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04.英汉语言对比与翻译_讲义

04.英汉语言对比与翻译_讲义
04.英汉语言对比与翻译_讲义

第四章

英汉语言对比与翻译

Fiona Ma April, 2012

2

1. 英汉语言特点

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

3. 课堂互动及课后练习

英汉语言对比与翻译

1.英语重形合,汉语重意合

2.英语偏静态,汉语偏动态

3.英语重抽象,汉语重具体

4.英语重物称,汉语重人称

5.英语重被动,汉语重主动

6.英语多替换,汉语多重复

7.英语重后饰,汉语重前饰

8.英语重聚焦,汉语重流散

9.

英语重时体,汉语轻时体

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 4

例1: Children will play with dolls equipped with

personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

【译文】儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴儿不是工具,人们将在气味电视前休闲,这时数字时代就来到了。

例2: 早知今日,何必当初?

【译文】If I had known it would have come to this, I would have acted differently.

1.1 英语重形合,汉语重意合

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 5

例3: As we lived near the road, we often

had the traveler or stranger visit us to taste our gooseberry wine, for which we had great reputation, and I confess, with the veracity of an historian that I never knew one of them to find fault with it.

【译文】我们就住在路边。过路人或外乡人常到我们家,尝尝我们家酿的酸果酒。这种酒很有名气。我敢说,尝过的人,从来没有挑剔过。我这话像历史学家的话一样靠得住。

1.1 英语重形合,汉语重意合

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 6

例4: Poor acoustics spoilt the performance.

【译文】音响效果不好,演出大为逊色。

例5: A little of everything and nothing at all. 【译文】如果什么事情都是浅尝辄止;终将一事无成。

例6: Admonish your friends in private, praise them in public.

【译文】在私底下要忠告你的朋友,而在公共场合则要表扬你的朋友。

1.1 英语重形合,汉语重意合

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 7 例1: The doctor’s extremely quick arrival

and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.

例2: I am afraid of you misunderstanding

me.

1.2 英语偏静态,汉语偏动态

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 8

例3: 我带这些外国游客去那座古庙看看。 【译文】I’ll show these foreign tourists around the ancient temple.

例4: 晚上我请你出去吃饭。

【译文】I’ll invite you to dinner tonight.

1.2 英语偏静态,汉语偏动态

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 9

例1: The absence of intelligence is an

indication of satisfactory developments. 【译文】没有消息就表明有令人满意的进展。

例2: I bought the thinnest vestments I

could find, also a heavy one with a warm top coat, because I would encounter extremes of weather.

【译文】我知道我会碰到最冷和最热的天气,所以我买了一套所能物色到的最薄的衣服,还买了一套带暖和大衣的厚衣服。

1.3 英语重抽象,汉语重具体

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 10

例1: Bitterness fed on the man who had

made the world laugh.

【译文】这位曾给全世界带来笑声的人自己却饱尝辛酸。

例2: An idea suddenly struck me.

【译文】我突然想到一个主意。

例3: The little chap’s good -natured honest

face won his way for him.

【译文】这小伙子长相老实,看上去脾气也好,到处都有人缘。

1.4 英语重物称,汉语重人称

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 11

例1: I was astounded that he was prepared

to give me a job.

【译文】他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。

例2: New actions must be taken to prevent

air pollution.

【译文】必须采取新型的来阻止空气污染。

1.5 英语重被动,汉语重主动

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 12

例1: John speaks Chinese, and that very

well.

【译文】约翰会讲汉语,而且讲得很好。

例2: The monkey’s most extraordinary

accomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, the monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.

【译文】这只猴子最了不起的成就就是学会了驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。

1.6 英语多替换,汉语多重复

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 13

例1: It is a good plan to imagine an argument

with a person having a different bias.

【译文】借助于想象与持不同偏见的人进行辩论,是一个很好的办法。

例2: It may be … a low -lying arid stretch with

miles of white sandy beach, and no sign of people, very bleached and barren.

【译文】那可能是……地势低洼、连绵数英里、人迹罕至、荒芜贫瘠的白色干旱沙漠。

1.7 英语重后饰,汉语重前饰

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 14

例3: Tragedies can be written in literature since

there is tragedy in life.

【译文】生活中既然有悲剧,文学作品就可以写悲剧。

1.7 英语重后饰,汉语重前饰

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 15 例如: Tradition has it that the island-city

was founded in A. D. 451 when Coast-dwelling people called the Venetti fled across the lagoon before advancing Hun Barbarians.

【译文】传说这座岛城是公园451年建立的。那时候,野蛮的匈奴人步步逼近。居住在沿岸的那些被称为威尼替的民族,在匈奴人来到之前就逃过了环礁湖。

1.8 英语重聚焦,汉语重流散

1. 英汉语言特点

返回章重点 16

例如: It has often been noted that those who

live, or have lived, in the shadow of death bring a mellow sweetness to everything they do.

【译文】一个经常被提及的事情是,大凡生活或曾经生活在死亡阴影里的人对他所干的事情都饶有兴趣。

1.9 英语重时体,汉语轻时体

1. 英汉语言特点

1) This is something I admire so much, something I find so profound, so beautiful, so piercing that I must make you understand and admire it too, even though you, through some inadvertence, have neglected to learn the language in which it is written. Let me show you how it goes.

【译文】这作品是多么深刻、美丽、扣人心弦,令我赞叹不已,恨不得能让你们大家一起享受,虽然你们不巧不懂原文,无以欣赏原作。让我来告诉你们原作是怎么回事。 请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

2) He who imagines he can do without the world deceives himself much; but he who fancies the world cannot do without him is still more mistaken.

【译文】如果有人想象他可以不要旁人独自生活,那是在欺骗自己;如果有人幻想旁人离开他不行,那就是错上加错。

3) One unclean rag was about me, my hair a black

tangle; no doubt my discoverers thought me a madman.

