1.Ford Abandons Electric Vehicles
The Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．General Motors。and Honda’ceased production of battery．powered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer．Ford has now announced it will do the same．
Three years ago．the company introduced the Think City two—seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor．It hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 carts．But a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。700 carts have been sold so far in 2002．
“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market．”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday．“We feel we have given electric our best shot”
The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time．General Motors’EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。of about 100 miles．
The very expensive batteries also mean electric cars cost much more than petrol-powered alternatives．An electric Toyot~RAV4 EV vehicle costs over$42，000 in the US, compared with just $17，000 for the petrol version．Toyota and Nissan…are now the only major automanufacturers to produce electric vehicles．
“There is a feeling that battery electric has been given its
chance．Ford now has to mo ve on with its hybrid program“，and that is what we will be judging them on，”Roger Higman，a senior transport campaigner at UK Friends of the Earth，told the Environment News Service．
Hybrid cars introduced by Toyota and Honda in the past few years have sold well．Hybrid engines Offer Greater mileage than petrol—only engines , and the batteries recharge themselves. Ford says it thinks such vehicles will help it meet planned new guidelines “on vehicle emissions” in the U.S.
However, it is not yet clear exactly what those guidelines will permit．In June，General Motors and Daimler Chrysler won a court injunction，delaying by two years Californian legislation requiring car—makers to offer 100，000 zero-emission and other low—emission vehicles in the state by 2003．Car manufacturers hope the legislation will be rewritten to allow for more low--emission，rather than zero—emission，vehicles．。
第一篇福特放弃电动汽车
分析人士评论，福特汽车公司放弃电动汽年的举动有力地证明了这种技术是行不通的。
通用汽车公司和日本本田汽车公司早于1999年就停止了电池动力汽车的生产，转而开发燃料电池和电池内燃混合机，这对消费者更有吸引力。福特宣布它现在也要做同样的尝试。
3年前，福特推出名为Think City的双排座汽车和Think或Think
Neighbor系列高尔夫车，希望能销售5000辆汽车、10000高尔夫车。但由于需求不足，截至2002年仅生产了大约1000辆汽车，售出的高尔夫车还不足1700辆。
“关键是我们认为电动车不能代表大众市场环保交通的未来”，福特欧洲区的Tim Holmes于周五说，“我们感觉自己对电力车已做了昀好的尝试。”
Think City系列的运行里程仅53英里，电池充电需6小时。通用公司的EVI 电力车也仅能运行100英里。
昂贵的电池也意味着电动汽车的造价比汽油动力车高出许多。日本丰田产的RAV4EV系列电动车在美国的售价达42000美元，而同系列的汽油动力车仅售17000美元。丰田和日产汽车公司是现在仅存的两大电动车制造商。
“应该说电池动力车已经获得了充分的机会。福特现已转向电池内燃混合机开发项目，我们应据此评价他们的发展。”Roger Higman，英国Friends of the Earth组织的一位高级交通运动代表这样对《环保新闻》评论说。
日本本田和丰田公司推出的混合机汽车在过去几年取得了良好的销售业绩。混合动力车比汽油机车运行里程更长，电池又可自行充电。福特表示，他们认为这样的机车有助于达到美国新制订的车辆排放规定。
不过，这些规定究竟允许怎样的排放物现在还不十分清楚。六月份通用和戴姆勒克莱斯勒公司赢得一项法庭裁决，可推迟两年执行一项加州法令，该法令要求汽车生产商在2003年前向该州提供10万辆零排放和其他低排放汽车。制造商希望修改此法令，允许他们生产更多低排放而不是零排放的汽车。
2.World Crude Oil Production May Peak a Decade Earlier Than Some Predict
In a finding that may speed efforts to conserve oil, scientists in Kuwait predict that world conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014. This prediction is almost a decade earlier than some other predictions．Their study is in ACS’ Energy＆Fuels1．
Ibrahim Nashawi and colleagues point out that rapid growth in global oil consumption has sparked a growing interest in predicting "peak oil"．"Peak oil "is the point where oil production reaches a maximum and then declines. Scientists have developed several models to forecast this point, and some put the date at 2020 or later. One of the most famous forecast models is called the Hubbert model2. It assumes that global oil production will follow a bell shaped curve3. A related concept is that4 of "Peak Oil." The term "Peal Oil" indicates the moment in which world wide production Will peak, afterwards to start on irreversible decline．The Hubbert model accurately predicted that oil production would peak in the United States in 1970. The model has since gained in popularity and has been used to forecast oil production worldwide．However, recent studies show that the model is insufficient to account for5 more complex oil production cycles of some countries．Those cycles can be heavily influenced by technology changes, politics, and other factors, the scientists say.
