Systemic-Functional Grammar Studies of Wilde's Language in Fairy Tales from the aspect of Transitivity analysis
M160207 陈灵
Abstract
Systemic-Functional Grammar has become an influential linguistic theory worldwide. Developed by Halliday, Systemic-Functional Grammar(SFG) has two components: Systemic grammar and Functional grammar, which are two inseparable parts for an integral framework of linguistic theory. Fairy tale is a kind of children's literature which is full o fantasies and loved by all people especially children. the article focused on Oscar Wilde's work using the theoretical model of Systemic-Funcional Grammar, trying to find out how the lexico-grammatical elements realize the function of language in his works. With the various content of SFG, I would like to analyse from the aspect of transitivity analysis to give a brief introduction of Oscar Wilde’s works.
Through detailed analysis from the perspective of Systemic-Functional Grammar, it is found that Oscar Wilde's work have the following conclusion: Transitivity system is mainly embodied by the process types. In the transitivity analysis, it is found that most of the processes in English fairy tales are material processes, relational processes and verbal processes. The context and field of discourse have their influences. Fairy tales are always simple and interesting. The general plots of the tales influence the choices of language. This is shown in the choices of the types of process.
key words: systemic-functional Grammar, Oscar Wilde, English fairy tales, transitivity
Introduction
1.Oscar Wilde's Fairy Tales
Oscar Wilde, the outstanding author of aestheticism, wrote nine fairy tales all his life, which were all distinctive, to bring fresh vitality to the literature of Victorian Age. Once published, his fairy tales created a public sensation. Before long it attracted scholars' attention at home and abroad. Wilde only wrote nine fairy tales in his life, but they were all considered as the masterpieces. Indeed, they have all attracted a number of researchers' attention through the ages. But since now, the the research perspectives are mainly focus on the following aspects: translation, literary criticism, aestheticism, culture, psychology and so on. I would like to select Wilde's five fairy tales as the analytical texts and taking the systemic functional grammar (SFG) as the theoretical framework, the thesis tries to analyze the transitivity in his work’s languages.
2.Review of Systemic-Functional Grammar
As we mentioned before, Systemic-Functional Grammar has two components. But it is not a simple addition of the two components, and they are two indispensable aspects of a complete language theory framework (Hu, 2001). Systemic grammar represents language as a social semiotic system network, a resource for making meaning. As a result, language is a system of
meaning potential, a range of options available in a certain environment. Functional grammar is to account for how the language is used and the relation between the functions of language and language itself. Thompson (2000:28) summarizes the three metafunctions as follows: 1. We use language to talk about our experience of the world, including the worlds in our own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in them. 2. We also use language to interact with other people, to establish and maintain relations with them, to influence their behavior, to express our own viewpoint on things in the world, and to elicit or change theirs. 3. Finally, in using language, we organize our messages in ways which indicate how they fit in with the other messages around them and with the wider context in which we are talking or writing.
3. Systemic Functional Analysis for the Language in Fairy Tales
According to Halliday, the function of language is realized not only in different usages, but also in the linguistic system, especially in the inner structure of linguistic system (Halliday, 1994: 133). Halliday classifies three kinds of metafunction: ideational, interpersonal and textual function. Ideational function consists of experiential and logical function. Experiential function refers to that people use language to talk about their experiences of the world (external world or internal world) and to describe the surrounding events or situations. Logical function refers to the system that explores the logical relation between the clauses. Interpersonal function means that people use language to interact with other people, to establish and maintain interpersonal relation, to influence others' behavior as well as to express their views of the world. Either the ideational function or interpersonal function, they must be expressed by another fiinction of language: textual function. It refers to the way of organizing the messages(Thompson, 2008: xii).The three functions correlate with each other and they are the indivisible parts for the building of the whole meaning. In the following sections, some systems pertaining to the realization of the three metafunctions will be examined.
4. Transitivity System
According to SFG, ideational function is mainly realized by transitivity system. In SFG, transitivity refers to the system used to describe the whole clause, which consists of the process itself, participants and in most cases; the circumstantial elements are also included. According to Halliday, transitivity system can be divided into six types of process: material, mental, relational, behavioral, verbal and existential process.
From the examples, we can see that material processes simply describe what the characters do or what happens. Through the use of material processes, the plots of fairy tales are made full of actions and very interesting.
Now, let us see some examples of mental process analysis:
Mental processes are used to describe people’s inner action and to express their feeling and intention. Readers can understand the inner world of the characters who are described through mental processes.
Relational process is the process of being. In the two examples, the Carriers have some Attributes and thus we can understand the characteristics of them.
From the examples, we can see that the Sayer in fairy tales can not only be persons but also be animals.
Fig. 4-7 Example of existential process analysis (source: Happy Prince)
In the six processes, the former three processes are mainly used for functional discourse analysis. Generally speaking, material processes are used to narrate the plot; mental processes are used to indicate the characters' mental changes or their attitudes to the things; relational processes are always adopted to describe the attributes of the characters or things. The circumstantial elements occur freely in all types of process.
Transitivity System in Oscar Wild’s fairy Happy princess
1.Synopsis of The Happy Prince
A famous fairy tale by Wilde, The Happy Prince tells a story about Happy Prince and little Swallow's mental progress to help the poor. When Happy Prince was alive, he lived in the Palace of Sans-Souci, so he thought that people lived a happy life like him. But after death, his statue was set up on a tall column high above the city; he could see the ugliness and the misery of the city. Then Happy Prince decided to help the wretched, and little Swallow was his helper. Giving up the chances to Egypt for sheltering from the cold, little Swallow picked up the ruby, the eyes and pieces of golden leaves from Prince's body and sent them to the poor. At last, little Swallow fell down dead at Prince's feet, and Happy Prince's leaden heart broke. In the end, the leaden heart and
the dead bird were brought to the paradise by an angel.
2. Characters, Plots and Transitivity Analysis
In Oscar Wilde’s fairy tale: Happy Princess The main character is Happy Prince in the story. Little Swallow's appearance advances the development of the plot.
