第一课HOW TO BE HAPPY 如何获得幸福2-5
In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H(happiness)=S (your biological set point for feeling happy)+c(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient.
过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁.塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。
STEP 1: Peace and quiet
Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good.
第一步：平和宁静
乔纳林.海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂吵的环境中，
请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双都感到舒适。
STEP 2: Relationships
This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.
第二步：人际关系
这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。
Step 3:Share
If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends; Passing on what words is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others.
第三步：分享
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如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。
一、阅读理解：
1、What is the happiness formula according to the passage?
幸福公式的定义是什么？
答：The formula refers to H(happiness)=S(your biological set point for feeling happy)+C(the conditions of your life)+V(the voluntary choices you make).
2、Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?
为什么说我们不可能完全适应新近的或长期的噪音污染？
答：Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.
3、How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?
如何能使我们自己和邻居都感觉舒服？
答：If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and consideration to our neighbors.
4、Where does the unhappiness come from? 痛苦和不幸来自于哪里？
答：Our unhappiness often comes from poor relationships with others.
5、What is the positive way to face with the cruelly conflictual relationship?
用什么积极的途径改善极度冲突的人际关系？
答：What you can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.
二、汉译英：
1、吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和有很大影响。
Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset.
2、在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情
绪。
A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold
wrechedness.
3、我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。
We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing.
4、如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理
困境。
If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression.
5、我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。
We should not avoid these problems but face them instead.
三、英译汉：
There are many benefits to being happy. Happy people tend to be healthier, live longer and earn more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at
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relationships and smile more of what psychologists call ―Duchenne‖ or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious.
幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的―杜兴微笑‖，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。
According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specifically , they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life.
全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯福勒和尼古拉斯克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人和邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。
Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn‘t translate to the workplace.
具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹（14%）和邻居（34%）。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。
So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious.
那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。
第二课City Design 城市设计6-8
When I‘m being driven through a city from our hotel to a conference center,
I couldn‘t help but note the over whelming presence of cars and parking lots. The
word‘s cities are in trouble. In hundreds of cities, the life of daily life is deteriorating. Breathing the air in some cities is equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes per day. The number of hours commuters spend going nowhere sitting in traffic-congested streets and highways climbs higher each year, raising frustration levels.
当我从旅馆乘车穿行城市前往会议中心时，映入眼帘的是无处不在的汽车和停车场。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，数以百计的城市日常生活的质量正在不断下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空气等于抽两包香烟。每天上班族驱车时因街道和道路堵塞而寸步难行，耽搁的时间逐年升高，郁闷也随之加深。
In response to these conditions, we are seeing the emergency of a new urbanism. In just a few years, many cities banned the parking of cars on side walks, created or renovated more parks, introduced a highly successful bus-base
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rapid transit system, built hundreds of kilometers of bicycle paths and pedestrian streets, reduced rush hour traffic, planted more trees and involved local citizens directly in the improvement of their neighborhoods. The quality of urban life in these cities has been greatly enhanced with the vision of a city designed for people.
针对上述情况，我们可以看到一种新城市主义的理念正在兴起。在短短的几年内，许多城市的人行道上不再允许停车，新建和改造了更多的停车场，建立了一套以公共汽车为基础的极为成功的快速运行系统，兴建了数百公里的自行车道和步行街，高峰时段的交通拥挤得以减缓，种植了更多的树木，并吸收当地市民直接参与社区的改善工作。城市设计以人为本的理念使这些城市的生活质量有了很大的提高。
Now government planners everywhere are experimenting, seeking ways to design cities for people not cars. Cars promise mobility. But in an urbanizing world there is an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city. After a point, as their numbers multiply, automobiles provide not mobility but immobility.
现在，各地政府的规划者们都在浓度寻找为了人而不是为汽车设计城市的方法。汽车应带给人们活动的便捷。但是在一个不断城市化的世界里，存在着一个根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽车与城市之间的矛盾。超过一个临界点之后，随着汽车数量的累加，汽车提供的不再是便捷，而是停滞。
Based on this perspective, some cities in industrial and developing countries alike will dramatically increase urban mobility by moving away from the car. Let me remind you once more, cities are built for people, not for cars. A city full of cars is like what the horrifying sci-fi depicted-all mechanism and no human. In order to avoid this disaster, we‘d better start designing sustainable cities.
