当前位置:文档之家› 《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 英国教育体系)【圣才出品】

《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 英国教育体系)【圣才出品】

《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 英国教育体系)【圣才出品】
《英语国家社会与文化入门》(第3版)(朱永涛、王立礼主编)(复习笔记 英国教育体系)【圣才出品】

7.1复习笔记

Ⅰ.Purpose of education

1.To teach“the three R’s”

2.To socialize children

Ⅱ.The relationship between education and social class

1.Inequality in British education

2.Good education guarantees a career

Ⅲ.The influence of the Church on schooling

1.In the past

2.At present

3.Changes

Ⅳ.Major changes to British education system

1.Involvement of government

2.The1944Education Act

3.Introduction of comprehensive schools

4.“The Great Education Debate”

5.National Curriculum in1989

Ⅴ.The present education system

https://www.doczj.com/doc/c118035122.html,pulsory education in the UK

2.State sector and private sector schools

3.Schooling stages and exams

Ⅵ.Higher education

1.Fund

2.Founding time

3.Open University

4.Degree titles

I.Purpose of education(教育目的)

1.To teach“the three R’s”(教授基础科目)

①“The three R’s”—“reading,’riting and’rithmetic”(reading,writing and arithmetic).

②That is to say,the purpose of school is to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they need to become active members of society.

①基础科目俗称“3R”,包括阅读、写作和算术。

②就是说,教育的目的之一是为学生积极参与社会提供所需的基本知识和基本技能。

2.To socialize children(提高适应社会能力)

Children learn the rules and values they need to become good citizens,to participate in the community,and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.

教育的另一个目的是教授学生一些成为好公民所应具备的道理规范和价值观,以便能走上社会,为发达的工业化国家的经济繁荣作贡献。

Ⅱ.The relationship between education and social class(英国教育和社会阶级的关系)

1.Inequality in British education(英国教育的不平等性)

(1)Though the split of British middle and working class are about half and half,the opportunities of education are rather different.

(2)The school tie is a clear marker of social class

(1)虽然英国社会中中产阶级和工人阶级的比例基本上是一比一,但是接受教育的机会却相差很远。

(2)校服的领带是社会阶级的一个明显标志。

2.Good education guarantees a career(接受良好教育是事业成功的保证)

(1)The right schools

Particularly the famous boys’public schools like Etonand,Winchester.

(2)The“right”universities

Oxford University and Cambridge University.

(3)The old boy’s network

An elite group of men who go to famous school and university together.Not only do they dominate government,but they are also very influential in banking,the media,the arts and education.

(1)好学校

尤其指伊顿公学和温彻斯特公学这种只接收男孩的学校。

(2)好大学

牛津大学和剑桥大学。

(3)老男孩关系网

这是一个精英集团,成员为在同一所学校或大学学习过的男性。这些人不仅主导着政府部

门,而且在银行业、媒体、艺术和教育界也非常具有影响力。

Ⅲ.The influence of the Church on schooling(教会对学校的影响)

1.In the past(过去)

Historically,education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches.

在过去,接受教育是自愿的,而且学校多由教堂设立。

2.At present(现在)

The influence of the Church on schooling is still strong:

教会对学校的影响仍然很强:

①Until very recently,religious education was the only subject which the state insisted all schools teach their pupils.

②Daily prayers and singing hymns are still a regular part of school life.

①直到最近宗教学习还是全国所有学生的必修课目。

②祈祷和唱圣歌仍是学校日常生活的一部分。

3.Changes(变化)

Christianity is no longer the only religion officially recognized.Some state-funded schools have Islamic religion as their creed.

基督教不再是官方唯一认可的宗教。有一些公立学校信奉伊斯兰教。

IV.Major changes to British education system(英国教育体系中的重大变化)

1.Involvement of government(政府参与)

(1)This change was brought by the Industrial Revolution.The government decided to become increasingly involved in taking responsibility for the education of children.

(2)In1870,the government passed a law which called for government-funded education.

(3)By1880,school attendance for5—10year-old children was made compulsory.

(4)By the end of World War I,school leaving age was made14.