The new study describes development of a new version of the Hubbert model that provides a more realistic and accurate oil production forecast．Using the new model, the scientists evaluated the oil production trends of 47 major oil-producing countries, which supply most of the
world’s conventional crude oil6．They estimated that worldwide conventional crude oil production will peak in 2014, years earlier than anticipated. The scientists also showed that the world's oil reserves7 are being reduced at a rate of 2.1 percent a year. The new model could help inform energy-related decisions and public policy debate, they suggest. 词汇：Conserve v．保护，保存
crude oil原油
spark v．闪耀；激发；鼓舞
curve n．曲线
irreversible adj．不可逆的，不可改变的
insufficient adj.充分的，不足的
注释：1．ACS' Energy & Fuels：ACS是American Chemical Society(美国化学学会)的缩写。该学会成立于l876年，现已成为世界最大的科技协会。多年来，ACS一直致力于为全球化学研究机构、企业及个人提供高品质的文献资讯及服务。ACS出版的期刊有34种，这些期刊在化学领域中是被引用次数最多的化学期刊，Energy＆Fuels即是其中一本。
2．the Hubbert model：赫伯特模型是美国地质学家M．King Hubbert于1956年创建的，这是一个随时间增长的模型，Hubbert将其引入油气田开发，经推导使其成为一个可以预测油气田累积产量、瞬时产量、年产量和可采储量等多项开发指标的多功能预测模型。
3．a bell shaped curve：钟形曲线
4．that of peak oil：that指代concept。
5．account for：说明，解释
6．conventional crude oil：常规原油
7．oil reserves：石油储量。通常使用复数形式reserves。
第二篇世界原油产量可能提前十年达到峰值
科威特科学家预测世界常规原油产量将在2014年达到峰值，这一发现可能会促进储存石油的努力。这一预测比其他预测提前了将近十年，已经发表在美国化学学会《能量与燃料》杂志上。
伊布赫姆·纳夏威和同事们指出，全球石油消耗的快速增长使人们对“石油峰值”预测的兴趣越来越浓。“石油峰值”指的是石油产量达到最大值后开始下降的时间点。科学家已经构建了几个模型来预测这一时间，有些模型认为这一时间在2020年或更晚。其中最著名的预测模型之一是赫伯特模型。赫伯特模型认为世界石油产量呈钟形曲线，与此相关的概念是“石油峰值”。这一术语指的是世界石油产量达到峰值的那一刻，之后将呈现无法逆转的下降趋势。
赫伯特模型精确地预测到美国石油产量于1970年达到峰值。这一模型从此受到欢迎，已经用于预测世界石油生产。
但是，最近研究表明，这一模型不足以解释某些国家更加复杂的石油生产周期。科学家称，这些生产周期受到技术变化、政策和其他因素的很大影响。
最近研究描述了赫伯特模型的新版本，提供了更加实际、更加准确的石油生产预测。科学家使用新模型评估了47个主要产油国家的石油生产趋势，这47个国家是世界常规原油的主要提供者。科学家预计全球常规原油产量将于2014年达到峰值，比之前预计的要早很多年。科学家还指出，世界石油储量正在以 2.1%的速度逐年减少，他们认为新模型会帮助做出与能源相关的决定，帮助进行国家政策辩论。
3.Citizen Scientists
Understanding how nature responds to climate change will require monitoring key life cycle1 events-flowering, the appearance of leaves, the first frog calls of the spring - all around the world. But ecologists can't be everywhere so they're turning to non-scientists, sometimes called citizen scientists, for help.
Climate scientists are not present everywhere. Because there are so many places in the world and not enough scientists to observe all of them, they're asking for your help in observing signs of climate change across the world. The citizen scientist movement encourages ordinary people to observe a very specific research interest - birds, trees, flowers budding, etc. - and send their observations to a giant database to be observed by professional scientists. This helps a small number of scientists track a large amount of data that they would never be able to gather on their own. Much like citizen journalists helping large publications cover a hyper-local beat2, citizen scientists are ready for the conditions where they live. All that's needed to become one is a few minutes each day or each week to gather data and send it3 in.
A group of scientists and educators launched an organization last year called the National Pheonology4 Network. "Phenology" is what scientists call the study of the timing of events in nature.
One of the group's first efforts relies on scientists and non-scientists alike to collect data about plant flowering and leafing every year. The program, called Project BudBurst, collects life cycle data on a variety of common plants from across the United States. People participating in
the project - which is open to everyone - record their observations on the Project BudBurst website.
"People don't have to be plant experts -they just have to look around and see what's in their neighborhood," says Jennifer Schwartz, an education consultant with the project. "As we collect this data, we'll be able to make an estimate of how plants and eommunities5 of plants and animals will respond as the climate changes."