【译文】我身上围着一块肮脏的布片,头发纠结成了黑色的一团,发现我的人肯定会以为我是个疯子。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

4) The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and the lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

【译文】由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,农村社会便与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具不足而变得更加严重。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

5) Again, therefore, she applied herself to the key, and after moving it every possible way, for some instances, with the determined celebrity of hope’s last effort, the door suddenly yielded to her hand. (J. Auten: Northanger Abbey, Ch.6, V .II)

【译文】因此,她又拨弄起钥匙,她怀着最后一线希望,果断利索地朝着各个方向拧了一阵之后, 柜门忽然打开了。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

6) In order to have a more satisfactory

understanding of what is involved in interlingual communication, it is essential to view first the major functions and theories about language.

【译文】为了更好地理解语际交流的内涵,(我们)首先由必要来讨论一下语言的主要功能和语言理论。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

8) THE TIMES is read by the people who run the country; THE GARDIAN is read by the people who would like to run the country; THE FINANCIAL TIMES is read by the people who own the country and THE DAILY TELEGRAPH is read by the people who remember the country as it used to be.

【译文】在位掌权的人读《泰晤士报》,渴望掌权的人读《卫报》,大老板们读《金融时报》,怀念大英帝国曾经辉煌的过去的人读《每日电讯报》。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

9) With the rapid development of modern science and technology, information can be sent to every part of the world.

【译文】随着现代科学技术的迅速发展,我们能把各种各样的信息传到世界各地。

10) Gerald Ford was voted out of office after two years and now Jimmy Cater, after four.

【译文】吉拉德·福特在任才两年便落选下台;而吉米·卡特在任也就是四年。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

11) To develop economy, different kinds of talented people should be organized. People of real ability should be especially promoted and given raise.

【译文】要发展经济应当组织使用各种各样的人才。对那些真正有本事的人,在工资级别上可以破格提高。

12) Care should be taken at all times to protect the computers and other instruments in the lab from dust and damp.

【译文】要始终注意保护实验室中的电脑和其他仪器,勿使其沾上灰尘,勿使其受潮。 请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

13) The Secondary School is named after a donator who made a contribution of 50 million RMB yuan.

【译文】这所中学是以一名出资五千万人民币的捐赠人的名字命名。

14) Much of the energy is absorbed as the Sun’s rays pass through the atmosphere.

【译文】太阳光线通过大气层时许多能量被吸收进去了。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

15) I am now writing you, on behalf of the City

Delegation, to express our appreciation for the hospitality which was accorded to us during our visit to your city. 【译文】我现在代表本市代表团给您写信,对我们在贵市访问期间受到的热情款待表示感谢。

16) The proposal on the improvement of the investment environment is accepted by all the members of the committee.

【译文】这条关于改善投资环境的建议为该委员会全体委员所接受。 请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

17) The conflict was intensified by the different way in which the countries set out after they achieved independence between the two World Wars.

【译文】这一矛盾由于这些国家在两次世界大战中间取得独立后起步的路子不同而加深了。

18) This co-operation is rendered without

calculation, without ulterior motive and without mercantile interest.

【译文】进行合作时没有其他考虑,没有不可告人的用心,也不唯利是图。 请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运

用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

19) Mr. Smith was arrested when he himself was not aware that crime he had committed.

【译文】史密斯先生自己还不知道犯了什么罪,人家就把他逮捕了。

20) However, government intervention has been found necessary from time to time to ensure that economic opportunities are fair and accessible to the people, to prevent flagrant abuses, to dampen inflation and to stimulate growth.

【译文】然而,为了确保人人均可获得平等的经济机会,防止公然的不正当行为,抑制通货膨胀并刺激经济增长,人们

发现政府的干预常常是必要的。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

21) As I lie awake in bed, listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement, my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks, and a chill from within fills me with dread.

【译文】我躺在床上,睡不着,听着雨点儿落在路面上,啪啪作响。我思绪万千,恍恍惚惚进入了一条幽暗的通道,回想起许多痛苦的往事,心里一阵冰凉,不禁感到毛骨悚然。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

22) I lived with my husband for fifty-years – seeking happiness, and never finding it; …

【译文】我和我丈夫共同生活了五十年,一直在寻求着幸福却未能找到;……

23) Mortgage debt has increased 300 percent since 1975, and consumer bankruptcies are at an all-time high.

【译文】自1975年以来按揭借债增加了百分之三百,而且消费者破产达到了有史以来最高。(消费者破产人数也创历史新高) 请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

24) Within hours of a recent major stock market drop, I telephoned my Ford dealer and ordered the station wagon that I test-drove the day before.

【译文】在最近一次股市大跌的几个小时内,我打电话给我的福特汽车商,订购了我前一天试开过的旅行车。

25) A guest one day asked the wife if she was miserable being poor, especially in light of the great wealth she had once enjoyed.

【译文】有一天一个客人问这位妻子她是不是因贫穷而痛苦,尤其是考虑到她曾享有过巨大财富。

请翻译下列语句或语段,注意英汉语言差异在翻译中的运用(4x25=100):

2. 英汉语言特点对 翻译的启示

3.3.1 英汉句子结构的互换

A. 英语简单句可转换成汉语复合句

B. 英语并列句、复合句可转换成汉语简单句 3.3.2 英汉句子顺序的调整 A.调整时间顺序 B.调整空间顺序

C.调整逻辑顺序

3.1.1 英语重形合,汉语重意合

3.1.2 英语爱化零为整,汉语喜化整为零 3.1.3 英语爱用静态词,汉语多用动态词 3.1.4 英语语序变换多,汉语结构较固定

3.1.5 英语多用被动,汉语常用主动 3.

4.1 英汉都有增补与省略

3.4.2 英汉都有词类转换 3.4.3 英汉都有巧妙重复

3.4.4 英汉都受上下文制约选择词义

课堂互动1 课堂互动3 课堂互动4

综合练习 1 综合练习 2 综合练习 3

3. 1 英汉语言特征对比

3. 2 英汉词汇表达对比

3.2.1 英语词汇含义多

3.2.2 英语词汇搭配多

3.2.3 英语词汇在句中的位置多

3. 3 英汉句法结构对比

3. 4 英汉句意表达对比

第三章综合练习及参考译文

end

教 材 第 三

重 点

第三章 英汉语言对比

课堂互动2

课堂互动1: 翻译句子,注意语序、语态特点(参考译文)

1.I suppose that if a man has a confused mind he will write in a confused way, if his temper is capricious his prose will be fantastical, and if he has a quick, darting intelligence that is reminded by the matter in hand of a hundred things, he will, unless he has great self-control, load his pages with metaphor and simile.