(1)引起这一变化的原因是工业革命。政府开始决定对儿童教育承担更多的责任。

(2)1870年政府通过法律实行公立教育。

(3)1880年政府规定5到10岁的儿童要接受义务教育。

(4)第一次世界大战后,政府规定14岁以下的儿童不得辍学。

2.The1944Education Act(1944年颁布教育法)

①During World WarⅡ,schools were closed or used for war purpose and education continued in the countryside on an ad hoc basis.

②As a result of the disruption of the old system,the government,with the assistance of the Church and newly powerful trade unions began planning to reconstruct the education system which emphasizes equality.

③The result was the1944Education Act made entry to secondary(middle)schools and universities“meritocratic”.

④In spite of the government’s efforts,working class children still left school at a younger age in order to help their families,and also,their entrance exam performance is not so good as the middle class children.

①二战期间因为学校离战火很近,政府暂且将学生迁往乡村接受教育。

②这打断了旧的学校体系,政府在教会和新兴力量工会的帮助下开始计划改革教育体系,新的教育体系侧重接受教育的公平性。

③1944年教育法的颁布使中学和大学都录取才智和能力出众的学生。

④尽管如此,但是因为生活压力,很多工人阶级的孩子仍然早早离开了学校。而且工人阶级孩子的入学考试成绩也不如中产阶级的孩子。

3.Introduction of comprehensive schools(成立综合学校)

(1)In the1960s,comprehensive schools were introduced all over the country.

(2)The introduction of comprehensive schools ended the division between grammar schools and vocational schools.

(1)20世纪60年代综合学校被引入到教育体系中来。

(2)综合学校的成立结束了文法学校和职业学校的对立局面。

4.“The Great Education Debate”(“教育大辩论”)

(1)In1976,British education was the focus of a new controversy when the Labour Party started“the Great Education Debate”about national standards and style of teaching.

(2)The labour government was concerned about the inadequate skill level of the labour force and a new initiative to prepare children for employment was launched.

(1)1976年,工党政府就教学标准和风格问题展开“教育大辩论”,引发了全国性的争议。

(2)工党政府认为现行教育缺少对工作技能的培训,于是启动了以就业为目的的项目。

5.National Curriculum in1989(1989年国家课程计划)

高级英语pub talk and the king's english中英笔记

L3. Pub Talk and the King’s English(酒吧闲谈与标准英语) Henry Fairlie (亨利·费尔利) 1.Conversation is the most sociable of all human activities.And it is an activity only of humans. However intricate the way in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation. 人类的一切活动中,闲谈是最具交际性的sociable(主题句),也是人类特有的。而动物之间的信息交流,无论其方式何等复杂intricate,也是称不上交际的。 1.And it is an activity only of humans. (para1) 并且它是人类特有的一种活动。 And conversation is an activity which is found only among human being. Sociable [?so???bl] adj.随和的,好交际的,友善的friendly or agreeable,eapecially in an easy,informal way(用书) intricate (adj) : hard to follow or understand because full of puzzling parts,details,or relationships错综复杂的;难以理解的,难懂的 Indulge: 任凭自己沉溺于……;耽于to allow yourself to have or do sth that you like,eapecially sth that is considered bad for you ----indulge in sth, indulge yourself. 例:Women do not indulge in to the same extent as men. deserve: 值得;应得 2.The charm of conversation is that it does not really start from anywhere, and no one has any idea where it will go as it meander s or leap s and sparkle s or just glow s. The enemy of good conversation is the person who has “something to say.”Conversation is not for making a point. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation. In fact, the best conversationalist s are those who are prepared to lose. Suddenly they see the moment for one of their best anecdote s, but in a flash the conversation has moved on and the opportunity is lost. They are ready to let it go.