基于这个观点，无论在发达的工业国家还是发展中国家，一些城市将会通过远离汽车来极大增加市区的通畅。让我再次提醒你，城市是为了人，不是为了汽车而建设的。挤满汽车的城市就像恐怖的科幻小说里描绘的—全是机械，没有人性。
为了避免这场灾难，我们最好开始设计可持续发展的城市。
一、阅读理解：
1、What means of transportation does the author take to the conference
center?
(He takes) a bus .
2、According to the first paragraph what is happening in cities where there
are more cars?
Cars not only do harm to people s health but also cause heavy traffic jam.
3、What does the last sentence ―the vision of a city designed for people ―in
paragraph 2 mean?
Design cities for people not (for) cars.
4、Why is there an inherent conflict between the automobile and the city in
urban areas?
Because people depend largely on cars.
5、How would a city look like if cars were everywhere?
There would be all cars (mechanism) no human.
二、汉译英：
1、随着大量市民被迫迁到遥远的效外，汽车的需求量正在飞涨。
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The demand for cars is soaring as growing numbers of citizens are pushed into distant suburbs.
2、生态城市将把传统设计要素同最先进的绿色技术相结合。
The eco-city will combine elements of traditional design with the latest green technologies.
3、预计到2010年将有一千辆燃料电池车投入使用，而到2012年将增至一万辆。
One thousand fuel-cell vehicles will be estimated to put to use by 2010 and increase to 10000 by 2012.
4、如今，各地方政府几乎无一不在探讨有关生态农村、生态城镇或生态城市计划的话题。
These days, there is hardly a local government that does not talk about plans for an eco-village, town or even city.
5、全世界大约一半的人口居住在城市，所以研究能缓解城市对环境影响的途径势在必行。
It is fairly necessary to search for ways to reduce the environmental impact of cities because around half of the world‘s population is now city-dwellers (is now living in cities).
三、英译汉：
Once at a supermarket, I read a thought-provoking sign at the check-out counter. It said the store was using only plastic bags. The supermarket claimed
that the energy and exhaust fumes expelled to produce and transport the same number of paper bags outweighed the fact that plastic wasn‘t biodegradable.
Paper bags take up more space and require more trucks for transport, so the store believed it was lessening its carbon footprint by using plastic. It got me thinking further. Why not ask for plastic and bring your used plastic bags each time you visit the grocery store? If you use them five or six times, or until they start falling apart, you have really done a good thing. You can also use them to line your small wastebaskets, instead of purchasing plastic trash bags.
有一次在一家超市的收银处，我看到了一则发人深思的广告，上面写着：本店只用塑料袋。超市声称：事实上生产和运输同量纸袋所消耗的能源和所排放的废气的危害大大超过塑料袋不能进行生物降解的危害。而且纸袋占用的空间更大，需要更多的卡车运送。因此，超市认为使用塑料袋可以减少碳足迹。该告示促使我作了进一步的思考。为什么使用了塑料袋后，不能每次再去杂货店时带上重复使用呢？如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了为止，你岂不是做了一件大好事。你也可以把塑料袋铺在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再买垃圾专用塑料袋。
第三课Population 人口9-11
A very important world problem is the increasing number of who actually
inhabit this planet. The limited amount of land and land resources will soon be unable to support the huge population if it continues to grow at its present rate.
在我们这个星球上居住的人越来越多，是一个很重要的全球问题。如果继续按照现有的增长率发展下去，那么有限的土地资源很快不能养活这么巨大的人口。
So why is this huge increase in population taking place? It is really due to the spread of the knowledge and practice of what is becoming known as ―Death Control‖. You have no doubt heard of the term ―Birth Control‖,―Birth Control‖―Death Control‖ is something rather different. It recognizes the work of the doctors
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and scientists who now keep alive people who, not very long ago, would have died of a variety of then incurable diseases. Through a wide variety of technological innovations that ―include‖farming methods and the control of deadly diseases, we have found ways to reduce the rate at which we die. However, this success is the very cause greatest threat to mankind.