In the early spring, Swallow was flying down the river and was attracted by Reed's slender waist. "Shall I love you?" said Swallow, and Reed made him a low bow. The text narrates as that:
E.g. 1
So he flew round and round her, touching the water with his wings, and making silver ripples. This was his courtship, and it lasted all through the summer. (Wilde, ne Happy Prince, 2009: 81)
The material processes in the descriptive language in Example 1 use several verbs, "flew", "touching" and "making", which express the dynamic action, and reflect the characteristics of fairy tale language-- vividness. They can accord this effect with the young readers' reading psychology, and attract their attention easily. Besides, the material processes also express little Swallow's feeling of joy.
Happy Prince told the things he saw to little Swallow, and then he asked little Swallow to help the dressmaker and her son, who were in a poor condition.
E.g. 2
"I don't think I like boys," answered the Swallow. (The Happy Prince, 2009: 83)
From the verbal process of "answered" and the mental process of "don't think" in the above sentence (Example 2), the readers can feel clearly little Swallow's psychological activity there and then: he does not like the children, and he will not help the poor as Happy Prince's requirement. The functional aspect of the syntactic features has realized the characterization of little Swallow very well in this part.
With Happy Prince and little Swallow's dialogues, the story was towards the climax. Happy Prince narrates three scenes about the poor which he saw as follows:
E.g. 3
(1 )Far away, far away in a little street there is a poor house. (2)0ne of the windows is open, (3)and through it I can see a woman seated at a table. (4)Her face is thin and worn, (5)and she has coarse, red hands, all pricked by the needle, (6)for she is a dressmaker. (7)She is embroidering passion-flowers on a satin gown for the loveliest of the Queen's maids of honor to wear at the next Court ball. (8) In a bed in the comer of the room her little boy is lying ill. (9)He has a fever, (lO)and is asking for oranges. (ll)His mother has nothing to give him but river water, (12)so he is crying. (The sequence numbers are added by the author. The same as below.).
{The Happy Prince, 2009: 83)
E.g. 4
(13)Far away across the city I see a young man in a garret. (14)He is leaning over a desk covered with papers, (15)and in a glass by his side there is a bunch of withered violets. (16)His hair is brown and curly, (17)and his lips are red as a pomegranate, (18)and he has large and dreamy
eyes. (19)He is trying to finish a play for the Director of the Theatre, (20)biit he is too cold to write any more. (21)There is no fire in the fireplace, (22)and hunger has made him faint. (ibid: 85)
E.g. 5
(23)In the square below, there stands a little match girl. (24)She has let her matches fall in the gutter, (25)and they all spoiled. (26)Her father will beat her if she does not bring home some money, (27)and she is crying. (28)She has no shoes or stockings, (29)and her little head is bare. (ibid: 86)
The above three descriptions (Example 11, 12 and 13) are the key of the plot development, by using a range of transitivity processes. The transitivity analysis of the three descriptions is as
Table 1 Distribution of transitivity processes in Happy Prince's utterances
From the above table (Table 1), we make a conclusion that the relational processes take up the highest proportion (41.38%) among the six kinds of processes. Theoretically, the relational process is the one to describe and judge the things. Here, the author depicts an image of industrious dressmaker to the readers in clauses (4) and (5). From the clauses (28) and (29), the readers can imagine the situation of the little match girl: in the cold winter, she has no shoes, socks or hat to wear. With the language, the readers may feel compassion for the poor, and they even want to help them like Happy Prince. The fairy tale writer uses a series of relational processes to show the immediate scene to the readers, who feel as though they have,witnessed the miserable life of all kinds of people in the city. So they can understand the reasons why Happy Prince sacrifices himself to help them.
Next is the proportion of the material processes, accounting for 31.03% among all the processes. The material processes as represented by "embroidering" in clause (7), "leaning" in clause (14) and "stands" in clause (23) describe the circumstances: the industrious dressmaker is working hard, the impoverished young writer is leaning over a desk to write a play, and the little girl is selling the match in the cold winter, standing in the square not sitting in a warm place. While the material process of "lying ill" in clause (8) exposes the dressmaker's poor family situation. Her son is ill, but she doesn't have money to see a doctor for him. So he has to lie in bed. Clauses (24) to (26) describe the little match girl's current situation and the consequence that she will suffer.
There are three uses of existential processes, accounting for 10.34% of the total, which describe their living surroundings. For instance, clause (1) describes the situation of the dressmaker's poor house. Clauses (15) and (21) describe the situation of the young writer's poor family. There is no existential process to describe the little girl's living condition, for she stands in the square, not in her house.
There are two mental processes (6.90%) as represented by the sensory verb "see" in clauses (3) and (13). According to Halliday, mental processes can be divided into four kinds: perception, cognition, desideration and affection. Cognition and desideration belong to the higher mental processes, while perception and affection belong to lower mental processes (Halliday, 2004: 208-210). In light of the categorization of verbs, "see" belongs to "perception", so it is the lower mental process. In the two clauses, Happy Prince is the Senser and narrates the Phenomenon that he perceived. "See" refers to the visual meaning in the two clauses, and is used to indicate the objective description of the things. So little Swallow believes him and understands his good intention. Besides, using the verb "see" can help the young readers comprehend the sentences easily.
Behavioral processes occupy the same proportion with the mental processes (6.90%). Clauses (12) and (27) are the behavioral processes of "cry", which describe their miserable life. In clause (12), the sick boy wants some oranges; his mother can not give him because of their poor condition. In clause (27), "cry" implies the little girl's bad consequences if she does not bring home some money. The readers can not help imaging the gap between the rich and poor: the rich children may eat turkey beside the fireplace with their parents, and they are loved ardently by their families.
There is only one verbal process (3.45%). In clause (10), the little boy is the Sayer, he uses “ask" to point to the small needs一oranges. But his mother cannot cater for his needs. Life has been an issue for them, as for other requirements, it is luxury.
After little Swallow has helped the dressmaker, the young writer and the little match girl, the fairy tale writer also uses several transitivity processes to present the poor's status.
