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纺织品专业词汇翻译中英文对照表纺织品braided fabric 编织物deformation 变形；走样fast colours 不褪色；色泽牢固punch work 抽绣embroidery 刺绣品acetate fibre 醋酯纤维hemp 大麻damp proof 防潮sanforizing, pre-shrunk 防缩textiles 纺织品crochet 钩编编织物gloss, lustre 光泽synthetic fibre 合成纤维chemical fibre 化学纤维jute 黄麻gunny cloth (bag) 黄麻布（袋）mixture fabric, blend fabric 混纺织物woven fabric 机织织物spun silk 绢丝linen 麻织物woolen fabrics 毛织物（品）cotton textiles 棉纺织品cotton velvet 棉绒cotton fabrics 棉织物（品）non-crushable 耐绉的viscose acetal fibre 黏胶纤维matching, colour combinations 配色rayon fabrics 人造丝织物artificial fibre 人造纤维crewel work 绒线刺绣mulberry silk 桑蚕丝, 家蚕丝silk fabrics 丝织物silk spinning 丝纺linen cambric 手帕亚麻纱plain 素色figured silk 提花丝织物jacquard 提花织物applique embroidery 贴花刺绣discolourization 褪色mesh fabric 网眼织物bondedfibre fabric 无纺织物embroidered fabric 绣花织物flax 亚麻linen yarn 亚麻纱knitting 针织knitwear 针织品hosiery 针织物textile fabric 织物ramee, ramie 苎麻tussah silk 柞蚕丝服装－－－clothes 衣服,服装wardrobe 服装clothing 服装habit 个人依习惯.身份而着的服装ready-made clothes, ready-to-wear clothes 成衣garments 外衣town clothes 外衣double-breasted suit 双排扣外衣suit 男外衣dress 女服tailored suit 女式西服everyday clothes 便服three-piece suit 三件套trousseau 嫁妆layette 婴儿的全套服装uniform 制服overalls 工装裤rompers 连背心的背带裤formal dress 礼服tailcoat, morning coat 大礼服evening dress 夜礼服dress coat, tails 燕尾服,礼服nightshirt 男式晚礼服dinner jacket 无尾礼服(美作:tuxedo)full dress uniform 礼服制服frock coat 双排扣长礼服gown, robe 礼袍tunic 长袍overcoat 男式大衣coat 女大衣topcoat 夹大衣fur coat 皮大衣three-quarter coat 中长大衣dust coat 风衣mantle, cloak 斗篷poncho 篷却(南美人的一种斗篷)sheepskin jacket 羊皮夹克pelisse 皮上衣jacket 短外衣夹克anorak, duffle coat 带兜帽的夹克,带风帽的粗呢大衣hood 风帽scarf, muffler 围巾shawl 大披巾knitted shawl 头巾,编织的头巾fur stole 毛皮长围巾muff 皮手筒housecoat, dressing gown 晨衣(美作:duster) short dressing gown 短晨衣bathrobe 浴衣nightgown, nightdress 女睡衣pyjamas 睡衣裤(美作ajamas)pocket 衣袋lapel (上衣)翻领detachable collar 假领,活领wing collar 硬翻领,上浆翻领V-neck V型领sleeve 袖子cuff 袖口buttonhole 钮扣孔shirt 衬衫blouse 紧身女衫T-shirt 短袖圆领衫,体恤衫vest 汗衫(美作:undershirt)polo shirt 球衣middy blouse 水手衫sweater 运动衫short-sleeved sweater 短袖运动衫roll-neck sweater 高翻领运动衫round-neck sweater 圆领运动衫suit, outfit, ensemble 套服twinset 两件套,运动衫裤jerkin 猎装kimono 和服ulster 一种长而宽松的外套jellaba, djellaba, jelab 带风帽的外衣cardigan 开襟毛衣mac, mackintosh, raincoat 橡胶雨衣trousers 裤子jeans 牛仔裤short trousers 短裤knickers 儿童灯笼短裤knickerbockers 灯笼裤plus fours 高尔夫球裤,半长裤braces 裤子背带(美作:suspenders)turnup 裤角折边,挽脚breeches 马裤belt 裤带skirt 裙子divided skirt, split skirt 裙裤underskirt 内衣underwear, underclothes 内衣裤underpants, pants 内衣裤(美作:shorts)briefs 短内裤,三角裤panties 女短内裤knickers 女半短内裤,男用灯笼短裤brassiere, bra 乳罩corselet 紧身胸衣stays, corset 束腰,胸衣waistcoat 背心slip, petticoat 衬裙girdle 腰带stockings 长袜suspenders 袜带(美作:garters)suspender belt 吊袜腰带(美作:garter belt) socks 短袜tights, leotard 紧身衣裤handkerchief 手帕bathing trunks 游泳裤bathing costume, swimsuit, bathing suit 游泳衣bikini 比基尼泳衣apron 围裙pinafore (带护胸)围裙shoe 鞋sole 鞋底heel 鞋后跟lace 鞋带moccasin 鹿皮鞋patent leather shoes 黑漆皮鞋boot 靴子slippers 便鞋sandal 凉鞋canvas shoes, rope soled shoes 帆布鞋clog 木拖鞋galosh, overshoe 套鞋tie 领带(美作:necktie)bow tie 蝶形领带cravat 领巾cap 便帽hat 带沿的帽子bowler hat 圆顶硬礼帽top hat 高顶丝质礼帽Panama hat 巴拿马草帽beret 贝蕾帽peaked cap, cap with a visor 尖顶帽broad-brimmed straw hat 宽边草帽headdress 头饰turban 头巾natural fabric 天然纤维cotton 棉silk 丝wool 毛料linen 麻synthetic fabric 混合纤维acryl 压克力polyester 伸缩尼龙nylon 尼龙worsted 呢料cashmere 羊毛patterns 花样tartan plaid 格子花(美作:tartan) dot 圆点花stripe 条纹flower pattern 花纹花样veil 面纱颜色－－－pink 粉红色salmon pink 橙红色baby pink 浅粉红色shocking pink 鲜粉红色brown 褐色, 茶色beige 灰褐色chocolate 红褐色, 赭石色sandy beige 浅褐色camel 驼色amber 琥珀色khaki 卡其色maroon 褐红色moss green 苔绿色emerald green 鲜绿色olive green 橄榄绿blue 蓝色turquoise blue 土耳其玉色cobalt blue 钴蓝色, 艳蓝色navy blue 藏青色, 深蓝色, 天蓝色aquamarine blue 蓝绿色red 红色scarlet 绯红, 猩红mauve 紫红wine red 葡萄酒红purple, violet 紫色lavender 淡紫色lilac 浅紫色antique violet 古紫色pansy 紫罗兰色white 白色off-white 灰白色ivory 象牙色snowy white 雪白色oyster white 乳白色gray 灰色charcoal gray 炭灰色smoky gray 烟灰色misty gray 雾灰色End==wedoliya提供==End++感谢：Handson提供++Begin==Handson提供==Begin 服装专业词汇[分享] 服装专业词汇A 色牢度试验项目COLOUR FASTNESS TESTS皂洗牢度washing摩擦牢度rubbing/crocking汗渍牢度perspiration干洗牢度drycleaning光照牢度light水渍牢度water氯漂白chlorine bleach spotting非氯漂白non-chlorine bleach漂白bleaching实际洗涤（水洗一次）actual laundering (one wash) 氯化水chlorinated water含氯泳池水chlorinated pool water海水sea-water酸斑acid spotting碱斑alkaline spotting水斑water spotting有机溶剂organic solvent煮呢potting湿态光牢度wet light染料转移dye transfer热（干态）dry heat热压hot pressing印花牢度print durability臭氧ozone烟熏burnt gas fumes由酚类引起的黄化phenolic yellowing唾液及汗液saliva and perspiration B 尺寸稳定性（缩水率）及有关试验项目（织物和成衣）DIMENSIONAL STABILITY (SHRINKAGE) AND RELATED TESTS (FABRIC & GARMENT)皂洗尺寸稳定性dimensional stability to washing (washing shrinkage)洗涤/手洗后的外观appearance after laundering / hand wash热尺寸稳定性dimensional stability to heating熨烫后外观appearance after ironing商业干洗稳定性dimensional stability to commercial drycleaning (drycleaning shrinkage) 商业干洗后外观(外观保持性）appearance after commercial drycleaning (appearance retention)蒸汽尺寸稳定性dimensional stability to steaming松弛及毡化dimensional stabilty to relaxation and felting缝纫线形稳定性dimensional stability for sewing thread C 强力试验项目STRENGTH TESTS拉伸强力tensile strength撕破强力tear strength顶破强力bursting strength接缝性能seam properties双层织物的结合强力bonding strength of laminated fabric涂层织物的粘合强力adhesion strength of coated fabric单纱强力single thread strength缕纱强力lea strength钩接强力loop strength纤维和纱的韧性tenacity of fibres and yarn D 织物机构测试项目FABRIC CONSTRUCTION TESTS织物密度（机织物) threads per unit length (woven fabric construction)织物密度（针织物) stitch density (knittted fabric)纱线支数counts of yarn纱线纤度（原样）denier counts as received织物幅宽fabric width织物克重fabric weight针织物线圈长度loop length of knitted fabric纱线卷曲或织缩率crimp or take-up of yarn割绒种类type of cut pile织造种类type of weave梭织物纬向歪斜度distortion in bowed and skewed fabrics (report as received and after one wash)圈长比terry to ground ratio织物厚度fabric thickness E 成分和其他分析试验项目COMPOSITION AND OTHER ANALYTICAL TESTS纤维成分fibre composition染料识别dyestuff identification靛蓝染料纯度purity of indigo含水率moisture content可萃取物质extractable matter填充料和杂质含量filling and foreign matter content淀粉含量starch content甲醛含量formaldehyde content甲醛树脂presence of formaldehyde resin棉丝光度mercerisation in cottonPH值PH value水能性absorbance F 可燃性试验项目FLAMMABILITY TESTS普通织物的燃烧性能flammability of general clothing textiles布料的燃烧速率（45。
外文文献原稿和译文原稿Introduction2010,Risks in Global MarketWhere there’s an opportunity,there’s a risk.Traders always face risks in any market,from the richest countries to the least developed economies. And as the global economic crisis changed markets,some risks for international trades might have been unveiled or worsened.The risks,which derive from the diversity and vicissitude of market structures,jurisdictions,commerce rules, cultures,languages,and even psychosociological factors,may exist in any sector and stage of the trade process,such as destination marketing,customs clearance,financial support,debts and solvencies,and adherence to WTO rules.A report by the Ministry of Commerce of China specified the risks of investing and doing business in many countries.Zhou Mi,an expert on the research panel,argued that the global market is undergoing a wave of restructuring and rebalancing because consumption in developed countries has waned and the emerging economies will accordingly wield greater influence in the world economy.The newest updates of this report will reveal more specifics, and some of them are listed here in advance.A senior manager from Ernst& Young analyzes the effect that corporate reshaping could have on customs clearance.China Export&Credit Insurance Corporation evaluates the risk factors in the financial systems and debt structures of some important markets.An expert from China’s Economic Diplomacy defines some risks created by WTO rules and offers advice on how to handle the risks.译文介绍2010年，在全球市场的风险那里是一个机会，还有一个风险。