【译文】我想,如果一个人思路不清,写起文章来也会杂乱

无章;如果他性情多变、喜怒无常,他的文章也会充满奇思妙想;如果他思路敏捷,能由眼前之事联想到上百件事,除非他有很强的自我约束力,他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。

2.I sincerely hope that your congratulations will be matched by your collective endeavour to seek a just and practical solution to the problem which has bedeviled the United Nations for so many years.

【译文】我们诚恳地希望,你们在表示祝贺之后,能作

出相应的共同努力,以便寻求一个公正可行的办法,来解决这个多年来一直困扰着联合国的问题。

课堂互动1: 翻译句子,注意语序、语态特点(参考译文)

3.They often do not realize that bribery in

various forms is on the increase in many countries and, in some, has been a way of life for centuries.

【译文】他们通常没意识到在很多国家,行行色色的

贿赂行为正日益增多。在某些国家,这已成为人们几百年来的生活方式。

课堂互动1: 翻译句子,注意语序、语态特点(参考译文)

4.Culture to him, as to the Orientals, with

whom he lived so much and sympathized so deeply, was an affair of the spirit and of mind not to be measured by material progress, or, even by the arts.

【译文】他心中的所谓文化,与人的精神心灵有关,不

能用物质的丰富,甚至艺术文明来衡量。他跟东方人交往很久,也同情东方人;在东方人心目中,文化也是如此。

课堂互动1: 翻译句子,注意语序、语态特点(参考译文)

5.With Asia’s economic meltdown rattling the Beijing leadership, Zhu and his colleagues now have a powerful argument that China must get its own house in order to prevent meddling by the International Monetary Fund or other outsiders. (China: Zhu is Taking a Broom to the Bureaucrats )

【译文】亚洲经济出现的问题使北京领导层感到紧张,朱镕基和其他领导人现在更有理由相信,为了防止国际货币基金组织和其他的外部干涉,中国必须把自己的事情办好。

小节结束 课堂互动1: 翻译句子,注意语序、语态特点(参考译文)

课堂互动2: 翻译句子,注意词义的选择(参考译文)

1.That woman walks the streets .

【译文】那女人是个街头女郎。

2.Bill is taking his bird to the pictures

tonight.

【译文】比尔今晚要带他的“小鸟”去看电影。

3.He is not so ill but he can come to

school.

【译文】他还不至于病得不能上学。

课堂互动2: 翻译句子,注意词义的选择(参考译文)

4.She is at home in English.

【译文】他英语很棒。

5.He and he alone could control the

situation.

【译文】他,只有他,才能控制局面。

6.It is raining cats and dogs outside.

【译文】外面下着倾盆大雨。

课堂互动2: 翻译句子,注意词义的选择(参考译文)

7.It is not half bad for a beginner.

【译文】就新手而言,这是相当不错的了。

8. Don’t make light of their design.

【译文】别轻视他们的方案。

9.He is a foreign-language student.

【译文】他是学外语的学生。

课堂互动2: 翻译句子,注意词义的选择(参考译文)

10.I came to the university this day 25

years ago .

【译文】二十五年前的今天,我来到这所大学。

11.We’ll be there this time next month.

【译文】下个月的这个时候,我们将到那儿。

12.I’m something of a carpenter.

【译文】我能作些木工活。

课堂互动2: 翻译句子,注意词义的选择(参考译文)

13.Xiao Gao is anything of a gentleman.

【译文】小高有点儿君子的风度。

14.He is nothing of a musician.

【译文】他全无音乐家的风范。

15.We sang the old year out and the New

Year in.

【译文】我们以歌声辞旧迎新。

小节结束

课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文) 1.That region was the most identifiable

trouble spot.

【译文】那是个是非之地,大家都看得出来。

2.I closed my eyes and said a prayer of

thanks before putting the car in gear and returning to the highway.

【译文】我合上双目,感谢上苍,然后挂挡上路。

3.The station chief would have to be

close to the director, a member of the inner circle.

【译文】这位站长就得接近董事,因为董事是核心集

团的成员。

4.This place is really beautiful, and

many people bring their wives and families out here to live.

【译文】这地方实在漂亮,所以许多人都把自己的家

小搬来居住。

课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文)

5.The music world and the world at

large became poorer places on April 8, when Marian Anderson, the greatest alto from Philadelphia, died at 96. (按照时间顺序)

【译文】今年4月8日,来自费城96岁高龄的伟大女

低音歌唱家玛丽安 · 安德森逝世,噩耗传来,世界各地,尤其是音乐界人士,无不为之黯然伤神。

课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文)

6.This preface must necessarily by

short and modest, for I cannot claim to be an expert in painting, merely an ardent lover of the art. (按照逻辑顺序)

【译文】我在绘画方面谈不上有所专攻,只是热爱

这门艺术而已,因此要为这部画册作序,只能三言两语谈一点肤浅的看法。

课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文)

7.He accomplished this by getting rid of

the irons with which his wrists and

ankles were shackled, cutting through a double grille of oak and iron bars,

descending twenty-five feet by a knotted sheet and blanket, and climbing a twenty-two-foot wall.(按照空间顺序)

【译文】他砸开了手铐脚镣,弄断了双层的橡木栅栏和铁

条,用系在一起的床单和毯子从25英尺高处跳下,爬过了22英尺的高墙,终于逃了出来。

课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文)

8.A quarter of century ago the General

Assembly and the Security Council symbolized, especially for the small countries, the supreme guarantee of a new international order based on peace and justice.(按照信息中心)

【译文】四分之一世纪前,联合国大会和安全理事会

曾象征着以和平与正义为基础的国际新秩序的最高保证。对小国来说,尤其如此。

课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文)

9.This man fished alone in a small boat; just like the protagonist of Ernest Hemingway’s the Old Man and the Sea , and endured a struggle just as epic, but lost the battle and his life. (按照搭配需要)

【译文】此人驾一叶扁舟,跟海明威小说《老人与海》

中的主人公一样,独自一人出海打鱼,历经了史诗般可歌可泣的搏斗之后,最后败下阵来,连性命都丢了。

课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文)

10. She had spent a sleepless night, and

rising early had stood, wrapped up, at her window, with the cool air blowing on her face, to watch the dawn.