E.g. 6
"How cool I feel," said the boy, "I must be getting better." And he sank into a delicious sleep. (The Happy Prince, 2009: 84)
The verbal process of "said" and a material process of "sank into" in the above example (Example 6) express the little boy's current situation: he is getting better with the help of little Swallow. And the readers can feel little Swallow's kindness.
E.g. 7
"I am beginning to be appreciated," he cried, "this is from some great admirer. Now I can finish my play," and he looked quite happy. (ibid)
In Example 7, the verbal process of "cried" and the behavioral process as realized by "looked" express the young writer's psychological activity: he will become a famous writer
someday after finishing his play. However, he will never be famous even though he is so industrious without Happy Prince's and little Swallow's help.
E.g. 8
"What a lovely bit of glass!" cried the little girl, and she ran home, laughing.(ibid: 86)
In Example 8, the verbal process of "cry", the material process of "ran" and the behavioral process as embodied by "laughing" can reflect the little girl's feeling of joy. She can avoid her father's beating because she brings Happy Prince's jewel eye home, which is worth lots of money.
All these results reflect that Happy Prince brings the poor "laughter" and "subsistence". It may be a short-lived dream and moment of comfort, but Happy Prince's dedication to the poor moves lots of readers and makes an indescribable impression on the readers. At the same
time, it will have certain enlightenment function for children.
A series of transitivity processes reflect the characteristics of Wilde's language in fairy tales: vividness, richness and neatness. The language in the text is simple, but it creates many
vivid images to the readers, and makes the readers feel the compassion for the poor, so they cannot help doing some things for them. Besides, it can accord with the features of the young
readers' psychological reception, and has certain deeper thoughts as well as the artistic features.
Conclusion
As it can be seen from the discussion above, this thesis is an analysis of English fairy tales from the perspective of Systemic-Functional Grammar. Specifically, this research has studied English fairy tales in terms of lexico-grammatical systems-- transitivity system. The analysis can be summarized as follows:
Transitivity system is mainly embodied by the process types. In the transitivity analysis, it is found that most of the processes in English fairy tales are material processes, relational processes and verbal processes. The context and field of discourse have their influences. Fairy tales are always simple and interesting. The general plots of the tales influence the choices of language. This is shown in the choices of the types of process. Material process is the process most frequently used in the sample texts. Fairy tales are simple but vivid stories for children. They are mainly written or told to narrate what happens and what the characters do. Material processes are good choices for describing these plots. Relational processes are used as the second most frequent processes and most of these relational processes are attributive ones. Fairy tales teach children about things in the universe.
Because children have limited ability of thinking, the authors of fairy tales have to describe what things are like and their characteristics directly. So relational processes are used to show the world as it is. The third most frequently used process type is verbal process and this is one characteristic of fairy tales. All the characters in fairy tales, no matter human or non-human, have the ability of speaking and this makes the stories more interesting. There are less mental processes than verbal processes to describe the characters. Behavioral and existential processes are infrequent in the sample texts because of the contents of the plots of fairy tales.