人教版九年级英语单元笔记梳理

学习必备欢迎下载 Unit 1 How do you study for a test ? 一.短语。 1.向老师寻求帮助7.嘲笑 2.说的技能8 .编造 3.英语口语9 .抱怨 4.复习备考10. 处理 5.加入英语俱乐部11. 中止,中断 6.犯错误12. 听磁带 二.同义词。 1 Look up 2. unless 3. regard… as 4. with the help of 5. be angry with 6. not … at all 7. improve 8. laugh at 三.重点词。 1. a good way 2. the best way 3. have trouble 4. one of 5. look them up 6. too much 7. decide 8. practice 9. friend (adj) (n) 10. happy (反义词) 11. easy (adv) 12. success (v) (adj) 13. help (adj) 14. suggest (n) 15. noise 16. end up (in) Voice end up with sth Sound 17. important (反) (n) 18. different (adv) (n) 19. 四.重点句型 1. It’s too hard to understand the voice. 2. Joining the English club was the best way to improve her English. 3. Studying grammar is a great way to learn a language. 4. Why don’t you join the English club to practice speaking English. 5. The writer found learning English difficult. 6. It wasn’t easy for me to understand the teacher. 7. How do you study for a test? -- I study by working with a group. . Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark. 一.短语 1过去常常2一直 3令某人吃惊的是4即使,尽管 5注意,留心6支付得起 7为…付款8做决定 9几乎不10 在过去 11日常生活 二.同义词 1. be interested in 2. afford to 3. In the end 4. take pride in 5. One day 6. walk to school 7. hold on 8. go to bed 9. Not … any more 10. not … any longer 三.重点词 1.so many so much 2.spend take pay cost 3.give up 4.(效力于) the swim team / the soccer team. 5.踢足球弹钢琴 6.In the front of In front of 6.seem 7.die ( n ) ( adj ) 8.day ( adj ) 日常生活 9.much / even 四.重点句型 1. I go to bed with my bedroom light on. 2. My daily life has changed a lot in the last few years. 3. He is one of the best students in his class. 4. 含used to 的句型: 肯定句: 否定句: 一般疑问句: 5. be used to

高级英语 Face to face with Hurricane Camille中英笔记

Face To Face With Hurricane Camille 迎战卡米尔号飓风 约瑟夫.布兰克 1John Koshak,Jr., knew Hurricane Camille would be bad. Radio and television warnings had sounded throughout that Sunday. Last August 17, as Camille lashed northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico. It was certain to pummel Gulfport, Miss., where the Koshaks lived. Along the coasts of Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama, nearly 150,000 people fled inland to safer ground. But like thousands of others in the coastal communities, John was reluctant to abandon his home unless the family—his wife, Janis and their seven children, aged 3 to 11—was clearly endangered. 小约翰。柯夏克已料到,卡米尔号飓风来势定然凶猛。就在去年8月17日那个星期天,当卡米尔号飓风越过墨西哥湾向西北进袭之时,收音机和电视里整天不断地播放着飓风警报。柯夏克一家居住的地方一—密西西比州的高尔夫港——肯定会遭到这场飓风的猛烈袭击。路易斯安那、密西西比和亚拉巴马三州沿海一带的居民已有将近15万人逃往内陆安全地带。但约翰就像沿海村落中其他成千上万的人一样,不愿舍弃家园,要他下决心弃家外逃,除非等到他的一家人一—妻子詹妮丝以及他们那七个年龄从三岁到十一岁的孩子一一眼看着就要灾祸临头。lash (v.): move quickly or violently猛烈冲击;拍打 pummel (n.): beat or hit with repeated blows,esp.with the fist(尤指用拳头)连续地打 2 Trying to reason out the best course of action, he talked with his father and mother, who had moved into the ten-room house with the Koshaks a month earlier from California. He also consulted Charles Hill, a longtime friend, who had driven from Las Vegas for a visit. 为了找出应付这场风灾的最佳对策,他与父母商量过。两位老人是早在一个月前就从加利福尼亚迁到这里来,住进柯夏克一家所住的那幢十个房间的屋子里。他还就此征求过从拉斯韦加斯开车来访的老朋友查理希尔的意见。 course (n.): a way of behaving;mode 0f conduct行为;品行;做法 reason out: to find out an explanation or solution to a problem,by thinking of all the possibilities寻找解决途径 例:Let's reason this out instead of quarrelling.让我们不要争吵,商量出事情的解决方案 3 John, 37—whose business was right there in his home (he designed and developed educational toys and supplies, and all of Magna Products’ correspondence, engineering drawings and art work were there on the first floor)—was familiar with the power of a hurricane. Four years earlier Hurricane Betsy had demolished his former home a few miles west of Gulfport (Koshak had moved his family to a motel for the night). But that house had stood only a few feet above sea level. “We’re elevated23 feet,” he told his father, “and we’re a good 250 yards from the sea. The place has been here since 1915, and no hurricane has ever bothered it. We’ll probably be as safe here as anyplace else.”