【译文】他一宿无眠,早早起身,披上毯子,迎着

拂面的凉风,凭窗眺望黎明。

小节结束 课堂互动3: 翻译句子,注意句子的结构转换(参考译文)

课堂互动4: 翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

1.Failure to greet a person you

recognize or to answer a greeting given to you is an unkindness to the other person, and very bad manners.

【译文】不给人打招呼或是不回应别人的招呼,便是

失礼、不友好的表示。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

2.It was a keen disappointment when

I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to China in January.

【译文】我原先打算在今年一月访问中国,后来我

不得不推迟,这使我深感失望。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

3.Now Jane is delighted to get her diploma. For twice she had wanted to quit school, but she changed her mind with the help of her teacher.

【译文】现在珍妮很高兴拿到毕业文凭。当初她曾

两次要退学,不过在老师帮助下,她后来改变了主意。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

4.He saw advertised in the local newspaper a teaching post from a school not far from where he lived.

(宾语后置)

【译文】他从当地的报纸上看到一则离他住的地

方不远的一所学校征聘教师的广告。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

5.Have to be tough with you, I know

that. Talking nicely is just waste of time .

【译文】我知道你这小子吃硬不吃软,跟你说好听

的没用。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

6.Although they were promised better

housing in the North, some families were forced to live in overcrowded and unhealthy quarters.

【译文】虽然他们获得保证,在北部会有更好的住房,

可是很多家庭仍不得不住在拥挤不堪,卫生条件极差的地方。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意表达(参考译文)

7.The most valuable in life is life; the

greatest necessity in life is study; the greatest pleasure in life is work, while the most important in life is friendship. (Stalin)

【译文】人生最宝贵的是生命,人生最需要的是学习,

人生最愉快的是工作,人生最重要的是友谊。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

8.All the problems can be solved by ourselves when we use our brain.

【译文】只要我们开动脑筋,所有问题我们都可

以自己解出来。

课堂互动4: 翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文) 9.The modern nuclear family was rooted in

the desire to live happily in a more equal marriage, where the raising of children and investment of both parents in the children’s lives were guaranteed by

bonds of friendship between the parents, which were based on rational love.

【译文】现代核心家庭渴望享受更平等的婚姻关系所带来

的幸福生活。在这样的家庭里,父母间由于理性的爱所带来的友好关系保证了他们能共同抚养孩子和共同在孩子身上投入。

课堂互动4:翻译句子,注意句意的表达(参考译文)

10.A labor inspector took the Disney

organization to court this week , contending that the company’s dress and appearance code —which bans moustaches, beards, excess weight , short skirts and fancy stockings — offends individual liberty and violates French labor law.

【译文】一位劳工问题督察员本周将迪斯尼公司告上了

法庭, 他声称公司的着装规定——不准蓄胡须,不准体重超标,不准穿超短裙和花哨的袜子——侵犯了个人的自由,也违反了法国的劳工法。

小节结束

1)He is little of a scholar.

【译文】他没有学者的风度。

2)He is very much of a poet.

【译文】他大有诗人之气派。

3)He’s only not a boy.

【译文】他简直是个孩子。

4)Not knowing her telephone number , I

can not contact her immediately.

【译文】由于不知道她的电话号码,我无法立刻与她

联系。

1.翻译下列句子,注意斜体词句表达差异

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

5) Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.

【译文】无知是恐惧的根源,也是敬佩的根源。

6) With all his achievements he remains modest and prudent.

【译文】他虽有很多成就,但还是谦虚谨慎。

7) Everything considered , your essay seems better written.

【译文】如果各方面都考虑到,你的论文似乎会写得更好些。

1.翻译下列句子,注意斜体词句表达差异

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

1.翻译下列句子,注意斜体词句表达差异

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

8) We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country.

【译文】我们认为,如果不尊重一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望,任何和平局面都不会是持久的。

1.翻译下列句子,注意斜体词句表达差异

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

9) It would have been of as much avail to interrogate any stone face outside chateau as to interrogate that face of his.

【译文】从他那张脸上审视不出什么,正如从城堡外面任何一块石头表面上审视不出什么一样。

1.翻译下列句子,注意斜体词句表达差异

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

10) Surgeon that Fleming was, he did

not know penicillin which kills bacteria and germs.

【译文】虽然弗莱明是外科医生,他当时并不知道

杀死细菌和病菌的是青霉素。

1)He felt a qualm in his stomach, and

it was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.

(按照信息中心译)

【译文】他感到一阵心酸,与其说是预见了她的凄

凉,倒不如说是想到了他自己的孤独。

2. 翻译下列句子,注意调整语序

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

2)For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed.(按照时间顺序)

【译文】例如,有位女学生,原来学习很吃力,但自从换了一盏好台灯,并把桌子从床边搬开以后,学习就取得了长足的进步。

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

2. 翻译下列句子,注意调整语序

3)A reader’s perception of the loose, slangy, colloquial, shirt-sleeved quality of much modern prose will be

sharpened if he has experienced the conscious elegance of eighteenth-century writers and the solemn lecture-hall pronouncements of the Victorians.

(按照逻辑顺序译)

【译文】如果一位读者读过18世纪作家的作品,体会到

其刻意追求典雅的语言风格,又读过维多利亚女王时代的人在演讲大厅上所作的庄严的发言,他定能更深刻地理解很多现代散文作品那种结构松散、口语色彩浓、好用俚语、不拘形式的语言风格。

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

2. 翻译下列句子,注意调整语序

4)Based on national realities and taking reasonable aspects of foreign economies, Chinese economists are working to establish socialist market economy, which ensures

economic activities follow the requirements of the law of value and the changing relationship between supply and demand. (按照搭配需要译)

【译文】在立足本国实际和借鉴海外经济合理成分的基础上,中国经济学者正致力于建立社会主义市场经济,要保证经济活动遵循价值规律的要求,适应供求关系的变化。

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

2. 翻译下列句子,注意调整语序

5)There are few moments in life that bring husband and wife closer in reflective communion than the first October moment by a blazing hearth when they inhale the odor of mothballs in each other’s sweaters and agree it’s time they once again had a long talk.

