(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
中英文资料外文翻译
The New Public Management Situation
No doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public sector management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in these reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticism
belong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public department responded to the realities of several interrelated problems, including: the function of public sector provide public services of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private sector related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phases, and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the transition. But it was only a matter of time. Because the new mode of theoretical basis is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's age is a great reform, but that time has passed.
A traditional pattern
Obviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the rise of civilization as history. As the case Glad2den Osama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile flooding
caused by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is to seek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the holy Roman, Spain's administrative empire, they first by the central through various rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop simultaneously with "bureaucratic management structure development". Although these countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early essence is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itself not only praise from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to seek personal interests corruption or abuse of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All those who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argument, modern Weber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist serious low efficiency. The enormous success of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other system. Western administrative system even simple selection of officials to pass the
exam, until 1854, Britain and north G..M. Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to establish in China, although the system has long passage.
The traditional public administrative pattern
In the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from several countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematically elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private sector from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public sector, but his theory was influential in this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect. In other countries, plus G..M. Trevelyan and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:
1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, and analysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public sector got better and longer.
2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administrative personnel to follow. Strictly abide by these principles will run for the organization provides the best way.
3. Bureaucratic service. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and service providers.
4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be separated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.
5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil servants, the only motive for public service is selfless paying.
6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil servants neutral equal employment and lifelong service to any political leaders.
7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.
Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-based impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is its operation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cases through some instructions. It only matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least these affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."
It is very important. Early administration based on personal relationships, be loyal to relatives, protect, leaders or political, rather than on the system. Sometimes, the early administration is politically sensitive, because of the administrative organs of the staff is appointed, they also politicians arms or mainstream class. However, it is often autocratic, autocratic administration may be unfair, especially for those who can't or unwilling to input personal and political game. One of the basic principles for with weber impersonal system to completely eliminate autocratic - at least in ideal condition is so. File exists, the reference principle of parallel and legal basis in the same environment means will always make the same decision. Below this kind of
circumstance is not only more efficient, and the citizen and bureaucratic hierarchy know myself.
Other differences were associated with this. In various regulations and impersonal basis, will naturally formed strict hierarchy. Personal rating system and its provisions in the left unchanged. Although Webber emphasizes the entire system, but he also noticed the bureaucracy of the organization and individual term.
The traditional administrative mode won great success, it is widely adopted by governments around the world. Theoretically or in practice, it shows the advantage. And before the corruption flourished, it is more efficient than system, and the thought of individual professionalization civil servants and amateur service has a great progress. However, this model is also exposed the problems that shows that the model can even said outdated, also can say is outdated.
The theory of public administration has been difficult to describe the pillar. Political control theory has problems. Administrative means follow instructions, so people demand a well-ordered transceiver method. Instruction between implementers and has a clear division. But this is not the reality, and with the public service domain expands the scale and more impossible. The traditional mode of another theoretical pillar - bureaucracy theory is no longer considered particularly effective form of organization. Formal bureaucracy could have its advantages, but people think it often training to routineer and innovators, Encourage executives rather than risk aversion risk-taking, encourage them to waste instead of effective use of scarce resources. Webb was the bureaucracy is regarded as an ideal type ", "but now this ideal type is inert, cultivate the progressive, leads to low efficiency, these mediocrity and is believed to be the public sector of the special disease. It is also criticized. Actually, the word "bureaucracy in today's more likely as low efficiency of synonyms.
The new public management mode
In the 1980s, the public sector is a traditional administrative pattern of new management methods of defects. This method can alleviate some of the problems of traditional pattern, also means that the public sector operation aspects has changed
significantly. The new management method has many names: management of "individualism", "the new public administration", based on the market of public administration ", after the bureaucracy model "or" entrepreneurial government ". To the late 1990s, people tend to use "and the concept of new public administration". Although the new public management, but for many of the names of public management of department of actual changes happened, people still have a consensus. First, no matter what, it is called mode with traditional represents a significant change of public administration, different more attention and managers of the individual responsibility. Second, it is clear to get rid of the classical bureaucracy, thereby organization, personnel, term and conditions more flexible. Third, it stipulates the organization and personnel, and it can target according to the performance indicators measuring task completion. Also, to plan the assessment system for more than ever before, and also can be more strictly determine whether the government plans to achieve its objectives. Fourth, the senior executives are more likely to color with political government work, rather than independent or neutral. Fifth, the more likely the inspection by the market, buyers of public service provider and distinguish "helmsman, with the rower to distinguish". Government intervention is not always refers to the government by means of bureaucracy. Sixth, appeared through privatization and market means such as inspection, contract of government function reduce trend. In some cases, it is fundamental. Once happened during the transformation from the important changes to all connected with this, the continuity of the steps are necessary.