英译中笔记方法

英译中笔记方法 我历年的实践,发现学友们在学习口译上最大的难点在于笔记问题。因此我整理了一条实用的(E-C)英译中笔记方法,提供初涉口译的众学友学习。 首先,这里需要指出的是,大多数同学并没有意识到口译笔记的基本类型。在此为大家简述一番,其实口译笔记可以按照“源语和目标语”分为两类,在此以英语(论坛)和汉语为例。比如:“E-C”和“C-E”是两个不同的体系。(E-C即英译中;C-E即中译英)。 关于“C-E模式”的笔记,在中译英时口译者并没有听力上的挑战,所以在记录笔记时我们大都可从容应对;把握脉络、大意、关键词,并选择性的记录;而且还能保证主要意思都能记在脑中;即使没有系统训练过笔记法的学友,也可以通过强记和速写,把信息记全。 所以说,中高级口译考试时的“C-E模式”的句子或段落的笔记可以是挑选性的(selective); 也可以做得“面面俱到”(every single point),而这时的要求就是你手写速度,清晰度(legibility), 合理逻辑的布局和排列。 在这样的背景下,C-E模式的笔记体系就引入了大量的“符号”以简化速记的强度,提高速记的质量,使译者有更多的时间脑记。 比如这段符号:“中 e ↗+” 表示“中国经济的强劲增长。” 笔者纵观了各种专业课程、比较了热门的口译笔记法书籍,口译论坛和网站上的有关信息,发现对于这些“符号”并没有一个有明确的、规范的统一写法。完全是不同专家和从业者的各种个性化的笔记,加上一些共性的元素。比如:“全球”这个概念, 有时会写“w”;有时也写成“⊙” 。写法各异,但都属于认知常识范畴。 对于这一情况,我也反复告诫学友,口译上常见的表达和词汇,要用符号,因为用熟悉的“固定符号”更加容易想象到这些信息,所以大家就得掌握熟记这些符号,这样才可以在考试中赢得更多翻译和口译的时间。

大一上-英语笔记整理

单词总结 Bet 1.bet (sth) (on/against sth ) to risk money on a race or an event by trying to predict the result 下赌注(于)用…..打赌 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c118035122.html,ed to say that you are almost certain that sth is true or that sth will happen 敢说八成二 词语扩展 I’ll bet 1.(表示理解)有同感当然 2.(表示不相信对方的话) e.g: “I’m going to tell her what I think of her.” “Yeah. I’ll bet.” I wouldn’t bet on it/don’t bet on it. 不大可能 e.g:”she’ll soon get used to the idea.” “I wouldn’t bet on it!”(很难说) You bet中文解释的确当然 e.g:”are you nervous?” “you bet!”(这还有说) You can bet your life/your bottom dollar (on sth/(that)…..)中文解释肯定毫无疑问 e.g: you can bet your bottom dollar that he’ll be late.(他肯定会迟到) Peer Noun 1. a person who is the same age r who has the same social status as you 身份或地位相同的人同龄人同辈 2. (in Britain) a member of the NOBILITY 英国的贵族成员 Verb (~+adv/prep) to look closely or carefully at sth ,especially when you can not see it clearly.仔细端详 Spectacle 1.spectacles 相当于glasses 2. a performance or a event that is very impressive and exciting to look at 精彩的表演,壮 观的场面 3. a sight or a view that is very impressive to look at 壮观的景象 4.an unusual or surprising sight or situation that attract a lot of attention. 奇特的景象出 人意料之外的情况 词语扩展 Make a spectacle of yourself to draw attention of yourself by behaving or dressing in a ridiculous way in public 出洋相出丑