Interlaced 交织Blended 混纺Brushed 磨毛Coated ，涂层lamination:覆膜Bleached 漂白Greige坯布Embossed 压花Flame-proof阻燃整理Water-proof 防水Mercerized 丝光Dyed染色Enzymes wash 酵素洗Printed 印花Lettered 印字Starched 上浆Ecru finishing 本色整理Sand washing 砂洗Scraping the color 刮色Gold stamping /hot silver 烫金/银Soft finishing 柔软整理Singeing 烧毛Mercerizing&bleaching 丝光漂Water preshrinking 预缩纺织品专业词汇翻译中英文对照表纺织品［转］纺织品专业词汇翻译中英文对照表纺织品braided fabric 编织物deformation变形；走样fast colours不褪色；色泽牢固punch work 抽绣embroidery 刺绣品acetate fibre醋酯纤维hemp大麻damp proof 防潮sanforizing, pre-shrunk 防缩textiles纺织品crochet钩编编织物gloss, lustre 光泽synthetic fibre 合成纤维chemical fibre 化学纤维jute 黄麻gunny cloth （bag）黄麻布（袋）mixture fabric, blend fabric 混纺织物woven fabric机织织物spun silk 绢丝linen麻织物woolen fabrics 毛织物（品）cotton textiles 棉纺织品cotton velvet 棉绒cotton fabrics 棉织物（品）non-crushable 耐绉的viscose acetal fibre 黏胶纤维matching, colourcombinations 酉己色rayon fabrics人造丝织物artificial fibre 人造纤维crewel work绒线刺绣mulberry silk桑蚕丝，家蚕丝silk fabrics 丝织物silkspinning 丝纺linen cambric手帕亚麻纱plain素色figured silk提花丝织物jacquard提花织物applique embroidery 贴花刺绣discolourization 褪色meshfabric网眼织物bondedfibrefabric 无纺织物embroidered fabric 绣花织物flax亚麻linen yarn亚麻纱knitting 针织knitwear 针织品hosiery 针织物textile fabric 织物ramee, ramie 苎麻tussahsilk 柞蚕丝月艮装 --clothes衣服，服装wardrobe月艮装clothing月艮装habit个人依习惯.身份而着的服装ready-made clothes, ready-to-wear clothes 成衣garments夕卜衣town clothes 夕卜衣double-breasted suit 双排扣夕衣suit男外衣dress女服tailored suit女式西服everyday clothes 便月艮three-piece suit 三件套trousseau 嫁妆layette婴儿的全套服装uniform制月艮overalls工装裤rompers连背心的背带裤formal dress 礼服tailcoat, morning coat 大礼服evening dress夜礼月服dress coat, tails 燕尾服，礼服nightshirt男式晚礼服dinner jacket无尾礼服（美作仙*3~。
纺织行业摘要文献资料范文纺织行业摘要文献资料范文本文将对纺织行业的发展现状、趋势、问题以及解决方案进行探讨。
纺织行业作为国民经济的支柱产业，在全球范围内都具有重要的地位。
然而，随着技术的进步和全球化竞争的加剧，纺织行业面临着许多挑战和机遇。
1. 发展现状纺织行业在过去几十年中取得了长足的发展，成为了全球产业链中的重要环节。
中国是世界上最大的纺织品生产和出口国家，拥有庞大的劳动力和完善的供应链体系。
然而，随着工资和原材料成本的上升，中国的竞争力逐渐减弱，一些新兴市场如印度和孟加拉国也开始崭露头角。
另外，随着科技的发展，纺织行业也面临着应对数字化和自动化的挑战。
许多企业已经开始引入智能制造和物联网技术，提高生产效率和产品质量。
2. 行业趋势2.1 环保意识的提高随着全球环境问题的加剧，消费者对环保产品的需求日益增加。
因此，纺织行业需要提高环保标准，减少对环境的污染。
一些企业已经开始采用可再生材料、节能设备和环保工艺来生产纺织品。
2.2 新材料的应用纺织行业的创新主要依赖于新材料的研发和应用。
高性能纤维、功能性纺织材料和智能纺织品等新材料的应用将为行业带来新的机遇和挑战。
这些材料可以在服装、家居和工业等领域发挥重要作用。
2.3 个性化需求的增强消费者的个性化需求日益增强，他们更加注重穿着的舒适性、风格和特色。
因此，纺织行业需要向个性化定制和柔性生产转变，以满足不同消费者的需求。
3. 面临的问题3.1 人工成本上升随着劳动力成本的上升，纺织企业需要进一步提高生产效率，降低生产成本。
这加速了传统劳动密集型纺织企业向自动化生产的转型。
3.2 研发投入不足目前，中国纺织行业的研发投入相对较低，创新能力有待提高。
纺织企业需要加大对新材料和技术的研发投入，提高产品附加值和竞争力。
3.3 环境污染问题传统纺织生产方式对环境造成了很大的污染。
纺织企业需要加强环境保护意识，改善生产工艺，减少对环境的影响。
4. 解决方案4.1 提高生产效率纺织企业可以引入智能制造和物联网技术，提高生产效率和生产线的灵活性。
目录01课Cotton Growing棉花种植................................................................................................. 02课Cotton Properties and Uses棉纤维的特性和用途.................................................................. 04课Wool羊毛 ........................................................................................................................... 05课Structure and Properties of Wool羊毛纤维的结构和性能................................................... 06课Silk丝绸........................................................................................................................... 07课Flax亚麻........................................................................................................................ 09课Rayon人造丝 ................................................................................................................... 12课YARNS .............................................................................................................................. 13课? ?纱线结构和织物外观的关系 ........................................................................................ 21课精纺和粗纺....................................................................................................................... 25课络纱................................................................................................................................... 27课整经...................................................................................................................................33 课织机.................................................................................................................................. 40课蓬勃发展的非织造布..................................................................................................... 49课染色.................................................................................................................................第一课Cotton Growing棉花种植Cotton is the world's most widely used fiber. Its popularity stems from both its relative ease of production and its applicability to a wide variety of textile products. The price of cotton yarn, however, is strongly dependent upon the cost of labor, so that in the industrialized nations, where labor is expensive, cotton yarns may be relatively high priced.棉花是世界上使用最广泛的纤维。
外贸英语服装行业面料专业术语纺织面料..外贸英语服装行业面料专业术语纺织面料靛蓝青年布：Indigo chambray 人棉布植绒：Rayon cloth flocking PVC 植绒：PVC flocking针织布植绒：Knitting cloth flocking 珠粒绒：Claimond veins 倒毛：Down pile making平绒：velveteen (velvet-plain) 仿麂皮：Micro suede牛仔皮植绒：Jeans flocking尼丝纺：Nylon taffeta (Nylon shioze)尼龙塔夫泡泡纱：Nylon seersucker taffeta 素面植绒：plain flocking 印花植绒：flocking(flower) 雕印植绒：Embossing flocking皮革沟底植绒：Leather imitation flocking 牛仔植绒雕印：Embossing jeans flocking兔羊绒大衣呢：Angora cachmere overcoating 双面呢：double-faced woolen goods 羊毛立绒呢：cut velvet 顺毛呢：over coating 粗花呢：costume tweed 弹力呢：lycra woolen goods 塔丝绒： Nylon taslon塔丝绒格子：N/Taslon ripstop 桃皮绒：polyester peach skin 涤塔夫：polyester taffeta 春亚纺：polyester pongee 超细麦克布：Micro fiber锦棉稠(平纹)：Nylon-cotton fabric (plain)重平锦棉稠：Nylon-cotton-cotton fabric(double weft) 人字锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric斜纹锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric (twill) 素色天鹅绒：solid velvet抽条磨毛天鹅绒：Rib fleece velvet 雪花天鹅绒：melange velvet 轧花天鹅绒：ginning velvet 粒粒绒布：pellet fleece velvet 麻棉混纺布：linen/cotton blended fabric 麻棉交织布：linen/cotton mixed fabric 素色毛巾布：solid terry 蚂蚁布：fleece in one side 素色卫衣布：solid fleece 鱼网布：fleece彩条汗布：color-stripes single jersey T/R 弹力布：T/R bengalineT/C 色织格子布：T/C solid check fabric 弹力仿麂皮：Micro suede with spandex T/R 仿麂皮：T/R Micro suede仿麂皮瑶粒绒复合布：100%polyester micro suede bounding with polar fleece仿麂皮针织布复合：100% polyester bounding with knitting micro suede fabric仿麂皮羊羔绒复合布：100% polyester micro suede bounding with lamb fur 蜡光缎：cire satine全消光尼丝纺：Full dull nylon taffeta 半消光尼丝纺：semi-dull nylon taffeta 亮光尼龙：Trilobal nylon全消光塔丝隆：Full dull nylon taslan 全消光牛津布：full dull nylon oxford 尼龙格：Nylon rip-stop 塔丝隆格：Taslan rip-stop 哑富迪：Full dull Micro polyester pongee 全消光春亚纺：Full dull polyester pongee 春亚纺格子：polyester pongee rip-stop 全消光涤纶桃皮绒：Full dull polyester peach 宽斜纹桃皮绒：Big twill polyester peach 涤锦复合桃皮绒：poly/nylon peach 涤纶格子：polyester taffeta rip-stop 涤纶蜂巢塔丝隆：polyester honey taslan全消光涤纶低弹牛津布：Full dull poly textured oxford 涤锦交织桃皮绒：Nylon/polyester inter-woven peachREVERSE SIDE 反面RE-WASHING 返洗READY-TO-WEAR 成衣蒸化(aging)自动筛网印花(automatic screen printing)满地印花(blotch print)烂花印花(burn —out prints)涪烘(curing)..直接印花(direct prints)拔染印花(discharge prints)干法印花(dry prints)双面印花(duplex prints)静电荷(electrostatic charge)静电植绒(electrostatic flocking)按特殊要求印花(engineered print)叠印 (fall on)平板(flatbed)植绒印花(flock printing)植绒(flocking)半色调或中间色调(halftone)手工筛网印花(hand screen printing)热转移印花(heat--transfer printing)喷射印花(jet printing)机械植绒(mechanical flocking)罩印(over print)印花色浆(print paste)印花对花准确／对花不准(print register ／off register) 对花(registration)防染印花(resist printing)滚筒印花(roller printing)圆形筛网印花或圆网印花(rotary screen printing)筛网印花(screen printing)打样(strike off)热转移印花(thermal transfer printing)经纱印花(warp prints)湿罩干印花(wet —On —dry)湿罩湿印花(wet —On —wet)湿法印花(wet prints)制作精巧 skillful manufacture工艺精良 sophisticated technology最新工艺 latest technology加工精细 finely processed设计精巧 deft design造型新颖 modern design造型优美 beautiful design设计合理 professional design造型富丽华贵 luxuriant in design结构合理 rational construction款式新颖 attractive design款式齐全 various styles式样优雅 elegant shape花色入时 fashionable patterns任君选择 for your selection五彩缤纷 colorful.. 色彩艳丽beautiful in colors色泽光润color brilliancy色泽素雅delicate colors瑰丽多彩pretty and colorful洁白透明pure white and translucence 洁白纯正purewhiteness品质优良excellent quality(high quality) 质量上乘superior quality质量稳定stable quality质量可靠reliable quality品种繁多wide varieties规格齐全complete in specifications保质保量quality and quantity assured性能可靠dependable performance操作简便easy and simple to handle使用方便easy to use经久耐用durable in use以质优而闻名well-known for its fine quality数量之首The king of quantity质量最佳The queen of quality信誉可靠reliable reputation闻名世界world-wide renowm久负盛名to have a long standing reputation誉满中外to enjoy high reputation at home and abroad历史悠久to have a long history畅销全球selling well all over the world深受欢迎to win warm praise from customers增白：WHITE / SNOW WHITE特黑：BLACK / JET BLACK奶白：IVORY/ECRU/OFF WHITE/CREAM大红：RED紫红：BORDEAUX/WINE紫色：BURGUNDY/PLUM/VIOLET/PURPLE绿色：GREEN灰色：GREY玉色：OYSTER/PEACH黄色：YELLOW卡其：KAHKI雪青：LILAC古铜色：BROWN梅红：FUSCHIA墨绿：CHARCOAL豆绿：OLIVE藏青：NAVY/BLUE天蓝：SKY BLUE粉红：PINK..