那么为什么会出现人口的大量增长呢？这的确是因为知识的广泛传播和众所周知的―死亡控制‖的结果。毫无疑问，你肯定听到过―生育控制‖这个术语。―死亡控制‖是大不相同的。它承认了医生和科学家的工作，现在他们能够留住那些患有各种各样绝症的病人的生命。而这些绝症在不久之前还是不可治愈的。通过大范围的技术创新，其中包括耕作方法和对绝症的控制，我们已经找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是这项成功给人类带来最大的威胁。
If we examine the amount of land available for this ever-increasing population, we begin to see the problem. If everyone on the planet had an equal share of land, we would each have about 5000square meters. This figure seems to be quite encouraging until we examine the amount of usable land we actually have. More than three-fifths of the world‘s land cannot produce food.
如果计算一下维持不断增长的人口所需的土地量，我们就能意识到这个问题。如果这个星球队上的每个人都平均分一块土地，我们每个人会拥有五万平方米。这个数字看似相当振奋人心，而当我们计算一下每个人的实际可用耕地之后，就知道情况不太乐观了。因为世界上超过3/5的土地都不能生产粮食。
Obviously, with so little land to support us, we should be taking great care not to reduce it further. But we are not! I nstead, we are consuming its ―capital‖-its nonrenewable fossil fuels and other mineral deposits that took millions of years to form but which are now being destroyed in decades. We are also doing the same with other vital resources not usually thought of as being nonrenewable, such as
fertile soils, groundwater and the millions of other species that share the earth with us.
显然，能够养活我们的耕地如此之少，我们就应该想方设法不要让耕地继续减少下去。但是，我们并没有这样做！反而我们正在消耗它的―本钱‖----其不可再生的化石燃料与其它矿藏，它们是在几百万年的时间里才形成的，然而现在，几十年内就会被消耗殆尽。我们对待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的重要自然资源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和千百万与我们共同居住在地球上的物种。
一、阅读理解：
1、What can be learnt about the population growth at present? 我们如何获
悉当前的人口增长？
It continues to increase / grow at its present rate.
2、According to the article, what contributes to the population increase? 什
么导致人口大量增加？
Death Control（死亡控制）。
3、What is the doctors job according to paragraph 2 ? 第2段落中医生的工
作是什么？
They keep people who suffer from incurable diseases alive.
4、Why isn‘t there enough land to support human beings ?为什么没有足够
的土地支撑人类的生命？
Because the world‘s land has already been taken up / occupied by the ever-increasing population.
5、In paragraph 4 the fertile soils are considered as .
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Nonrenewable
二、汉译英：
1、亚洲大陆面积占世界陆地面积的29%。
Asia takes up twenty –nine per cent of the world‘s land area.
2、人口的增加使土地必须生产更多的粮食。
The increasing population makes it necessary for the earth to produce more grain.
3、我们应该先进行抽样调查再写报告。
We should conduct a sampling investigation before we write the report.
4、我承认我在工作中因缺乏经验犯过这样那样的错误。
I admit that due to lack of experience I have made mistakes of all kinds.
5、中国的现代化工业和商品经济的发展，促进了职业流动和人口流动。
The development of modern industry and commodity economy in China has promoted occupational (mobility) and population mobility.
三、英译汉：
A report, based on United Nations projections showing slow, steady growth of economies and populations , suggests that by mid-century, humanity‘s demand on mature will be twice the biosphere‘s productive capacity. At this level of ecological deficit, exhaustion of ecological assets and large-scale ecosystem collapse will become real.
一份以联合国所作的经济和人口缓慢增长的预期为基础的报告显示，到本世纪中叶，人类对自然界的需求将达到生态圈自身生产能力的两倍。在这样的生态―赤字‖水平下，生态资源的枯竭和大规模的生态系统崩溃将会成为事实。
Moving towards sustainability depends on significant action now.
Population size changes slowly, and human-made capital=homes, cars, roads, factories, or power plants-can last for many decades. This implies that policy and investment decisions made today will continue to determine our resource demand throughout much of the 21 century.