As far as I am concerned, transitivity is important in language of an literature, especially in fairy tales. What I got from this study is not only “We need use more suitable processes in suitable literature, but the research method: classify, induce and make a conclusion.
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中国传统文化常识大全(干货，建议收藏) 2017-09-10 00:01 常见借代词语 1、桃李:学生 2、社稷、轩辕:国家 3、南冠:囚犯 4、同窗:同学 5、烽烟:战争 6、巾帼:妇女 7、丝竹:音乐 8、伉俪:夫妻 9、白丁、布衣:百姓 10、伛偻，黄发:老人 名家与作品 1、唐宗:唐太宗李世民宋祖:宋太祖赵匡胤秦皇:秦始皇嬴政汉武:汉武帝刘彻 2、我国第一位田园诗人是东晋的陶渊明(陶潜)，他"不为五斗米折腰"。 3、世界文学作品中四大吝啬鬼:葛朗台、夏洛克、泼溜希金、阿巴贡。 4、中国吝啬鬼的典型:严监生。 5、李杜:李白、杜甫。小李杜:李商隐、杜牧。 6、屈原:我国最早的伟大诗人，他创造了"楚辞"这一新诗体，开创了我国诗歌浪漫主义风格。 7、孔子名丘，字仲尼，春秋时鲁国人，他是儒家学派的创始人，被称为"孔圣人"，孟子被称为"亚圣"，两人并称为"孔孟"。 8、苏轼称赞王维"诗中有画，画中有诗。" 中国文学之最 1、古代最著名的长篇神话小说是明代吴承恩的《西游记》; 2、古代最著名的长篇历史小说是明初罗贯中的《三国演义》; 3、古代最早写农民起义的长篇小说是元末明初施耐庵的《水浒传》; 4、古代最伟大的现实主义长篇小说是清代曹雪芹的《红楼梦》; 5、古代最杰出的长篇讽刺小说是清代吴敬梓的《儒林外史》; 6、古代最杰出的文言短篇小说集是清代蒲松龄的《聊斋志异》; 7、古代最早的语录体散文是《论语》; 8、古代最早的记事详备的编年体史书是《左传》;
中国传统文化知识大全 何谓“十才子书”? 所谓“十才子书”，指的是这样十部作品：一、《三国演义》;二、《好逑传》;三、《玉娇梨》;四、《平山冷燕》;五、《水浒传》;六、《西厢记》;七、《琵琶记》;八、《花笺记》;九、《斩鬼记》;十、《三合剑》。它们中有小说、传奇和戏曲。有第一流的小说，如《三国演义》、《水浒传》和优秀的戏曲《西厢记》、《琵琶记》;但也有滥竽充数的，如《三合剑》。即使名列第二的《好逑传》、名称第三的《玉娇梨》和名列第八的《花笺记》，也由于格调不高，落入才子佳人小说的俗套，在中国文坛的影响也极微。因此，所谓“十才子书”的选择和排列，本身就是荒唐可笑的。有人说此出自金圣叹，恐怕不确。 古籍名称的由来 初涉古籍的人，往往为古籍的名称所惑，不知道是什么意思。其实，古人著作集名的由来，也是有规律可寻的。 以作者本名作集名，如唐代诗人杜审言的诗集称《杜审言集》。 以作者的字或别号作集名，如曹植字子建，集名即为《曹子建集》。 以作者的籍贯作集名，如唐代张九龄为曲江(今属广东)人，集名《曲江集》。 以作者曾经居住过的地名作集名，如杜牧有别墅在樊川，集名即为《樊川文集》。 以作者的官衔作集名，有的是用作者曾任官职中最高的官衔作集名，有的则以作者诗文创作较多或成名时的官衔作集名，也有一些是以作者做官时所在的地名作集名的。如杜甫一生最高曾任检校工部员外郎，集名《杜工部诗集》。 以作者的封、谥作集名，如南北朝时谢灵运袭封康乐公，集名即为《谢康乐集》;北宋司马光封温国公，谥文正，集名《温国文正司马公集》。
边塞诗 一．边塞诗考点有： 1、字词、语句的理解。对字词的理解，重在考查： ①对词义的理解。主要是考查正确解释诗中实词的语境义。如对《望蓟门》“三边曙色动危旌”一句中“危”字意义的考查，对“烟台一望客心惊”一句中“客”所指代的对象的考查，皆属此类。 ②在诗中的表达作用，如《望蓟门》中“望”在全诗中的地位和作用，“海畔云山拥蓟城”一句中“拥”字的作用。 ③理解诗句的含义和描绘的景象。如《凉州词?其一》要求学生通过解读语句来描绘诗中所写的边塞景象。 2、写作手法分析。写作手法的分析，其考查点多为语言风格、抒情方式、修辞手法、表达方式等。 ①明确作品的背景和作者，有助于我们更好的把握诗歌的语言风格。学生还应该积累一些描述语言风格的固定术语，这样有助于准确标书作品的语言特色。②抒情方式，包括直接抒情和间接抒情。如果诗中有议论性语句，多为直接抒情。边塞诗中的间接抒情多为借景抒情（选特定的景抒特定的情；借眼前之景抒一己之情）、怀旧用典（回顾往事，景中寄情；借助典故，抒发襟怀）。 ③修辞手法的考查，要求学生能够准确判定诗中运用的修辞手法，并说说作者是如何运用这些手法的，它们在传情达意方面起到了怎样的作用。这就要求学生对常见的修辞手法的概念和基本作用有一个大致的了解方能答题。 ④对诗眼的准确把握与理解。答这种题时，学生首先要理解该字的基本含义；其次是展开想象，体会这个字在句中描绘的景象；最后，结合诗歌的思想感情，说明该字是如何活化画面，构筑意境，表达情感的。 ⑤表达方式的选用及其作用。如“‘高高秋月照长城’与前三句写法上有何不同?这样的写法有什么好处?”考查的就是表达方式的选用及其作用。这就要求学生明确表达方式类型：叙述、描写、议论、抒情，并且了解其各自的作用。 二、边塞诗的特征： 1．意象:边关、玉门关、羌笛、胡人、胡马、黄河、长城、明月、阴山、黑山、烽火、狼烟、宝剑、马、铠甲等。 2．思想感情： （1）．歌颂将士奋勇杀敌、以身许国的；（2）．表现自己投笔从戎、建功立业的；（3）．描写边塞山川景物、生活艰苦的；（4）．描写征人念远思归、想念亲人的；（5）．描绘美满幸福生活、向往和平的；（6）．痛斥君主穷兵黩武，草菅人命的；（7）．揭露军中苦乐不均、深切同情的；（8）．抒发平生壮志难酬、怀才不遇的；3．艺术风格和技巧：豪迈旷达，雄奇壮美，豪壮悲慨，委婉清丽等。 善于运用比喻、夸张、对比、烘托、用典等手法来丰富内容，强化情感。
附录A Introduction to database information management system The database is stored together a collection of the relevant data, the data is structured, non-harmful or unnecessary redundancy, and for a variety of application services, data storage independent of the use of its procedures, insert new data on the database, revised, and the original data can be retrieved by a common and can be controlled manner. When a system in the structure of a number of entirely separate from the database, the system includes a "database collection". Database management system is a manipulation and large-scale database management software is being used to set up, use and maintenance of the database. Its unified database management and control so as to ensure database security and integrity. Database management system users access data in the database, the