米色： BEIGE橘黄： ORANGE驼色： CAMEL[color=Orange][size=2]产品包装方面： [/size][/color] 卷杆： RILLING/WINDING散装： LOOSE PACKING编织袋： WEAVING BAG纸箱： CARTON木箱： WODEN CASE中性包装： NEUTRAL PACKING单幅卷杆： ROLLED ON TUBES IN OPEN WIDTH双幅卷杆： DOUBLE FOLDED ON ROLLS双幅折板： DOUBLE FOLDED ON BOARD腰封： PAPER TAPES纸管： TUBE吊牌： LABLE / HANG TAG唛头： SHIPPING MARK船样： SHIPPING SAMPLE塑料袋： POLY BAG匹长： ROLL LENGTH拼匹： ROLL WITH SEWING / ROLL WITH JOIN 拼箱： LCL整箱： FCL出口包装： EXPORT PACKING涂银： SILVER烫金： GOLD PRINT磨毛： BRUSHED起皱： CRINKED/ CREPED硬挺： STIFFENING抗静电： ANTI-STATIC抗起球： ANTI-PILLING防羽绒： DOWN PROOF防霉： ANTI-FUNGUS免烫： WASH AND WEAR砂洗： STONE WASHED阻燃： FLAM RETARDANT环保染色： AZO FREE / NO AZO防水： W/P （ WATER SHRINKAGE ）里料： LINING面料：FABRIC平纹： TAFFETA斜纹： TWILL缎面： SATIN / CHARMEUSE绡： LUSTRINE提花： JACQUARD烂花： BURNT-OUT春亚纺：PONGEE格子：CHECK条子：STRIPE双层：DOUBLE –LAYER双色：TWO –TONE花瑶：FAILLE弹力布：SPANDEX/ELASTIC/STREC/LYCRA 牛仔布：JEANET 牛津布：OXFORD帆布：CAMBRIC涤棉：P/C涤捻：T/R白条纺：WHITE STRIPE黑条纺：BLACK STRIPE空齿纺：EMPTY STRIPE人字锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric斜纹锦棉纺：Nylon-cotton fabric (twill)麻棉混纺布：linen/cotton blended fabric麻棉交织布：linen/cotton mixed fabric涤纶：PLOYESTER锦纶：NYLON/POLYAMIDE醋酸：ACETATE棉：COTTON 人棉：RAYON人丝：VISCOSE仿真丝：IMITATED SILK FABRIC真丝：SILK氨纶：SPANDEX/ELASTIC/STREC/LYCRA 长丝：FILAMENT 短纤：SPUN黑丝：BLACK YARN原纱、本色纱：gray yarn坯布、本色布：gray fabric纺纱：spinning纱支：yarn count经纱：warp纬纱：weft经密：ends per inch纬密：picks per inch织物结构：fabric construction布宽：fabric width单幅：single width双幅：double width天然纤维：natural fiber复合纤维：conjugated yarn长纤维：filament.短纤维：cut staple,spun混纺纱：blended yarn交织：cross weave被子：Quilt; Duvet（充羽毛、绒制成的）被壳：Comforter Shell传统式枕套：Pillow Sham开口式枕套：Pillow Case靠垫：Cushion帷幔：Valance窗帘：Curtain闺枕：Boudoir Pillow圆抱枕：Neck Roll被单：Bed Sheet包被单：Sheet床单：Flat Sheet床罩：Fitted Sheet; Bed Skirt枕巾：Pillow T owel桌布：Tablecloth盖毯：Throw毛毯：Woolen Blanket毛巾毯：Towel Blanket睡袋：Sleeping bag; Fleabag home textil家纺bedding 床上用品quilt 被子comforter胖被duvet cove被套quilt cover 被套comforter shell被壳sheet set床单套flat sheet床单套fitted sheet 床垫套pillowcase 西式枕（美）sham 中式枕（美）housewife pillowcase西式枕（英）oxford pillowcase中式枕（英）university 大学bed skirt床裙petti skirt床裙(加拿大)mattress床垫(toss) pillow 靠垫/抱枕cushion cover 靠垫壳breakfast cushion 早餐枕bumper床帷子table cloth台布.placemat 盘垫runner长条doily杯垫oval椭圆的oblong长方的square正方的round圆的kitchen厨房oven mitt微波炉手套pot holder锅垫hotpot火锅window 窗window treatment 窗上用品panel大窗帘drapery大窗帘tieback绑带tier小窗帘valance帘头swag三角帘sca**窗幔*scot valance倒三角帘shade遮光帘blind遮光帘Accessory附件trimming饰边tassel 吊苏fringe排苏button扣子stud暗扣zipper拉链thread线rayon人丝线metallic thread金属线tape带子ribbon丝带，缎带lace蕾丝，花边cord线绳twist粗绳elastics松紧带sequin亮片bead 珠子label标签care label水洗标sewn-in label水洗标woven label织标printed label印刷标签.***** sticker不干胶纸帖law label法律标barcode条形码carton label箱帖carton纸箱swing tag 吊牌hang tag吊牌master carton外箱inner carton内箱vinyl bag PVC袋handle 提手gusset加高folding board垫板insert 彩卡package包装case pack装箱数shipping mark唛头main mark主唛side mark 侧唛container集装箱seal number封号dimension尺寸measurement尺寸design 设计designer设计者style风格description描述ricrac水浪带association协会store 商店department store 百货公司speciality store专卖店discount store折扣店supermarket 超市chain store连锁店importer进口商exporter出口商vendor卖主，供应商agency代理商manufacturer制造商，厂商supplier供货方factory工厂mill工厂retailer零售商[/size][/color] 纺织原料textile raw materials 天然纤维natural fibre.化学纤维chemical fibre植物纤维vegetable fibre纺织纤维textile fibre人造纤维man made fibre动物纤维animal fibre罗纹针织物rib knit fabric双反面针织物purl fabric长毛绒针织物high pile knitted fabric提花针织物jacquard knitted fabric多梳栉经编针织物multi-ba* **bric树脂衬resin interlining麻布胸衬breast canvas树脂领衬resin collar interlining绒布胸衬breast fleece热熔衬fusible interlining粘合衬adhesive-bonded interlining双面粘合衬double-faced adhesive interlining 无纺布衬non-woven interlining无纺粘合衬non-woven adhesive interlining 有纺粘合衬adhesive woreninterlinging黑炭衬hair interlining马尾衬horsehair interlining化纤衬chemical fibre interlining 针织衬knitted interlining2.填料棉花cotton人造棉artificial cotton喷胶棉polyester wadding丝棉silk wadding腈纶棉acrylic staple fibre羽绒down3.线、扣、拉链线thread棉线cotton thread丝线silk thread尼龙线nylon thread装饰线ornamental thread钮button四目扣four-hole button装饰纽扣decorative button 异形扣special-shaped button 塑料扣plastic button玻璃扣glass button子母扣，四合扣snap button 拉链zipper尼龙拉链nylon zipper.涤纶拉链polyester zipper双头拉链zipper with double sliders装饰带fashion tape罗纹rib家纺英语的专业术语（中英文对照）产品色彩风格/Color and style of the products产品结构分类/Product structure classification套件主题/ themes of each set产品生产规格/ Production specification专卖店陈列/ stand alone displaying产品需求比例/Proportion of products demand产品风格Style of the products典雅CLASSIC精致FANCY舒适ELEGANT春夏产品色彩Main color of the products in Spring and summer秋冬产品色彩Main color of the products in autumn and winter产品高贵色彩COLORS FOR HIGH-END PRODUCTS9-儿童类9-children’s sets 10-夏凉产品10-summer household products印花/ Print Programs绣花/ Embroidered Programs 提花/ Jacquard Programs蕾丝/ Lace Programs婚庆/ Wedding Sets盖被绣花Fully embroidered throws 枕边绣花Embroidered pillow cases 被面绣花Embroidered duvet covers被套：duvet cover有边枕套：pillow shame无边枕套：pillow case床单：sheet床裙：bed skirt盖被：throw被芯：duvet睡衣：pajamas抱枕：cushion小件产品：basic set里料lining面料fabric平纹taffeta斜纹twill牛仔布jeanet牛津布oxford帆布cambric.涤棉P/C涤捻T/R白条纺white stripe 黑条纺black stripe 涤纶polyester 锦纶nylon/polyamide 醋酸acetate棉cottonretailer零售商wholesale*批发商**bric面料cotton棉布polyester涤Linen亚麻ramie苎麻silk真丝mulberry silk桑蚕丝dupioni双宫绸linen/viscose麻粘布percale高纱支sateen缎纹布satin佳丽缎sheer透明面料voile薄纱organdy薄纱organza硬纱taffeta塔夫绸corduroy灯芯绒faux suede麂皮绒velvet天鹅绒sew缝cut 剪finish整理iron整烫ruffle 自由折box pleat对脸折seam 接缝seam allowance缝头hem卷边face/front 面back/reverse底filling/batting/wadding 填充物棉子needle针opening/closure开口button closure纽扣封口zipper closure 拉链封口.hidden zipper暗拉链flange飞边scallop荷叶边layout布局scatter分散的horizontal水平的vertical垂直的cuff/.hem西式枕的复边programme项目project项目order订单purchase order(P.O.)订单negotiate谈判approve/confirm确认production生产bulk production 批量生产mass production大规模生产manager经理general manager总经理director董事，主管flight航班forwarder货代consolidator集运公司、人inspection检验audit审查，验厂list一览表，清单namelist名单cost成本price价格quote报价quotation报价quota配额duty税freight运费commission佣金distribution center配货中心review查看shipping出运delivery发货register注册cubic meter立方米square meter平方米foot英尺inch英寸centimeter厘米file文件.attachment附件catalogue目录warehouse仓库standard标准quality质量quantity数量team/group组，队sample样品comment意见change/amend更改exclusive专门logo标志picture/photo图片finish后处理pre-treatment前处理content成分bleach漂白width 幅宽fabric weight面料克重construction组织结构screen网（平网/圆网印花）mercerize 丝光sanding 磨光soften 柔软seersucker 泡泡纱wash 水洗launder.(动词) 洗涤laundry.（名词）水洗woven 梭织的，机织的knit 针织的hand wash手洗dry clean 干洗machine wash 机洗flammability 阻燃性appearance retention 外观持久性dimension stability 尺寸稳定性[/size][/color association协会store 商店department store 百货公司speciality store专卖店discount store折扣店supermarket 超市chain store连锁店importer进口商exporter出口商vendor卖主，供应商.. agency代理商manufacturer制造商，厂商supplie*供货方**ctory工厂mill工厂.。
实用纺织服装外贸英语Practical Textile and Apparel Foreign Trade.The textile and apparel industry is a globalized industry with complex supply chains that span multiple countries. As a result, businesses in this industry need to be able to communicate effectively with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders around the world. This requires a strong understanding of practical textile and apparel foreign trade English.Basic Textile and Apparel Terminology.Fabric: A woven, knitted, or nonwoven material used to make clothing, curtains, and other products.Yarn: A continuous length of twisted fibers used to make fabric.Garment: A piece of clothing, such as a shirt, pants,or dress.Accessories: Items that are worn with garments, such as belts, scarves, and jewelry.Textile manufacturing: The process of creating fabric from raw materials.Apparel manufacturing: The process of creating garments from fabric.Foreign trade: The exchange of goods and services between countries.Essential English Phrases for Textile and Apparel Foreign Trade.Can you provide me with a sample of the fabric?What is the minimum order quantity?What is the lead time for production?What are the payment terms?What is the shipping method?Can you provide me with a certificate of origin?I would