting with a feedback text,generated by the system, which presents both the knowledge already de?ned and the options for extending it.Knowledge is added by menu-based choices which directly extend the knowledge base;the result is immediately displayed to the author by means of an automatically generated natural language document:thus‘What You See Is What You Meant’.

1.1Graphical tools

Most knowledge bases are coded in object-based formalisms,with objects classi?ed by a conceptual hierarchy so that attributes can be inherited,as in such languages as LOOM[6].Encoding the knowledge is often a programming task,but some knowledge-editing tools provide graphical browsers in which relations among objects are shown by network diagrams(examples are the Generic Knowledge-Base Editor[7]and the CODE4 Knowledge Management System[13]).

Such graphical tools have the advantage of allowing what we will call‘direct knowledge editing’,as opposed to‘text editing’.When you edit a network diagram,the basic operations have a direct semantic interpretation:for instance,you create an object belonging to one of the permitted categories;or you extend a labelled arc?from one object to another,thus encoding one of the permitted relationships between the two objects.By contrast,when you encode the knowledge by writing a program in a text editor,the basic oper-ations of inserting and deleting characters have no direct semantic interpretation:to extract the knowledge, the text must be parsed and interpreted,and even experienced programmers are likely to make syntax errors.

Although graphical editing tools make life easier for the knowledge engineer,they fail in the objective of making knowledge editing accessible to domain https://www.doczj.com/doc/ce1395837.html,work diagrams correspond too directly to

the underlying knowledge formalism:they cannot be understood and developed without training in such technical notions as‘object’,‘attribute’and‘value restriction’.Empirical studies have reported high error rates by domain experts using graphical object-oriented modelling tools[3],and a clear advantage of text over graphics for understanding nested conditional structures[9].

1.2Natural language input

Some researchers have tried an alternative solution in which the author de?nes the knowledge base by writing a natural language text,which the system automatically interprets and encodes in the knowledge represen-tation formalism.This method is obviously attractive,since it would allow domain experts to specify a knowledge base in the most natural way;the problem is whether it is feasible.Unfortunately,information extraction from free text is unreliable:for the foreseeable future,natural language input can be used only if the author adheres to a controlled language such as Attempto Controlled English[2]or Computer Process-able English[11].Many bene?ts of natural language input are therefore lost.The domain expert can de?ne a knowledge base only after training in the controlled language;and even after training,the author may have to try several formulations before?nding one that the system will accept.

Natural language input implies text editing rather than direct knowledge editing:the author de?nes a character sequence that must be parsed and interpreted to extract the knowledge.An interesting intermediate technique,which might be called‘syntactic editing’,is used in the NLMenu system[14]:sentences are composed not by typing in characters,but by choosing at each stage from a list of the continuations allowed by the grammar.In this way,the system guarantees that every input sentence can be parsed and interpreted; the disadvantage is that the author is constrained to focus on syntactic development of the current sentence rather than on semantic development of the knowledge.

1.3A new solution

We have seen that direct knowledge editing is preferable to text editing,since it avoids any need for automatic parsing and interpretation;on the other hand,presentation in natural language is preferable to presentation in a network diagram(or in a programming language),especially if we want the editing tool to be accessible to domain experts as well as to knowledge engineers.WYSIWYM editing attempts to have your cake and eat it,by a technique that combines direct knowledge editing with presentation in natural language text.The method of presenting an object-oriented model through a text has been used before(see[12]for a review); what is novel about WYSIWYM is that the author can actually build and edit the model by interacting with the feedback text.

Before explaining the technique in detail,we will make some preliminary comments in order to identify the niche that WYSIWYM editing occupies in the space of possible editors.

2TYPES OF EDITOR

At?rst sight WYSIWYM editing looks like word processing,because the edited material is presented as a formatted document.To understand the difference,we need to look more closely at the nature of word processing.

When you edit a document with a word processor,you aim to record various kinds of information.At a basic level,you de?ne a sequence of characters.These characters make up words and sentences,which in turn express concepts and ideas.The word processor may also allow you to in?uence the graphical appearance of the document,e.g.by changing the font or the size of the characters;if it supports WYSIWYG,you will be able to see on the screen the appearance of the document when it is printed on paper.