词汇：Frog n. 蛙Ecologist n.生态学家Phenology n.物候学Bud v.发芽，萌芽；n.芽，花蕾
Neighbor(u)rhood n.近邻；邻近地区Database n.数据库
Professional adj.专业的，职业的；n.职业选手，专业人员
注释：1. life cycle：生命周期，即生物发展过程的系列变化。
2. hyper-local beat: beat 在此做名词用，意思是：某类新闻报道，如，a business beat；商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。Hyper-local beat 即hyper-local news，指的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美国由此而诞生了hyper-local news website，专门对主流媒体所没有覆盖的地区所发生的事件进行报道，其形式多以网民，即短文中所提及的citizen journalists，上传所在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一新生事物。
3. data 是复数形式，但常用做单数，所以这里的代词是it。另参见最后一段“As we collect this data, ...”。这里的data 也用作单数。
4. phenology：物候学或生物气候学，是气候学和生态学的边缘学科，主要研究气候环境对生物的影响。
5. communities：生态学词汇：生物群落，记载比较相似的环境条件下在特定自
然区域或环境中生活和互相影响的一群植物和动物。答案与题解：1. C第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们，要在世界范围内观察气候对大自然中生物生命周期的影响，数量有限的科学家不可能足迹遍及天下，为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与。所以C 是正确选择。
第三篇公民科学家
理解大自然对气候变化有怎样的反应需要监视世界各个角落的关键生命周期事件——花开、叶子的出现、第一只青蛙叫出春天的到来。但是生态学家不可能去到世界的各个角落，所以他们向非科学家求助，这些非科学家有时也被称作公民科学家。
气象科学家不可能足迹遍及天下。因为在世界上有如此多的地方，没有足够的科学家来观察它们。所以他们请求你来帮助观察全世界气候变化的迹象。公民科学家运动鼓励普通人根据自己的兴趣来观察某一个特定的方面——鸟儿、树木、花卉等等一一并把他们的观察结果发送到一个巨大的数据库来供专业科学家研究。这有助于数量有限的科学家得到如果只靠他们自己根本收集不到的巨大数据。就像公民记者帮助报道传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区的相关信息一样，公民科学家也对他们所居住的环境很熟悉。所需要的就是每天或每周留出儿分钟来搜集数据并发送过来。
一群科学家和教育家在去年发起了一个叫做纽约国家物候学的组织。“物候学”就是科学家们所说的在自然中研究每个事件的时间。
其中一个小组的首要尝试就是依靠科学家和非科学家来收集关于每年植物开花和长叶子的数据。这一项目叫做花季追踪计划，它收集遍布美国的各种各样的植物生长周期的数据。参与这一项目的人们一一这一计划对所有人开放——把他们的观察记录登录在花季追踪计划网站上。
“人们不需要是植物学家——他们仅仅需要环视四周看看周围有什么。”Jennifer Schwarts说，她是这项计划的教育顾问。“通过收集数据，我们就能够估算出气候变化对植物和生物群落会有怎样的影响。
4.Motoring Technology
1.2 million road deaths worldwide occur each year,plus a further 50 million injuries.To reduce car crash rate,much research now is focused on safety and new fuels-though some electric vehicle and biofuel research aims at going faster.
Travelling at speed has always been dangerous.One advanced area of research in motoring safety is the use of digital in-car assistants.They can ensure you don’t miss important road signs or fall asleep.Most crashes result from human and not mechanical faults.
Some safety developments aim to improve your vision.Radar can spot obstacles in fog,while other technology“sees through”bi g vehicles blocking your view.
And improvements to seat belts,pedal(脚踏)controls and tyres are making driving smoother and safer.The colour of a car has been found to be linked with safety,as have,less surprisingly,size and shape.
But whatever is in the fuel tank,you don’t want a thief in the driving seat and there have been many innovations(创新).Satellite tracking and remote communications can also come into play if you crash,automatically calling for help.
Accidents cause many traffic jams,but there are more subtle interplays
between vehicles that can cause jams even on a clear but busy road.Such jams can be analyzed using statistical tools.Robotic drivers could be programmed to make traffic flow smoothly and will perhaps one day be everyons’s personal chauffeur(司机),but their latest efforts suggest that won’t be soon.
译文：
每年，全世界有120万起路面交通死亡事故，以及五千万起路面交通伤残事故。为降低车祸发生率，现在有很多研究将注意力放在行车安全和开发新型燃料上。而有些关于电动机车和生物燃料的研究旨在达到更快的速度。
高速驾驶一向是很危险的。一项在机动车安全前沿领域的研究是有关车内数字化辅助设施的。这些设施会确保司机们不会错过重要的路况指示牌或在开车时睡着。通过运
用人工智能软件，这些辅助设施可监控行车过程并确保在关键时刻司机不会被手机或广播干扰注意力。许多车祸是由人为原因造成的而非机械故障。
一些行车安全方面的改进力图改善司机的视野。雷达可对雾中的障碍物定位，而其他的科技手段可透过阻碍你视线的高大车辆看到前方。
对安全带、刹车板控制和车胎的改进也使行车过程变得更／顷畅、安全。人们发现车的颜色与安全有关，令人不会感到惊讶的是，车的大小和形状也与安全有关。从矿物燃料中提取的汽油的替代物，例如植物油，也是研究中的一个热门区域。取材于氢气的燃料电池燃烧时无污染，并已成为一项重要研究的攻克对象。
但不管燃料箱中盛为何物，你可不想在驾驶座上坐的是一个窃贼。对此，也有很多创新来打击汽车盗窃，其中一些运用了卫星跟踪和远程通讯。当发生车祸时，这些通讯系统也可起作用，自动地呼叫帮助。
交通事故可引发许多交通堵塞。但在一畅通却繁忙的路段上，汽车间也有很多的细微互动，从而导致可能的阻塞。此类阻塞可用数据统计工具来进行分析。被编程的机器人可使交通流动更顺畅，并有朝一日有望成为每个人的私家司机。但最新成果表明这种设想并非短期内可以实现。
https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb831320.html,te-Night Drinking
Coffee lovers beware. Having a quick “pick-me-up” cup of coffee1 late in the day will play havoc with2 your sleep. As well as being a stimulant, caffeine interrupts the flow of melatonin, the brain hormone that sends people into a sleep.