like to place an order for [quantity] units of [product].I would like to request a quote for [product].I have a question about the product specifications.I am interested in becoming a distributor for your products.Common Challenges in Textile and Apparel Foreign Trade.Language barriers: Textile and apparel businesses often deal with customers and suppliers who speak different languages. This can lead to misunderstandings andcommunication errors.Cultural differences: Textile and apparel businesses need to be aware of the cultural differences that exist between different countries. This can affect everything from the way products are designed to the way they are marketed.Government regulations: Textile and apparel businesses need to comply with the government regulations of the countries in which they operate. This can include regulations on product safety, environmental protection, and labor standards.Currency fluctuations: Textile and apparel businesses need to be aware of the risks associated with currency fluctuations. This can affect the cost of goods and services, as well as the profitability of businesses.Tips for Success in Textile and Apparel Foreign Trade.Learn the basics of textile and apparel terminology.This will help you to communicate effectively with customers, suppliers, and other stakeholders.Develop strong communication skills. This includes the ability to write clear and concise emails, make presentations, and negotiate contracts.Be aware of cultural differences. This will help you to avoid misunderstandings and build strong relationships with customers and suppliers.Stay up-to-date on government regulations. This will help you to comply with the law and avoid costly penalties.Manage currency risks. This will help you to protect your business from the effects of currency fluctuations.Conclusion.Textile and apparel foreign trade is a complex and challenging business. However, by following the tips above, you can increase your chances of success. With a strongunderstanding of practical textile and apparel foreign trade English, you can build strong relationships with customers and suppliers around the world.。
1.针织布类英语常用的基本布类名称中文名英文名中文名英文名平纹Single jersey 提花Jacquard斜纹布twill 人字形Herringbone双面interlock 乱花Crepe单珠Plque 花灰Heather greyPOLO 单珠Mesh 拉架/丈根spandex双珠Lacoste 麻棉Ramie/cotton罗纹1×1Rib 人造棉Viscose rayon十字罗纹Waffle 尼龙/锦纶Nylon法国罗纹French rib 涤纶Polyester灯芯2×2Rib 牛津Oxford单位移Interloop 士宾Spun polyester双位移French terry 人造毛Acrylic抓毛双位移Fleece 羊毛Wool剪毛布Velour 排针（抽针）Drop needle 毛巾布Terry 半哑丝Semi dull打鸡布Ponti de-roma 微细纤维Micofibre皱布Wrinkle fabric 丝光Mercerized孔布Pointille 蚀毛Bio-polishing扣布Sheeting 光丝Bright夹心布Quilt 网布Mesh梯级布Ottoman 棉盖Cotton plated梭织布Woven fabric 盖棉Plated cotton扁机领Flat knit collar 直条Double knit袖Cuff 单面孔布Pointelle jersey纱Yarn 单染Cotton part dyed密带Knit down 模Feeds印花Printing 透明橡根拉架Lycra磨毛Sueded 杜邦拉架Dupont lycra单面Single 鱼鳞Fishscale平底Flat 棉包根Core yarn spandex烧毛丝光苏比马棉X 丝光平纹Mercerized swpima sj 大鱼鳞单位移Big fishscale interloop大鱼鳞双位移Big fishscale French terry抓毛左斜双位移Left twill fleece2.常见针织面料英文名磨毛布Fleece珠地布Pique卫衣布/毛巾布French Terry / Terry针窿提花布Pointelle花灰布Heather Grey印花布Prints双面布Interlock罗纹布Rib 精英外贸论坛/b 提花布Jacquard斜纹布Twill Knit 精英外贸论坛平纹布Jersey剪毛布Velour氨纶布Lycra十字布Waffle / Popcorn丝光布Mercerized色织布Yarn Dyed梯级布Ottoman面料缩写:C ：Cotton 棉W ：Wool 羊毛M ：Mohair 马海毛S ：Silk 真丝J ：Jute 黄麻L ：linen 亚麻Ly ：lycra 莱卡Ram ：Ramine 苎麻Hem ：Hemp 大麻T ：Polyester 涤纶WS ：Cashmere 羊绒N ：Nylon 锦纶（尼龙）A ：Acrylic 腈纶Tel ：Tencel 天丝,是Lyocell 莱赛尔纤维的商品名La ：Lambswool 羊羔毛Md ：Model 莫代尔CVC ：chief value of cotton 涤棉倒比（涤含量低于60％以下）Ms ：Mulberry silk 桑蚕丝R ：Rayon 粘胶纤维缩写:纤维名称天然纤维丝麻人造纤维粘胶纤维醋酯纤维三醋酯纤维铜氨纤维富强纤维蛋白纤维缩写代号SLRCACTACVPPolynosicPROT纽富纤维合成纤维碳纤维聚苯硫醚纤维聚缩醛纤维酚醛纤维弹性纤维聚醚酮纤维预氧化腈纶改性腈纶维纶聚乙烯醇缩乙醛纤维氨纶硼纤维含氯纤维高压型阳离子可染聚酯纤维常压沸染阳离子可染纤维聚乳酸纤维聚对苯二甲酸丙二醇酯纤维聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯纤维聚萘二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维聚乙烯、聚丙烯共混纤维氯纶聚对本二氧杂环已酮纤维弹性二烯纤维同位芳香族聚酰胺纤维对位芳香族聚酰胺纤维芳砜纶聚酰亚胺纤维超高强高模聚乙烯纤维Newcell CF PPS POM PHE PEA PEEK PANOF MAC PVAL PVB PU EF CL CDP ECDP PLAPTT PBT PEN ESPvoPDSEDPPT PPTA PDSTA PiCHMW-PE其他金属纤维玻璃纤维MTF GE产品包装方面：卷杆：RILLING/WINDING 散装：LOOSE PACKING 编织袋：WEAVING BAG 纸箱：CARTON 木箱：WODEN CASE 中性包装：NEUTRAL PACKING 单幅卷杆：ROLLED ON TUBES IN OPEN WIDTH 双幅卷杆：DOUBLE FOLDED ON ROLLS 双幅折板：DOUBLE FOLDED ON BOARD 腰封：PAPER TAPES 纸管：TUBE 吊牌：LABLE / HANG TAG 唛头：SHIPPING MARK 船样：SHIPPING SAMPLE 塑料袋：POLY BAG 匹长：ROLL LENGTH 拼匹：ROLL WITH SEWING / ROLL WITH JOIN 拼箱：LCL 整箱：FCL 出口包装：EXPORT PACKING 产品检验及标准方面质量标准：QUALITY STANDARD ( OEKO-TEX STANDARD 100 、ISO9002 、SGS 、ITS 、AATCC 、M&S ) 客检：CUSTOMER INSPECTION 台板检验：TABLE INSPECTION 经向检验：LAMP INSPECTION 色牢度：COLOR FASTNESS 皂洗色牢度：WASHING COLOR FASTNESS 摩擦色牢度：RUBBING/ CRICKING COLOR FASTNESS 光照色牢度：LIGHT COLOR FASTNESS 汗渍色牢度：PERSPIRATION COLOR FASTNESS 水渍色牢度：WATER COLOR FASTNESS 氯漂白色牢度：CHLORINE BLEACH COLOR FASTNESS 尺寸稳定性：DIMENSIONAL STABILITY 外观持久性：APPEARANCE RETENTION 拉伸强度：TENSILE STRENGTH 撕破强度：TEAR STRENGTH 接缝滑裂：SEAM SLIPPAGE 抗起毛起球性：PILLING RESISTANCE 耐磨性：ABRASION RESISTANCE 拒水性：WATER REPELLENCY 抗水性：WATER RESISTANCE 织物密度：THREAD PER INCH/STICH DENSITY 纱支：YARN COUNT 克重：WEIGHT产品疵点方面：疵点：DEFECT/FAULT 经柳：STREAKY WARP 断经：BROKEN END 急经：RIGHT END 粗纬：COARSE PICKS 粗经：COARSE END 断纬：BROKEN PICKS 纬斜：SKEWING/SLOPE 横档：FILLING BAR 污迹：STAIN/DIRT 异型丝：GOAT/FOREING YARN 破洞：HOLE 色花：SHADE VARIATION/COLOR DIFFERENCE/COLOR DIVIATION 色柳：COLOR STRIPE 渗色：COLOR BLEEDING 褪色：COLOR FADING/DISCOLOR 擦伤：SCRATCH/BARASION/WINCH MARK 松板印：MOIRE EFFECTS 折痕：CREASE MARK整理方面染色前整理：PREMINARY FINISHE ( PFP ，PFD ) 退浆：DESIZING染色：DYEING 固色：COLOR FIXING 后整理：AFTER FINISH / AFTER TREATMENT 热定型：HEAT SETTING 树脂整理：RESIN FINISH 切割：CUT 轧花：EMBOSSED/LOGOTYPE 涂层：COATING( PVC 、PU 、PA ) 涂白：WHITE PIGMENT 涂银：SILVER 烫金：GOLD PRINT 磨毛：BRUSHED 起皱：CRINKED/ CREPED 轧泡：BUBBLED 丝光：MERCERIZED 硬挺：STIFFENING 抗静电：ANTI-STATIC 抗起球：ANTI-PILLING 防羽绒：DOWN PROOF 防霉：ANTI-FUNGUS 免烫：WASH AND WEAR 砂洗：STONE W ASHED 阻燃：FLAM RETARDANT 环保染色：AZO FREE / NO AZO 防水：W/P ( WATER SHRINKAGE )拒水：W/R ( WATER REPELLENT ) 缩水：W/S ( WATER SHRINKAGE ) 印花：PRINTING 涂料印花：COAT PRINTING 拔染印花：DISCHARGE PRINTING 平网印花：PLATE SCREAM PRINTING 圆网印花：ROTARY SCREAM PRINTING 转移印花：TRANSFER PRINTING 烂花：BURN OUT 模版印花：BLOCK PRINTING 纸版印花：PAPER STENCIL设备方面麦克贝思电脑配色系统：MACBETH “ CLOR –EYE ” COMPUTER COLOR –MATCHING SYSTEM电脑配液系统：“ RAPID –DOSER ” LABORTEX –LABORATORY DOSING SYSTEMVERIVIDE 对色灯箱：VERIVIDE COLOR ASSESMENT CABINET打样：LAB DIPS 大货生产：BULK PRODUCTION 精练机：DESIZING MACHINE折幅机：CREASING MACHINE 卷染：JIG DYEING 溢流染色：JET OVERFLOW DYEING/BLEED DYEING 轧染：PAD DYEING 定型机：SET-STRECHING/STENTER FRAME染料方面碱性染料：BASIC DYES 酸性染料：ACID DYES 活性染料：REACTIVE DYES分散染料：DISPERSE DYES 阳离子染料：CATION DYES 还原染料：直接染料：VAT DYES DIRECT DYES 硫化染料：SULPHUR DYES 非偶氮染料：AZO FREE DYES原料方面涤纶：PLOYESTER 锦纶：NYLON/POL YAMIDE 醋酸：ACETATE 棉；COTTON 人棉：RAYON 人丝：VISCOSE 仿真丝：IMITATED SILK FABRIC 真丝：SILK 氨纶：SPANDEX/ELASTIC/STREC/L YCRA 长丝：FILAMENT 短纤：SPUN 黑丝：BLACK YARN 阳离子：CATION 三角异形丝：TRIANGLE PROFILE 空气变形丝：AIR-JET TEXTURING Y ARN 超细纤维：MICRO –FIBRIC 全拉伸丝：FDY ( FULL DRAWN YARN ) 预取向丝：POY ( PREORIENTED YARN ) 拉伸变形丝：DTY ( DRAW TEXTURED Y ARN ) 牵伸加捻丝：DT( DRWW TWIST )woven fabric -- 织布、织物gray yarn -- 原纱、本色纱gray fabric -- 坯布、本色布spinning -- 纺纱yarn count -- 纱支warp -- 经纱weft -- 纬纱ends per inch -- 经密picks per inch -- 纬密fabric construction -- 织物结构fabric width -- 布宽single width -- 单幅double width -- 双幅cutting length -- 切断长度irregular roll length -- 不定匹长natural fiber -- 天然纤维conjugated yarn -- 复合纤维filament -- 长纤维cut staple,spun -- 短纤维blended yarn -- 混纺纱cross weave -- 交织twist yarn -- 捻纱left twist -- S 捻、左手捻right twist -- Z 捻、右手捻tight twist yarn -- 强捻纱soft twist yarn -- 弱捻纱yarn dyeing -- 原纱染色fabric dyeing -- 匹染hank dyeing -- 绞纱染色direct dyeing -- 直接染色plain -- 平纹twill -- 斜纹satin -- 缎纹stripe -- 条纹check,plaid -- 格纹jacquard -- 提花dobby -- 双臂花式织double faced jacquard -- 双面异色花纹atural fibre -- 自然vegetable fibre -- 植物animal fibre-- 动物mineral fibre-- 矿物cotton fibre-- 棉bast fibre -- 麻asbestos fibre-- 石棉glass fibre -- 玻璃chemical fibre;man-made fibre -- 化学synthetic fibre -- 合成artificial fibre -- 人造regenerated fibre -- 再生specialty fibre -- 特种micro fibre -- 超细elastane fibre;spendex fibre -- 弹性viscose fibre;rayon fibre -- 粘胶cellulose acelate fibre;acetate fibre;acetate -- 醋酯，醋酸polyester fibre -- 聚酯，涤纶polyamide fibre -- 聚酰胺，锦纶。