向可持续发展的转变取决于现在所采取的重大行动。人口数量变化缓慢，而人类创造的资本，如住宅、汽车、道路、工厂或发电站等会持续几十年。这意味着，今天所做的政策和投资决策将决定我们在21世纪的大部分时间里对资源的持续需求。
第四课Earthquake 地震12-14
Earthquakes may be ranked as one of the most devastating force known to men; since records began to be written down, it has been estimated that earthquake-related fatalities have numbered in millions and that earthquake-related destruction has been beyond calculation. The greater part of such damage and loss of life has been due to collapse of buildings and effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena resulting from earthquakes, rather than from the quakes themselves.
地震是人类所知的最具有破坏力的自然灾害之一。自从有记载以来，估计由地震造成的死亡达数百万以上，地震造成的破坏更是不计其数。地震造成的破坏如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引发的建筑物倒塌、岩石崩落、洪水、火灾、疾病等现象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。
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The great majority of all earthquakes occur in two specific geographic areas. One such area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses. The other extends from the East Indians to the Atlas Mountains, including the Himalayas, Iran, Turkey and the Alpine regions. They may happen anywhere at any time.
大多数地震发生在两个独特的地理位置。一个是环太平洋地区及相邻睥大陆架，另一个是从印度东部延伸到阿特拉斯山脉，其中包括喜马拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿尔卑斯地区。那里随时随地都可能发生地震。
This element of the unknown has for centuries added greatly to the dread and horror surrounding earthquakes, but in recent times there have been indications that earthquake prediction may be possible. By analyzing changes in anima l behavior, patterns of movements in the earth‘s crust,variations in the force of gravity and the earth‘s magnetic field and the frequency with which minor earth tremors are observed, scientists have shown increasing success in anticipating when and where earthquakes will strike. As a result, worldwide earthquake warning net work is already in operation and has helped to prepare for the vast destruction that might otherwise have been totally unexpected.
几个世纪以来，这种对于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐惧性。但近几年来已有迹象表明地震预测是可能的。通过分析动物行为的变化，地壳运动的方式，地球磁场和地心引力的变化以及监测到的轻微地震的频率，科学家在预测地震发生的时间和地点上已取得了不断的成功。因此，世界性地震预警网络已经运转，而且已经帮助人们对大范围的破坏做好准备，而这些破坏也可能是完全不能预料的。
It is doubtful that man will ever be able to control earthquakes and eliminate their destructiveness altogether, but as how and why earthquakes happen
become better understood, man will become more and more able to deal with their potential devastation before it occurs.
人类是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破坏力还未可知，但是，随着我们对地震发生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在地震发生之前，我们就能更好地应对可能造成的破坏。
一、阅读理解：
1、What are the causes of the great part of the damage and loss of life ? 地
震的起因是什么？
Collapse of buildings and the effects of rock slides, floods, fire, disease and other phenomena from earthquakes.
2、Where are the two most active earthquake belts in the world?世界上两个
比较活跃的地震带在哪？
The area encompasses the Pacific Ocean and its contiguous land masses, East Indians to the Atlas Mountains.
3、What fact does ― element of the unknown ― in paragraph 3 refer to ?
在第三段中提到―陌生的元素‖是指什么？
It refers to the fact the earthquakes can happen anywhere at any time.
4、What four ways are used to anticipate earthquake activity ? 预料地震活
动的四条途径是什么？
a) analyzing changes in animal behavior.
b) patterns of movements in the earth s crust.
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c) variations in the force of gravity and the earth s magnetic field.
d) observation of the frequency of minor earth tremors.
5、What is the author s attitude toward the possibility of earthquake predictions ?
Earthquake prediction is becoming more and more possible.
二、汉译英：
1、会议的准备工作正在顺利地进行着。
Preparations for the meeting are proceeding smoothly.
2、科技发展在解决老问题的同时也带来了一些新问题。
As technological advancement solves old problems, it also creates new ones.
3、1976年唐山大地震是历史上最严重的自然灾害之一。
The 1976 earthquake in Tangshan was one of the greatest natural disasters in history.
4、近几年来，中国、日本和美国对地震发生的时间、地点的预测取得了一定的进步。
In recent years, China, Japan and the U.S have made certain progress in forecasting when and where earthquakes will occur.