Melatonin levels normally start to rise about two hours before bedtime. Levels then peak between 2 am and 4 am, before falling again3. “It’s the neurohormone th at controls our sleep and tells our body when to sleep and when to wake,” says Maurice Ohayon of the Stanford Sleep Epidemiology Research Center at Stanford University in California. But researchers in Israel have found that caffcinated coffee halves the b ody’s levels of this sleep hormone. Lotan Shilo and a team at the Sapir Medical Center in Tel Aviv University found that six volunteers slept less well after a cup of caffeinated coffee than after drinking the same amount of decal. On average, subjects slept 336 minutes per night after drinking caffeinated coffee, compared with 415 minutes after decal. They also took half an hour to drop off4 - twice as long as usual - and jigged around5 in bed twice as much.
In the second phase of the experiment, the researchers woke the
volunteers every three hours and asked them to give a urine sample, Shilo measured concentrations of a breakdown product of melatonin. The results suggest that melatonin concentrations in caffeine drinkers were half those in decaf drinkers. In a paper accepted for publication in Sleep Medicine, the researchers suggest6 that caffeine blocks production of the enzyme that drives melatonin production.
Because it can take many hours to eliminate caffeine from the body, Ohayon recommends that coffee lovers switch to decaf after lunch.
译文：
喜欢喝咖啡的人要小心了。晚上喝一杯快速提神的咖啡对你的睡眠造成严重破坏。并且咖啡因作为一种刺激物会打断褪黑激素的流动。褪黑激素是使人们进入睡眠的神经激素。
褪黑激素的浓度在睡前两小时开始上升。凌晨2点和4点之间达到最高植，然后再次下降。加利福尼亚斯坦福大学的斯坦福睡眠流行病学研究中心的Maurice Ohayon说：“控制我们睡眠是神经激素，它告诉我们的身体什么时候睡觉什么时候醒。”但是以色列的研究者发现含咖啡因咖啡能使人体中这种睡眠激素减半。
特拉维夫大学的塞帕医学中心的Lotan Shilo和一个小组发现六个志愿者在喝了一杯含咖啡因的咖啡后平均每晚睡336分钟，而喝完脱咖啡后平均每晚睡415分钟，他们用半个小时才能睡着——比平常长一倍，而且翻来覆去的时间比平常多一倍。
在试验的第二阶段，研究者每三个小时叫醒志愿者一次，并要他们提供一个尿样。Shilo测量了褪黑激素分解物的浓度。结果表明饮用含咖啡因咖啡的人体内的褪黑激素的浓度是饮用脱咖啡因咖啡的人体内褪黑激素浓度的一半。在《睡眠知学》
上发表的一篇论文中，研究者表示咖啡因阻碍促使褪黑激素产生的酶的形成。Ohayon建议爱喝咖啡的人午饭后应该换喝脱咖咖啡，因为要排除体内的咖啡因要用好几个小时。
第六篇Making Light of1 Sleep
All we have a clock located inside our brains. Similar to your bedside alarm clock，your internal clock2 runs on a 24-hour cycle. This cycle，called a circadian rhythm，helps control when
you wake，when you eat and when you sleep.
Somewhere around puberty，something happens in the timing of the biological clock. The
clock pushes forward，so adolescents and teenagers are unable to fall asleep as early as they used to. When your mother tells you it's time for bed，your body may be pushing you to stay up3 for several hours more. And the light coming from your computer screen or TV could be pushing you to stay up even later.
This shift4 is natural for teenagers. But staying up very late and sleeping late can get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark5. It can also make it hard to get out of bed in the morning and may bring other problems，too. Teenagers are put in a kind of a gray cloud6 when they don't get enough sleep，says Mary Carskadon，a sleep researcher at Brown University in Providence，RI7 .It affects their mood and their ability to think and learn.
But just like your alarm clock，your internal clock can be reset. In fact，
it automatically resets
itself every day. How? By using the light it gets through your eyes. Scientists have known for a long time that the light of day and the dark of night play important roles in setting our internal clocks. For years，researchers thought that the signals that synchronize the body's clock8 were handled through the same pathways that we use to see.
But recent discoveries show that the human eye has two separate light-sensing systems. One system allows us to see. The second system tells our body whether it's day or night.