Following the usual distinctions in linguistics,we can identify four levels of information,each level having its own characteristic features:

1.Graphical level(the two-dimensional bitmap)

2.Graphemic level(the character sequence)

3.Syntactic level(the words and sentences)

4.Semantic level(the meaning)

The visual display in a word processor shows all these levels.However,the editing operations mainly concern the graphemic level:the insertion or deletion of characters.This is the only level at which the user exerts direct control.The graphical level can be in?uenced by altering fonts,page sizes,etc.,but the user cannot directly draw the characters.The syntactic and semantic levels can be in?uenced only through the mediation of the graphemic level.

To summarize this situation,we can distinguish three kinds of features.

1.Directly controlled features These are linked to the basic editing operations.For instance,in a word

processor the character sequence is controlled directly by positioning the cursor and hitting keys.

2.Interpreted features These are not directly controlled,but may be recovered by interpreting lower-

level features.In a word processor,syntactic and semantic features can be derived by interpreting the character sequence.This raises the issue of who(or what)recovers the interpreted features.A program cannot utilize syntactic or semantic features encoded in a character sequence unless it has the ability to parse and understand the language.Thus the semantic features encoded in a document might be useful only to human observers.

3.Presentational features These are introduced by the program in order to display the other features to

the user.For instance,a text editor that only saves the character sequence must add graphical features in order to print the document or to display it on the screen.

We can now express the similarities and differences between text editing and WYSIWYM editing.What they have in common is that the editor displays graphical,graphemic,syntactic and semantic features;this is why they look alike.The difference is that a word processor allows direct control over graphemic features(the character sequence),while WYSIWYM editing allows direct control over semantic features(the knowledge). In WYSIWYM editing,the graphical,graphemic and syntactic features are all presentational.The user may in?uence them(e.g.by choosing French in preference to English),but cannot control them directly(e.g.by typing in speci?c characters).

Under this scheme,we can imagine four kinds of natural language editor,according to the level that is directly controlled by the user.

1.Handwriting Editor The user directly controls the graphical level by writing the document by hand,

using a pen-based input device.In order to utilize information at other levels(e.g.to print a typed version of the document)the editor would have to perform character recognition.

2.Text Editor The user directly controls the graphemic level by typing in characters at the cursor.This

brings a cost and a bene?t:the user loses control over the detailed shaping of the characters,but reliably encodes a character sequence that the editor can utilize,e.g.by sending it through email,or varying the font sizes or column widths.

3.NL-Menu The user controls the syntactic level,by choosing from a list of words or phrases that are

permissible extensions of the current sentence.In this way,the user loses direct control over the character sequence,but reliably encodes a linguistic structure from the sub-language that the editor can parse,so that the program can reliably derive the meaning.

4.WYSIWYM editing The user controls the semantic(or knowledge)level,by choosing conceptual ex-

tensions of the current meaning?from pop-up menus.All other features become presentational,so that the user has no direct control over wording:switching from English to French becomes a matter of presentational convenience,akin to switching from small to large font.The program performs no parsing or interpretation of any kind,since the highest level(the knowledge)is directly controlled by the user and hence there are no interpreted features.

3EDITING MEANING

At all levels,editing consists of modifying a current con?guration either by inserting material at a given location,or by deleting material previously inserted.The initial,minimal con?guration must have at least

one location;as material is added,new locations become available.In a text editor,the initial con?guration is an empty string with a single location(and hence a single cursor position);if you type the letter‘A’there are now two locations,before and after the letter;add‘B’and there are three locations,and so forth.

In a semantic network,the con?guration comprises objects of various types(the labelled nodes in a net-work diagram);depending on its type,an object may have various attributes(the labelled arcs in a diagram); the value of an attribute is another object(the node to which the arc points).The basic editing operation is that of adding a new object,of a speci?ed type,as the value of an attribute of an existing object.A location can be thought of as an attribute that currently has no value.As an initial minimal con?guration,we need at least one?xed attribute that cannot be deleted.The new object added as the value of this root attribute will have attributes of its own,so that further locations become available.

