从无到有
开始
Begin, start, begin with, spring, start up, set off on, break out, strike up, originate from,;
Initiate, launch, originate, sprout; unfold; unleash
outset, onset,
Rudimentary, elementary,
出现
Appear, appear to be, emerge, arise, loom, turn out, show up, com out, come into sight/view, come forth
发生
Happen, occur, take place, come about,
Happening occurrence
产生,创造
create, produce, bring about, yield, give birth to, bear, bring into being, generate, beget，germinate;
Invent, innovate, renovate, plan, design, imagine, conceive, devise, formulate, imagine, envision,
建立
Found, set, built up, construct, institute, constitute, set up, establish
制造,组成
Make, make up, produce, construct, turn out, manufacture, form, shape, compose, compile, concoct, fabricate
生长壮大
复制,繁殖58
Copy, duplicate, reproduce, multiply.
发育，发展
Grow, develop, breed, bring up, nurture, cultivate, hone, raise, foster, (主动) Develop, advance, progress, move forward, go forward, proceed（自我成长）Burgeon, flourish, thrive, bloom, blossom, boom, prosper;
保持，延续
Continue, last, carry on, keep on, keep, remain maintain retain
Perpetuate,
Persevere, stick with, insist on, persist in,
Continuous, incessant, permanent, constant, steady, unbroken, perpetual, everlasting, eternal, lasting, unending, uninterrupted, undying, immortal, invariable,
存在,生存
Exist，found, stand, lay in, be rooted in，be embedded in,
Substance, matter, object, material, stuff, things, entity,
individual, creature, beings,
Topic, subject, issue, theme, gist, item, content, point,
Extant, existing, in existence, substantive, ubiquitous, omnipresent, universal, survive，outlive，outlast, remain alive，
Endure, undergo,
从有到无
结束，停止53
stop，finish, be over, cease, discontinue, wind up, bring to an end(close, halt), end，come to an end, end up, terminate，quench，quell，run out, expire, conclude adjourn/dissolve/lull/subvert,abortaive,
Surcease, cessation,
impasse, deadlock, logjam, stalemate,
Ultimate, final, eventual,
Abeyance, suspend, interruption, brake, halt, pause,
死亡,毁灭
Perish, annihilate, kill, exterminate, take life, slay, hatchet, slaughter, assassinate, famish, smother, throttle, strangle, stifle, decimate,
Die, pass away, perish, expire, run out,
decease, death, demise,
Defunct, moribund, dying,
Fatal, formidable, deadly, fatality.
取消,废除550
Cancel, annul,call off, do away with,
Abolish, desuetude, disuse, abandon, repeal, revoke, invalidate, rescind, nullify Obsolete, out of date, outmoded, out of fashion, old-fashioned,
除去551
Remove，erase，delete, extinguish, exterminate, eliminate, eradicate, extirpate, efface，clear away, throw away, do away with, wipe out, get rid of , rule out,
Obliterate, expurgate, expunge, purify, purge,
破坏
Destroy, damage, wreck, devastate, raze, ravage, knock down, demolish, vandalize, tear down, ruin, spoil, dilapidate,
Perdition，
detrimental，harmful, injurious,
topple down
/inclement/
伤害
Damage Bruise, mar, maul, do harm to, injure, wound, hurt, impair, harm, hurt, wound, harm, break, fracture, maim, cripple, mangle, mutilate;
cut, gash, fracture, break
灾祸
Disaster, catastrophic, calamity, cataclysm, carnage, massacre, holocaust, decimate, wreck, accident,
Misfortune, hapless, mishap,
逐渐消亡
Rot way, perish, decay, disintegrate, decompose, deteriorate, molder, aggravate, worsen, exacerbate, corrupt,
Rotten, decayed, corrupt, damaged;
decrepit ,decrepitude, dilapidate
状态之改变
正面
能力，强，权力
Enable, facilitate, empower, entitle, enhance,
Strengthen, reinforce, sustain, countenance, consolidate,
Able, be capable of doing , competent, potent, omnipotent, puissant, resourceful Ability, capability, capacity, skill, forte，competence, faculty
Intelligence, aptitude, flair, talent
Clever, bright, talented, astute, wisdom, wise, smart, acumen,
Hegemony, puissance, resource, power, energy, authority, influence, impact, supremacy, potency, strength, force, vigor;
大
Aggrandize, amplify, augment, broaden, widen, extend, enlarge, magnify, enlarge, Exaggerate, overstate, overstress, overemphasize,
多,增加
Enrich, increase, add to, abound, fill, fill up, replenish, stock up, add, put in, raise, Accrue, mount up, augment, accumulate, rise
Abundant, plentiful, more than enough, profuse, copious, rich, wealthy, generous, numerous, in great numbers;
sufficient, enough, adequate, ample, as much as necessary,
Increment, accretion, growth, augmentation,
高
Raise, lift up, improve, enhance, elevate, escalate, heave, heighten, hoist,
Rise, increase, ascend, mount, go up, climb scale, jack up, skyrocket, surge, upsurge High, tall, in height, lofty, towering, lanky;
Height, stature, elevation, altitude
有助