词汇：
circadian/s3:'keidi?n/ adj. 昼夜节奏的，生理节奏的
adolescent/?d?u'les?nt/ n．青少年；adj．青少年的
puberty/ 'pju:b?ti/ n．发育；青春期
sync/si?k/ n. （口语）同步；和谐，协调
synchronize/'si?kr?naiz / V.（使）同时发生；（使）同步
注释：
1.make light of ：轻视，不在乎。例如：We should not make light of their achievements．我们不应当低估他们的成就。
2. your internal clock ：指的是第一句中的a clock located inside our brains ，也即是第二段第一句中的the biological clock （生物钟）。
3. stay up：不睡觉，熬夜
4. This shift：这种调整。指上文所描述的由于生理时间的变化青少年上床时间
越来越晚的现
象。
5. get your body's clock out of sync with the cycle of light and dark ：打乱了你的生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡
6. gray cloud ：提不起精神的状态
7. Brown University in Providence，RI：位于美国罗得岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学。RI是Rhode
Island（罗得岛）的首字母缩写；Providence 是罗得岛州的首府。布朗大学是美国一流大学，
创建于1764 年，是世界闻名的美国“常春藤联盟”（还包括哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学、布朗大学、哥伦比亚大学、宾夕法尼亚大学、达特茅斯大学和康奈尔大学）中的一员。
8. the signals that synchronize the body's clock：平衡生物钟的光信号
第六篇不要太在意睡眠
我们每个人的大脑里都有一个像我们床边的闹钟一样的生物钟。人脑里的生物钟24小时走一圈，这一圈也就是一次完整的昼夜节律，正是这个节律决定了我们吃饭、睡觉和起床的时间。
青春期时，人的生物钟在定时方面会发生变化，生物钟会提前。这时，青少年会比以前睡得晚，所以当你妈妈告诉你该睡觉时，你的生物钟可能会让你多推迟几小时，并且电脑或电视光线可能会导致你熬夜到更晚。
生物钟的这种变化对青少年说是正常的，但熬夜到太晚会打乱你生物钟与昼夜时间循环之间的平衡，这样就会带来一些问题，例如：早晨很难按时起床。位于美国罗得州布郎大学睡眠方面的研究员Mary Carskadon说：“当青少年睡眠不
足时会打不起精神，这将影响到他们心情、学习和思考问题的状态。”
其实生物钟与闹钟一样，也是可调的，事实上，生物钟每天都在进行着自我调节，其方式就是通过你眼睛接收到光线的变化。
很早之前，科学家就知道了昼夜光线强弱的变化对生物钟调节起到了重要的作用，长久以来，研究者们认为眼睛所接受到的平衡生物钟的光信号同样作用于人类的视觉系统。
但最近几年的研究发现，人类眼睛有两个感光系统，一个是视觉系统，而另一个是感知昼夜的系统。
7.Sugar Power for Cell Phones
Using enzymes commonly found in living cells，a new type of fuel cell produces small amounts of electricity from sugar.If the technology is able to succeed in mass production，you may some day share your sweet drinks with your cell phone.
In fuel cells，chemical reactions generate electrical currents.The process usually relies on precious metals，such as platinum.In living cells，enzymes perform a similar job，breaking down sugars to obtain electrons and produce energy.
When researchers previously used enzymes in fuel cells，they had trouble keeping them active，says Shelley D.Minteer of St Louis University1.Whereas biological cells continually produce fresh enzymes，there’s no mechanism in fuel cells to replace enzymes as they quickly degrade.
Minteer and Tamara Klotzbach，also of St Louis University，have now
developed polymers that wrap around an enzyme and preserve it in a microsco pic pocket.“We tailor these pockets to provide the ideal microenvironment” for the enzyme，Minteer says.The polymers keep the enzyme active for months instead of days.
In the new fuel Cell，tiny polymer bags of enzyme are embedded in a membrane that coats one of the electrodes.When glucose from a sugary liquid gets into a pocket，the enzyme oxidizes it，releasing electrons and protons.The electrons cross the membrane and enter a wire through which they travel to the other electrode，where they react with.oxygen in the atmosphere to produce water.The flow of electrons through the wire constitutes an electrical current that can generate power.
So far，the new fuel cells don’t produce much power，but the fact that they work at all is exciting，says Paul Kenis，a chemical engineer at the University of Illinois2 at Urhana-Champaign3.“Just getting it to work.” Kenis says，“is a major accomplishment.”
Sugar-eating fuel cells could be an efficient way to make electricity.Sugar is easy to find. And the new fuel cells that run on it are biodegradable，so the technology wouldn’t hurt the environment.The scientists are now trying to use different enzymes that will get more power from sugar.They predict that popular products may be using the new technology in as little as 3 years.