Holmes and Shand as a useful characteristics of generalization. They put the new public management paradigm, the good as management method has the following features: (1) it is a more strategic or structure of decision-making method (around the efficiency, quality and service). (2) decentralization type management environment replaced concentration level structure. The resource allocation and service delivery closer to supply, we can get more itself from the customers and related information and other interest groups. (3) can be more flexible to replace the method of public products supply directly, so as to provide cost savings of the policy. (4) concerned
with the responsibility, authority as the key link of improving performance, including emphasize clear performance contract mechanism. (5) in the public sector, and between internal to create a competitive environment. (6) strengthen the strategic decision-making ability, which can quickly, flexible and low cost to manage multiple interests outside change and the response. (7) by request relevant results and comprehensive cost reports to improve transparency and responsibility. (8) general service budget and management system to support and encourage the change.
The new public management and realize a result that no one in the best way. Managers in endowed with responsibility and without being told to get results. Decision is a management job duties, if not for achieving goals, managers should assume responsibility.
Conclusion
The government management over the past 150 years experienced three modes. First is the personification of modern administrative mode, or when the pattern of its defects and increasingly exposed to improve efficiency, it is the second mode of traditional bureaucracy model is replaced. Similarly, when the traditional administrative mode problems, it is the third model is the new public management, from the government to alternative market. Since 1980s, the dominance of the market as the 1920s to 1960s dominant bureaucracy. In any kind of government, market and bureaucratic system are coexisting, just a form at some stage dominant, and in another stage of another kind of form, the dominant. The new public management is increasingly weakened and bureaucracy in the public administration field market dominant period.
In reality, the market and bureaucracy, mutual complement each other. The new public management may not be completely replace the bureaucracy, as in 1989, the eastern Europe before bureaucracy could not instead of the market. But the new public management movement is early traditional bureaucracy, many functions can be and often by market now. In a bureaucracy system for organizational principle is weakened environment, market solutions will be launched. Of course not all market