【译文】十月初临,夫妻俩傍倚着融融的炉火,都能闻到对方毛衣散发出的卫生球气味,默契地认为是他们在一起促膝长谈的时候了,如此亲密无间地沉浸在感情交流之中,一生能有几回。

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

2. 翻译下列句子,注意调整语序

1)No matter how bad the world may become, no matter how much the mass man of the future may lose such of the virtues as he still has, one fact remains. If one person alone refuses to go along with him, if one person alone asserts his individual and inner right to believe in and be loyal to what his fellow men seem to have given up, then at least he will still retain what is perhaps the most important part of humanity.

【译文】不管世界会堕落到什么地步,不管未来的人会丧失多少他们迄今还保留着的美德,有一个事实依然不变:只要有一个人不肯跟着随波逐流,只要有一个人还会坚持自己植根于心灵深处的权利,信守他的同胞似乎已经放弃的美德,那他至少还会保留着也许是人性中最宝贵的东西。

3. 翻译下列短文,注意衔接表达方式

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

2) Four days after setting out, while the Titanic was sailing across the icy waters of the North Atlantic, a huge iceberg was suddenly spotted by a lookout. After the alarm had been given, the great ship turned sharply to avoid a direct collision. The Titanic turned just in time,

narrowly missing the immense wall of ice which rose over 100 feet out of the water beside her.

【译文】―泰坦尼克”号起航后的第四天,正行驶在北大西洋冰冷的海面上。突然,瞭望员发现正前方有一座冰山。警报拉响后,巨轮急转弯,以避免与冰山正面相撞。“泰坦尼克”号这个弯儿拐得及时,紧贴着高出海面100英尺的巨大冰墙擦了过去。

3. 翻译下列短文,注意衔接表达方式

第三章综合练习

及参考译文

英汉语言对比与翻译练习

英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项: 1.英汉语言句法/句式差别; 2.体会英汉互译句式转换规律; Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上,众老婆们放下车帘,方命小厮们抬起,拉至宽处,加上训骡,出 了西脚门往东,过荣府正门,如一黑油漆大门内,至仪门前,方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.

第三讲英汉句式对比与翻译讲义

第二讲英汉句式结构对比与翻译 如果说词是最小的可以独立运用的意义单位,那么句子是语言的基本运用单位。一般情况下,进行语篇翻译时,无论是英译汉还是汉译英,基本上都是以句子为翻译单位的。尤其是英译汉时,即使是一个很长的句子,一般也要将整个句子通盘考虑,搞清整个句子的逻辑关系才能将句子翻译成既能忠实传达原文信息、风格、逻辑关系又能保持通顺的中文。 如果是汉译英,有时句子较长,可以根据意群进行切分,然后将切分开的句子逐句译为英文。将英汉两种语言的句式结构进行对比,了解两种语言在句式结构上的异同之处,对翻译来说是非常重要的一环。 英文句式结构 英文句式结构基本上都可以归纳为主谓结构,即S+V(主语+谓语动词)的结构,即使是祈使句,也不过是省略了主语的句子。英文的句子结构在S+V的结构上可以扩展,但总不外乎五种基本变化。 (1)S+V:He langhed. (2)S+V+O:Mary is reading Harry Potter. 3)S+V+O+O.c. We heard them quarrelling. (4)S+V+I.O+D.C He gave me some first-hand marerial. (5)S+link.V+P He is in dangerous situation. 以上这些句型充分显示出英文的基本句式结构是主谓结构,而且这是一种高度语法化的句式结构,其中主语一般是动作的发出者(doer\agent)或动作的承受者(doee),即整个句子分别为主动语态和被动语态。 用上述主谓结构来套中文的句子模式,有一部分汉语句子与上述英语句子基本是对应的。例(1)至(5)的意思,中文也有与英文相似的结构,分别为: (1)C:他笑了。 (2)C:玛丽在读《哈里.波特》。 (3)C:我们听见他们争吵。 (4)C:他给我一些一手资料。 (5)C:他处于危险的境地。/他处境危险。 二、中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构(S + V ) 例1:他没来。(S + V ) He didin’t come. 例2:全家人都在看电视。(S + V + O) The family are watching TV. 例3:我们看到很多人站在广场上。( S + V + O + O.C ) We saw many people standing on the square. 例4:你能递给我那本书吗?( S + V + I.O + D.C) Would you please pass me the book? 例5:他看上去很失望。(S + link. V + P) He looks disappointed.

英汉语言对比与翻译2

幻灯片1 课后练习 ●blue films ●bluebottle ●Greenfly ●common criminal ●common informer ●hard labor ●free love ●blue-eyed boy ●bluestocking 幻灯片2 参考翻译 ●blue films 蓝色电影(×) ●淫秽电影(√) ●bluebottle 蓝瓶子(×) ●绿头苍蝇(√) ●greenfly 绿苍蝇(×) ●蚜虫(√) ●common criminal 普通罪犯(×) ●臭名昭著的罪犯(√) ●common informer 一般的告密者(×) ●职业告密者(√) 幻灯片3 参考翻译 ●hard labor 艰苦的劳动(×) ●(监禁)苦役(√) ●free love 自由恋爱(×) ●(无婚约的)自由性爱(√) ●blue-eyed boy 蓝眼睛男孩(×) ●宠儿(√) ●blue sky research/thinking 蓝天研究/思维(×) ●天马行空式的(√) 幻灯片4 翻译的原则与标准

1. 支谦与《法句经序》(229年) “天竺言语,与汉异音。云其书为天书,语为天语,名物不同,传实不易。” 开篇即强调了佛经翻译之难,即语言不同,语境不同,名物不同,翻译起来确实不易。幻灯片5 翻译的原则与标准 2. 道安与“五失本,三不易” 源自其在公元382年所作 《摩诃钵罗若波罗蜜经抄序》 译胡为秦,有五失本也。 一者,胡语尽倒,而使从秦,一失本也。 二者,胡经尚质,秦人好文,传可众心,非文不合,斯二失本也。 幻灯片6 翻译的原则与标准 三者,经委悉,至于叹咏,叮咛反复,或三或四,不嫌其烦,而今裁斥,三失本也。 四者,胡有义说,正似乱辞,寻说向语,文无以异,或千五百,刈而不存,四失本也。 五者,事已全成,将更傍及,反腾前辞,已乃后说,而悉除此,五失本也。 幻灯片7 ●“五失本”是: ●一、佛经词序多是颠倒的,汉译时改从汉语语法,容易失本; ●二、佛经文字质朴,而汉人喜欢文采,为适合汉语读者,译文作了润饰,容易失本; ●三、佛经的论述,往往不厌其烦,颂文更是翻三覆四,翻译时删繁就简,容易失本; 幻灯片8 ●四、佛经有“义说”(长行之后,另加的偈颂复述)类似汉人韵文后的“乱辞”(总结),