词汇：
enzyme/5enzaIm/n.酶electrode/I5lektrEJd/n.电极platinum/5plAtinEm/n.铂，白金membrane/5membrein/n.膜，薄膜
electron/I5lektrRn/n.电子oxidize/5Cksi7daiz/v.氧化degrade/di5reid/v.降解glucose/5lu:kEus/n.葡萄糖
polymer/5pClimE/n.聚合物biodegradable/7baiEudi5reidEbl/adj.能进行生物降解的
microenvironment n.微环境embed/im5bed/v.埋置，插入
proton/5prEutCn/n.质子
译文：
一种新型燃料细胞通过利用活体细胞中很常见的酶能从糖中生产少量的电。如果这项技术能够成功应用于大批量生产，人们可以与自己的手机分享甜饮料(因为糖可以发电供给手机)。
燃料细胞中的化学反应能产生电流。这个过程通常依赖于贵金属，比如铂。在活体细胞中，酶发挥类似的作用，通过分解糖得到电子进而产生能量。
圣路易斯大学的Shelley D．Minteer说，以前研究人员在燃料细胞中使用酶时，很难维持酶的活性。生物细胞能不停地产生新鲜的酶，但燃料细胞中没有能替换很快降解的酶的机制。
Minteer与同样来自圣路易斯大学的TamaraKlotzbach现在研制了一种聚合物，它能包裹酶并将其保存在用显微镜才能看见的袋子里。Minteer解释说：“我们改造袋子使其能为酶提供理想的微环境。”这种聚合物能使酶保持几个月而不是几天的活性。
在新型燃料细胞中，装有酶的微小的聚合物袋子镶嵌在一张裹在一个电极上的薄膜里。含糖液体中的葡萄糖进入袋子时，酶将其氧化，释放出电子和质子。电子穿过薄膜进入一根导线并通过这根导线到达其他电子。导线中的电子与大气中的氧发生反应产生水。电子在导线中流动形成电流，电流能产生电能。
伊利诺斯大学Urbana-Champaign校区的化学工程师Paul Kenis指出，目前这种新型燃料细胞产生不了多少电能，但它们确实产生了电，这一事实令人激动。Kenis说：“单是使它可以产生电能，就是一项大的成果。”
消耗糖的燃料细胞有可能成为高效的发电工具。糖容易得到，而且消耗糖的新型燃料细胞可生物降解，因此这项技术不会损害环境。目前，科学家们正试图利用别的能从糖中产生更多电的酶。
他们预计，在不到三年的时间里这种新技术便可在大众化的产品中使用。
8.Eiffel Is an Eyeful
Some2 300 meters up, near the Eiffel Tower's wind-whipped summit the world comes to scribble3. Japanese,Brazilians, Americans —they graffiti4 their names,loves and politics on the cold iron — transforming the most French of monuments into symbol of a world on the move5. With Paris laid out in miniature6 below，it seems strange that visitors would rather waste time marking their presence than admiring the view7. But the graffiti also raises a question ：Why, nearly 114 years after it was completed,and decades after it ceased to be the world, s tallest structure,is la Tour Eiffel still so popular8?
The reasons are as complex as the iron work that graces9 a structure some 90 stories high. But part of the answer is, no doubt, its agelessness. Regularly maintained, it should never rust away. Graffiti is regularly painted over,but the tower lives on.
"Eiffel represents Paris and Paris is F rance. It is very symbolic”，says Hugues Richard10,a 31- year-old Frenchman who holds the record for
职称英语阅读理解 文稿归稿存档编号：[KKUY-KKIO69-OTM243-OLUI129-G00I-FDQS58-MG129]
【经典资料，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可编辑修改】 【经典考试资料，答案附后，看后必过，ＷＯＲＤ文档，可修改】 第二十七篇Driven to Distraction Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s seat, starts up the car and heads1 to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion2, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him. But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn’t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn’t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University3 (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.4 The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting — or whether any distractions are offset5 by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.6 “We are looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor lending the research, which involves measuring drivers reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues7. The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload8 involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy
第四十一篇 Too Little for Global Warming Oil and gas will run out1 too fast for doomsday global warming scenarios2 to materialize, according to a controversial new analysis presented this week at the University of Uppsala in Sweden. The authors warn that all the fuel will be burnt before there is enough carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to realize predictions of melting ice caps and searing temperatures. Defending their predictions, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change3 say they considered a range of estimates of oil and gas reserves, and point out that coal-burning could easily make up4 the shortfall. But all agree that burning coal would be even worse for the planet. The IPCC’s predictions of global meltdown pushed forward5 the 1997 Kyoto Protocol6, an agreement obliging signatory nations to cut CO2 emissions. The IPCC considered a range of future scenarios, from unlimited burning of fossil-fuels to a fast transition towards greener energy sources. But geologists Anders Sivertsson, Kjell Aleklett and Colin Campbell of Uppsala University say there is not enough oil and gas left even the most conservative of the 40 IPCC scenarios to come to pass7. Although estimates of oil and gas reserves vary widely, the researchers are part of a growing group of experts who believe that oil supplies will peak as soon as 2010, and gas soon after. Their analysis suggests that oil and gas reserves combined amount to the equivalent of about 3,500 billion barrels of oil considerably less than the 5,000 billion barrels estimated in the most optimistic model envisaged by the IPCC. Even the average forecast of about 8,000 billion barrels is more than twice the Swedish estimate of the world’s remaining reserves. Nebojsa akicenovic, an energy economist at the University of Vienna, Austria who headed the 80-strong IPCC team that produced the forecasts, says the panel’s work still stands8. He says they factored in9 a much broader and internationally accepted range of oil and gas estimates than the “conservative”Swedes. Even if oil and gas run out. “there’s a huge amount of coal underground that could be exploited.” He says that burning coal could make the IPCC scenarios come true, but points out that such a switch would be disastrous. Coal is dirtier than oil and gas and produces more CO2for each unit of energy, as well as releasing large amounts of particulates. He says the latest
2014中考英语阅读理解及答案：圣诞之夜 A On Christmas Eve─the night before Christmas Day─children all over Britain put a stocking at the end of their beds before they go to sleep. Their parents usually tell them that Father Christmas will come during the night. Father Christmas is very kind and hearted. He gets to the top of each house and climbs down the chimney into the fireplace. He fills each of the stockings with Christmas presents. Of course, Father Christmas isn’t real. In Jim and Kate’s house, “Father Christmas” is really Mr Green. Mr Green doesn’t climb down the chimney. He waits until the children are asleep. Then he quietly goes into their bedrooms and fills their stockings with small presents. When they were very young, Mr Green sometimes wore a red co at. But he doesn’t do that now. The children are no longer young, and they know who “Father Christmas” really is. But they still put their stockings at the end of their beds. 1. Christmas Eve is __________. A. the night of Christmas Day B. the evening of Christmas Day