Help, assist, aid, subsidize, help to, conduce to,, contribute to, function to, be of assistance, lend a hand, facilitate, enhance,
Helper, aide, assistant, accessory, ancillary, accomplice, auspices,
支持
Support, bolster, boost, brace, buttress, espouse, proponent, underpin, embrace, exponent,
快216
Accelerate, hasten, speed up, quicken up, expedite
Run, scurry, scuttle, scamper, prance, gallop, sprint, scud, Dart, fleet, rush,
Fast, quick, rapid, swift, expeditious, speedy, fleeting, brisk
Speed, swiftness, pace, velocity, rapidity, tempo, rate, quickness, promptness,
有效,起作用
Effective, efficient, effectual, successful, useful, helpful, functional, applicable, operative, working, active, functioning, in operation, in use,
Available, serviceable,
Impact, influence,
自由，解脱
Release, free, set free, set off, liberate, unshackle, unfetter, emancipate, manumit, disentangle, untangle, extricate, unravel,
中性
变
Change, alter, modify, vary, turn, become, adjust, amend, transform, distort, modulate, transmute, shift, transfigure,
Fluctuate, move, revolutionize, alternate, shift
Diversified, volatile, fickle, mercurial, protean, erratic, eccentric, irregular, inconsistent,
Changeable, unsettled, variable, malleable, mutable,
Change, alteration, variation, modification, transition, renovation, recondition, mutation;
修改
Redress, rectify, revise, emend, renovate, innovate, recondition,
负面
弱
Weaken, enervate, vitiate, sap, impair, emaciate, attenuate, dilute
Wane, sag, fade, flag, deteriorate, exacerbate, wither, blight, dry up, wilt, sere, sear, shrink, shrivel,
Weak, feeble, effete, wan, frail, lacking in strength, impotent, feeble, lethargic
Infirmity, weakness, decadence, decadent,
减少，降低
Lower, reduce, decrease, drop off, abate, decline, dwarf, dwindle, rarefy, curtail, shorten, abridge, truncate, dock, decline, slump, eclipse, subside, shrink, ebb, Diminish, lessen, debase, dilute, moderate, die down, grow less intense, cut down, ebb, cut back,
慢
Decelerate, slow, slow down, retard, hold back,
Slow, sluggish,
Postpone, put off, delay, defer, procrastinate, adjourn,
Dilatory, tardy, slack, sluggish,
平息
reconcile, comfort, placate, conciliate, reassure，allay, calm, console, soothe, pacify, assuage, mitigate, palliate, salve, temper,
palliation, reconciliation,
禁止，限制
Prohibit, proscribe, forbid, ban, restrain, interdict, overrule, veto, stop from
Limit, restrict, confine, blockade, fetter, shackle, circumscribe
Prohibited, forbidden, banned, illegal, outlawed, proscribed, taboo;
Durance, taboo,
控制, 抑制
Control, wield, hold, steer, helm, maneuver, manipulate, dominate, regulate, rein in, direct, rule, govern, reign, regiment
Curb, bridle, yoke, restrain inhibit smolder, suffocate，refrain from
阻碍455
Hinder, hamper, check, stunt, impede, block, obstruct, retard, interrupt, hold back, prevent from, forestall, keep from, deter from, discountenance, lumber, thwart, stem, stymie, frustrate, stump, stem,
Entangle, enmesh, ensnare, entrap,
Barrier, obstacle, obstruction, impediment, setback, hindrance, hurdle, blockade, blockage,
morass, predicament, plight, straits, quandary,
strait,
预防
Forestall, proselytize, preclude, prevent,
干预432
Interfere, intervene, intercede, meddle, annoy, vex, nettle, perturb, disturb, discomfit, molest, pester, bother, annoy, harass, intrude,
Mediate,
Inroad, raid, assail, assault, attack, trespass, infringe, attack, foray, intrude, encroach, Turbulence, disturbance
得到，付出
付出
给
Give, offer, endow, endue, present, bestow, provide, supply, furnish
Impart, instruct, apprise, teach, instill, inculcate,
Proffer, confer, donate, contribute, subscribe, bequeath,
Issue, flow out, release,
支出
Cost, spend, pay, pay out, expend, disburse,
Prodigal, profligate, splurge, spendthrift, dissipate
frugal, scrimp, skimp, abstemious,
Expenditure, subvention,
归还,偿439
Return, hand out, restore, reciprocate, remunerate, revert,
Compensate, reimburse, indemnify, expiate, atonement,
Salary, remuneration, Emolument, honorarium,
分配
Distribute, allocate, issue, hand out, apportion, allot, dispense, ration, allot, assign, designate;
Distribution, dispensation ration, allotment
施加
impose, entail, exert, inflict, suppress, subjugate, compress ,repress, coerce，
使满
Suffice, satiate, satisfy, cater, sate, meet requirement, gratify
Suffuse, implant, instill, infuse, fill, impregnate,
放弃
Relinquish, give up, disclaim, abdicate, abjure, waive, renounce, recant, wean, forsake, abdicate, desert, forswear, renounce, repudiate, forgo, disown, disavow, abandon Renunciation,
获得
得到
Get, receive, Accept, attain, acquire, obtain, gain, repossess, retrieve, procure, catch, Earn, profit, embezzle, peculate, defalcate, graft, appropriate,