The basic idea of WYSIWYM editing is that a special kind of natural language text is generated in order to present the current con?guration of a semantic network.This‘feedback text’includes generic phrases called ‘anchors’which mark attributes that have no value.The anchors represent the locations where new objects may be added.By opening a pop-up menu on an anchor,you obtain a list of short phrases describing the types of objects that are permissible values of the attribute;if you select one of the options,a new object of the speci?ed type is added to the semantic network.A new feedback text is then generated to present the modi?ed con?guration,including the attributes of the new object.

As more information is added about a new object,it will be represented by longer spans of text,compris-ing whole sentences,or perhaps even several paragraphs.These spans of text are also mouse-sensitive,so that the associated semantic material can be cut or copied.The cutting operation removes the network fragment that was previously the value of an attribute,and stores it in a buffer,where it remains available for pasting into another suitable location.When the text is regenerated,an anchor will show that the attribute now has no value,and the span of text that previously represented this value will no longer appear.

4ILLUSTRATION OF WYSIWYM EDITING

Our?rst application of WYSIWYM editing was in the context of the DRAFTER project[8],which developed a system to support the production of software documentation in English and French.The system includes a knowledge editor,with which a technical author can de?ne the procedures for using common software applications such as word processors and diary managers;in this way the author builds the‘domain model’from which a text generator produces instructions,in English and French,that describe these procedures.The eventual aim of such systems is to support the technical authors who produce tutorial guides and user manuals for software applications,by automatically generating routine procedural passages in many languages.

In DRAFTER-1,the?rst version of the system,knowledge editing was performed through a graphical interface in which objects in the knowledge base were presented through nested boxes with brief linguistic labels.Since authors found these diagrams hard to interpret and modify,we decided to explore the new idea of presenting the growing domain model through a natural language text,thus exploiting the multilingual generator to support knowledge editing.The result was a completely re-engineered system,DRAFTER-2,in which the generator not only produces the?nal output texts,but also supports a WYSIWYM knowledge editor (see[12,10]for more details of the architecture).

As an example of WYSIWYM editing,we will describe a session in which a technical author uses DRAFTER-2in order to de?ne the knowledge underlying a brief passage of software documentation.We will suppose that the author is producing a tutorial guide to the OpenWindows Calendar Manager,and is currently working on a section that explains how to schedule an appointment.

The procedure for scheduling an appointment requires various data to be entered in a dialogue box called the‘Appointment Editor’window.With some simpli?cations,it could be expressed by the following text, which we quote here in order to clarify the author’s task.

(1)To schedule an appointment

Before starting,open the Appointment Editor window by choosing the Appointment option from the Edit menu.

Then proceed as follows:

1Choose the start time of the appointment.

2Enter the description of the appointment in the What?eld.

3Click on the Insert button.

The author’s aim is to introduce this information into the domain model.If this is done successfully,the system will be able to generate the above text(or an equivalent one)in English,French,and any other supported language.

Assuming that the model is to be built from scratch,the author begins by selecting the option‘New’from the main menu.Since the system is specialized for de?ning procedural models,a‘new’model comprises a single procedure object for which the attributes—i.e.the goal and the methods for achieving it—are unde?ned.From this model,the generator produces a single-sentence feedback text:

(2)Do this action by using these methods.

The feedback text has special features related to its authoring function.

The phrase this action is coloured red,indicating that it marks a mandatory choice,a location where information must be added.In this case,the red phrase represents the unde?ned goal of the procedure.

(Since colour is unavailable,we reproduce red phrases in bold face in this paper.)

The phrase these methods is coloured green,indicating that it marks an optional choice,a location where information may be added.In this case,the green phrase represents the unde?ned methods for achieving the goal.(We reproduce green phrases in italics.)

Both coloured phrases are mouse-sensitive.By clicking on either phrase,the author opens a pop-up menu from which a concept may be selected.

We refer to the mouse-sensitive coloured phrases as‘anchors’,by analogy with the links in a hypertext.

Anchors can be developed in any order:we will assume in this illustration that the author decides to de?ne the goal of the procedure?rst,followed by the methods for achieving it.