prescription can succeed, but this is not the issue. The government of new public management will be a toolbox dowsed solutions. If the scheme of the ineffective, the government will from the same source for other solutions. The theory behind the government management has already happened, we can use the term "paradigm" to describe it. In public administration academia, many of the new public management denial of critics. But their criticism of the government reform quickly. In the new public management mode, another a kind of new mode, but certainly not returned to the traditional administrative pattern.
新公共管理的现状
毫无疑问,世界上许多国家,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家,在20世纪80年代后期和90年代初期都开始了一场持续的公共部门管理变革运动。这场改革运动至今仍在很多方面继续对政府的组织和管理产生着影响。人们对于这些改革的看法众说纷纭,莫衷一是。批评家尤其是英国和美国的批评家们认为,新模式存在着各种各样的问题,而且也不具有国际普遍性的改革意义,公共管理不可能被称为范式。批评几乎涵盖了变化的各个方面。大多数批评都属于学术上的吹毛求疵。不同的思想流派讨论着细枝末节;学术期刊上的文章也越来越抽象,远离现实。同时,公共管理者在实践中不断推动和实施着这项变化和改革。正如我在其他文章中所认为的那样,在大多数国家,传统的公共行政模式已经为公共管理模式所取代。公共部门的变革回应了几个相互联系的重大现实问题,包括:职能公共
部门提供公共服务的低效率;经济理论的变化;私营部门相关变化产生的影响,尤其是全球化作为一种经济力量的兴起;技术变化使得分权同时又能更好地控制全局成为可能。行政管理可以分为三个鲜明的发展阶段:前传统阶段、公共行政传统模式阶段和公共管理改革阶段。每个阶段都有自己的管理模式。从上一个阶段过渡到下一个阶段并非轻而易举,从传统的公共行政到公共管理的过渡至今尚未完成。但这只是时间的问题。因为新模式背后的理论基础非常强大。这场变革运动以“新公共管理”著称,尽管这个名称引起了争论,然而它不但在蓬勃发展着,而且是对大多数发达国家已经采取的管理模式的最佳表述。传统的行政模式相对于它所处的时代是一项伟大的改革,但是,那个时代已经过去了。
一、前传统模式
很显然,在19世纪末官僚体制理论尚未健全之前,已经存在着某种形式的行政管理。公共行政已经有很长的历史了,它与政府这一概念以及文明的兴起一样历史悠久。正如格拉登(Glad2den)指出的那样,行政的某种模式自从政府出现之后就一直存在着。首先是创始者或领导者赋予社会以可能,然后是组织者或行政者使之永恒。行政或事务管理是所有社会活动中的中间因素,虽然不是光彩夺目,但对社会的持续发展却是至关重要的。公认的行政体制在古埃及就已经存在了,其管辖范围从每年的尼罗河泛滥引起的灌溉事务到金字塔的建造。中国在汉朝就采用了儒家规范,认为政府应当是民选的,不是根据出身,而是根据品德和能力,政府的主要目标是谋取人民的福利。在欧洲,各种帝国——希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等首先是行政帝国,它们由中央通过各种规则和程序进行管理。韦伯认为,中世纪“现代”国家的发展同时伴随着“官僚治理结构的发展”。尽管这些国家以不同的方式进行管理,但它们具有共同的特点,这可以称为前现代。也就是说,早期的行政体制本质上是人格化的,或者说是建立在韦伯所说的“裙带关系”的基础上,也就是说以效忠国王或大臣等某个特定的人为基础,而不是非人格化的;以效忠组织或国家为基础而不是以个人为基础。尽管存在着这么一种观点,即认为行政管理本身不为人赞许的特点仅仅来自于传统模式,但早期的做法常常导致谋求个人利益的贪污行为或滥用职权。在早期行政体制下,我们现在看来觉得很奇怪的做法曾是当时执政政府职能的普遍行为。那些一心走仕途的人往往依靠朋友或亲戚获取工作或买官,这就是说先以钱来收买海关官员或税收官员,然
中文参考文献格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识： M——专著，C——论文集，N——报纸文章，J——期刊文章，D——学位论文，R——报告，S——标准，P——专利；对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 参考文献一律置于文末。其格式为： （一）专著 示例 [1] 张志建.严复思想研究[M]. 桂林：广西师范大学出版社，1989. [2] 马克思恩格斯全集：第1卷[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1956. [3] [英]蔼理士.性心理学[M]. 潘光旦译注.北京：商务印书馆，1997. （二）论文集 示例 [1] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. [2] 别林斯基.论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A]. 伍蠡甫.西方文论选：下册[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979. 凡引专著的页码，加圆括号置于文中序号之后。 （三）报纸文章 示例 [1] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27，（3） （四）期刊文章 示例 [1] 郭英德.元明文学史观散论[J]. 北京师范大学学报（社会科学版），1995（3）. （五）学位论文 示例 [1] 刘伟.汉字不同视觉识别方式的理论和实证研究[D]. 北京：北京师范大学心理系，1998. （六）报告 示例 [1] 白秀水，刘敢，任保平. 西安金融、人才、技术三大要素市场培育与发展研究[R]. 西安：陕西师范大学西北经济发展研究中心，1998. （七）、对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明性的注释，置于本页地脚，前面用圈码标识。 参考文献的类型 根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定，以单字母标识： M——专著（含古籍中的史、志论著） C——论文集 N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——研究报告 S——标准 P——专利 A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 Z——其他未说明的文献类型 电子文献类型以双字母作为标识： DB——数据库 CP——计算机程序 EB——电子公告