第四篇 Animal?s “Sixth Sense” A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004. It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa. Wild animals, 1 , seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami. This phenomenon adds weight to notions that 1 they possess a “sixth sense” for 2 , experts said. Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island?s coast clearly 3 wild beasts, with no dead animals found. “N o elephants arc dead, not 4 a dead rabbit. I think animals can 5 disaster. They have a sixth sense. They know when things are happening,” H. D. Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka?s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack. The 6 washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka?s biggest wildlife 7 and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards. “There has been a lot of 8 evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes. But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior 9 at Johannesburg Zoo. “There have been no ＿10＿ studies because you can?t really test it in a lab or field setting 2 ,” he told Reuters. Other authorities concurred with this 11 . “Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain 12 , especially birds … there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters,” said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife. Animals 13 rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger slid as predators. The notion of an animal “sixth sense” — or 14 other mythical power is an enduring one 3 which the evidence on Sri Lanka?s ravaged coast is likely to add to. The Romans saw owls 15 omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special power or attributes. 词汇： tsunami /tsju:5nB:mi / n.海啸 concur /kEn5kE: / v.(with)同意，赞成 trigger /5tri^E / v.引发，触发 impending /im5pendiN / adj.迫近的 ravaged adj.被毁坏的 predator /5predEtE / n.食肉动物 leopard /5lepEd / n.豹 mythical /5miWikEl/ adj.神话般的 eruption /i5rQpFEn / n.喷发 owl /Eul / n.猫头鹰 migrate /mai5^reit / v.迁移 omen /5Eumen / n.预兆，征兆 volcanic /vCl5kAnik / adj.火山的 endow /in5dau / v.赋予注释: 1. adds weight to notions that ：更加相信…… 2. field setting ：field 意为“实地，野外”， setting 意为“环境”。 field setting 可译为“野外环境”。 3. enduring one ：由来已久的信念。 one 指代在句首出现的， noiton enduring 意为“持久的，永久的”。练习：
Stress Level Tied to Education Level 1.Stress level is closely related to. social status. 2.The1,031adults were interviewed. on a daily basis for 8 days. 3.Which group reported the biggest number of stressful days? People with college degrees. 4.The less advantaged people are, the greater. the impact of stress on their health is. 5.Less-educated people report fewer days of stress possibly because. Stress is too common a factor in their life. Medical Journals 1.The main readers of medical journals are. health professionals. 2.Which of the following statements is NOT true? Most medical journals publish only online. 3.How many major types of articls are mentioned in the passage? Five. 4.An article dealing with results from different studies on the same topic is called. A research article. 5.Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on. Articles published in that journal. Need for Emphasis on Treatment 1.Which is true of many AIDS sufferers in developing countries? They are not receiving any treatment. 2.The WHO publishes its World Health Report. Once a year. 3.According to Lee, our response to the AIDS disease is. A matter of great significance. 4.AIDS treatment programs may also result in. more effective prevention. 5.How many people have died of AIDS so far? More than 20 million. Heat and Health 1.More than 600 people died from heat in Chicago. In 1995. 2.What can piople learn from the Mean Heat Index? The average temperature of an extrem ely hot day. 3.A heat wave is a period of time during which. The weather is much hotter than usual. 4.Muscle pain in hot weather means that. Y our body needs more water. 5.For people who are not in good health,heat can. Be deadly. Losing W eight 1.The study showed that most of the girls. Had a healthy body weight. 2.What percentage of the girls considered themselves overweight? Nearly 30 percent. 3.The survey participants were girls. Who were 10 to 1 4. 4.What kind of institution does the lead researcher work with? A hospital. 5.Unhealthy attitudes about weight,body image and food may. Lead to an eating disorder. Pushbike Peril 1.According to the passage, some engineers are trying to improve the handlebars because. they are not noble enough. 2.In paragraph 2, the author mentions a study of serious abdominal iniuries. To tell us why Kristy Arbogast began the projict. 3.Paragraph 3 mainly discusses. how serious injuries occur. 4.The passage implies that. It is not easy to persuade manufacturers to adopt the new design. 5.In which of the following ways the handgrip work? It reduces the dangerous forces in bicycle accidents. Aate-night Erinking 1.The author mentions “pick-me-up”to indicate that. coffee is a stimulant. 2.Which of the following tells us how caffeine affects sleep? Caffeine halves the body’s levels of sleep hormone. 3.What does paragraph 3 mainly discuss? Different effects of caffeinated coffee and decaf on sleep. 4.What does the experiment mentioned in paragraph 4 prove? Caffeine drinkers produce less sleep hormone. 5.The author of this passage probably agrees that. we should not drink coffee after supper. Attitudes to AIDS Now 1.What do activists worry about? People may stop worrying about AIDS. 2.According to the passage, people’s attitude toward the cure of AIDS is. realistic. 3.The Gallup Poll shows that the number of people. Who think AIDS is the country’s top health killer has fallen. 4.According to the Kaiser Poll, which of the following is NOT correct? More and more people die of AIDS now.