Obtainable, accessible, receptive,
Receiver, recipient, procurement
夺
Deprive, take away, exact, extort, dispossess, bereave, divest, strip,
Loot, ravage, ransack, sack, despoil, plunder, rapine, snatch, ,exploit, distill, Confiscate, impound, sequestrate, forfeit, expropriate
Exaction, depredation, spoliation,
吸引
Attract, appeal, fascinate, draw, charm, intrigue, enchant, tempt, allure, enchant, enthrall, rivet, fix, spellbind, intoxicate, engross, occupy, captivate, enamor, Attractive, appealing, charming, pleasing, attractiveness, fascination, charisma, personal, magnetism, attraction, fascination,
包含510
Contain, consist of, comprise, cover, encompass, span, contain, encompass, subsume, consist of, include, involve, embroil, implicate, ;
Configuration component，
需要,
Require, call for, need, demand, necessitate,
Necessary, required, requisite, essential,
Requisite, prerequisite, requirement, precondition,
使
使
Cause to be, make, lead to, render, turn into, trigger, activate, cause,
要求，请求，
Request, ask, entreat, demand, petition, appeal to
Solicit, invoke, plead, implore, beseech, adjure,
Dictate, command, mandate, order, instruct, charge,
Imperative, essential, compulsory, mandatory, urgent, obligatory,
Request, requisition, petition, invocation;
促使，劝说，
Advise, urge, argue, advocate, persuade, sway, influence,
Convince, expostulate, exhort, hortative
刺激，激发，鼓励
Stimulate, activate, spur, incite, agitate, inspire, arouse, excite, provoke, actuate, incite, foment, stir up, trigger, Kindle, enkindle, ignite
encourage, motivate, invigorate, prompt, instigate,
Impetuous, impulsive;
Drive, motivation, incentive, inducement, impetus
推动，驱动，迫使
Push, drive, propel, force, oblige, propel, compel goad
威逼利诱
欺骗，伪装
Deceive, dupe, cheat, swindle, hoodwink,
Disguise,
Duplicity, artifice, chicanery, deception, scheme, subterfuge, duplicity.
引诱
Beguile, lure, tempt, allure, entice, tantalize, coax, delude, cozen, beguile,,
Guile, deceit, cunning, wile, trickery
Wily
威吓
Threaten, menace, intimidate ,hector, frighten, bully,
Threatening, menacing,
Threat, menace
允许,承认
Allow, let, permit, license
Allowance, license, permission, consent, sanction, authorization
心理
想要
期望
Expect, look forward to, wait for, look ahead to, suppose, anticipate, await
欲望，欲求
Wish, want, desire, long, yearn, aspire, crave, hanker, covet:
Desirous, eager, avid, greedy, acquisitive, much desired, coveted, ambitious, enterprising;
Longing, aspiration, yearning, ambition, avarice, desire for, appetite, desire
意图
Intend, tend to, mean, plan, be inclined to, predispose, resolve, prone to, apt to, disposed to, attempt to, aim to, be set to, have in mind, slant
Intentionally, purposely, deliberately, consciously,
Intention, motive, tendency, trend, proclivity, inclination, acclivity declivity, Liable, inclined to, willingly, likely
不愿意
Waver, hesitate, oscillate, vacillate, boggle, pause, falter,
reluctant, unwilling，irresolute, indecisive, undetermined, uncertain, undecided, unsure,
Reluctantly, unwillingly
Reluctance, unwillingness
认知
感觉，察觉
Sense, feel, savor, be conscious of, be aware of, regain consciousness, perceive, Cognize, regard,
Detect, identify, notice, recognize, observe,
Heed, pay/give heed to, take heed/notice of, notice, pay/give attention to Conscious, aware capable of feeling, sentient, percipient, cognizant, Consciousness, awareness, feeling, sense, sensation,
Attention, heed, notice
思考
Think, consider, ponder, speculate, contemplate, reflect, muse, ponder, contemplate,
muse, meditate, ruminate, chew, deliberate, take into account, take into consideration, cross one's mind, flash across one's mind, pass through one's mind, occur to sb thoughtful, meditative, pensive
thought,consideration,reflection,contemplation
理解
know, understand, realize, appreciate, grasp, apprehend, figure out, be informed about, read, make out, go one’s idea across, decipher, decode, recognize, comprehe nd, be acquainted with, be familiar with,
忽视，忘记, 没感觉
Forget, not remember, neglect, ignore, overlook, disregard, pay no attention to, take no notice of
Condone, excuse, and forgive, pardon, absolve, exonerate, extenuate,
Oblivious, remiss, delinquent, negligent,
Neglectful, forgetful
Oblivion, remission, omission.
Amnesia, amnesty, inattention, oversight
Ignorant, unknown,
unconscious, unaware, insensitive, unresponsive
清楚
clarify, elucidate, shed light on, illuminate, make clear
explicit, overt, precise, unambiguous, plain, clear, unequivocal,
clarity, clearness, lucidity, transparency, simplicity, precision.