智能停车场中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 智能停车场 最近几年来汽车的动态平衡与静态管理已成为许多专家学者重点研究的新课题。智能停车场系统为了保证车辆安全和交通方便，迫切需要采用自动化程度高、方便快捷的停车场自动管理系统，提高停车场管理水平。现阶段的目标就是要提供满足人们工作、生活、娱乐环境更科学、规范、有效快捷、安全、方便的智能停车场自动管理系统。停车场管理系统正在向大型化、复杂化、集成化和高科技化方向发展，智能停车场系统已经被纳入智能建筑的一个重要子系统，并且正与智能建筑的其它子系统进一步高度集成。 智能停车场管理系统采用先进技术和高度自动化的机电设备，将机械、电子计算机和自控设备以及智能IC卡技术有机地结合起来，通过电脑管理可实现车辆出入管理、自动存储数据等功能，实现脱机运行并提供—种高效管理服务的系统。 新型的智能停车场将生活理念和建筑艺术、信息技术、计算机电子技术等现代高科技完美结合，提供的是一种操作简单、使用方便、功能先进的人性化系统。它依靠高科技，以人为本，采用图形人机界面操作方式，提供一种更加安全、舒适、方便、快捷和开放的智能化、信息化生活空间，促进了人文环境的健康发展。 1 目前国内外停车场主要有以下几种类型 1．1 机械式停车场 机械式停车场是国内停车场主要的一种，机械式停车场是指停车场完全由机械停车设备
如曳引驱动机、导向轮、载车板、横移装置、控制柜、召唤操作盘、升降回转装置、搬运器等构成。分为升降横移类、垂直循环类、水平循环类、多层循环类、平面移动类、垂直升降类、简单升降类等类型。因其停车方式多样独特，具有很强的应用性。它的主要优点有占地面积小，选型多样、可具体结合场地特点设计，也可与其他方式相结合来实施，自动化程度高，操作使用方便，管理和维护也较为容易，具有定量存车的特点。 1．2 平面停车场系统 智能停车场系统平面停车场系统因其主要采取感应式IC卡读卡方式，所以也叫感应式停车场系统。目前我国的停车场仍是以平面停车场为主，一般建于建筑物的地下层，也有不少以公共区域如广场、道路边等作为停车场，其次就是酒店、企事业、工厂等单位自己规划设计的停车场。 1．3 智能立体停车库 智能立体停车库系统又叫垂直升降式停车系统或电梯式立体停车库系统。它是集设备、操作、安全、监控、维护、管理为一体的智能化系统，触摸屏式的人机界面，操作和使用也极为方便，具备智能化管理及收费系统。其高度的智能检测和完善的服务体系可实现零也障运行。它最大的特点就是独创的分时控制功能，实现分时段、分层停车控制，有效提高车位利用率。通过键盘密码和IC卡即可实现汽车存取、收费的过程，操作简单、存取方便；并且可以与城市停车收费系统连接，可实现全市停车收费一卡通，并可加装监视系统与小区联网。另一种模块化智能型立体车库也开始趋于成熟，不仅实现了全模块化设计，采用了智能控制技术，更是充分利用了太阳能技术、能量蓄积(节能)技术。模块化智能型立体车库不再是一个整体建筑，它由独立的模块组合而成，如停车位、升降装置、智能载车器等分散的零部件，修建时只要像搭积木一样把各个零部件组装起来，就成了一个标准的立体车库，具有节省时间、成本低等优点。 1．4 遥控停车场管理系统 智能停车场系统遥控停车场管理系统的特点是不受停车位置及方向限制，只要在遥控距离内即可控制开门及抬杆。遥控器携带方便、价格便宜，安装简单。其主要原理是在栏杆机控制箱及电动门控制器安装遥控接收卡及存储器卡，在使用时，只要遥控器的密码正确即可对系统进行控制。其产品经历了由拨码式到脉冲式再到循环式的发展过程，目前已日趋成熟。遥控停车场管理系统被广泛用于欧洲许多停车场及私人住宅。 2 智能停车场收费系统的特点 2．1 严格的收费管理系统 对于目前的人工现金收费方式，不仅劳动强度大、效率低，而且很容易在财务上造成很大的漏洞和现金流失。采用IC卡收费管理系统，因收费都经电脑确认、统计与记录，避免了失误和作弊等现象，能有效地保障车场投资者的利益。 2．2 防伪性能高 因为IC卡保密性极高，它的加密功能一般电脑花上十年的时间也解不了，也无法进行仿造，从根本上保证了系统的可信度与可行性。 2．3 高度安全稳健的管理 在采取人工发卡、收卡的地方因疏漏而又没有随时记录可查，丢车或谎报丢车现象时有发生，给停车场管理带来许多不便，也给停车场带来了经济损失。而采用电脑收费管理系统
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
文献综述 前言 本人毕业设计的论题为《基于PLC的垂直循环式立体车库控制系统的设计》，无处停放车辆的问题是城市的交通，经济以及社会发展到了一定的程度产生的结果，然而就像在现代化的大城市里，立体式的交通和立体式的建筑都有了非常明显的发展，因此，为了能够尽量减少土地的使用面积，并且能够最大限度的压缩停车设施的面积，也为了将来交通不再拥堵，人们的进出也更加的方便，办事的效率能够得到有效的提高，上班和下班之后心爱的车有个停放之处，并且生活品质也能得到很大的改善，还可以促进汽车产业的迅速发展的同时。因此，立体式停车库也将是未来发展的方向。 本文章是依据目前国内外的学者对可编程控制器和立体式机械车库的研究成果，并且借鉴他们的理论和原理，将它们运用在plc立体式机械车库的设计中。查阅的文献给了本文非常大的参考价值，而且本文还主要查阅了近几年中外有关于可编程控制器和立体式机械车库的书籍、论文以及文献期刊等等。 正文 1、课题的研究背景及意义 伴随着机动车数量的不断提升，因此，停车难、停车乱的问题愈演愈烈，这也成为城市管理的一大难题，再加上当前中心商业区建设的大力推进，越来越多的资源也将靠拢和集聚，停车困难的问题会愈加明显。 停车困难日益突出： 目前，机动车的停放，通常来说有小区停放、商场和超市停车场、路边车位等几种停放方式。近几年来，各省通过新规划停车位、加强停车场的管理等一些途径，在一定程度上暂时缓解了停车难问题，但是其力度和速度远远没有解决众多机动车的停放需求。 形成这种情况的原因，主要有两方面的原因，一是历史原因，如老旧小区建设时缺乏合理的规划，因此也导致了小区停车矛盾日益突出；二是土地资源的稀缺，为设置车位带来了不便。因此，立体停车库的发展，将会能够很有效的解决停车难，停车乱的问题。