教育学基础最详细笔记

教育学基础最详细笔记 第一章教育与教育学 一、教育的概念:教育是在一定社会背景下发生的促使个体的社会化和社会的个性化的实践活动。 教育准确的定义: 教育——是在一定社会背景下发生的促使个体的社会化和社会的个体化的实践活动。 A、实践性 B、耦合过程 C、动力性 D、社会性、历史性、文化性 二、教育的三要素★★★ ①教育者:指能够在一定社会背景下促使个体社会化和社会个性化活动的人。 1、必须有明确的教育目的 2、理解其在实践活动中所肩负的促进个体发展及社会发展的使命 3、教育者意味着一种资格,是能够根据自己对于个体身心发展及社会发展状况或趋势的认识,来引导、促进、规范个体发展的人。 4、教育者这个概念是对其内在态度和外在行为的一种“规定” ②学习者:使用“学习者”这个概念的原因。有两个: 1.“受教育者”将教育对象看做是被动的存在,在实践中是有害的; 2. 跟“学生”相比,“学习者”更能概括多种教育对象。 ③教育影响:教育活动中教育者作用于学习者的全部信息,既包括信息的内容,也包括信息选择、传递和反馈的形式,是形式与内容的同一。 内容:教育内容、教育材料或教科书 形式:教育手段、教育方法、教育组织形式 ④三者的关系:既相互独立,又相互规定,共同构成一个完整的实践系统。没有教育者,教育活动就不能开展,学习者也不能得到有效的指导;没有学习者,教育活动就失去了对象,无的放矢;没有教育影响,教育活动就成了无米之炊、无源之水,再好的教育意图、再好的发展目标,也都无法实现。因此,教育是由上述三个基本要素构成的一种社会实践系统,是上述三种基本要素的有机结合。 三、教育形态的概念:是指由上述三个基本要素所构成的教育系统在不同时空背景下的形式变化。★ 四、教育形态的分类 1.非制度化的教育与制度化的教育 非制度化的教育:指那些没有能够形成相对独立的教育形式的教育。 制度化的教育:是从非制度化的教育中演化而来的,是指由专门的教育人员、机构及其运行制度所构成的教育形态。 2.家庭教育、学校教育和社会教育 3.农业社会的教育、工业社会的教育和信息社会的教育 五、教育的起源 1.神话起源 2.生物起源 3.心理起源 4.教育的劳动起源说:生产劳动是人类最基本的实践活动;教育起源于生产劳动过程中经验的传递;生产劳动过程中的口耳相传和简单模仿是最原始和最基本的教育形式;生产劳动

高级英语lesson2 marrakech课堂笔记

Marrakech George Orwell 1 As the corpse went past the flies left the restaurant table in a cloud and rushed after it, but they came back a few minutes later. 2 The little crowd of mourners -- all men and boys, no women--threaded their way across (break ones way)the market place between the piles of pomegranates and the taxis and the camels, walling a short chant over and over again. What really appeals to the flies is that the corpses here are never put into coffins, they are merely wrapped in a piece of rag and carried on a rough wooden bier on the shoulders of four friends. When the friends get to the burying-ground they hack an oblong hole a foot or two deep, dump the body in it and fling over it a little of the dried-up, lumpy earth, which is like broken brick. No gravestone, no name, no identifying mark of any kind. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot. After a month or two no one can even be certain where his own relatives are buried. 1.一具尸体抬过,成群的苍蝇从饭馆的餐桌上嗡嗡而起追逐过去,但几分钟过后又飞了回来。 2.一支人数不多的送葬队伍——其中老少尽皆男性,没有一个女的——沿着集贸市场,从一堆堆石榴摊子以及出租汽车和骆驼中间挤道而行,边走边悲痛地重复着一支短促的哀歌。苍蝇之所以群起追逐是因为在这个地方死人的尸首从不装进棺木,只是用一块破布裹着放在一个草草做成的木头架子上,有四个朋友抬着送葬。朋友们到了安葬场后,便在地上挖出一个一二英尺深的长方形坑,将尸首往坑里一倒。再扔一些像碎砖头一样的干土块。不立墓碑,不留姓名,什么识别标志都没有。坟场只不过是一片土丘林立的荒野,恰似一片已废弃不用的建筑场地。一两个月过后,就谁也说不准自己的亲人葬于何处了。 3 When you walk through a town like this -- two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally (really;真实的)nothing except the rags they stand up in-- when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon this fact. The people have brown faces--besides, there are so many of them! Are they really the same flesh (mankind人类)as your self? Do they even have names? Or are they merely a kind of undifferentiated(无差别的)brown stuff, about as individual as bees or coral insects? (三个疑问句)They rise out of the earth(出生贫寒,metaphor),they sweat and starve(alliteration;) for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard and nobody notices that they are gone. And even the graves themselves soon fade back into the soil. Sometimes, out for a walk as you break your way(threaded their way) through the prickly pear(刺梨), you notice that it is rather bumpy(not even)underfoot, and only a certain regularity in the bumps tells you that you are walking over skeletons.//part1:the coprse scene 3.当你穿行也这样的城镇——其居民20万中至少有2万是除开一身聊以蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人是如何生活,又如何动辄死亡时,你永远难以相信自己是行走在人类之中。实际上,这是所有的殖民帝国赖以建立的基础。这里的人都有一张褐色的脸,而且,人数书如此之多!他们真的和你意义同属人类吗?难道他们也会有名有姓吗?也许他们只是像彼此之间难以区分的蜜蜂或珊瑚虫一样的东西。他们从泥土里长出来,受哭受累,忍饥挨饿过上几年,然后有被埋在那一个个无名的小坟丘里。谁也不会注意到他们的离去。就是那些小坟丘本身也过不了很久便会变成平地。有时当你外出散步,穿过仙人掌丛时,你会感觉到地上有些绊脚的东西,只是在经过多次以后,摸清了其一般规律时,你才会知道你脚下踩的是死人的骷髅。