Lesson Nine九课Rayon人造丝Rayon is composed of cellulose. Like cotton it is a polymer. The difference in degree of polymerization between cotton and rayon accounts for some of the variance in physical properties between the two.粘胶纤维是由纤维素。
像棉花是一种聚合物。
对于一些在两个物理性能之间的差异在棉花和人造丝的帐户之间的聚合程度的差异。
Other causes for the difference between rayon and cotton include the difference in the degree of crystallinity, 60 percent for cotton and 40 percent for rayon, and differences in hydrogen bonding as evidenced by the infrared spectrum of native cellulose and regenerated cellulose.人造纤维和棉之间的差异的其他原因包括在不同的结晶度，为棉花和人造丝百分之40百分之60，和氢键的差异证明了天然纤维素的红外光谱和再生纤维素。
The mechanisms of formation for natural celluloses are significantly different from man's ability to reform cellulosic structures found in nature. Rayon is structurally different from cotton molecularly, morphologically, and in relation to chain length. Contaminants of various types from the pulp and other materials used in the process introduce significant differences to rayon that are not present in cotton. These differences result in significant differences in properties between cotton and rayon. As a consequence of the technological developments for regeneration of cellulose by man, a much wider range of fiber properties is obtainable from the man-made regenerated cellulose fibers than is possible from native celluloses such as cotton.对天然纤维素的形成机制是人类进行改革的能力在自然界中发现的纤维素结构差异显著。
文献信息标题: Revealed Comparative Advantage of Carpets and Textile Floor Covering Industry in Pakistan, India and China作者: Altaf, Saba期刊名称: Journal of Economic Cooperation & Development；卷: 35；期: 4；页: 113-133；年份: 2014 Revealed Comparative Advantage of Carpets and Textile Floor Covering Industry in Pakistan, Indiaand China1. IntroductionThe global trade pattern has been changed in the pursuance of trade liberalization policies in the form of removal of tariff and non-tariff barriers, reduction in quotas and technological advancement on the part of world economies. South Asian economies such as China and India are seeking a favorable position from the trade composition perspective in the international markets. These countries possess comparative advantage in textile sector and show a noteworthy growth in changing trade patterns across the world. Pakistan has a great potential to stand out in this sector in the region as a prospective and overwhelming proportion of labor force is engaged in this sector. It is expected that export-led growth strategy cause a significant boost in production, employment and the productivity of labor along with the improvements in overall economic status but the political and socio-economic conditions in addition to primitive types of technology use may hinder the way to rapid progress.Pakistan's current export structure requires structural transformation and changes in its export diversification and prototype specialization. The industrial sector in Pakistan has been playing a pivotal role in the national economy in terms of its share in GDP, exports, employment, foreign exchange earnings, investment and its contribution to the value added industry. China is one of the world's largest textiles exporters, accounting for one third of the global textile trade volume. Although the prolonged anti-dumping investigations hit the country's textile export, still textile industry in China has remained a key pillar of development in the country. It has played a vital role in proliferation of various sectors of the economy. Due to its large contribution in the economic growth, Chinese government has remained very much focused to upgrade this sector. India, another major exporter of textile goods is self-reliant and independent with lots of versatility and diversification in textile sector. Apart from providing one of the basic necessities of life i.e. cloth, the textile industry contributes about 14 % to the country's industrial output and about 17 % to export earnings. This sector stands at second in the provision of jobs to people after agricultural sector.There is continuing debate and emerging concern about the position of these countries in the world market and the resulting edge of China for intensified competition in the labor-intensive manufactured goods. This signifies the importance of the structure of comparative advantage in selected countries; China, India and Pakistan and to find out the extent of competition among these countries in the market of selected subsector i.e., textile.This study focuses on one of the important sub-sector of textile industry i.e. Carpets and other textile floor Coverings (under the category of code 57 as per Harmonized System of classification, HS). The carpet industry plays a fundamental role in determining the export bearing of Pakistan. There has been an ever increasing demand for carpets and floor coverings both in Pakistan and around the globe. Carpets have always been a valuable asset since ages and therefore remained in vogue. This wasgradually commercialized in Pakistan because of the development of export market. Commercialization gave new dimensions to this industry and it started expanding in rural areas due to the availability of cheap labor. This is one of the sectors that grew tremendously during 1970s and 80s. Among the value added goods it remained on the top of the list (Awan and Khan, 1992).This sector started getting a set back after the issue of child labor raised by international organizations. As majority of the carpet weavers in Pakistan were estimated to be children less than 15 years of age. Although, data on the Pakistan labor force and child labor is vulnerable. Nevertheless, there is little doubt that child labor has assumed massive proportions in Pakistan. The actual total number of working children in Pakistan is probably somewhere between 2 and 19 million.2Primarily, the promotion of carpet industry depends upon availability of raw material, presence of skilled weavers and the tradition of weaving art, etc. The skill and productivity of workers in carpet industry along with the availability of socio-economic infrastructure affects the competitiveness of this sector. Despite the presence of weaknesses in few areas, the carpet industry serves as a backbone for the economy of Pakistan. It has been a major source of foreign exchange earnings and contributes a lot in relief of poverty, especially in rural areas. Presently this industry is not revealing a significant export growth and there is a dire need to focus on the provision of infrastructure to support the growth of this industry.A UNICEF-Punjab report (1992) asserted that "according to conservative estimates, one million out of1.5 million workers in the carpet industry in Pakistan were children. A separate 1992 UNICEF/Govemment of Pakistan study reported that 90 percent of the one million workers in the carpet industry are children, many of whom began working in the industry before 10 years of age. The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan found that weaving thrives in self-contained homesteads, where labor is cheap and readily available".Different techniques have been used in literature to determine country's competitiveness in selected industry. One of the most widely used methods involves the concept of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) developed by Balassa (1965). Revealed comparative advantage (RCA), a measure of international competitiveness specifies that a country is defined as being specialized in exports of a certain product if its market share in that product is higher than the average.A number of studies are available on measuring competitiveness in various sectors of Pakistan, but there is no empirical work done on RCA of Pakistan in carpet and other textile floor coverings industry till the year of this study conducted. For small as well as growing economies, competitiveness is essential for promoting economic development and to survive in the globalized world where carpet industry holds its own worth.From the above given perspective, the objective of this study is to analyze the comparative advantage of the carpet industry in Pakistan and compare it with selected South Asian countries .i.e. China and India. These countries were selected for measuring and comparing RCA with Pakistan's because they are similar in size and factor endowments and core competitor of Pakistan in the world market. The study enables us to find out the competitiveness of this sector in the world market and can probe at the future potential of growth in the carpet industry of Pakistan. The Balassa Index (1965) is used to find out the comparative advantage at 2-digit and 4-digit level of Harmonized System of Classification. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Next section provides the literature survey followed by the methodology and data description. The empirical results of the study are reported and discussed in section 4. Last section concludes the study with some policy recommendations.2. Review of LiteratureA number of studies have been conducted to find out Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) using Balassa Index (1965). This section provides a brief literature review that can give a better knowledge and understanding of the pattern of RCA in different countries for different sectors.Balassa (1977) has undertaken an analysis of the pattern of comparative advantage of industrial countries for the period 1953 to 1971. The empirical findings of this study suggest a renewal of the product cycle for US that possess an ever increasing technical lead. Based on the standard deviation of the RCA indices for different countries an association is also seen to hold between size and diversification of exports. Furthermore, Balassa's results show that the extent of export diversification tends to increase with the degree of technological development and a reversal takes place at higher levels in the trade patterns.Leishman et al. (1999) empirically analyzed the international competitiveness for agricultural commodities by applying Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) for wool- exporting countries. A number of six wool producing countries are selected for measuring RCA over the time period of 37 years. RCA index for Australia, Argentina, Newzeland, South Africa, United Kingdom and Uruguay indicates that GATT Uruguay Round has changed the RCA's of countries significantly.Mehmood (2005) analyzed the export specialization and comparative advantage/disadvantage of Pakistan's non agriculture production sectors in the context of on-going multilateral trade negotiations. The study uses RCA approach at HS-4 digit level for the period 1990-2000. The data set has been drawn from International Trade Statistics compiled by the Australian National University (AND). The data set comprises 16 product categories made up of 978 product lines. Findings show that Pakistan's top-ranking exports belong to textiles and clothing sector, consistent with the natural and human factor endowments however Pakistan has failed to move from low value added to technically intensive high value added manufacturing. Pakistan's economic well-being depends on the extent to which the non-agricultural sector remains competitive and contributes to economic growth, exports, investment and employment.Batra and Khan (2005) examined the structure of comparative advantage enjoyed by India and China in the global market keeping in view their similar resource endowment and size. The study estimates Balassa index of RCA for India and China at sector and product level of the Harmonized Classification System (HS-1996) both at 2 and 6-digit level for the year 2000 and 2003 using data on exports from UN Comtrade.3 The year 2000 is taken as reference, as this is the year immediately preceding China's accession to WTO. The main objective of the study is to figure out the leading manufacturing industries in India and China in terms of their revealed comparative advantage. The study reveals that the maximum number of commodities with comparative advantage in the world market is concentrated in sectors like organic chemicals. There are also some sectors where India is comparatively disadvantageous positioned at the aggregate level but reveal significant comparative advantage at the constituent commodity level (HS-six digit).In addition, China enjoys comparative advantage in the world market in 47 sectors and 1828 commodities out of 97 sectors and 4923 exported commodities, respectively by China to the world. The sectors of comparative advantage in China belong to the electrical and electronic equipment, manufacture of leather, toys, organic chemicals, articles of apparel and cotton. The number of sectors for which India and China enjoy comparative advantage remains roughly the same between 2000 and 2003. An important finding of the study is that some sectors are at disadvantageous at the aggregate level but may enjoy comparative advantage at the constituent commodity level.Hanif and Sabina (2006) constructed Balassa's Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) index for the textile sector of Pakistan to analyze the relationship between the financial development and international trade competitiveness. Pakistan's focus of trade policy shifted from import substitution to export promotion in the seventies and turned its resources to the products showing comparative advantage. The results show that greater access to external finance has a strong positive impact on the country's textile sector competitiveness over the time period 1974 to 2004. The study concluded that if the economies of scale, technology and endowments are identical between countries, still a country with relatively developed financial institutions will have comparative advantage in the production of processed goods requiring more external finance.Welch and Conrad (2007) evaluated the US competitive position in the cotton yam segment using RCA index based on Balassa (1965) among the set of countries including China, India, Pakistan, and Turkey. The results disclose that United States fails to make the competitive grade in several categories and if it happens to make it, that is by narrowing margins. While the Revealed Comparative Advantage index indicates that the United States is lagging behind China, India, Turkey, and Pakistan in terms of market share in exports of yam, fabric, etc.Akhtar et al. (2008) analyzed the competitiveness of footwear industry of Pakistan in the global perspective using revealed comparative advantage at 2-digit and 4-digit level of HS classification for the period of 1996 to 2006. RCA indices have been calculated for Pakistan and other Asian countries i.e. China and India, since both countries are similar in size and factor endowments and greatest competitor of Pakistan. Calculations show that Pakistan's footwear industry has shifted from a situation of comparative disadvantage to competitive advantage especially since after 2003 due to increase in volume as well as in the value of footwear exports and thus there is an upward movement in comparative advantage.At disaggregate level, Pakistan has been enjoying comparative advantage since after 2005. This study also highlights the problems faced by footwear industry and explains the role of entrepreneurs in this regard. The rising trend of RCA reveals that there is a potential for higher growth of this industry which requires strengthening of competitiveness of the footwear industry.According to Jayawickrama and Shandre (2010), given the abundant resources, China and India have comparative advantage in a broad range of manufactured goods as compared to Singapore. From the disaggregated analysis at 2-digit level, the paper finds that the Singapore and China exports are complements, although the degree of complementarity has being declining over time. Meanwhile, Singapore and India exports are found to be stronger complements and stable over time. The results also show that China and India exports are strong substitutes. This makes the comparative advantage position of both countries more competitive. The study reported that the exports diversifications have broadened the exports net by China and India, as well.Wei and Zhao (2012) found that the comparative advantage of Chinese