5、地震能造成惨重的人员伤亡，毁坏建筑物，如大楼、桥梁、大坝等设施。
Earthquakes cause severe casualties and destroy constructions like buildings, dams and bridges.
三、英译汉：
Our weather surely is getting strange. There seem to be more tornadoes than in living memory, longer droughts, bigger downpours and record floods.
Unprecedented fires are burning in some areas. Scientists tell us that for every one degree increase in temperature, lightning strikes will go up another 10%. And it is lightning, after all. That is principally responsible for igniting the conflagration in some areas today .
天气的确越来越反常。在人们记忆中，龙卷风似乎更加频繁、旱灾持续更久、暴雨更大、洪灾也创下记录、在一些地区史无前例。科学家告知我们，气温每升高一度, 闪电数量就会增加10%。毕竟，在一些地区闪电至今仍然是引起特大火灾的主要原因。
第五课THE Aftermath of Bp gulf Oil spill(英国石油公司墨西哥弯原油泄漏)15-17
In the aftermath of the BP oil spill, President Obama voiced the concerns of countless scientists, environmentalists, and Gulf Coast residents when he declared, ―we‘re dealing with a massive and potentially unprecedented environmental disaster.‖ The sheer size of the oil spill-210000 gallons a day contaminating the Gulf of Mexico-has many people worried about the short and long-term environmental harm it is causing.
英语石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奥巴马总统的一次公开讲话表达出了无数科学家、环保主义者以及墨西哥湾居民的心声。他在讲话中提到，―我们正在应对
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的是一场巨大的、史无前例的环境灾难‖。每天足足有21万加仑的原油泄漏并污染着墨西哥湾，这使得很多人为这次事件对环境所造成的短期和长期的危害感到担忧。
The oil spill could severely damage fragile ecosystems for years, possibly decades. Beaches fouled by oil spills are very difficult to clean up. To make matters worse, the spill threatens beaches just as shorebirds are nesting and sea turtles are coming ashore to lay their eggs.
这次原油泄漏事件对脆弱的生态系统带来的严重破坏会持续很多年，甚至数十年。被石油污染的海滩很难被清理干净。更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油对海滩造成污染的时间正是海鸟筑巢和海龟游到岸上孵蛋的季节。
Even worse is the effect the oil spill could have on sensitive salt marshes and mangrove coastlines. Which would be practically impossible to clean and that some fear might be permanently destroyed. These wetlands are considered the nurseries for the fishing and seafood industry and are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife. Because they cover much more land area than beaches, the risk of their exposure to damage is greatly increased.
还有更糟的事情，石油污染还可能影响敏感的湿地和红树林海岸，而这将是几乎不可能被清理干净的，有些人甚至担心这将是永久性的毁坏。这些湿地是捕鱼业和水产品工业的摇篮，也是多种野生动物的栖息地和繁殖地。由于这些湿地面积远远大于海滩的面积，所以它们面临破坏的风险就大大增加了。
Fully 98 percent of the fish and shellfish harvested in the Gulf of Mexico depend on estuaries, which are coastal waters where freshwater from rivers and streams mix with sea water. Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide a basis for aquatic food chains. Many species depend on wetlands for food, shelter and breeding.
在墨西哥捕获的鱼类和贝类中足有98%依靠河口生存，这些河口就是江河与海水汇合的地方。而河口又依赖于湿地保证其水的质量并为水产品供应链提供基础。湿地是很多物种觅食、栖息和繁殖的场所。
The waters of the Gulf of Mexico are homes to hundreds of species of aquatic life .The longer the oil fouls the water, the more polluted the food chain becomes which could result in large fish kills and seafood too contaminated for consumption.
墨西哥湾水域也是成百上千种水栖动物园家园。石油对海水造成污染的时间越长，水产品食物链被污染的程度就会越大，这最终会造成大量的鱼类死亡以及水产品被严重污染而无法食用。
一、阅读理解：
1、In the first sentence ― President Obama voiced the concerns of countless
scientists …‖ what does the word ―voice‖ mean ?
Voice here means ―to express an idea of ….‖
2、How long could the damage to the ecosystem last ?