To begin the process of de?ning the goal(scheduling an appointment),the author clicks on the red anchor. In response,the system displays a pop-up menu listing the available action concepts

choose

click

close

.....

save

schedule

start

type

?from which the author should select‘schedule’.DRAFTER-2now updates its model by?lling the goal attribute with a scheduling action,which includes a new attribute for the event to be scheduled(as yet unde-?ned).From the updated model,a completely new feedback text is generated,incorporating the information just de?ned(the scheduling action)along with a new red anchor indicating that the author must choose which kind of event is to be scheduled.

(3)Schedule this event by using these methods.

Although the anchors can be developed in any order,it would be most logical for the author to continue de?ning the goal by clicking on this event and choosing the appropriate concept,in this case‘appointment’.

(4)Schedule the appointment by using these methods.

The goal is now completely speci?ced,since it is shown by a phrase with no red anchors.If an error has been made(e.g.choosing‘meeting’instead of‘appointment’),the author can undo the mistaken choice by opening a pop-up menu on the relevant span of text(in this case,‘the meeting’)and selecting the option ‘Cut’.This will bring back text3so that the correct choice can be made?from the anchor this event.If the

goal were completely wrong,the author could cut the span‘Schedule the meeting’,undoing both choices and returning to text2.

When satis?ed that the goal is correctly de?ned,the author proceeds to specify the method(or methods) by which appointments can be scheduled.Opening the anchor these methods yields a single option,labelled ‘methods’:in effect,the only choice here is whether to develop this optional anchor at all.Since a method has several attributes,all of which must be expressed through anchors,the feedback text grows suddenly more complicated.

(5)To schedule the appointment

Before starting,follow this procedure.

Then proceed as follows.

1Do this action by using these methods.

2Next step.

To quit,follow this procedure.

Next method.

Since the material will no longer?t into a single sentence,the generator chooses a different pattern in which the methods are presented in bulleted paragraphs,introduced by a TO-phrase that presents the goal.The rephrasing of the goal is instructive:it shows that the author has been choosing the meaning,not the words. It is the generator,not the author,that decides how the procedure should be worded;as a result,the wording may change(without any intervention from the author)as the editing of the knowledge proceeds.

The model provides for more than one method,since sometimes a goal can be achieved in several ways. Since the author has decided that there will be at least one method,the components of the?rst method(so far unde?ned)are shown by suitable anchors;the optional anchor Next method(at the bottom)can be developed if the author wishes to de?ne further methods.

A method comprises a precondition(optional),a sequence of steps(obligatory),and an interrupt proce-dure(optional).Each step is a procedure,because in addition to a goal it may have methods of its own.The precondition is a task that should be performed before the steps;the interrupt procedure provides a way of abandoning the method if you have second thoughts.

Since there must be at least one step,the?rst step is shown by a sentence with anchors for goal and methods.Further steps can be added by opening the optional anchor Next step.The same pattern is thus used for a sequence of methods and a sequence of steps,except that the former is presented by a bulleted list and the latter by an enumerated list.

Since the basic mechanism should now be clear,we now jump to a later stage in which most of the information has been de?ned;the only missing piece is the method for opening the Appointment Editor window.

(6)To schedule the appointment

Before starting,open the Appointment Editor window by using these methods.

Then proceed as follows.

1Choose the start time of the appointment from this object by using these methods.

2Enter the description of the appointment in the What?eld by using these methods.

3Click on the Insert button by using these methods.

4Next step.

To quit,follow this procedure.

Next method.

To add the last piece of information,the method for opening the Appointment Editor window,the author develops the anchor these methods(third line).This poses a problem for the generator,since as we have seen the material for an expanded method will not?t into a single sentence.The problem is solved by deferring the procedure for opening the Appointment Editor window to a separate paragraph.

(7)To schedule the appointment

Before starting,open the Appointment Editor window.

Then proceed as follows.

1Choose the start time of the appointment from this object by using these methods.

2Enter the description of the appointment in the What?eld by using these methods.

3Click on the Insert button by using these methods.

4Next step.

To quit,follow this procedure.

Next method.

To open the Appointment Editor window

Before starting,follow this procedure.