中英文参考文献格式! (細節也很重要啊。。）来源：李菲玥的日志 规范的参考文献格式 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利 A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： ［ＤＢ/OL］——联机网上数据(database online) ［DB/MT］——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) ［Ｍ/CD］——光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM) ［ＣＰ／DK］——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) ［Ｊ／ＯＬ］——网上期刊(serial online) ［ＥＢ/OL］——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母. 如：Malcolm R ichard Cowley 应为：Cowley, M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norri s, F. & I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6)：107-109.
毕业设计外文文献翻译 毕业设计题目多车位轿车立体停车库PLC控制系统设计翻译题目可编程逻辑控制器 专业机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名XXX 班级A0916 学号XX 指导教师XXX 机械与材料工程学院 二O一四年四月
可编程逻辑控制器 1 PLC介绍 PLCS（可编程逻辑控制器）是用于各种自动控制系统和过程的可控网络集线器。他们包含多个输入输出，输入输出是用晶体管和其它电路，模拟开关和继 电器来控制设备的。PLCS用软件接口，标准计算器接口，专门的语言和网络设备编程。 可编程逻辑控制器I/O通道规则包括所有的输入触点和输出触点，扩展能力和最大数量的通道。触点数量是输入点和输出点的总和。PLCS可以指定这些值的任何可能的组合。扩展单元可以被堆栈或互相连接来增加总的控制能力。最大数量的通道是在一个扩展系统中输入和输出通道的最大总数量。PLC系统规则包括扫描时间，指令数量，数据存储和程序存储。扫描时间是PLC需要的用来检测输入输出模块的时间。指令是用于PLC软件（例如数学运算）的标准操作。数据存储是存储数据的能力。程序存储是控制软件的能力。 用于可编程逻辑控制器的输入设备包括DC，AC，中间继电器，热电偶，RTD，频率或脉冲，晶体管和中断信号输入；输出设备包括DC，AC，继电器，中间继电器，频率或脉冲，晶体管，三端双向可控硅开关元件；PLC的编程设备包括控制面板，手柄和计算机。 可编程逻辑控制器用各种软件编程语言来控制。这些语言包括IEC61131-3，顺序执行表（SFC），动作方块图（FBD），梯形图（LD），结构文本（ST），指令序列（IL），继电器梯形图（RIL），流程图，C语言和Basic语言。IEC61131-3编程环境能支持五种语言，用国际标准加以规范，分别为SFC，FBD，LD，ST 和IL。这便允许了多卖主兼容性和多种语言编程。SFC是一种图表语言，它提供了编程顺序的配合，就能支持顺序选择和并列选择，二者择其一即可。FBD 用一种大的运行库，以图表形式建立了一些复杂的过程。标准数学和逻辑运行可 以与用户交流和接口运行相结合。LD是适用于离散控制和互锁逻辑的图表语言。 1 它在离散控制上与FBD是完全兼容的。ST是一种文本语言，用于复杂的数学过程和计算，不太适用于图表语言。 摘自：科学与工程期刊作者：Laurence Bodelot
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
英语优秀论文参考文献格式要求
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英语专业本科毕业论文 参考文献格式要求 I．文内引用 （一）直接引用 1．引用中的省略 原始资料的引用：在正文中直接引用时，应给出作者、年份，并用带括号的数字标出页码。若有任何资料省略，使用英文时，应用3个省略号在句中标出（…），中文用6个（……）；若两句间的资料省略，英文应用4个省略号标出（‥‥），中文用6个（……）。若要在直接引用插入自己的解释，应使用方括号[ ]。若在资料中有什么错误拼写、错误语法或标点错误会使读者糊涂，应在引用后立即插入[sic]，中文用[原文如此]。下面是一些示例： 例一：The DSM IV defines the disorder [dysthymic] as being in a chronically depressed mood that occurs for "most of the day more days than not for at least two years (Criterion A) .... In children, the mood may be irritable rather than depressed, and the required minimum duration is only one year" (APA, 1994, p. 345). 例二：Issac (1995) states that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon but may be the most diagnostic entity in children and adolescents in similar settings .... and may be the most common diagnosis in adolescents who are court-remanded to such settings" (p.275). 2．大段落引用 当中文引用超过160字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进4个空格，两端对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 当英文引用超过40字时，不使用引号，而使用“块”的形式（引用起于新的一行，首行缩进5个空格，左对齐，之后每行都缩进）。 Elkind (1978) states:
英文引用及参考文献格式要求 一、参考文献的类型 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章 J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点： ①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是：姓，名字的首字母.如：MalcolmRichardCowley应为：Cowley,M.R.，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：FrankNorris与IrvingGordon应为：Norris,F.&I.Gordon.； ②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：MasteringEnglishLiterature，EnglishWeekly。 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1.期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码. 【举例】 [1]王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58. [2]夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52. [3]Heider,E.R.&D.C.Oliver.Thestructureofcolorspaceinnamingandmemo ryoftwolanguages[J].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearch,1999,(3):62–6 7. 2.专著类 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码. 【举例】[4]葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42. [5]Gill,R.MasteringEnglishLiterature[M].London:Macmillan,1985:42-45. 3.报纸类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）. 【举例】 [6]李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N].光明日报，1998-12-27(3). [7]French,W.BetweenSilences:AVoicefromChina[N].AtlanticWeekly,198 715(33). 4.论文集 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码. 【举例】 [8]伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C].上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17. [9]Spivak,G.“CantheSubalternSpeak?”[A].InC.Nelson&L.Grossberg(e ds.).VictoryinLimbo:Imigism[C].Urbana:UniversityofIllinoisPress,1988, pp.271-313.
Structure and function of the MCS-51series Structure and function of the MCS-51series one-chip computer MCS-51is a name of a piece of one-chip computer series which Intel Company produces.This company introduced8top-grade one-chip computers of MCS-51series in1980after introducing8one-chip computers of MCS-48series in1976.It belong to a lot of kinds this line of one-chip computer the chips have,such as8051,8031,8751, 80C51BH,80C31BH,etc.,their basic composition,basic performance and instruction system are all the same.8051daily representatives-51serial one-chip computers. An one-chip computer system is made up of several following parts:(1)One microprocessor of8(CPU).(2)At slice data memory RAM(128B/256B),it use not depositting not can reading/data that write,such as result not middle of operation, final result and data wanted to show,etc.(3)Procedure memory ROM/EPROM (4KB/8KB),is used to preserve the procedure,some initial data and form in slice. But does not take ROM/EPROM within some one-chip computers,such as8031, 8032,80C,etc..(4)Four8run side by side I/O interface P0four P3,each mouth can use as introduction,may use as exporting too.(5)Two timer/counter,each timer/ counter may set up and count in the way,used to count to the external incident,can set up into a timing way too,and can according to count or result of timing realize the control of the computer.