英语笔记整理

高分作文标志 1、是否长短句交叉; 2、用词是否恰当,准确,形象,尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词; 3、关键词是否换用,切勿老用重复词; 下面给出写好一篇作文的注意事项: 1.适当用被动代替主动,这样能更客观的反映事实, 句子开头不要总是用we / I (比如写结尾时不用we should pay attention to而用Attention should be paid to. )举个经典结 尾It is ,therefore, high time that some applicable approaches were implemented by the service industry like that. Thus, its competitive edge will be sharpened effectively. 2.善于使用插入语,比如说把副词、连接词等,作插入语放在中间,一般放在主语、动词或者助动词后,两边分别加上逗号。 如however / therefore /for example/I believe 做插入语放在中间,一般放在动词, 助动词后,两边分别加上逗号。 比如说:Other individuals, however, take the attitude that … 3. 一定要学会换词,换形象,具体的代替太宽泛的。(考试中一般不要出现good, bad , many, thing, think, people, opinion 等等)比如上面例子中,applicable代替proper, approaches代替ways, implement代替carry out, sharpen one’s competitive edge代替enhance one’s competitiveness(提高某物竞争力) 下面举一篇例子,给各位钻石班会员共勉! Computer and I By Simmy I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that i indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected ,and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music. That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me. exceedingly 替换 very thrilling 替换 exciting

教育学基础读书笔记.doc

《当代教育学》读后感

教书育人是时代永恒的的主题,随着时代的发展,教育的概念、形式、目的等等都发生了改变。 学校的教育渐渐发展成为根据计划性、目的性、条理性、全面性的,多种的教育形式,教育种类,相结合,随着时代社会的进步而不断完善发展。比如现今教育除了传统的学校教育,更是应时代和社会经济的需求而衍生出了教育机构、培训机构等等。中共领导提出“科教兴国”,而如现的教育的发展却已经无法离开社会、政治、经济、文化等的发展,社会的发展,人们日益追求知识及社会对教育程度的需求促进了教育的多样发展;国家的政策也是促进教育发展的另一重要原因,“科教兴国”,“九年义务教育”等等提出都有利于教育的发展;经济文化也分别在不同程度上影响着教育的发展。 但在这之中也存在的发展上的不利因素,比如说:恶性竞争、教育舞弊等等,避免和解决在教育发展过程中产生的这些问题,是很值得去探索和思考的,也是正在极力解决当中的。 教育是每个国家都非常重视的一个问题。尽管各国的社会制度、经济形态等各不相同,但是教育作为一个全球共同存在的问题,她的发展形势和发展趋势都具有共同的特征和趋势。 教育的规模、内涵不断的增长,体制结构不断的变化,在不断随社会发展的过程中所表现出的教育缺陷,如教育不平等,发达地区与贫困地区,非洲地区与其他地区等。这些发展变化告诉了我们:教育的内容和形式等都是需要不断发展更新的,古时的“六艺”,现在的“九门功课同步学”,还有兴趣班的“遍地开花”等等,无一不在印证着教育的快速发展。但是在这发展之中,我们也不能忽视教育不足的存在,大范围内的教育不平等、小范围内的恶性竞争,随新科技产生的考试舞弊……如何正确的对待和解决这些问题,是值得深入思考和深入探究的。 教育渐渐的普及,普通民众有了更多的机会接受教育,同样随着社会的发展,人们逐步追求精神生活的满足,于是追求终身教育的呼声也就越来越高,“活到老,学到老”这一社会文明进步发展的重要标志,正在不断的壮大和发展之中。 做许多事,都会存在着目的,教育也不另外。 教育的目的在于需求,但随着社会渐渐的发展,更多的上升到了精神提升、知识丰富的领域。古时只有男子才有受教育的机会,而且是较为富贵的男子,他们为了成为状元、为了做大官光耀门楣、为了成为大家敬仰的“文曲星”,他们努力学习四书五经,女子只能以“女子无才便是德”而失去受教育的权利,因为女子不需做官,只需相夫教子;现实,男女均有接受教育的权利,现今每个人他们接受教育的目的会有不一样,但大多数,都是为了在社会中更好的生存。国家提出的教育目的河大程度上也影响着个人的受教育目的的方向。 教育与人的发展: 个体发展与教育的主导作用:个体发展呈现历史性与社会性、顺序性与阶段性、共同性与差异性等特征。个体发展既是现实地展开,又具有无限的发展可能性。 遗传素质与环境对个体发展的作用均是与教育分不开的。教育的主导作用既表现为对个体的作用,也表现为对种族遗传、对环境形成的重要影响作用。 个体的发展离不开其能动的实践,个体主观能动性的发挥,对人的发展经常有着决定性的意义。 发展个性是教育长期追求的目标:个性是人性在个体上的具体表现。它既反映人性的共同性,也反映其差别性。从广义看,个性是由生理、心理、社会性诸