database administrator through Database management system database maintenance work. It provides a variety of functions, allows multiple applications and users use different methods at the same time or different time to build, modify, and asked whether the database. It allows users to easily manipulate data definition and maintenance of data security and integrity, as well as the multi-user concurrency control and the restoration of the database. Using the database can bring many benefits: such as reducing data redundancy, thus saving the data storage space; to achieve full sharing of data resources, and so on. In addition, the database technology also provides users with a very simple means to enable users to easily use the preparation of the database applications. Especially in recent years introduced micro-computer relational database management system , intuitive operation, the use of flexible, convenient programming environment to extensive (generally 16 machine, such as IBM / PC / XT, China Great Wall 0520, and other species can run software), data-processing capacity strong. Database in our country are being more and more widely used, will be a powerful tool of economic management. The database is through the database management system (DBMS-DATA BASE
Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), Irish poet and dramatist whose reputation rests on his comic masterpieces Lady Windermere's Fan温夫人的扇子(1892) and The Importance of Being Earnest认真的重要性(1895). Among Wilde's other best-known works are his only novel The Picture of Dorian Gray多利安?格雷的画像(1891) and his fairy tales especially "The Happy Prince." Wilde was born on October 16, 1854 in Dublin to unconventional parents - his mother Lady Jane Francesca Wilde (1820-96), was a poet and journalist. His father was Sir William Wilde, an Irish antiquarian古物研究者,收集古物者（antiques）, gifted writer, and specialist in diseases of the eye and ear. Wilde studied at Portora Royal School, Enniskillen, County Fermanagh (1864-71), Trinity College, Dublin (1871-74) and Magdalen College, Oxford (1874-78). In 1878 Wilde received his B.A. and in the same year he moved to London. His lifestyle and humorous wit soon made him the spokesman for
回乐峰前沙似雪，受降城外月如霜。不知何处吹芦管，一夜征人尽望乡。——李益《夜上受降城闻笛》 （抒发将士们思乡念亲的乡愁。） 5、描绘美满幸福生活、向往和平的。 6、揭露军中苦乐不均、深切同情的。 7、抒发平生壮志难酬、怀才不遇的。 8、描摹塞上异域奇异风光，歌颂祖国边塞的大好河山。如： “忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”——岑参《白雪歌送武判官归京》 以春景喻冬景，描写了塞外玉树琼花的雪景。 黄河远上白云间，一片孤城万仞山。羌笛何须怨杨柳?春风不度玉门关。——王之涣《凉州词》 八、边塞诗时代特点 1、盛唐：豪迈、爽朗、一往无前。即使是艰苦的战争，也壮丽无比；即使是出 征远戍，也爽朗明快；即使是壮烈牺牲，也死而无悔。如： “孰知不向边庭苦，纵死犹闻侠骨香”——（王维） “醉卧沙场君莫笑，古来征战几人回”——（王翰） “黄沙百战穿金甲，不斩楼兰誓不还”——（王昌龄） 2、中、晚唐：国势渐衰，昂扬向上的基调依旧，但悲壮惋伤的成分渐多。如：“可怜无定河边骨，犹是春闺梦里人。”——（陈陶） 3、宋代：外侮不断，国难当头，感情或为报国无门的愤懑。如： “塞上长城空自许，镜中衰鬓已先斑”——陆游 “燕然未勒归无计，羌管悠悠霜满地”——范仲淹 但是不管什么时期的边塞诗都回旋着爱国的主旋律。 【高考设问方式】 1、诗中描写了怎样的景色？抒发了怎样的感情？ 2、这类诗的常见表现手法有哪些？ 【解题指导】 1、根据诗歌标题判定是不是边塞诗。 2、其次，分析意象、意境特点。 3、抓情感关键词、联系时代背景等把握思想情感 4、分析作者运用的表现手法。 答题时要用到“对比、夸张、动静结合、直抒胸臆、借景抒情”等表达技巧类术语。 【例题解析】 1、阅读下面的诗，回答问题。 征人怨柳中庸 岁岁金河复玉关，朝朝马策与刀环。三春白雪归青冢，万里黄河绕黑山。 (1)为什么说这是一首边塞诗?结合诗句具体说明。 答：
单词汇总(数据库专业一点的词汇其实主要就是每章后面review items的内容，在这里简单列一 下，如果你实在没时间看书，至少这些单词要认识。)： 1. 数据库系统：database system(DS),database ma nageme nt system(DBMS) 2. 数据库系统(DS)，数据库管理系统(DBMS) 3. 关系和关系数据库table= relation，column = attribute 属性，domain, atomic domain, row= tuple ， relati onal database, relati on schema, relati on in sta nee, database schema, database in sta nee; 4. 表=关系，列=属性属性，域，原子域，排=元组，关系型数据库，关系模式，关系实例，数 据库模式，数据库实例； 1. key 们：super key, can didate key, primary key, foreig n key, referencing relati on, referen ced relati on; 2. 超码，候选码，主码，外码，参照关系，被参照关系 5. 