(6)Five cut off cutting off the control system of the source. (7)One all duplexing serial I/O mouth of UART(universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter(UART)),is it realize one-chip computer or one-chip computer and serial communication of computer to use for.(8)Stretch oscillator and clock produce circuit,quartz crystal finely tune electric capacity need outer.Allow oscillation frequency as12megahertas now at most.Every the above-mentioned part was joined through the inside data bus.Among them,CPU is a core of the one-chip computer,it is the control of the computer and command centre,made up of such parts as arithmetic unit and controller,etc..The arithmetic unit can carry on8persons of arithmetic operation and unit ALU of logic operation while including one,the1 storing device temporarilies of8,storing device2temporarily,8's accumulation
附件2：外文文献译文与原文 专业班级：电气124 姓名：陈威驰学号：50 基于密码的旋转多层停车场系统 作者：Nayab Suhail Hamirani, Imdad Ali Ismaili, Asad Ali Shaikh, Faheem Ahmed, Azhar Ali Shah 摘要：在人口稠密地区和较大的城市，由于交通拥挤，停车成为了一个大问题。使用旋转立体停车系统能够有效地减轻这个问题。使用停车系统能够在更少的空间获得更安全的停车场。为了降低成本并获得更小的空间和最佳的性能，我们使用ATMEL单片机作为主处理器，同时借助LCD和电机分别用于显示和旋转楼层。密码锁定系统用来区分用户并检测停车场还剩下多少自由空间。随着市场的全球化，汽车的数量也上升到了无法控制的局面。设计这个系统模型的初衷就是为了解决这个问题，同时本项目中嵌入密码锁定系统也可以提高车辆停车的安全性。 关键词:基于密码的安全性；单片机；直流齿轮电机；普通IC；快速PCB 1．引言 本项目的目的是设计一种自动多层停车场系统，帮助普通民众将车停放在更小更安全的地方。由于现代人口密集，以前的一些停车位被用作一些基础设施的建设，在大企业和公寓需要一个可以避免空间浪费的创新设计。但是，这类项目的开发一直有个问题，虽然这些停车场是多层的，可是并不安全。因此为了能够使用密码锁设备我们使用了微控制器，同时我们还使用了旋转楼层以保证最佳的设计。本项目基于圆形建筑而不是正方形或长方形的建筑物，之所以这么选择是因为通过使用圆形建筑形状我们可以停放更多的车辆，但是使用其他形状的建筑物像正方形和矩形就很难这么做[1]。在提案中，我们需要的器件包括两个电机，不同的操作开关，一个振荡器，一个按钮和液晶显示屏[6]。 2．项目研究现状 在信息时代，我们可以看到人口已经增长到了一个不可控制的程度。为了弥补这个问题我们设计了很多的大型项目。但是很多项目都不安全，从人类的利益和缓解停车危机的角度出发我们设计了多层旋转停车场，这个设计可以有效的处理安全问题。目前的立体停车系统都是线性机制的，而我们发现最能替代缓解用户和节省空间的是旋转立体停车系统。这个项目的另一个与众不同的特性是我们嵌入了密码锁定系统，每个用户都有自己独特的密码可以增加安全性，万一用户忘记了密码，我们还做了一些访问技术可以解决这个问题。 3．基本思路 我们在项目里放一个液晶用了显示各种信息。一个LCD屏幕放在大门口，当车辆到达
https://www.doczj.com/doc/c09584902.html, 中英文论文参考文献 一、中英文论文期刊参考文献 [1].面向中英文混合环境的多模式匹配算法. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2008年3期.孙钦东.黄新波.王倩. [2].基于自适应特征与多级反馈模型的中英文混排文档分割. 《自动化学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2006年3期.夏勇.王春恒.戴汝为. [3].基于最大熵方法的中英文基本名词短语识别. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2003年3期.周雅倩.郭以昆.黄萱菁.吴立德. [4].中英文指代消解中待消解项识别的研究. 《计算机研究与发展》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI 收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.朱巧明.周国栋. [5].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解?. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2013年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [6].基于树核函数的中英文代词消解. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2012年5期.孔芳.周国栋. [7].一种并行中英文混合多模式匹配算法. 《计算机工程》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2014年4期.王震.李仁发.李彦彪.田峥. [8].中英文混合文章识别问题. 《软件学报》.被中信所《中国科技期刊引证报告》收录ISTIC.被EI收录EI.被北京大学《中文核心期刊要目总览》收录PKU.2005年5期.王恺.王庆人.