高级英语张汉熙笔记

Unit One The Middle Eastern Bazaar Lead-in Textual Structure of the Text Detailed Study of the Text Rhetorical Devices The Middle East Generally referring to the area from Afghanistan to Egypt, including the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, and Asiatic Turkey. The Middle East is a loosely defined geographic region; the countries listed are generally considered part of the Middle East. These Middle East countries are part of the Asian continent, with the exception of Egypt, which is part of Africa, and the northwestern part of Turkey, which is part of the European landmass. Rich in oil, linking point of three continents. Nearby five seas: Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Caspian Sea (里海) Bazaar Bazaar: A market consisting of a street lined with shops and stalls, especially one in the Middle East. ---handicraft economy, contrast to the modern society Three famous bazaars in the Middle East: The Khan Khalili Bazaar in Cairo, Egypt 埃及开罗汗·哈利利集市 The Grand Bazaar in Istanbul, Turkey 土耳其伊斯坦布尔大市集 The Damascus Bazaar in Syria 叙利亚大马士革集市 China’s most busiest markets: Xiushui Street and Da Zha Lan in Beijing 北京大栅栏和秀水街 References “The history of Middle East” (Mesopotamia Civilization, Civilization of Ancient Egypt, Middle East Wars) “The Bible—Old Testament” (the first half of the Christian Bible) “Talmud”塔尔穆德(犹太法典) (the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism) 犹太法典中的几句箴言 有四种人,一种人说:“我的是我的,你的是你的。”这是平凡人;一种人说:“我的是你的,你的是我的。”这是庸俗人;一种人说:“你的我的全是我的。”这是邪恶人;一种人说:“我的你的全是你的。”这是敬虔人。 上帝不以男人的头创造女人,因为女人不可支配男人;但也不以男人的脚创造女人,因为女人不可成为男人的奴隶;而以男人的肋骨创造女人,因为要她永远贴近他的心。 20岁不潇洒,30岁不成业,40岁不富有,50岁不幸福,那一辈子就完了。 Section I (Para 1) 3. You pass from the heat and glare of a big, open square into a cool, dark cavern which extends as far as the eye can see, losing itself in the shadowy distance.