从英汉对比的角度看被动的翻译

从英汉对比的角度看被动的翻译 发表时间:2015-02-02T13:45:31.063Z 来源:《教育学文摘》2014年12月总第142期供稿作者:武亚萍[导读] 东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。武亚萍山西大学商务学院外语系山西太原030006 摘要:英汉两种语言由于隶属于不同的文化体系所以在语言结构和表达上存在诸多的差异,两种语言系统对被动语意的表达差别巨大。相较于汉语的表达方式而言,被动语态在英语语言系统中的运用更为普遍,所以对英语被动语态的翻译更加受到英语研究学界的重视,而如何在尊重两种语言系统差异的情况下合理地对英语被动句进行翻译是近年来英语语言学研究的重点课题。本文在汉英两种语言系统被动语态进行对比的基础上,对英语被动翻译的策略进行了探讨,以期能够促进两种语言系统更好地交流融合。关键词:英语英汉对比被动翻译 英语和汉语在世界语言系统中是两种有着较大差异的语言,分别隶属于西方语系和东方语系。东西方文化风俗和语言习惯的差异导致二者在字形系统、词汇系统和语法结构系统等方面表现出了截然不同的特色。而被动语态是构成两种语言系统必不可少的因素,在两种语系中均有着重要的地位。从英汉对比的角度看,英语语系对被动语态的使用较之于汉语语系更为广泛和深刻,著名的语言学家就曾经指出英语语系对被动语态的广泛使用是英语语系区别于汉语语系最重要的特色。所以对英语被动语态的翻译首先应该从英汉两种语系在被动语态上的对比入手,在掌握两种语言系统中被动语态区别的基础上,对英语被动语态的翻译进行准确的把握。 一、英汉被动语态的对比 英语语言系统在具体表达上注重句式的“型合”,句式结构的变化更为丰富复杂,特别是在be和动词的过去分词这一被动语态的组合中,句式的“型合”表现得更为明显。英语对被动语态的表达通过类似的句式展现出来,明显具有显性的特点。而对于汉语被动语态来说,汉语的语意表现更为含蓄,对被动语态的表达也通常会借助句子的内部连接或句意之间的逻辑关系来展示意义上的被动,具有隐性的特点。 1.英汉结构被动句对比。英汉两种语系的被动语态在结构上存在着相同点,在两种形式的被动句中句子的主语一般都是意义上的受动者,而意义上的施动者则不太重要,可以在句子中表现出来,也可以隐去。但是两种被动句的结构存在巨大的差异。例如在“Many soldiers were killed in the war”一句中,由于句子的阐述者不能明确语意的施动者,所以采用被动句的形式进行表述。而与英语被动句的结构不同,汉语被动句的动词没有时态上的变化,所以汉语被动句不会以动词的过去分词为被动标志,汉语被动式常用能够直接表现被动的“被”字作为结构式被动句的构成条件。例如“糖果被吃掉了”一句中,采用了受动者、“被“字和动词相结合的结构表现被动意义。汉语被动句中的标志词除了“被”以外还有“叫”、“让”等,都能在反映被动意义的基础上构建被动句结构。 2.英汉意义被动句对比。英汉两种语系不仅在结构被动句上存在差异,在语意被动句上也有着明显的不同。当被动句的受动者不会被错认成施动者时,汉语一般选择使用意义被动句。常见的意义被动有两种:一是常见于古文或口语中的逻辑关系上的被动,如“看病难这一问题总算得到解决了”。二是具有感情色彩的“挨、获、遭、承蒙”等词与及物动词相结合表现被动意义,如“承蒙关照,在此表示深深的感谢”。而英语的意念被动句则有所不同,在这种句式中虽然句子仍为主动句的结构,但是句子的主语在意义上却是受动者,常常用于描绘事物的属性状态等,被动意义比较弱。例如“Brazilian fruit tastes delicious”一句利用“taste”表示整个句子的被动意义,而“My father is difficult to request”一句也在主动句的句型中用“difficult”加具有被动意义的不定式结构来表现被动的概念。 二、英语被动翻译的策略 对英语被动句进行翻译可以遵循两种方法,即直译法和意译法。直译法具体来说就是在句子中没有出现施动者时对句子各部分结构的意思按主要成分的顺序进行翻译,直接翻译成带有“被”或其他结构被动句标志的句子。例如在对“Candy has been eaten by harry”一句进行翻译时可以直接利用“被”字翻译成“糖果被哈利吃掉了”。而运用意译法进行翻译时,在句子中有施动者的情况下,可以将句子的施动者直接翻译成汉语句子的主语,将受动者翻译成句子的宾语,如可以将“The mouse was killed by Peter”翻译成“彼得把老鼠打死了”;而当句子中没有施动者时,可以根据句子上下文的内容合理地在翻译中增加施动者,如在对“It maybe asked why I killed them”一句进行翻译时可以根据内容增加主语,合理地翻译为“也许有人会问我为什么将他们杀了”。 三、结语 本文从英汉对比的角度对英语被动翻译进行了探讨,简要说明了英汉被动存在的差别和对英语被动句进行翻译的策略,希望能为相关的英语被动句翻译提供理论借鉴。 参考文献 [1]Nord·Christiane Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained (Translation Theories Explored).New York: Routledge,2014,5。 [2]钟小芳英汉被动语态对比与互译方式[J].吉林省教育学院学报(学科版),2012,28,(2)。 [3]樊斌基于双语语料库的英汉对比与翻译初探[J].重庆科技学院学报(社会科学版),2012,(5)。 [4]朱旭双英汉被动意义表达形式对比及翻译策略分析[J].教育教学论坛,2014,(20)。