迷惑
Confuse, puzzle, muddle, bewilder, perplex, baffle, nonplus, flummox, disconcert, confound, mix up, fluster, obscure, obfuscate, perplex
Quandary, dilemma, plight, predicament,
态度
正面
赞成,同意
Approve, endorse, grant, confirm, ratify, agree with, consent, endorse, approbate, assent, approve, accord, agree, accede, resonate,
Unanimous, in full accord,
Approval, agreement, concurrence, unanimity, approbation. Uniformity, consistency, endorsement, confirmation, ratification, sanction,
allow, permit, let, consent to
肯定，相信
Certain, sure, ascertain,
positive, confident, convinced, assured,
Inevitable, certainly, surely, positively, definitely, confidently, assuredly, inevitably, undoubtedly, unquestionably, unequivocally
Believe, trust, entrust, have faith in,
fidelity, loyalty, faith, affidavit, conviction,
喜欢，赞美
Love, be fond of, like, favor,
worship, adore,
Laud, praise, commend, extol, exalt, exult, eulogize, honor, pay tribute to,
hymn, paean, carol, psalm, encomium,
不喜欢，
Loath, hate, dislike, abhor, repulse, repel, abominate, detest,
Heinous, odious, hateful, repellent, repulsive, repugnant obnoxious,
Aversion, odium, aversion, revulsion, abhorrence,
不同意，反对
Disagree, dissent, reject, and disallow discord,
Contradict, gainsay, say the opposite to, oppose, counter, be in opposition to, go up against, defy, controvert, impugn,
Inconsistent, contradictory, in disagreement, at odds
Disharmony, dissonance
Opposing, dissenting, opposite, contradictory, override contrariwise, oppositely; Dispute, argue,
反驳
Refute, rebut, retort, deny, confute, contest, disprove
羞辱，贬义
Embarrass, humiliate, disgrace, dishonor, mortify, demean, discomfit, degrade, undermine
Embarrassed, ashamed, unembarrassed, unabashed
Humiliation, chagrin
忧虑
Worry about, fret over, feel anxious, uneasy about, be concerned about,
fret, agony,
Anxious, uneasy;
Anxiety, concern, uneasiness, disquietedness, nervousness
疑问,不相信
Doubt, query, question, inquiry,
Discredit, distrust, disbelieve, mistrust, suspect, be suspicious of, have doubts about Doubtful, misgiving, skeptical, dubious, incredulous,;
Doubt, incertitude, questioning, skepticism, implausibility, incredibility
批评，谴责
Criticize, censure, condemn, denounce, attack, rail, rebuke, blame, reprove, reprimand,
reproach; diatribe, reproof, reprimand
分久必合，合久必分
合，和
同,等, 似
Accord, match, equal, like, resemble, approximate,
Same, unified, matching, much the same, be similar to, akin to, the same as, equivalent, identical parallel
Equivalent, congruity, concord, parallel, similarity, parallelism, tantamount, tally, Resemble, bear a resemblance to, be like, look like, simulate, take after, imitate, mimic, copy, emulate,
比较
Compare, contrast, weigh against, judge against, balance, parallel Comparatively, relatively
适合
Suitable, fit, suited, proper, right, appropriate, apposite, apropos, opportune, fitting, apt,
suitably, properly, rightly, appropriately, fittingly, aptly,
相容
Compatible, well-matched, well-suited, attuned, companionable, congenial, affable, amicable,
Accommodate, Harbor, lodge,
地理专业词汇英语翻译(A-B) a horizon 腐殖堆积层 aa lava 块熔岩 abandoned field 撩荒地abandoned lands 撩荒地abandoned mine 废弃矿山abandoned shoreline 旧岸线aberration 像差 abiogenesis 自然发生 abiotic factor 非生物因素 ablation 水蚀 ablation moraine 消融冰碛abnormality 反常 aboriginal 土着的 abrasion 海蚀 abrasion platform 浪蚀台地abrasion shore 浪蚀海岸abrasion surface 浪蚀面abrasion terrace 海蚀阶地abrasive 研磨剂 abrupt slope 陡坡 abrupt textural change 质地突变abscissa 横坐标 absolute age 绝对年龄 absolute age determination 绝对年代测定 absolute age of groundwater 地下水绝对年龄 absolute altitude 绝对高度absolute amplitude 绝对振幅absolute chronology 绝对年代absolute convergence 绝对收敛absolute dating 绝对年代测定absolute error 绝对误差 absolute extremes 绝对极值absolute geochronology 绝对地质年代学 absolute geopotential 绝对重力势absolute gravity 绝对重力absolute humidity 绝对湿度absolute instability 绝对不稳定性absolute maximum 绝对极大absolute measure 绝对尺度absolute minimum 绝对极小absolute orientation 绝对定向absolute parallax 绝对视差 absolute precision 绝对精度 