关系代数(relational algebra): selection, project, natural join, Cartesian product, set operations, union, in tersect, set differe nee ( except\m in us), Ren ame, assig nment, outer join, group ing, tuple relati on calculus 6. (关系代数)：选择，项目，自然连接，笛卡尔积，集合运算，集，交集，集合差(除负)， 重命名，分配，外连接，分组，元组关系演算 7. sql组成： DDL :数据库模式定义语言，关键字：create DML :数据操纵语言，关键字：Insert、delete、update DCL :数据库控制语言，关键字：grant、remove DQL :数据库查询语言，关键字：select 8. 3. SQL 语言：DDL，DML，DCL，QL，sql query structure, aggregate functions, nested subqueries, exists(as an operator), uni que(as an operator), scalar subquery, asserti on, in dex(i ndices), catalogs, authorization, all privileges, granting, revoking , grant option, trigger, stored procedure, stored fun cti on 4. SQL语言：DDL，DML，DCL，QL，SQL查询结构，聚合函数，嵌套子查询，存在(如运 营商)，独特的(如运营商)，标量子查询，断言指数(指数) ，目录，授权，所有权限，授 予，撤销，GRANT OPTION，触发器，存储过程，存储函数 8. 表结构相关：Integrity constraints, domain constraints, referential integrity constraints 9. 完整性约束，域名约束，参照完整性约束 5. 数据库设计(ER 模型)：Entity-Relationship data model, ER diagram, composite attribute, sin gle-valued and multivalued attribute, derived attribute, binary relati on ship set, degree of relati on ship set, mapp ing card in ality, 1-1, 1-m, m-n relati on ship set (one to one, one to many, many to many), participati on, partial or total participati on, weak en tity sets, discrim in ator attributes, specialization and generalization 6. 实体关系数据模型，ER图，复合属性，单值和多值属性，派生属性，二元关系集，关系集， 映射基数的程度，1-1，1-米，MN关系集合(一对一，一对多，多对多) ，参与部分或全部参与，弱实体集，分辨符属性，特化和概化 10. 函数依赖理论：functional dependence, normalization, lossless join (or lossless) decomposition, First Normal Form (1NF), the third normal form (3NF), Boyce-codd normal form (BCNF), R satisfies F, F
南京大学 ——英语语言文学
下面给大家分享一下南京大学英语语言文学专业考研初试经验分享，希望大家都能考到理想的成绩。 本人英语专业应届生，一战。写这个贴一方面是自己复习的时候有时会感到有一些迷茫，觉得特别无助，希望我的分享能在考研党们迷茫的时候给大家的复习带来一些小小的帮助~ 还有一方面是用我的复习经历激励一下大家：我的复习时间推进看起来惨不忍睹，一切都没有按照计划来，到了还剩两个月的时候，我觉得压力很大什么都没看，觉得没有戏，准备好要二战了可是又很矛盾，不想二战，但直到最后我都没有自暴自弃，而是抓住每分每秒想尽量让自己爆发小宇宙创造奇迹，事实证明这是有回报的，请小伙伴们无论多痛苦都要坚持到最后！千万不要破罐子破摔想着再战算了，一战可以过就不要二战，这次可以过就不要把希望寄托在下一次！ 下面是我惨不忍睹的时间推进（这是我个人整体的复习推进，可以选择跳过直接看下面各科目的复习经验。这个放出来是想告诉大家就算到了最后什么也没看并不代表自己就应该自暴自弃，请抱着希望坚持到最后，坚持不下去的时候就来看这个喝鸡汤吧）： 2月： 决定学校、考研方向。看经验贴，记下要看的书目。心中并没有大体的复习规划。 3月-6月： 联系上一届的前辈，又确定了一些需要的书目。 由于该学期我在上美国文学的课程（教科书不同），就根据学校的进度缓慢地带着看美国文学选读（十分龟速，三个月一半都没看完）。这一学期除了自身课业以外，我一直忙着院里戏剧大赛的排练，又一时兴起在网上参加了一个翻译社每月都保证千字以上的翻译，另外我一直在做日剧的校对，所以给考研复习的时间可谓很少。但我一直在安慰自己，我做的这些其实也并非与考试复习毫无关联。但还是感受到了接下来复习时间的紧迫，我决定暑假一定要把两本选读过完。 7月： 按照计划，一边看常耀信的美国文学简史，一边看完了第一遍美国文学
1. 第一位女诗人是：庄姜 2. 第一部纪传体通史：史记 3. 第一部词典是：尔雅 4. 第一部大百科全书是：永乐大典 5. 第一部诗歌总集是：诗经 6. 第一部文选：昭明文选 7. 第一部字典：说文解字 8. 第一部神话集：山海经 9. 第一部文言志人小说集：世说新语 10. 第一部文言志怪小说集：搜神记 11. 第一部语录体著作：论语 12. 第一部编年体史书是：春秋 13. 第一部断代史：汉书 14. 第一部兵书：孙子兵法 15. 文章西汉两司马：司马迁、司马相如 16. 乐府双璧：木兰词孔雀东南飞，加上《秦妇吟》为乐府三绝 17. 史学双璧：史记资治通鉴 18. 二拍：初刻拍案惊奇二刻拍案惊奇（凌蒙初） 19. 大李杜：李白杜甫小李杜：李商隐杜牧 20. 中国现代文坛的双子星座：鲁迅郭沫若 21. 三不朽：立德立功立言 22. 三代：夏商周 23. 《春秋》三传：左传公羊传谷梁传 24. 三王：夏禹商汤周公 25. 三山：蓬莱方丈瀛洲 26. 三教：儒释道 27. 三公：周时，司马司徒司空 西汉，丞相太尉御史大夫 明清，太师太傅太保 28. 三曹：曹操曹丕曹植 29. 公安三袁：袁宗道袁宏道袁中道 30. 江南三大古楼：湖南岳阳楼武昌黄鹤楼南昌滕王阁 31. 岁寒三友：松竹梅 32. 三辅：左冯翊右扶风京兆尹 33. 科考三元：乡试，会试，殿试和自的第一名（解元，会元，状元） 34. 殿试三鼎甲：状元榜眼探花 35. 中国三大国粹：京剧中医中国画 36. 三言：喻世明言警世通言醒世恒言（冯梦龙） 37. 儒家经典三礼：周礼仪礼礼记 38. 三吏：新安吏石壕吏潼关吏 39. 三别：新婚别垂老别无家别 40. 郭沫若“女神”三部曲：女神之再生湘果棠棣之花 41. 茅盾“蚀”三部曲：幻灭动摇追求 农村三部曲：春蚕秋收残冬 42. 巴金“爱情”三部曲：雾雨电 “激流”三部曲：家春秋 43. 第一部国别史：国语 44. 第一部记录谋臣策士门客言行的专集：国策战国策 45. 第一部专记个人言行的历史散文：晏子春秋 46. 第一位伟大的爱国诗人：屈原 47. 第一首长篇叙事诗：孔雀东南飞（357句，1785字） 48. 第一部文学批评专著：《典论.论文》（曹丕） 第 1 页共7 页
2014年考广外比较文化研究全过程（初试适合英语所有方向，MTI除外）我的本科是一所211，但是我的英语基础并不是太好，只能说很是一般般。我的二外是日语，学的也还行，大三下学期的时候参加日语N3的考试，险过。 先说说我为什么要报考广外吧。广外的英语水平很不错，记得前几年报道过她的英语水平好像是全国前十。除此之外地理位置也很不错，关键是沿海（本人喜欢沿海城市）。当初本来想报考高翻的学硕，但是准备得时间太晚，再结合自身情况，所以就选了自己很喜欢并且稍微有点把握的方向——比较文化研究。 初试篇 确切地说我是从大四上学期才开始准备的，但是觉得复习找对方向的时候个人觉得是十月份。先说说政治吧。虽然我高中是文科生，但我还是觉得报个班比较好，所以我报了启明的政治。刚开始觉得很后悔自己为什么要去报班，可是后来觉得报班很有必要。2014年的政治我个人估计我的大题应该得了40分，因为我在网上对了选择题答案。这得亏了报了班。辅导课上老师会教你答题的规范。我举一个例子吧。 为什么要实现中华民族伟大复兴？ 答：实现中华民族伟大复兴的原因有： 1.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 2.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