Then proceed as follows.

1Do this action by using these methods.

2Next step.

To quit,follow this procedure.

Next method.

As a result of this reorganization of the text,the action of opening the window has to be expressed twice: in the?rst paragraph,it serves as the precondition in the procedure for scheduling an appointment;in the last paragraph,it serves as the goal of a sub-procedure.Of course this does not mean that there are now two actions.The author might decide to cut one of the phrases‘the Apointment Editor window’in order to replace‘window’by another concept,e.g.‘dialogue-box’,thus rede?ning the action as one of opening the Appointment Editor dialogue-box;the effect on the text would be that both the sentences expressing this action would change.This reinforces the point that the author is editing meaning,not text.

To complete the model,the author should develop the red anchor this action,which is eventually replaced by the phrase‘Choose the Appointment option from the Edit menu’.At this point the model is potentially complete,since it contains no red anchors.(Note that the model was also potentially complete for texts4and 6.)When a model is potentially complete,the author can switch the modality from‘Feedback’to‘Output’in order to obtain a text which simply presents the knowledge base,without indicating the locations at which further information may be added.The generator will now produce text1,which was used at the start of this section to indicate the desired content.

Note that this output text has been completely regenerated;it was not obtained merely by omitting the green anchors from text7.In particular,since the method for opening the Appointment Editor window can now be expressed by a phrase,there is no need to defer it to a separate paragraph.

5SIGNIFICANCE

WYSIWYM editing is a new idea that requires practical testing.We have not yet carried out formal usability trials,nor investigated the design of feedback texts(e.g.how best to word the anchors),nor con?rmed that adequate response times could be obtained for full-scale applications.However,if satisfactory large-scale implementations prove feasible,the method brings many potential bene?ts.

A document in natural language(possibly accompanied by diagrams)is the most?exible existing

medium for presenting information.We cannot be sure that all meanings can be expressed clearly in network diagrams or other specialized presentations;we can be sure they can be expressed in a document.

Domain experts understand natural language much better than they understand network diagrams.

Authors require no training in a controlled language or any other presentational convention.Apart from the expense of initial training,this means that there is no problem of having to relearn the conventions when a knowledge base is re-examined after a delay of months or years.

Since the knowledge base is presented through a document in natural language,it becomes immedi-ately accessible to anyone peripherally concerned with the project(e.g.management,public relations, domain experts from related projects).Documentation of the knowledge base,often a tedious and time-consuming task,becomes automatic.

The model can be viewed and edited in any natural language that is supported by the generator;further languages can be added as needed.When supported by a multilingual natural language generation system,as in DRAFTER-2,WYSIWYM editing obviates the need for traditional language localisation of the human-computer interface.New linguistic styles can also be added(e.g.a terminology suitable for novices rather than experts).

As a result,WYSIWYM editing is ideal for facilitating knowledge sharing and transfer within a mul-tilingual project.Speakers of several different languages could collectively edit the same knowledge base,each user viewing and modifying the knowledge in his/her own language.

Since the knowledge base is presented as a document,large knowledge bases can be navigated by the methods familiar from books and?from complex electronic documents(e.g.contents page,index, hypertext links),obviating any need for special training in navigation.

For systems in which information must be retrieved from the knowledge base by complex queries, WYSIWYM editing can be used in order to formulate queries as well as to edit the knowledge base.

For systems which generate technical documentation,WYSIWYM editing ensures that the output texts will conform to desired standards of terminology and style.For instance,the generation rules could be tailored to meet the constraints of controlled languages such as AECMA[1].

Acknowledgements

We thank all members of the DRAFTER team who contributed to our ideas on knowledge editing,especially C′e cile Paris and Keith Vander Linden.We also thank Kees van Deemter for useful comments on an earlier draft.

References

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edge bases’,in International Workshop on Fundamental Research for the Future Generation of Natural Language Processing,Kyoto,Japan,pp.147–160,(1991).