英汉语言对比与翻译作业

英汉语言对比与翻译作业 1. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read, and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection. 翻译:认为自己的思想深奥,不可能表达得很清楚,让任何人都能理解,这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到,问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。 2. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 翻译:他有一种令人不安的习惯:一会儿一个看法,自相矛盾,变化无常。 3.While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June, there drove up to the great iron gate of Miss Pinkerton’s academy for young ladies, on Chiswick Mall, a large family coach, with two fat horses in blazing harness, driven by a fat coachman in a three-cornered hat and wig, at the rate of four miles an hour. (Thackeray)翻译:(当时)这个世纪刚过了十几年。六月的一天早上,天气晴朗。契息克林阴道上平克顿女子学校的大铁门前面来了一辆宽敞的私人马车。拉车的两匹肥马套着雪亮的马具,一个肥胖的车夫带了假头发和三角帽子,赶车子的速度是一小时四英里。(萨克雷)

实用英汉对比与翻译

第二章英汉句式结构对比与翻译 一. 英文句式结构 基本上为主谓结构,可以扩展为5种: 主+谓、主+谓+宾、主+谓+宾+宾补、主+谓+宾+间宾+直宾、主+系+表。汉语中有部分句子与上述英文句子是对应的。 二. 中文句式结构 (一)主谓结构。(可分为主动和被动) (二)主题—评述句 1. 很多汉语句子是“话题性”很强的句子,即句子的前面是一个话题,后面是对话题的评述或陈述、描述。 如:他处境很危险;楼上住着个女工。 2. 其中话题跟后面的动词只是对这个话题所作的说明,不一定表示主语所指称的实体的行动或性质,或者后面根本就没有动词。 3. 结论:将此类句子翻译成英文时,需进行句式结构的调整,在整个句中找到可以在英文中作主语的词,然后再根据主语选择合适的动词,如果找不到主语,就需要添加主语,或将句子中动作的承受着作主语,变为英文的被动语态。 4. 主题—评述句可归纳为如下几种: ⑴动作承受者作话题。如:那件事我已经办好了。 ⑵双话题。如:我头疼。 ⑶动词或动词短语作话题。如:加入世贸组织利大于弊。 ⑷从句作话题。如:张三明天去美国,我觉得很奇怪。 ⑸地点作话题。如:桌上搁着一碗饭。 ⑹时间作话题。如:今天风和日暖。 (三)无主句 1.即“非主语句”,一种是没有主语的,叫无主句,还有一种是由一个词构成的,叫独词句,如:火!注意!这种句 子可以直译。 2.一般来说,无主句主要用于以下几种情况: ⑴表达客观、科学、公正的语气。汉语的一些科技材料或法律条文中往往使用无主句,目的是使表达的内容更科学、公正。这种情况下,无主句要以为英文的主谓结构时,一般都转化为被动语态,也就是使用原文的宾语做主语,因为被动语态不强调动作的发出者,可以比较准确地表达原文的语用效果。 如:要制造飞机,就要考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance has to be taken into consideration when an airplane is to be made. ⑵表达不满又不失礼貌地语气。汉语中无主句多用来表达一种微妙的情感,在不强调施事者的情况下,表达自己的观点,不满等。在英语中,遇到同样的情况,一般较为广泛地使用被动语态。这样说话人可以避免对自己所说的话负责,听话人也不会感到说话人在把自己的主观意志强加给自己。所以,此类无主句可以译为英语的被动句。有时也可以用形式主语it,避开主观语气。 如:为什么总把这些麻烦事推给我呢?Why are these troubles always left to me? 有时也可以用形式主语it,避开主观语气。 如:学这一套,不如去学照相。It is better to learn photographing than to learn this stuff. ⑶省略第一人称主语“我”或“我们”。有时候为了直接表达自己的观点,说话人刻意省去了“我”或“我们”。这些无主句往往出现在较为正式的场合或正式的书面报告中,翻译成英文时可根据集体情况添加主语“我”或“我们”,最好不要将其转译为英语的被动语态。 如:希望一切问题都会迎刃而解。I hope that all the problems will be readily solved.

英汉对比与翻译作业答案

The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段: 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲,他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活,早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展,维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一:姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二:他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一:开车他没有经验。 译文二:他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一:我眼下有口饭吃,还不是多亏了你吗? 译文二:还不是多亏了你,我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一:婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二:婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三:我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一:Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二:Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三:Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话,多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二:We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二:German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋,已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二: It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着,扶了洪教头,羞颜满面,自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵,沉默!不在沉默中爆发,就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意:请大家在做作业之前,仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” (Static vs. Dynamic)两章内容。

英汉语言系统对比与翻译

英汉语言系统对比与翻译 一、被动与主动 (一)英语多用被动式原因 1、施事的原因。 2、句法的要求。 (1)为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接。 (2)为了使句子平衡。 (3)修辞的考虑。 (4)文体的需要。 (二)汉英多主动式原因 1、汉语被动式的使用受到限制。 2、使用受事主语(Receptor subject)导致大量的“当然被动句”。 3、当不需要或不可能说出施事者的时候,汉语可以采用无主句或主语省略句来保持句子的主动形式。 4、当施事者难以指明时,汉语还可以采用通称(generic person)或泛称作主语。 5、当不便使用被动式时,汉语可采用某些转换式来表达被动意义。 (1)处置式(即“把字式”或“将字式”) (2)“为……所”式。 (3)“是……的”式。 (4)“……的是” (5)“……加以/予以”式。 二、物称与人称(Impersonal vs Personal ) (一)、英语常用非人称,主语汉语常用人称主语 1、用抽象名词或无生命的事物名称作主语。 2用非人称代词“it”作主语。代词“it”除了用来代替除人以外的生物或事物之外还广泛用作填补词expletive。 (二)英语常用被动式,采用物称表达法:汉语常用主动式,采用人称、泛称或隐称表达法。 三、静态与动态(Static vs. Dynamic) 1、名词化倾向是英语的特征之一 2、名词作为施事者对动词的替代 3、名词构成标题式短语对形容词的替代 4、名词优势引起的介词优势 5、动词的弱化 6、形容词副词对动词的替代 7、动词连用是汉语的常态 8、动词可以充当汉语的任何句子成份 9、汉语句子中的动词可重复重叠