3.xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx 综上所述，实现中华民族伟大复兴是必然的选择。 在考研的前一天，启明的阮老师会遍地撒网得给学生押题，重点培养的题说实话挺多的。他弄的题很多，但是他觉得考的机会很大的题会重复很多很多遍，所以你在课上就能记住基本的原理，不用下去背太多。但是这要你坚持到最后。一部分同学到考研最后关头的时候因为专业课没背完就不去上政治课了。我个人觉得政治课报班的关键就在最后那几天了。肖老师的题我也买来做过，任老师的只做了选择题，个人觉得题的难度系数跟真题还是很像的。政治很认真地准备是从十二月份开始的吧，因为太早没那个耐心，再加上报了班所以复习得晚一些。考研政治因为自己实事方面和毛概方面不太好，所以选择题做得比较差。报不报班这个看个人吧，反正我自己觉得挺有效果的。 二外方面（日语）我自己刚开始复习的时候着重的是中级文法，买了中级上下两册。可是后来才发现中级文法是用来应付阅读和翻译，可是因为自学得不太好，我个人感觉阅读最后一篇和翻译的第一篇我完全没看懂。重头戏还是广外推荐的参考书目上下两册。广外考的单词还会考非单词表中的，这是我做前几年的题发现的。我记单词是跟着录音记的，课文没怎么读。我把初级和中级的文法都整理到了一本笔记本里面，方便日后使用。（可是好像自己整理完以后没怎么看过）因为自己喜欢学二外吧，所以我觉得复习二外起来的时候不怎么痛苦。我没练听力，广外初试复试都不考二外听力。不过本人喜欢看日语动漫。我的建议是一定要复习好初级上下册。关于中译日今年好像没考
The Nightingale and the Rose Wilde, Oscar Published:1888 Categorie(s):Fiction, Short Stories, Juvenile Source:Wikisource
About Wilde: Oscar Fingal O'Flahertie Wills Wilde(October16,1854–November30, 1900)was an Irish playwright,novelist,poet,and short story writer. Known for his barbed wit,he was one of the most successful playwrights of late Victorian London,and one of the greatest celebrities of his day.As the result of a famous trial,he suffered a dramatic downfall and was im-prisoned for two years of hard labour after being convicted of the offence of"gross indecency".The scholar H.Montgomery Hyde suggests this term implies homosexual acts not amounting to buggery in British legis-lation of the time. Source: Wikipedia Also available on Feedbooks for Wilde: ?The Picture of Dorian Gray(1891) ?The Importance of Being Earnest(1895) ?The Canterville Ghost(1887) ? A House of Pomegranates(1892) Note:This book is brought to you by Feedbooks https://www.doczj.com/doc/ce985594.html, Strictly for personal use, do not use this file for commercial purposes.
王尔德名言 Oscar Wilde quotes( When a love comes to an end, weaklings cry, efficient ones instantly find anoth er love and wise already had one in reserve. 当爱到了终点,软弱者哭泣,精明者马上去发现另外一个,聪明的早就预备了一个. No great artist ever sees things as they really are. If he did he would cease t o be an artist. 没有伟大的艺术家是看事物真实的样子,如果他这样那他就不再是艺术家 I represent to you all the sins you have never had the courage to commit 我提供给你们的是你们没勇气去犯的罪 One can always be kind to people one cares nothing about 总是善待别人的人对什么都不在意 We Irish are too poetical to be poets; we are a nation of brilliant failures, b ut we are the greatest talkers since the Greeks. 我们爱尔兰人太诗意以至不能做诗人,我们是才华横溢的失败者的国度,可我们是自希腊人以来最伟大的讲演者 What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise 痛苦的审判是那些虚伪的祝福 The advantage of the emotions is that they lead us astray. 情感的好处就是让我们误入歧途 Please do not shoot the pianist. He is doing his best. 请不要射击钢琴师,他已经尽力了. The heart was made to be broken 心是用来碎的 The public is wonderfully tolerant. It forgives everything except genius. 公众是惊人地宽容,可以原谅一切除了天才 Religions die when they are proved to be true. Science is the record of dead re ligions. 宗教会死亡,当他们需要证实是真的时候,科学是死亡宗教的记录 Why was I born with such contemporaries 为什么我会和这么多同代人一块出生呢? A poet can survive everything but a misprint. 诗歌可以拯救一切除了印刷错误 Only the shallow know themselves. 只有影子才懂他们自己