The damage to the ecosystem could last decades.
3、How important are the wetlands to the wildlife ?
The wetlands are a vital habitat and breeding ground for many species of wildlife.
4、Why are estuaries dependent on wetlands ?
Estuaries are dependant on wetlands for their water quality and to provide
a basis for aquatic food chains.
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5、How will the oil spill affect the seafood in the Gulf of Mexico ?
Many fish will die and the seafood will be too contaminated for consumption.
二、汉译英：
1、如何尽快处理墨西哥湾的原油泄露是BP公司最为关注的问题。
How to urgently deal with the oil spill at the Gulf of Mexico remains the biggest concern for BP.
2、这起事故使环保人士对生态环境有了不小的担忧。
This accident has many environmentalists concerned about the damage it does to the ecosystem.
3、原油泄露不仅会污染海洋环境，更糟糕的是它还会给多种海洋生物带来很大的威胁。
Oil spills do not just pollute the ocean, to make things worse, they pose great threat to many species of aquatic life as well.
4、所有小动物都要依靠妈妈给它们提供食物和保护。
All baby animals are dependent on their mothers for food and protection.
5、南极洲是多种企鹅的家。
Antarctica is the natural habitat for many species penguins.
三、英译汉：
An oil spill is the accidental petroleum release into the environment. On land, oil spills are usually localized and thus their impact can be eliminated relatively easily. In contrast, marine oil spills may result in oil pollution over large areas and present serious environmental hazards. The primary source of accidental oil input into seas is associated with oil transportation by tankers and pipelines (about 70%), whereas the contribution of offshore drilling and production activities is minimal (less than 1%). Large and catastrophic spills releasing more than 30,000 tons of oil are relatively rare events and their frequency in recent decades has decreased perceptibly. Yet, such episodes have the potential to cause the most serious ecological risk (primarily for sea birds and mammals) and result in long-term environmental disturbances (mainly in coastal zones) and economic impact on coastal activities (especially on fisheries and mariculture).
原油泄露是指由于事故导致石油泄露到环境中的事件。在陆地上，由于原油泄露发生在局部地区，因此其造成的影响相对来说容易清理。相比之下，海上原油泄露会造成大范围的石油污染并带来严重的环境危害。约有70%的海上原油泄露事故的主要原因与油轮和原油运输管道有关，而海上钻井和采油活动引发的原油泄露事件则占很小的比例（在1%以下）。泄露三万吨以上的重大灾难性原油泄露事故并不多见，而且近几十年来这些重大事故也在逐步减少。尽管如此，这类事故的发生依然会对生态系统，尤其是海鸟和哺乳动物，造成最严重的危害，并且导致海岸地区长期环境失调，对海岸商务活动（如捕鱼业和海洋生物养殖业）带来经济损失。
Public concern over marine oil spills has been clearly augmented since 1967. More recently, the highly publicized 1989 spill of the Exxon Valdez in Prince William Sound, Alaska caused unprecedented damage to the fragile Arctic system. Since then, impressive technical, political and legal experience in
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managing the problem has been gained in many countries and at the international level, mainly through a number of Conventions by the International Maritime Organization(IMO).
公众对于海上原油泄露事件的关注从167年开始明显上升。较近的一次原油泄露事故，即众所周知的1989年埃克森公司―瓦尔德斯‖号油轮在阿拉斯加州威廉王子湾搁浅事件。这次事故对脆弱的北冰洋生态系统造成了有史以来最为严重的破坏。从那以后，国际海事组织召开了众多会议，帮助很多国家以及国际社会在处理这一问题上获得了很好的技术、政治和法律上的经验。
第六课Green Computers(―绿色‖电脑) 18-20
Computer manufacturers, chipmakers and software companies are developing ―greener‖ products for environmentally conscious consumers. While some tech companies are developing more energy-efficient product lines, others are releasing software to make existing computers consume less. And electronics manufacturers are expanding ways to make new computers out of recycled materials, as well as encourage customers to recycle old machines. Consumers may pay a slight premium for some eco-friendly electronics, but many prices will be comparable with traditional offerings.