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员工绩效考核指导意见

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2.盆底肌如何检查? 产后42天的妇科检查非常重要 一般的触诊即可对盆底状况有一个很好的判断。就诊者躺在妇科检查床,医生通常要求其用力屏气和咳嗽,对阴道壁膨出程度和宫颈位置进行判断。 就诊者可能经常会有这样的疑惑“为什么不同医生对我的膨出脱垂程度判断不一?”这多是因为取仰卧姿势检查的局限性所造成。必要时,医生若能让就诊者采取站立位检查,判断将可能更为准确。 有些医院有产后康复科,产妇可以进行盆底肌筛查,利用仪器进行盆底肌肌力测试。 如果大家想自己检查是否有阴道膨出,可以尝试蹲下、憋气,然后触摸阴道口有没有突出的肉肉。 3.盆底肌的病症 表现为尿失禁、阴道松弛、膨出、子宫下垂 插入图片 尿失禁,大家一听到尿失禁感觉特别严重,其实尿失禁也分轻重,轻度尿失禁,叫漏尿,就是打喷嚏,咳嗽,跑或者跳的时候,有尿液流出,这些情况,就要做好盆底肌治疗,否则老年加大大小便失禁的几率。 子宫下垂,阴道壁膨出都属于盆腔器官脱垂。脱垂伴随症状通常有盆腔压迫感或者坠胀感,性功能改变、漏尿、便秘。但并不是所有脱垂患者都有症状,所有大家不能掉以轻心。产后盆底肌损伤的症状说大不大,但是严重影响了女性的生活质量,如果不及时加以治疗改善,还可能会随着年龄的增长日益严重。

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前馈—反馈复合控制系统

目录 课程设计任务书 一、前馈—反馈复合控制系统 1.1、前馈—反馈复合控制系统的基本概念 (3) 1.2、概念的理解 (3) 1.3、前馈—反馈系统的组成.........................................3—4 1.4、前馈—反馈复合控制系统的特点.. (4) 1.5、前馈—反馈复合控制系统中前馈前馈控制器的设计 (4) 二、控制系统的硬件设计 2.1、S7—300系统组成 (4) 2.2、CPU315—2DP (4) 2.3、模式选择开关…………………………………..…….4—5 2.4、状态及故障显示 (5) 三、控制系统的软件设计 3.1、硬件组态 (5) 3.2、工程管理器的使用 (6) 3.3、新建工程....................................................6—9 3.4、组态监控画面. (9) 3.5、组态变量……………………………………………9—10 3.6、软件编程…………………………………………..10—15 3.7、实验结果分析……………………………………….15—17 四、控制系统的调试 五、实验总结

一、前馈—反馈复合控制系统 1.1、前馈—反馈复合控制系统的基本概念 前馈—反馈复合控制系统:系统中既有针对主要扰动信号进行补偿的前馈控制,又存在对被调量采用反馈控制以克服其他的干扰信号,这样的系统就是前馈—反馈复合控制系统。 1.2、概念的理解: (1)复合控制系统是指系统中存在两种不同的控制方式,即前馈、反馈(2)前馈控制系统的作用是对主要的干扰信号进行补偿,可以针对主要干扰信号,设置相应的前馈控制器 (3)引入反馈控制,是为了是系统能够克服所有的干扰信号对被调量产生的影响,除了已知的干扰信号以外,系统中还存在其他的干扰信号,这些扰动信号对系统的影响比较小,有的是我们能够考虑到的,有的我们肯本就考虑不到或是无法测量,都通过反馈控制来克服。 (4)系统中需要测量的信号既有被调量又有扰动信号。 1.3、前馈—反馈系统的组成 前馈—反馈复合控制系统主要由一下几个环节构成 (1)扰动信号测量变送器:对扰动信号测量并转化统一的电信号 (2)被调量测量变送器:对被调量测量并转化统一的电信号 (3)前馈控制器:对干扰信号完全补偿 (4)调节器:反馈控制调节器,对被调量进行调节 (5)执行器和调节机构 (6)扰动通道对象:扰动信号通过该通道对被调量产生影响 (7)控制通道对象:调节量通过该通道对被调量进行调节 前馈—反馈复合系统的原理方框图如图所示 前馈—反馈复合控制系统的原理图(1) 为了方便分析,通常将前馈—反馈复合系统的原理图简化为下图

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