1、The earliest form of literature in Anglo-Saxon period was oral. 2、Anglo-Saxon 代表作《Beowulf》“national epic of the Anglo-Saxons”特征：alliteration 3、Religious poet Caedmon，story in Bible 4、The first great book in prose散文in English is 《Anglo-Saxon Chronicle》(AD1 to 1154) 5、Anglo- Norman period, French Latin and English, 重要形式metrical romance(源自法国文学) 关于love or knight adventure 或两者都有。最出名素材Legend of King Arthur 和round table knights. 代表作：《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》 6、Preparation of Renaissance, Hundred Y ears' War,, the War of Roses. 先锋代表作《Piers Plowman》(by William Langland)著名人物Geoffrey Chaucer, 代表作《The Canterbury Tales》.风格satirical and narrative 7、同时期，a collection of the legends of King Arthur by Sir Thomas Malory(法翻英) 8、John Wyclif 翻译Bible（拉丁翻英）《Wyclif Bible》 9、一种folk literature 叫ballad（民谣） 10、Geoffrey Chaucer,(1340-1400), 受早期意大利文艺复习影响，《The House of Fame》《The Parliament of Fouls》《Troilus and Criseyde》《The Legend of Good Women》,死后第一个第一个葬在“Poet's Corner" 的诗人。特点：heroic couplet 11、文艺复兴到英国大概16世纪，the Tudors，English merchant class, agrarian revolution, clothing industry, the geographical exploration and trade expansion, reformation. 主要事情separate the English Church from Rome. 12、William Caxton 引进印刷术 13、文艺复兴时期三种文学：poetry, prose and drama 14、Drama 起源于宗教，miracle plays，morality plays(《Everyman》 15、Drama黄金时期伊丽莎白一世，appeal to all classes in society 16、Dramatists, "University Wits", 七个成员，代表Christopher Marlowe(先于Shakespeare)其成就Elizabethan tragedy, using blank verse.代表作《The tragical History of Doctor Faustus》德国传说，献身魔鬼。 17、Ben Jonson的喜剧，《Every Man in His Humor》,《V olpone》假死贪婪, 《The Silence Woman》, 《The Alchemist》and 《Bartholomew Fairs》他的To Celia 情诗 18、Shakespeare,17th, 第一部剧《A comedy of Errors》historical drama《Titus Andronicus》《Henry 4th》narrative poems 《V enus and Adonis》and《The Rape of Lucrece》.其他《Midsummer Night's Dream》《Much Ado About Nothing》四大悲剧《Hamlet》《Othello》《King Lear》《Macbeth》最后一篇《The Tempest》 19、文艺复兴初期，lyric poetry 代表《Thomas Wyatt》和《Earl of Surrey》sonnet 和blank verse 的引进，Wyatt开创新世界，人成为诗歌主题 20、Sonnet的代表人物Sidney(第一个写完十四行诗系列，sonnet sequence组诗，示爱) 和Shakespeare（不仅示爱，还affection for his young friend，搞基？？XD） 21、同时期，Edmund Spense r,,当时最有名，The Fairie Queene ,combining Arthur legend with religious and Platonic idealism and political commentary 22、Prose散文，Sir Thomas Mor e, early humanist, 代表作《Utopia》,对话形式，prose包括religious writing Translation the Authorized V ersion of the Bible, King James
中国文学常识大全 一、上古神话 1．所谓神话，是上古时代的人们，对其所接触的自然现象、社会现象所幻想出来的艺术意味的解释和描叙的集体口头创作。 2．上古神话的主要内容有： （1）解释自然现象的：女娲补天、女娲造人、盘古开天辟地。 （2）反映人类同自然斗争的：鲧禹治水、后羿射日、精卫填海。 （3）反映社会斗争的：黄帝战蚩尤。 3．记载上古神话的主要作品：《淮南子》、《山海经》、《庄子》等。 二、先秦文学 （一）文学代表作 1.儒家经典 “四书”指《论语》、《孟子》、《大学》、《中庸》。“五经”指《诗经》、《尚书》、《礼记》、《易经》、《春秋》。“六经”在“五经”后增加《乐》，“六艺”，诗、书、礼、乐、御、射。 2.历史散文有《左传》、《战国策》、《国语》。《左传》、《谷梁传》、《公羊传》同为解说《春秋》的“三传”。 3.《诗经》本只称《诗》，后又以“诗三百”为代称。著名篇目有《关雎》、《伐檀》、《硕鼠》、《七月》。《诗经》是中国最早的诗歌总集，收录了从周初到春秋时期的诗歌305篇，分为“风”、“雅”、“颂”三大类，开创了我国文学现实主义先河。《诗经》名句有：他山之石，可以攻玉；言者无罪，闻者足戒；一日不见，如三秋兮；靡不有初，鲜克有终。 4.《战国策》，33篇，西汉刘向根据史料编定。属国别体史书，历史散文集，主要记载战国时期谋臣策士游说诸侯或相互论辩时提出的政治见解和斗争策略，以及他们的政治活动。对后世散文和辞赋的创作有很大影响。 （二）代表人物 1.老子，名耳，又称老聃，春秋末年楚国人，道家学派创始人。相传《道德经》是他的著作，此书共五千言，系统阐述了老子的哲学观点和政治思想。
42.元杂剧的四大爱情剧：《荆钗记》 《白兔记》 《拜月亭》 《杀狗记》 文学常识大全 1. 佛教四大名山：五台山 峨眉山 普陀山 九西岳 2. 中国四大发现：指南针 造纸术 印刷术 炸药 3. 中医四诊：看闻问切 4. 戏曲四行当：生旦净丑 5. 道教四大名山：湖北武当山 江西龙虎山四川青城山安徽齐云山 6. 四大石窟：云冈石窟 龙门石窟 麦积山石窟 敦煌莫高窟 7. 黄山四尽：奇松怪石云海温泉 8. 泰山四大异景：朝阳东升 晚霞反照 黄河金带 云海玉盘 9. 中国四大名楼；岳阳楼 黄鹤楼 腾王阁 太白楼 10. 四大古典小说：《三国演义》 水浒传 西游记 红楼梦 13. 古代四美女：西施（沉鱼） 王昭君（落雁）貂禅（闭月） 杨玉环（羞花） 14. 古代四美：音乐珍味文章言谈/ /良晨美景赏心乐事 15. 苏门四学士：黄庭坚 秦观 曾补之 张来 16. 四史：史记 汉书 君汉书 三国志 17. 历史上四大书院：庐山白鹿洞 长沙岳麓 衡阳石鼓 18. 商丘应天府 19. 古代祥瑞四灵：龙凤麒麟龟 20. 宋复兴四诗人：陆游 杨万里范大成尤袤 21. 科考四级及录取者称谓：院试-秀才 乡试-举人 会试-贡生 殿士-进士 22. 千古文章四大家：韩愈 柳宗元 欧阳修 苏洵 苏轼 23. 有很高史学和文学价值的三史：史记 汉书后汉书 24. 三班父子：班彪 班固班昭 25. 三书指：魏书蜀书吴书后人将其合为一本称三国志。 26. 左思的三都赋指：蜀都赋（成都） 吴都赋（南京） 魏都赋（邺） 27. 南朝三谢：谢灵运谢惠连谢眺 28. 三瘦词人指：李清照 三个名句是： 29. 莫道不销魂，帘卷西风，人比黄花瘦。 30. 知否，知否？应是肥红瘦。 31. 新来瘦，非千病酒，不是悲秋。 32. 旧书塾应用的三种教本简称为三百千指：三字经 百家姓 千字文 33. 郑板桥（郑燮）的三尽指：绘画 诗作 书法 34. 鲁迅的三部短篇小说集：《呐喊》 《徘徊》 《故事新编》 35. 我国当代文学史上的三大散文作家是：刘白羽 杨朔 秦牧 36. 高尔其的自传体三部曲是：《童年》 《在人间》 《我的大学》 37. 世界作品中三大小气鬼指：老葛朗台 夏洛克 泼留希金 38. 老舍小说《四世同堂》也是三部曲指：《惶惑》 《偷生》 《饥馑》 39. 我国古代有四个大城市称四京：东京-汴梁 西京-长安 南京-金陵 北京-顺天 11. 四大谴责小说: 海花（曾朴） 12. 民间四大传说: 官场现形记（李宝嘉） 牛郎织女 孟姜女寻夫 二年目睹之怪现状（吴研人） 梁山伯与祝英台 白蛇与许仙 老残游记（刘鄂）