absolute representation 绝对值表 示法 absolute temperature 绝对温度 absolute value 绝对值 absolute zero 绝对零度 absorbed radiant flux 吸收辐射 absorbed radiation 吸收辐射 absorbent 吸收剂 absorbing capacity 吸收能力 absorbing complex 吸收性复合体 absorptance 吸收系数 absorption 吸收 absorption band 吸收带 absorption coefficient 吸收系数 absorption curve 吸收曲线 absorption factor 吸收因素 absorption filter 吸收滤光片 absorption of energy 能量吸收 absorption of light 光吸收 absorption spectrum 吸收光谱 absorption surface 吸收面 absorptive capacity 吸收本领 absorptivity 吸收能力 absorptivity emissivity ratio 吸收发 射比 abstract symbol 抽象符号 abundance of isotopes 同位素的 丰度 abundance of the elements 元素丰 度 abundance ratio of isotopes 同位 素的相对丰度 abundant rainfall 过量降雨 abyss 深渊 abyssal 深海的 abyssal basins 深海盆地 abyssal benthos 深海底栖生物 abyssal deposits 深海沉积物 abyssal facies 深海相 abyssal hill 深海丘陵 abyssal plain 深海平原 abyssal region 深海区 abyssal sediment 深海沉积物 abyssal zone 深海带 acariasis 螨病 acarinosis 螨病 acaustobiolite 非可燃性生物岩 accelerated erosion 加速侵蚀 accelerated weathering 加速风化 acceleration 加速度 acceptance 接收 acceptor 收体 acceptor atom 受体原子 acceptor bond 接体合 accessory element 伴随元素 accessory mineral 副次要 accessory species 次要种 accidental ejecta 外源喷出物 accidental error 偶然误差 accidental species 偶见种 acclimatization 气候驯化 acclivity 上行坡 accompaniment element 伴生元素 accordance of summit levels 峰顶 面等高性 accordant junction 协和汇流平齐 汇流交合汇流 accordant junction of streams 协合 流 accretion gley 淤积潜育层 accumulated temperature 积温 accumulation 堆积 accumulation curve 累积曲线 accumulation horizon 聚积层 accumulation mountains 堆积山地 accumulation of assimilation products 同化物累积 accumulation of humus 腐殖质蓄 积 accumulation of organic matter 有 机质堆积 accumulative coast 堆积海岸 accumulative relief 堆积地形 accuracy 准确度 accuracy of measurement 测定准 确度
英语知识 北京天译时代翻译公司在翻译有着多年的翻译经验，接下来给大家总结了在法律翻译中典型句型Otherwise翻译技巧。供大家学习和了解。Otherwise句型通常用来英语翻译的表述有以下几种意思：1、除……外；2、其他……主要有三种搭配： 1. 跟unless引导的句子（让步状语从句）连用，表示“除外”含义。 2. 置放在连词or之后使用，表示“及其他”的意思。 3. 与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。意思是“除……外”，这里需要指出的是，“otherwise than”通常指“除以……方式之外”，这是该句型区别于“unless……otherwise”的特点。第一、与unless搭配，表示“除外”含义。In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, “state” means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) 在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外，“国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。 A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. 根据第（1）款发出的通知书﹐除其中另有订定外﹐亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入﹐一如适用于该项财产本身。In this contract, unless the context otherwise requires, “goods” means……在本协议所称“货物”，除条款另有规定外，是指……Unless in any enactment it is otherwise provided……除成文法另有规定外……由此可见，在otherwise和unless搭配使用时，unless放在从句句首，而otherwise放在主语和谓语之间，即：unless+主语+otherwise+谓语如果使用被动语态，则otherwise放在主语和be动词后面，谓语的过去分词前面，即：unless+主语+be动词
20０7年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C－Ｅ：暮色中,河湾里落满云霞，与天际得颜色混合一起，分不清哪就是流云哪就是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂得图画旁边，在河湾之畔,一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来,瞧一眼这美丽得黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间,在即将回家得最后一刻再次咀嚼。这就是黄河滩上得一幕。牧羊人不见了，她不知在何处歇息.只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美,让它们长得肥滚滚得，像些胖娃娃.如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱得神情,洁白得牙齿,那丰富而单纯得表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限得怜悯。 Besｉde tｈis pictuｒｅwithｐｒoｆuｓiｏnｓof colorｓ, a grｏup of sheｅp aｒe lｏwing tｈeir heads,ｅａｔing by ｔｈe riｖer bank、Hardly ｎone oｆｔｈｅｍwｏulｄspare sｏme timｅto raise their eyes tｏhａve a glaｎcｅat the bｅａutifｕｌdusk、Ｔhｅｙare, perhaps,takinｇuse oｆｅvery miｎuteｔo enjｏy ｔheｉr lasｔcｈew befoｒe bｅｉng drｉven home、This is a piｃtｕｒe ｏｆthe Yｅｌｌow River baｎk，iｎwhｉch the shepherd diｓapｐeａrs，ａnｄno onｅknoｗs where he is rｅｓｔｉｎg hｉmsｅlf、Only the ｓheep，ｈｏｗｅver,as free creatures，ａrｅ ｊoｙfullｙaｐｐreciating ｔhｅdｕsk、Tｈe exubeｒant wａte ｒpｌants ｈaｖe nｕｔritedｔｈｅshｅep, ｍaｋing ｔhem