Taking Pictures of the World Meet Annie Griffiths Belt,a National Geographic photographer.Belt has worked for National Geographic since 1978,and has taken pictures on almost every continent in the world.In fact,Antarctica is the only continent Belt hasn't seen yet. Belt's photographs are well known for their beauty and high quality.They also reflect very different cultures and regions of the world.Belt has photographed the ancient city of Petra, Jordan,as well as the green landscapes of the Lake District in England.Recently,her pictures appeared in a book about undeveloped natural places in North America. Everywhere that Belt goes,she takes pictures of people. Belt has found ways to connect with people of all ages and nationalities even when she does not speak their language." The greatest privilege of my job is being allowed into people's lives,"she has said."The camera is like a passport,and I am often overwhelmed by how quickly people welcome me!"
2014中考英语阅读理解及答案：互联网改变 生活 It’s hard to imagine life without the Internet. How greatly it has changed our lives in the past 15 years since it was widely used. At the same time, however, the Internet has also caused some traditions to fall away (消失). E-mail is quicker and cheaper. Getting a handwritten letter from a friend has become a rare (稀有的) pleasure. Who would like to pay 60 yuan for 12 songs in a plastic case if you can find music in the Interact for free? When almost any fact can be found within seconds through Google and Baidu, personal memory becomes less important. The Web can remember it for us. When was the last time you watched the world out of a window? When was the last time you read a favorite book once again? When was the last time you sat in the cinema with your family? More and more people lose themselves in the Internet. They show less interest and spend less time in the outside world. You’ve spent the past few years talking with your freinds on QQ, or reading about his or her QQ suqare, so meeting a freind is no longer as important as it once was.
+141阅读判断 A Dog’s Dilemma 1. The African wild dog has been endangered. A. Right 2. The spotted hyena is on the verge of extinction. B. Wrong 3. The remaining lions will die out within decades. C. Not mentioned 4. The dominant female is always left behind to protect the young. B. Wrong 5. There is a tension between babysitting and hunting. A. Right 6. The size of a pack must be big enough for it to survive. A. Right 7. Steps will be taken to protect the African wild dog. C. Not mentioned The National Trust 1. The National Trust is financed by both （…）government allocations. B. Wrong 2. British people’s (…) been increasing. A. Right 3. Lord Lothian was one of the founders of the National Trust. C. Not mentioned 4. The Trust’s “Country House (…)to 150 old houses or so. A. Right 5. A project which is to fortify a 16th (…) approved by the National Trust. B. Wrong 6. The public may (…) food and beverage. C. Not mentioned 7. The National Trust helps promote tourism in Britain.A. Right Lower Body Fat Means Better Performance 1. Fans can be very critical of a fashion model's figure. A. Right 2. People like football stars more than they like pop stars. C. Not mentioned 3.Ronaldinho is a well-known Spanish star. B. Wrong 4. The president of Brazil showed no concern about Ronaldo's figure. B. Wrong 5. According to Carlos Alberto (…) shape has changed, A. Right 6. The football game demands a lot from players. A. Right 7. Ronaldinho often goes to pubs. C. Not mentioned 概括大意与完成句子 Is There a Way to Keep the Britain's Economy Growing 1. Paragraph 2 E Gift of Talking 2. Paragraph3 C Strength of the Creative Economy 5. Every country has its own way C to feed its people 6. The British government doesn’t seem F to worry about the British economy 7. The creative industries find it difficult E to make a profit 8. Many graduates are employed B to do low-skill jobs
2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17
2014中考英语阅读理解及答案：国宝熊猫 The panda is one of the anmails most in are about 1,000 pandas living in nature reserves and research centres look after about 160 are studying how they live and more baby pandas are born in the zoos. Pandas live in the forests and mountains of Southwest mainly live on bamboo,and each panda needs to eat a lot of bamboo every area of bamboo is becoming smaller for many different reasons ,so pandas have less and less land to live on .Pandas don’t have many babies,and baby pandas often die,The situation is becoming very serious. Our govemment is working hard to save are more than 30 nature reserves to protect pandas but these are not enough .The government has made a new plan to help nature reserves will be bigger and the bamboo will grow the pandas will have enough food to eat and enough places to live born in the zoos may go back to live in the nature reserves. Most people love panda is one of the best-known animals in the is the symbol for the World Wide Fund For WWF works to protect all animals in danger,so the panda has become the symbol of all animals in is still a long way to go to save
2014职称英语《综合B》真题及答案 第一部分：词汇选项 下面共有15个句子，每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请从每个句子后面所给的4个选项中选择1个与划线部分意义最相近的词或短语。 1.The group does not advocate the use of violence. A.support B.limit C.regulate D.oppose 2.His stomach felt hollow with fear. A.empty B.sincere C.respectful D.terrible 3.His professional career spanned 16 years. A.started B.changed C.moved https://www.doczj.com/doc/cb831320.html,sted 4.His knowledge of French is fair. A.very useful B.very limited C.rather special D.quite good 5.Afterwards there was just a feeling of let-down. A.disappointment B.excitement C.anger D.calm 6.It was a magic night until the spell was broken. A.charm B.time C.space D.opportunity 7.The worst agonies of the war were now beginning. A.parts
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