manufactured products in both world and US markets are gradually increasing. This is pertinent to mention that most of the products with comparative advantage are low-technology products. While, the comparative advantage of Chinese medium-technology products in the world market has largely improved, but their RCA indexes are low and their kinds of products with very high comparative advantage are small. Finally, they concluded that the Chinese manufactured exports are of greater comparative advantage in the world market than in the US market.Focusing on the clothing export sector, Kathuria (2013) demonstrated that the comparative advantage of India has increased from 23 products to 25 products between 1995 and 2003 and for Bangladesh,this number increased from 21 products to 29 products between 1995 and 2003. Moreover, the comparative position on the basis of a measure of structural change in exports of India and Bangladesh also pointed out towards a better standings of these countries.This completes the review of relevant literature. Now we turn to the trends of carpet and weaving sector in selected countries.3. Trend and Pattern of Carpet and Floor Coverings Industry: Pakistan, India and China's PerspectiveA brief picture of the trends in exports of carpet and floor covering industry is provided in this section. Overall, exports of the carpet industry in Pakistan mounted and reached up to Rs. 109 million earnings in 1971-72. By 1975-76, the income from carpet export gone up to Rs. 719 million and it further increased to Rs. 1,180 million in 1977-78 and then to Rs. 2,198 million in 1979-80. In 1980-81 carpet exports touched the highest ever figure of Rs. 2,243 million. There was a slight decline after that because of recession in the world market. With the export income coming down to Rs. 1,676 million and Rs. 1,913 million in 1981-82 and 1982-83, respectively. In 1985-86 the income rose to Rs. 2,693 million. The income from carpet exports further increased to Rs. 3,419 million in 1986-87. Table 1 depicts the trend of export value for three countries over the years 1996 to 2009 at 2-digit level of HS classification.China and India exhibit an increasing trend in exports while the figures for Pakistan showed first declining trend up to year 2002 and then a sharp rise that followed by a gradual rise in the export value. Pakistan's export values remained high than China and India from 2004 to 2007. The reason for lower export values afterward are less competitiveness, high interest rates and cost of inputs, non-conducive government policies and non-guaranteed energy supplies that hinders the competitiveness of Pakistani exports over other countries. Moreover, the bans on child labor, in the backdrop of ILO recommendations also hampered the growth of this sector in Pakistan, as an overwhelming proportion of labor force working in this sector is child labor. Furthermore, the enactment of Employment of Children Act of 1991 that banned the child labor put the sector's status in more vulnerable condition than ever before. China presented the highest export value among three countries with few exceptional years.4. Methodology and DataMeasuring comparative advantages may create certain difficulties since relative prices under autarky are not directly observable. Thus comparative advantage is calculated by calculating Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) for specific sector. There are different indices applied for this purpose, most common of which is Balassa Index (1965) of RCA. The concept of revealed comparative advantage (Balassa, 1965) pertains to the relative trade performance of individual countries in particular commodities. The advantage of using comparative advantage index is that it considers the intrinsic advantage of a particular export commodity and is consistent with changes in an economy's relative factor endowment and productivity. Demerit of using comparative advantage index is that it is a partial equilibrium framework and provides general direction of movement and do not predict the potential future comparative advantage in particular sector of the country.4This study used Balassa Index to calculate the RCA for Pakistan in rapidly growing Carpets and other textile floor coverings industry and is based on export data as per the (HS 2007) classification and is given the code 57. RCA is calculated at 2-digit and 4-digit level at aggregated and disaggregated classification.5 Data has been sourced from UNCOMTRADE and World Development Indicators (WDI) covering a period of 14 years i.e. froml996 to 2009. RCA at 4 digit disaggregated level has been estimated for the years 2004-2009. （完整内容请到百度文库）The study calculates RCA indicesfor Pakistan, China and India.5. Empirical Results and InterpretationThe study measures revealed comparative advantage indices for the carpet and floor coverings industry. The analysis has been divided into two parts. The first part analyses the comparative advantage at aggregated level. The 2-digit level of Harmonized System (HS-2007) is employed to calculate RCA index at aggregated level. The second part, calculates RCA indices at disaggregate level i.e., at 4-digit level of HS2007 classification. The purpose of calculating RCA index at disaggregate level is to work out possible differences across the industry at different level. RCA indices are measured for Pakistan and a comparison is made with India and China since both of these countries are among the major competitors of Pakistan in the export of carpets and other textile floor coverings.5.1 Aggregate Analysis of Revealed Comparative AdvantagesThe estimation of Balassa Index for the years 1996-2009 presents the movement in the pattern of revealed comparative advantage. Our findings show that at HS-2 level, Pakistan has an upward moving trend in the comparative advantage for carpet industry. RCA index has remained greater than unity (RCA>1) since 1996 and is growing over the years as shown in Table 2.The results of Table 2 show that throughout the period of study, Pakistan has never faced a situation of comparative disadvantage in this industry. The growing trend of RCA shows that Pakistan has great potential for growth in carpet and floor coverings industry. Good export performance of this sector can lead to more competitiveness if accompanied with better incentives from the government in this sector. RCA values kept on increasing from 1996 till 2001 when RCA reached its highest value i.e. 2.05 but fell immediately in the next year that may be due to the return of Afghan refugees to their homeland as 80 percent of the workforce was comprised of Afghan refugees that time. Later on, it increased gradually but still with lower values of RCAs. The carpet industry in Pakistan needs much more attention in this regards.In the last ten years Pakistan has emerged as one of the leading exporters of hand-knotted carpet industry accounts for 0.64 percent share of total GDP, 3.66 percent of manufacturing sector GDP and approximately 14 percent of small-scale manufacturing sector GDP. The available evidence indicates that Pakistan's carpet and rugs industry make up around 2.5 % of total exports". A more than 1.5 million people are employed in this sector and more than three million people directly or indirectly depend on its earnings [Nasir (2004)]."Until 1970s, the carpet industry did not receive attention from the government but later on a number of carpet-weaving centers were established in the country. With the implementation of the labor laws and the factory Act of the mid-1970s, many big centers disintegrated into small units that eventually moved into residential areas to operate in private homes and sheds. The most carpet-weaving activity takes place in homes throughout the country. The upsurge in demand for handknotted carpets in foreign markets continued in 1980s and 1990s. However, with the slump in international economy in recent years, this demand has declined (EPB)".6The lack of competitiveness in Pakistan's carpet industry has also been attached with the bans on bonded labor by ILO as child labor are mostly involved in this