70-英汉语言对比与翻译

中国海洋大学本科生课程大纲 课程属性:公共基础/通识教育/学科基础/专业知识/工作技能,课程性质:必修、选修 一、课程介绍 1. 课程描述 要想学好翻译,最有效的办法莫过于充分了解两种语言之间的相同之处和不同之处。著名语言学家吕叔湘曾指出:“我相信,对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别,在每一个具体问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构上,都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较,让他通过这种比较得到更深刻的领会”。只有对英汉两种语言之间的差异有了深刻的体会,才能培养出语言之间的转换意识,翻译也才能够顺利进行。可以说,双语认知能力与差异观念、语言对比与转换意识构成了翻译能力的基本要素。一切翻译理论、方法和技巧均建基于此。英汉两种语言在词法、句法、语篇和文体层面迥然有别,英语是综合语,可以充分利用形态变化、虚词、复句等表情达意,而汉语属于分析语,在表达同样意思时,主要借助语序、短句、散句、紧缩句、省略句、流水句、并列句,按照时间顺序或事理顺序,逐层叙述。在句法层面,英汉两种语言在主谓结构、局部与整体、形合与意合等方面不尽相同;语篇层面, - 7 -

英汉两种语言在时间性和空间性、连贯与衔接等方面均有差异。本课程将从英汉语之间的显著差异切入,探究两种语言之间的转换机制与转换方法。 The most effective way of mastering translation is to fully understand the similarities and dissimilarities between the source language and the target language. Lv Shuxiang, a famous linguist once remarked: “I firmly believe that the most useful way for Chinese students is to make them be aware of the differences between English and Chinese on every category including lexicon, semantics, grammar, and sentence structure. Only by this way can they have a deeper understanding”. This remark holds truth. A deep understanding of the differences between English and Chinese ensures a sense of shift and successful translation. We can safely conclude that the bilingual cognition between the source language and the target language, the sense of comparison and shift constitute the basic elements of translation competence. All translation theories, strategies and techniques are based upon them. There are huge differences on morphology, syntax, discourse and stylistics between English and Chinese. English belongs to synthetic language, conveying meaning by means of formal devices, function words and complex sentences while Chinese, an analytic language, conveys meaning chronologically and logically through word order, short sentence, loose sentence, contracted sentence, ellipsis sentence and coordinate sentence. At the syntactic level, English and Chinese differs in subject-verb structure, ways of expressing partiality and wholeness, and ways of connection. At the discoursal level, the two languages differ in temporality and spatiality, cohesion and coherence. The course will start from the most obvious differences between English and Chinese, exploring the shifting mechanism and methods. - 7 -

英汉句子比较与翻译

英汉句子比较与翻译(1) 英汉句子结构比较 英语重形合(hypotaxis),汉语重意合(parataxis) 形合主要靠语言本身语法手段(形式手段),意合主要靠句子内部逻辑联系 ?奈达《译意》Translating meaning: 就汉语和英语而言,也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比(contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis) 英语注重显性衔接(overt cohesion),汉语注重隐性连贯(covert coherence) ?傅雷:东方人与西方人的思维方式有基本分歧,我人重综合,重归纳,重暗示,重含蓄;西方人则重分析,细微曲折,挖掘唯恐不尽,描写唯恐不周。 ?汉语学家王力:西洋语法是硬的,没有弹性;中国语法是软的,富有弹性。……所以中国语法以达意为主。英国人写文章往往化零为整,而中国人写文章却往往化整为零。 ●由于距离远,又缺乏交通工具,使农村社会与外界隔绝,而这种隔绝,又由于通讯工具 不足而变得更加严重。 A.Because there is a great distance and there are not enough transport facilities, the rural world is isolated. This isolation has become more serious because there are not enough information media. B.The isolation of the rural world, because of distance and lack of transport facilities, is compounded by the paucity of the information media. 英语句子中,名词与介词占优势 主谓机制:抓住了谓语动词就抓住了英语句子的灵魂。 名词与名词之间的联系要借介词来串通 ●Carlisle Street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill and up again, by little shops and meat-markets, past single-storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn. (7个介词) ●卡莱尔大街往西伸展,越过一座黑色大桥,爬下山岗又爬上去,经过许多小铺和肉市, 又经过一些平房,然后突然朝着一大片绿色草地中止了。 ●Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms place the majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own countries. ●农民缺乏训练,许多农场生产率很低,这就使得大多数农民处于贫穷的境地。 英汉句子重心的差异 ●We believe that it is right and necessary that people with different political and social systems should live side by side—not just in a passive way but as active friends. ●我们认为生活在不同政治社会制度下的各国人民应该共处,不仅仅是消极共处,而是要 积极地友好相处,这是正确而必要的。 汉语的习惯是叙事在前,表态在后。英语的习惯是表态在前,叙事在后。 ●The visit gives me the opportunity which I have long sought, to see for myself the achievements of the Chinese people. 这次访问使我有机会亲眼看一看中国人民取得的成就,这是我向往已久的。 ●I am heartened by the assurance which your Government has repeatedly given that the arrangements for Hong Kong contained in the Agreement are not measures of expediency. ●贵国政府一再表示,协议中有关香港的安排不是权宜之计,这种保证使我感到鼓舞。 英语:end-weight头轻脚重,属于主语显著(subject-prominent)语言 It is….to…; there…

英汉对比翻译

Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测,除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外,大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老,实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险,进到森林不远处,你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘,春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under . law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律,所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证,除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由,是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to communicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信,图兰多在北京上演,将进一步说明,无论歌剧还是电影,艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流,分享情感的最佳媒介”,图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters ––savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章,我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落,我都仔细品玩,一唱三叹;对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词,我都流连徘徊、依依不舍;书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画,一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥,雇了一只小船,荡起双桨。朝北不远,便到了历下亭前。上岸进去,入了大门,便是一个房子,油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像,而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家,后来,又得病瘫痪在床,家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼,天资聪颖,从小就学习成绩优异。所以,外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上,节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。 Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best.

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