立体车库 一、立体车库概述 车辆无处停放的问题是城市的社会、经济、交通发展到一定程度产生的结果，立体停车设备的发展在国外，尤其在日本已有近30~40年的历史，无论在技术上还是在经验上均已获得了成功。我国也于90年代初开始研究开发机械立体停车设备，距今已有十年的历程。由于很多新建小区内住户与车位的配比为1:1，为了解决停车位占地面积与住户商用面积的矛盾，立体机械停车设备以其平均单车占地面积小的独特特性，已被广大用户接受。 机械车库与传统的自然地下车库相比，在许多方面都显示出优越性。首先，机械车库具有突出的节地优势。以往的地下车库由于要留出足够的行车通道，平均一辆车就要占据40平方米的面积，而如果采用双层机械车库，可使地面的使用率提高80％—90％，如果采用地上多层（21层）立体式车库的话，50平方米的土地面积上便可存放40辆车，这可以大大地节省有限的土地资源，并节省土建开发成本。 机械车库与地下车库相比可更加有效地保证人身和车辆的安全，人在车库内或车不停准位置，由电子控制的整个设备便不会运转。应该说，机械车库从管理上可以做到彻底的人车分流。 在地下车库中采用机械存车，还可以免除采暖通风设施，因此，运行中的耗电量比工人管理的地下车库低得多。机械车库一般不做成套系统，而是以单台集装而成。这样可以充分发挥其用地少、可化整为零的优势，在住宅区的每个组团中或每栋楼下都可以随机设立机械停车楼。这对眼下车库短缺的小区解决停车难的问题提供了方便条件。 目前，立体车库主要有以下几种形式：升降横移式、巷道堆垛式、垂直提升式、垂直循环式、箱型水平循环式、圆形水平循环式。 (一）升降横移式 升降横移式立体车库采用模块化设计，每单元可设计成两层、三层、四层、五层、半地下等多种形式，车位数从几个到上百个。此立体车库适用于地面及地下停车场，配置灵活，造价较低。 1. 产品特点： 1) 节省占地，配置灵活，建设周期短。 2) 价格低，消防、外装修、土建地基等投资少。 3) 可采用自动控制，构造简单，安全可靠。 4) 存取车迅速，等候时间短。
中英文论文参考文献标准格式 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：? [M]--专着,着作? [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》? [N]-- 报纸文章? [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版? [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文? [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样? [S]-- 标准? [P]--专利? [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章? [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见? 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识：? [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online)? [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape)? [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM)? [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk)? [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online)? [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)? 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源? 二、参考文献的格式及举例? 1．期刊类? 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码.? 【举例】? [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109.? [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52.? ? 2．专着类? 【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地:出版社,出版年份:起止页码.? 【举例】? [4] 刘国钧,王连成.图书馆史研究[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1979:15-18,31.? [5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: 42-45.? 3．报纸类? 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名,出版日期(版次).? 【举例】? [6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).? [7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).?
中国地质大学长城学院 本科毕业设计外文资料翻译 系别：工程技术系 专业：机械设计制造及其自动化 姓名：裴吉星 学号： 05211629 2015年 4 月 6 日
外文原文 The Stereo Garagege 1.1An overview of the stereo garage Vehicles parked nowhere is the problem of the urban social,economic and transport development to a certain extent the result,Garage Equipment development in foreign counties,especially in Japan nearly 30-40 years.Whether technically or in terms of experience had been a success.China is also in the beginning of tht 1990s developed mechanical parking equipment,which was 10years in the past.Because a lot of new residentd in the district with the ratio of 1:1.To address the size of parking spaces for tenants and business areas contradictions 3D mechanical parking equipment with an average size of a small motorcycle’s unique characheristics,the majority of users have been accepted. Compared with the traditional natural underground garage,Machinery garage demonstrates its superiority in many respects.First,the mechanical garage must elapse enough lanes,the average car will occupy an area of 40 square meters,If the use of double-mechanical garage,which would enable ground to improve the utilization rate of around 80% to 90%,If using ground multi-storey(21 storey),three-dimensional garage,50 square meters of land area will be placed on the 40cars,which can greatly save the limited land resources,Civil and save demelopment costs. To underground garage,Mechanical garage can be more effective to ensure personal and vehicle safety in the garage or car kept prospective location,the entire electronic control equipment would not operate.It should be said that the mechanical garage from the management can do a thorough separation of people and vehicles. In the underground garage using mechanical parking,it also can remove the heating ventilation;therefore,Operation of the power consumption than workers in the management of underground garage is much lower.Mechanical garage don’t usually do complete system,but as a single machine containers.This will give full play to its small space,the adwantages of decentralized,Each of the residential areas or groups downstairs to make a complete circuit can be set up random mechanical parking building.This garage of the district can solve the shortage of parking difficulty in providing convenient conditions right now. Currently,three-dimensional garage mainly in the following forms:lifting and transferring,aisle stacking garage,vertical garage,vertical cycle,box-level cycle,the level of circulating round. 1.1.1Lifting and transferring Lifting and transferring Garage modular design,each module can be designed into two,three,four levels,the five-story,swmi-submerged in various forms,such as the number of parking spaces from a few to hundreds.Three-dimensional garage applies to the ground and underground car parks,configuration flexibility and cost is low. 1.Product fratures: ⑴Save land,the configuration flexibility,and shorter construction period. ⑵Low prices,firefighting and exterior decoration,with a total investment on small foundations. ⑶Use automatic control,simple structure,safe and reliable. ⑷Access to a quick,short waiting time. ⑸Run a smooth,low noise