《教育学基础》全国十二所重点师范大学笔记

第一章教育与教育学(基础章) 第一节教育的认识 一、教育的概念(从理念上认识) (一)教育的日常用法 作为一种过程 有三类作为一种方法 作为一种社会制度 (二)教育的词源 educare “引出”的意思。 在我国,“教”与“学”是词源。1906年,学部奏请颁布“教育宗旨”。民国之后,正式改“学部”为“教育部”。此后,“教育”一词就取代传统的“教”与“学”成为我国教育学的一个基本概念,这是我国教育现代化和传统教育学范式现代转换的一个标志。 (三)教育的定义(★★★代表重点) 1、从社会的角度定义 有三个层次:广义的:教育是凡是能增进人们的知识和技能,影响人们的思想品德的所有活动。 狭义的:教育主要是学校教育,指教育者根据一定的社会或阶级的要求,有目的有计划有组织地对受教育者身心施加影响,把他们培养成为一定社会或阶级所需要的人的活动。 更狭义的:教育指思想教育活动。 2、从个体的角度定义 教育等同于个体的学习或发展过程,如“成功地学习知识、技能与正确态度的过程”。 出发点和基础是“学习”和“学习者”。 该定义侧重于教育过程中个体各种心理需要的满足及心理品质的发展。 3、二者的缺陷 社会角度:把教育看成一种外在强制过程,忽视个体内在需要和身心发展水平在教育活动中的重要作用;定义过于宽泛,失去了规定性(广义的);循环定义(狭义的)。 个体角度:忽视社会因素和社会要求在教育活动中的巨大影响;外延过于宽泛。

4、准确的定义 教育——是在一定社会背景下发生的促使个体的社会化和社会的个体化的实践活动。 A、实践性 B、耦合过程 C、动力性 D、社会性、历史性、文化性 二、教育的要素(从系统的角度认识)★★★ (一)教育者 是指能够在一定社会背景下促使个体社会化和社会个体化活动的人。 1、必须有明确的教育目的 2、理解其在实践活动中所肩负的促进个体发展及社会发展的使命 3、教育者意味着一种资格,是能够根据自己对于个体身心发展及社会发展状况或趋势的认识,来引导、促进、规范个体发展的人。 4、教育者这个概念是对其内在态度和外在行为的一种“规定” (二)学习者 1、使用“学习者”这个概念的原因。 有两个:“受教育者”将教育对象看做是被动的存在,在实践中是有害的; 跟“学生”相比,“学习者”更能概括多种教育对象。 2、学习者的特征。 有四个:不同人有着不同的学习目的; 不同人有不同的学习背景或基础; 不同人在学习中遇到的问题和困难不同; 不同人对于自身学习行为反思和管理意识与能力不同。 (三)教育影响 内容:教育内容、教育材料或教科书 教育影响是形式和内容的统一 形式:教育手段、教育方法、教育组织形式 三个要素之间的关系: 教育者、学习者和教育影响三个要素之间既相互独立,又相互规定,共同构成一个完整的实践活动系统。缺少任何一个都不可。教育是三个基本要素构成的

高级英语 the future of the english中英笔记

第二册lesson 11 The Future of The English 英国人的未来 J . B. Priestley JB普里斯特利 1 【To write about the English in standard and cosmopolitan political terms, the usual Left-Centre-Right stuff, is almost always wasting time and trouble. The English are different. The English are even more different than they think they are, though not more different than they feel they are. And what they feel — Englishness again - is more important than what they think. It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours actual events in England. 背诵】 若想用世界上流行的标准政治术语,即左、中、右三派这种毫无意义的陈腔老调来描述英国人的话,那多半是白费时间,徒耗精力。英国人可是与众不同。他们甚至比自己想象中的英国人还要不同,倒是同他们自己感觉中的英国人差不多。而他们所感觉到的…这一点再次反映出英国人的特性——比他们想象到的更为重要。在英国,决定一切事物形式和色彩的不是人的理性思维,而是人的本能感觉。 cosmopolitan (adj.) : common to or representative of all or many parts of the world;not national or local世界性的;不限于国家或地区范围的 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 For example, although the English seem to be so sharply divided, always indulging in plenty of loud political abuse, there are nothing like so many Communists or neo- or potential Fascists in England as there are in most other countries. Again, although the English seem to have more than their share of rallies, protest marches, confrontations with authority, what could begin to look like a murderous encounter in France or America, or might be a bloody street battle in Japan, would in England end at the worst in a few scuffle s and arrests. This is because there are fewer fanatical believers among the English, and at the same time, below the noisy arguments, the abuse and the quarrels, there is a reservoir of instinctive fellow-feeling, not yet exhausted though it may not be

相关主题
文本预览
相关文档 最新文档