法律英语翻译技巧（二）法学语言与法学语言翻译 例1：The law holds that the individual is responsible for his acts. The law also indicates what is good and right, and what may and should be done. It also indicates what is evil and wrong, and should not and may not be done. The law further holds that what is evil and wrong is a crime and may not be done, and if done, renders the doer liable to punishment. The law also recognizes the principle that man has free will and that, with certain exceptions, he exercises free will in commission of any crime that he may commit. 译文1：法律认为公民应对自己的行为负责。法律还规定什么是美好的和正确的，规范了哪些事是允许做或应该做的。同样，法律规范了什么是邪恶的和错误的。法律还进一步明确规定哪些邪恶的错误的事是不能做的犯罪行为看，如果某人做了这样的事，那么该行为就要受到惩罚。同样，法律还承认这样一个原则，每个公民除犯罪自由外都具有自由意志，如果某人在各种违法活动中实施其自由意志，那么他就可能触犯法律。 译文2：法律规定人人应对自己的行为承担责任，分清善良和正义，规范了人们的行为准则；法律还认为，作孽枉法即是犯罪，法不可恕，
历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 历年专业八级考试真题：翻译 Opera is expensive: that much is inevitable. But expensive things are inevitably the province（范围）of the rich unless we abdicate（退位、放弃）society’s power of choice. We can choose to make opera and other expensive forms of culture, accessible（易接近的，可达到的）to those who cannot individually pay for it. The question is: why should we? No body denies the imperatives（必要的）of food, shelter, defence, health and education. But even in a prehistoric cave, man-kind stretched out a hand of not just to eat, drink or fight, but also to draw. The impulse（冲动）towards culture, the desire to express and explore the world through imagination and representation（表述、陈述）is fundamental. In Europe, this desire has found fulfillment（完成、成就）in the masterpieces of our music, art, literature and theatre. These masterpieces are the touchstones （标准、试金石）for all our efforts; they are the touchstones for the possibilities to which human thought and imagination may aspire（立志、追求目标、渴望）; they carry the most profound （深厚的、深刻的）messages that can be sent from one human to another. 参考译文： 欣赏歌剧是一种奢侈：你必须为此支付昂贵的票价。然而，享用昂贵的东西并不完全是富人的特权，除非我们放弃社会选择的权利。我们有权利使歌剧和其他昂贵的文化形式面向大众，面向那些个人没有支
摘要: 随着我国对外交往日益频繁，法律英语翻译发挥着越来越重要的作用。实践中法律英语翻译有着各种不同的技巧与方法，但翻译的准确、同一、精炼、规范等原则却必须共同遵循。 关键词：法律英语；翻译；原则 一、准确性是法律文体翻译的根本 我国著名资产阶级启蒙思想家，翻译界的老前辈严复根据自己的翻译实践，曾提出过“信、达、雅”翻译标准。“信”即译文要忠实于原作内容，这个翻译原则在法律文体的翻译中非常重要。法律是由国家权力机关制定或认可的社会规范。要使人们准确理解法律内容，严格依法办事，做到有法必依、执法必严、违法必究，那么在“有法可依”这个环节上，就必须使法律条文的表述做到明确无误。律语言必须准确、确凿、严密，这是法律的社会职能决定的，也是法律语体区分于其他功能文本的根本特点。 法学家的文字表述必须比其他所有的人的文字表述更加准确。大多数作者都可指望其著作被善意地阅读，即人们能以一种虔诚之心去读懂她的内容。然而，对一些读者，法学家却总是怀着一种惶恐之心去撰写其文，有的人心怀叵测试图在合同文本中钻空子以规避其违约责任，耿耿于怀的继承人则希望以一种能够推翻遗嘱人意愿的方式来宣读遗嘱；刑事被告则企图歪曲法律条文以使罪行逃脱法网，所有的人都为了自己的目的而试图曲解文义。”[1]Henry Weihofen所说的这些情况在实践中时有发生。比如有的译者在涉外销售合同的翻译中把“earnest money”即具有担保性质的“定金”译成“订金”，以致在外商违约时，“订金”被解释为预付款，使外商逃脱了双倍返还定金的责任。又如：陪审团宣告被告谋杀罪不成立。译文：The jury acquitted the respondent of the charge of murder.分析：该句中的“被告”一词应用“the accused”，而不能用“respondent”，因为“respondent”指的是民事案件的答辩人即被告，尤指离婚案的被告(defendant in a civil case, especially，in a divorce one)，而“the accused”则是刑事案件的被告(the person charged in a criminal case)。实际上，“原告”和“被告”在译成英文时因不同的案子而使用不同的词语。民事案件的“原告”和“被告”分别为“plaintiff”和“defendant”；离婚案件的“原告”和“被告”分别为“petitioner”和“respondent”；海事案件的“原告”和“被告”分别为“libellant”和“libellee”；刑事案件的“自诉人/公诉人”和“被告人”则分别为“private prosecutor/public prosecutor”和“the accused”。不难看出，如果译者不熟悉这些词语，就很难准确反映当事人在诉讼中的地位。 法律文书的内容往往涉及当事人之间的权利义务关系，因此，文中用语常常采用“必须”、“应”此类表示当事人权利义务关系的，意思肯定明确的情态动词。然而英语中此类情态动词的意思较为相近，往往被混淆误用。我国《中外合资经营企业法实施条例》第五十条规定：“合营企业所需的机器设备……在同等条件下，应尽先在中国购买”。本条条文却被译成“… a joint venture should give first priority to Chinese sources”。译文中以“should”来译“应当”，似有不妥。其理由有两点，一是因为“应”在法律条文中就是“must”，“have to”即汉语“必须”之意。而“should”在此方面的意味不及“must”和“have to”强，甚至尚不及“ought to”强。二是因为“should”表示法律义务，只表示一般义务或道义上的义务，而“shall”在法律文件中有其特殊的含义，意为“应当承担的责任和义务”，带有指令性和强制性，是一种法律义务，不如此则产生违反法律义务的后果。由此可见，原译文用“should”来强调当事人的责任和义务，并没有体现合营企业在此问题上所承担严格责任，从而有损法律的严肃性。相反，此处以“shall”来代替“should”，更能明确当事人的义务。可见法律译文的准确是法律翻译的根本，而翻译失真则是法律翻译的大患。法律文体的翻译必须步步为营。 二、法律英语翻译同一律原则 法律文字之汉译英，为了维护同一概念、内涵或事物在法律上始终同一，避免引起歧义，词
2007年英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考答案 C-E:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls. When approaching near, you would find their lily-white teeth and a variety of innocent facial impressions.