sector and children and women are considered as the better weavers of carpets in this industry from their efficiency and productivity concerns. The ban on child labor in 1991 in the carpet industry leads not only to the financial loss to the family but also towards a fall in production leading to lower foreign exchange earnings from thissector in the country.Other problems hindering the export performance and competitiveness of this sector in Pakistan are pointed out as the reduction in rebates and incentives accompanied with high mark up rates that is troublesome for the carpet exporters; usage of obsolete production methods that is unable to produce carpets of outstanding quality; heavy reliance on the manual design methods while India and China use modem technologies; lack of skill development and the problems of supply chain and production capacity.Although the study is mainly concerned with measuring the RCA for Pakistan in carpet and floor coverings industry, it also incorporates movements in RCA of India and China. Despite the fact that Pakistani carpets are generally superior to Indian and Chinese carpets but cheap labor, low cost raw material and low utility/fmancing charges in India and China gave a price edge to these countries over Pakistani products.As depicted by the results, India is the strongest competitor with highest RCA values throughout the years of study. India has an edge over its competitors in this industry because of vast artistic skills of the weavers and low labor cost which is another advantage and favorable factor for growth. The magnificence of Indian carpet weaving and the intricate patterns substantially increased India's carpet exports and placed it prominently in the international carpet map, as depicted by the increasing RCA values.Table 3 reports the test of equality of means between RCAs of three countries. The table postulates a significant difference of RCA among China-India and India-Pakistan, but no statistically significant difference emerged across China and Pakistan. The test suggests that India has an edge over other two countries in terms of competitiveness as a higher value for means of revealed comparative advantage is estimated for India that is also consistent with the RCA trends. Hence, India has gradually escalating in terms of competitiveness in carpet industry, while China and Pakistan are losing its competitiveness in this sector.China has RCA in carpet and other textile floor coverings industry but it is facing a declining trend. China's exports fell by 8.10 % and the average unit price fell by 9.98 % in 2009. Though the situation get improved later on but the financial crisis and low price of carpet exports made profitable growth of the carpet more difficult. This decline in carpet exports and average per unit price harmed the sound development of China's carpet industry.Now, we turn towards the discussion of findings on RCA at disaggregated level.5.2 Disaggregated Analysis of Revealed Comparative AdvantageThe second part of analysis yields the measures of RCA at disaggregate level in order to capture the difference in export performance within the carpet and other textile floor coverings sub-sector for Pakistan and a comparison with China and India. At 4-digit level of HS-2007 classification, four sub sectors are selected of this industry owing to data availability. Pakistan is enjoying comparative advantage in the sector 5703 i.e. Carpets and other textile floor covering tufted. Whereas a comparative disadvantage in the other three sub sectors i.e. Carpets and other textile floor covering, knotted, whether or not made up (5701), Carpets and other floor coverings, of felt, not tufted or flocked, whether or not made-up (5704) and other Carpets and other textile floor coverings (5705). The results of RCA at disaggregate level are presented in Table 3, 4 and 5 for Pakistan, India and China, respectively.China and India are almost presenting the same picture as both have revealed comparativedisadvantage at 4-digit disaggregate level in four sub sectors where their RCA's are less than unity (RCA<1). India has a comparative disadvantage in four sub sectors of the economy implying that India is not specialized in the export of these products since India's share of world exports of these particular commodities is less than its share of world exports of all commodities. Nevertheless, India is performing well in the overall carpet industry as is obvious from the RCA at aggregated level. China is lagging behind India in terms of RCA at disaggregated level as well and is not showing competitiveness in terms of RCA.6. Conclusions and Policy RecommendationsThis study aimed at assessing the structure of comparative advantage in Pakistan and making its comparison with India and China. Data as per HS 2007 classification was used to calculate the Balassa index of RCA. Data is collected from UN Comtrade Statistics and World Development Indicator (WDI). Balassa index is the most common approach of calculating RCA. It measures the competitiveness of a country in a particular product by comparing a country's exports of a product relative to its total exports and to the corresponding exports of all countries in the world. Index was constructed at 2 digit and 4 digit level of exports of carpets and other textile floor coverings. It also analyzed the change in scene of comparative advantage from 1996 to 2009 and at disaggregates level from 2005 to 2009, respectively. The purpose of such an analysis was to obtain an inclusive view of the comparative advantage for Pakistan in this specific sector that can enable policymakers to focus on increasing exports further and facilitating the manufacturers so that RCA can be further enhanced.Results suggest that Pakistan enjoys a comparative advantage at 2 digit level of classification throughout the period except for the year 2002 when value of RCA considerably reduced to 1.04, the lowest of all the periods but still exceeding the required value. The reason for such a sharp decline in RCA for that time period provided is the return of Afghan refugees under the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) program. India and China also reveal a comparative advantage and have RCA values greater than one throughout the period of study. India is evidently dominating the carpet industry with the highest values of RCA. Reasons behind such a high demand for Indian carpets include exclusive and unique designing. This implies that carpet business will be very challenging in the future as Pakistan has to face a tough competition from India in the global arena and the cost of production in this business is constantly going up. China showed a declining trend towards the end of 2008-09 in RCA pertaining to its low exports in these years and relatively less formal supply chain. At 4-digit level of industrial classification, none of the three countries could reveal comparative advantage in any of the sectors except for Pakistan in the category 5703.Overall, the values for RCA index of Pakistan shows that Pakistan has a comparative advantage in this sector and has higher potential for growth and development of this sector. But the resources are not being utilized properly. Continuous government support through new schemes and training program will be helpful for handmade carpet sector. Results of the study suggest that a lot of opportunities are available for the carpet industry in terms of improving the productivity and quality of raw materials at reasonable prices. The Research &Development facilities for improving the fiber quality and development of specialized fibers/yams are required as market always demands a diversified nature of product. Rising Inflation is a world-wide phenomenon. Owing to increase in energy prices, the cost of raw material has increased that leads to rise in the price of carpets. So the government must step in and provide subsidies to make the carpet industry of Pakistan more competitive in international market. The policy implications flows out from the results to improve the competitiveness of carpet industry are mentioned below:。