英语专业八级翻译练习题 1．英译汉 1) Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would have been Thoreau's idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening one's perception of what is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low was time and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but he would put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for more important efforts. Effort is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties. Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on how high we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms when he spoke of "The pleasure of taking pains". The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happiness is in the fact that it purports to be effortless. We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there can be no game. A game is a way of making something hard for the fun of it. The rules of the game are an arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusing to play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change the wholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun. 梭罗所理解的"低层次"，即为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的"高层次"，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于他从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但他在膳食方面所投入的精力仅果腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，他便别无所求。 殚精竭虑，全力以赴，便是其精髓所在。除非我们愿意直面那些需要我们全身心投入的艰难困苦，否则便不会有幸福可言。正如叶芝所言，除却某些不可能的情形，我们于人生中所获取的满足皆取决于我们在多高的境界中选择我们所愿意面对的艰难困苦。当罗伯特弗罗斯特言及"以苦为乐"时，他内心所思，大体如此。商业广告中所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命的缺陷就在于这样一个事实，即它宣称，一切幸福皆唾手可得，不费吹灰之力。 即便于游戏之中，我们也需要有艰难困苦。我们之所以需要它，因为设若没有困难，便断无游戏可言。游戏即是这样一种方式，为了享受其中的情趣而人为地使事情变得不那么轻而易举。游戏中的种种规则，便是将困难武断地强加于人。当有人将情趣摧毁殆尽时，他总是因为拒不按游戏规则行事而使然。这犹如下棋；如果你随心所欲、心血来潮地去更改那些全然武断的游戏规则，这样去赢棋当然会更加容易。但下棋的情趣则在于，应在规则的限定范围内赢取胜利。一言以蔽之，没有艰难，断无情趣。 2)
英语专利翻译技巧 为您讲述的专利文献翻译技巧专文献既是技术文件又是法律文件，它有一些惯用的词语，下面作一简要介绍。 一、专利惯用的词组.(Application Number)申请号.(Serisl Number)申请书，登记号(International Patent Classification,3 rd Edition)国际专利分类表（第三版）Abstract of the disclosure发明摘要Preferred embodiments最佳实施方案Cross-Sheet 5 第5页（图共5页）Sheet 3 of 4第3页（图共4页） 二、常用的句子is made to our copending application 78 filed 31 st May 1978.请参阅我们在1978年5月31日登记的与此有关的申请书，其申请号为25838/78。说明：make reference to:参考，提及。Copending:与此有关的，尚待批准的。present application is a continuation-in-part of applications filed , 1967,now abandoned and ,1968, now patent .本专利申请书是下列两件美国专利申请书的继续。其中第一件于1967年3月27日提出申请，申请号626245，现已放弃。第二件于1968年9月26日提出申请，申请号767046，专利号3619220。说明：continuation-in-part:指的是接续专利。.:流水号，档案号，申请号，登记号。申请专利时，专利局进行登记，编一个流水号，习惯称为申请号。经审查批准后，再编一个专利号。invention described herein may be manufactured, used, and licensed by or for the Government for governmental purposes without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.本发明若为政府公务需要而由政府或为政府制造、使用、并发给执照，均可不支付专利使用费。说明：by or for the Government: the Government 为介词by和for两者共同的宾语。royalty: 专利使用费。Thereon(=on that)关于该发明。embodiments of the invention to be described permit the production of capacitors of good electrical characteristics, without the need for using noble metal electrodes.本发明所描述的介质材料能够生产电性能良好的电容器，而无需要使用贵金属电极。is claimed is...本专利权项范围是…… 说明：What is claimed:主句从句。申请人提出专利权范围的句型还有：What I(we)claim is..., I(We)claim...
2016年专八翻译题及答案详解 “流逝”表现了南国人对时间最早的感觉。子在川上曰：“逝者如斯夫。”他们发现无论是潺潺小溪，还是浩荡大河，都一去不复返，流逝之际青年变成了老翁而绿草转眼就枯黄，很自然有错阴的紧迫感。流逝也许是缓慢的，但无论如何缓慢，对流逝的恐惧使人们必须用“流逝”这个词来时时警戒后人，必须急匆匆地行动，给这个词灌注一种紧张感。 【参考译文1】 They have found that the flowing water,either a murmuring stream or a mighty river, passes quickly and never returns. With the passage of time, the young become the old and the green grass turns yellow. People naturallyhave a sense of urgency to value every bit of time. As time goes by,no matter how slowly it elapses, people always use the word “liushi” to warn thelater generations for fear of time’s flowing away. They tell their descendants to treasure every single minute and make a hurried action, which adds a sense of tension to the word. 【参考译文2】 They find that either a murmuring stream or a mighty river has gone forever and that the passage of time turns a young man into an old one, and yellows of the grass, which sends a massage of how time flies. Maybe the passing of time is slow. But no matter how slow it is, it makes people so fearful that they use “passage” to warn the later generations to rush. And the use of “passage” also infuses a sense of tension into the word. 【参考译文3】
地理词汇英语翻译(P开头) pace and compass traverse map 目测地图paleovolcanology 古火山学 paleozoic era 古生代 paleozoology 古动物学 paleudalf 残存湿淋溶土 palimpsest relief 变余地形 palingenesis 再生酌 palladium 钯 palm grove 棕榈林 palsa 穹形泥炭丘 paludal forest 沼泽林 paludification 泥炭形成过程 palynology 孢粉学 pampa 南美大草原 pampero 帕姆佩罗冷风 pan 磐层 pan horizon 硬盘层 pancake ice 饼状冰 panchromatic emulsion 全色乳剂panclimax 泛演替顶极 pandermite 白硼钙石
pangaea 泛大陆 panicle 圆锥花序 panning 淘洗 panorama 全景图 panoramic aerial photography 全景航空摄影panoramic camera 全景摄影机 panoramic photography 全景摄影 panoramic radar 全景雷达 panplain 大泛滥平原;泛准平原 panplanation 泛夷平 pantellerite 碱烈 pantograph 缩放仪 pantropical distribution 泛热带分布 paper characteristics 纸质 paper chromatography 纸色谱法 paper distortion 纸张变形 parabola 抛物线 parabola of cohesion 内聚力抛物线parabolic dunes 新月形沙丘 parabraunerde 次生棕壤 paraclase 断层裂缝 paragenesis 共生
法律英语翻译法律法规三大翻译技巧 "开场白"、"结束语"以及"规定与罚则"是每一部法律法规必不可少的内容 掌握了这三个部分的翻译 法律法规翻译会变的简单、容易的多。 一、先来看"开场白"。下面便是一部典型的地方法规的卷首语 第一条为加强市容和环境卫生管理 创造和维护整洁、优美的市容环境 保障人民身体健康 促进经济发展和社会文明进步 根据有关法律、法规 结 合本市实际情况 制定本条例。(摘自天津市市容和环境卫生管理条例) 开场白一般有四个雷打不动的组成部分。即"为了"、"根据"、"结合"、"制 定"。根据英语行文特点 应该先翻"制定" These Regulations are enacted(formulated) 一般formulate用的多些 从英语词义分析 enact似 乎更加准确些。有学者主张把enact与formulate一起用上。准确是准确了 但是毕竟显得有点儿累赘。下面是译文 Article 1These Regulations are enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation creating and maintaining aclean beautiful cityscape and environment protecting people's health promoting economic growth civilization and progress of society. 还有三处小地方需要说明一下。 1.条例也可以用单数。 2."条例"与"本市"大写的目的是为了醒目、突出 并与本条例中提到的另 外一些条例加以区别。 3.With the purpose of或者with the aim to后边都应该用动词+ing的 形式。 https://www.doczj.com/doc/c3865697.html,在开场白中 往往还有一些关键名词的解释 实施本法的范围以及负责单 位的任命等项内容。现分别说明如下 关键名词解释 第三条本条例所称的劳动和社会保障(以下简称劳动保障)监察 是指劳动 保障行政部门依法对用人单位和劳动者、就业服务机构、医疗服务机构遵守劳 动保障法律、法规的情况进行监督检查 对违反劳动保障法律、法规的行为依 法进行处理的行政执法活动。(摘自《天津市劳动和社会保障监察条例》) Article 3The labour and social security(hereinafter abbreviated as labour security)supervision mentioned in this Regulation refers to the activities of the administrative department for labour security in supervising and checking according to law employing units and labourers employment intermediary agencies and medical facilities of their observation of the laws and regulations on labour security and in handling according to law acts breaching laws and regulations on labour security. 实施本法范围 第二条在本市行政区域内从事建设工程的新建、扩建、改建等有关活动 以及对建设工程质量实施监督管理的 必须遵守本规定。(摘自《天津市建设工 程质量管理规定》)
英语专业八级考试翻译原题及参考谜底 令狐采学 CE:暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在垂头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发明它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而纯真的脸色。如果稍稍长久一点打量这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。 Beside this picture with profusions of colors, a group of sheep are lowing their heads, eating by the river bank. Hardly none of them would spare some time to raise their eyes to have a glance at the beautiful dusk. They are, perhaps, taking use of every minute to enjoy their last chew before being driven home. This is a picture of the Yellow River bank, in which the shepherd disappears, and no one knows where he is resting himself. Only the sheep, however, as free creatures, are joyfully appreciating the dusk. The exuberant water plants have nutrited the sheep, making them grow as fat as balls.
contact metamorphic zone 接触变质带contact metamorphism 接触变质酌 contact metasomatism 接触交代酌 contact mineral 接触矿物 contact print 接触印象 contact printer 接触印象机 contact zone 接触变质带 containerized transport 集装箱运输contaminants 污染物 contamination 混合酌 contamination control 污染管制contemporaneous erosion 同时侵蚀contemporaneous heterotopic facies 同时异相content of gas 瓦斯含量 continental air mass 大陆气团 continental block 大陆块 continental climate 大陆气候 continental collision 大陆碰撞 continental crust 大陆地壳 continental deposits 陆相沉积物continental drift theory 大陆漂恋continental earth's crust 大陆地壳continental facies 陆相 continental flexure 陆架边缘 continental glacier 大陆冰川 continental islands 陆边岛 continental lakes 大陆湖 continental map 大陆图 continental plate 大陆板块 continental rift system 大陆裂谷系continental rise 大陆隆 continental river 大陆河 continental shelf 陆棚 continental slope 大陆坡 continental swamp soil 大陆沼泽土continentality 大陆度 continuity 连续性 continuous area 连续区 continuous cropping 连作 continuous horizon 连续层 continuous line 实线 continuous rain 连续雨 continuous reaction series 连续反应系continuous revision 连续修测 continuous spectrum 连续光谱