目前，电脑生产商、芯片制造者和软件公司都纷纷开发―绿色‖产品来满足那些环保意识强烈的消费者的需求。一些科技公司开发了更节能的生产线，还有一些公司推出了减少现有电脑耗电量的软件。电子制造企业不断扩展工艺利用循环材料生产新电脑，并鼓励消费者循环利用旧电脑。某些环保类电子产品可能需要消费者多花些钱，但仍有很多环保电脑的价格跟传统电脑差不多。
Several factors are pushing companies to be greener. Many want to stay ahead of environmental legislation and to garner favor with green investors. And
with energy prices high, they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses.
有几大因素推动着电脑公司更注重环保。许多企业希望走在环保法规的前面，赢得环保投资者的支持。同时，随着能源价格上涨，他们正尝试吸引那些设法节省费用的消费者。
The computer industry has been working on improving energy consumption for years .The newer focus has been on toxins and recycling. For example, Lenovo Group https://www.doczj.com/doc/cd562291.html,e10%to 25%recycled plastics harvested from water bottles.
Last month, Intel Corp. introduced new chips that it says will speed up computing performance without sucking up additional power. The company also developed technology, called Remote Wake, to keep computers in a low-energy mode until users need them for retrieving files over the internet. Hewlett-Packard Co. has developed a new feature called Auto-on/Auto-off that puts inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once they are used again .This feature has been added to HP‘s personal desktop laser printers in 2009.Attention to manufacturing materials is a priority. HP introduced an ink-jet printer that is made of 83%recycled plastics.
计算机工业多年来一直致力于能源消耗，新焦点已经放到了毒性和循环利用上来了。例如，联想集团使用的塑料中有10%至25%是用回收的水瓶制造的。上个月，英特尔集团将新款芯片投放市场，据称这些芯片不用耗费更多的能量就可以加快计算的速度。该公司还开发了一种叫做―远程唤醒‖的技术，可以使计算机在使用者不需要通过网络检索文件的时候保持低耗能的模式。惠普开发了一个叫做自动开关的新功能，可以不在工作状态的打印机进入休眠模式，一旦再次使用，又会很快地恢复到工作模式。惠普2009年生个人桌面激光打印机就已经安装了这项功能。惠普公司还将注意力优先放在了制造材料上，他们生产的一款喷墨打印机就是由83%的回收资料塑料制造的。
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Experts say that keeping your old computer out of the landfill is better for the environment than buying a new one.
专家表示，就对环境的影响而言，对旧电脑再利用，让其避免流入垃圾场填埋比买台新电脑更好。
一、阅读理解：
1、Why are computers manufacturers considering developing greener products ?
Because they want to meet the requirements of environmentally conscious consumers.
2、Compared to the old computer, the price of the greener machine is .
A little / slightly / a little bit more expensive .
3、From the three examples, Lenovo. Intel and HP. we can know that .
(或With energy prices high, they are trying to appeal to people who are looking for ways to chip away at expenses).
4、What is the function of Auto-On / Auto-Off ?
It can put inactive printers into a sleep mode and can quickly power back up once used again.
5、What does the last sentence in the last paragraph mean ?
Don‘t throw your old computer away as trash in order to keep the environment clean.
二、汉译英：
1、许多政府机构继续执行鼓励使用绿色电脑的标准和规定。
Many governmental agencies have continued to implement standards and regulations that encourage green computing.
2、绿色设计是指设计节能和对环境无害的零件。
Green design means designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components.
3、今年该公司将实行公司范围内的成本削减计划。
The company will carry out (embark on ) its company-wide cost-cutting plan this year.
4、环保、慈善和良好的员工关系是该公司成长壮大的重大因素。
Environmentalism, philanthropy and good employee relations have been important factors (tenets) during the growth of the company.
5、绿色使用是指减少计算机和其它信息系统的能源消耗，并尽量以环保的方
式来使用。
Green use means reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound (harmless) manner.
三、英译汉：
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Over the last few decades, with their fast development western civilizations have busily sown the seeds of their own destruction. Our modern way of life, with its reliance on technology, has unwittingly exposed us to an extraordinary danger: plasma balls spewed from the surface of the sun could wipe out our power grids, with catastrophic consequences. The projections of just how catastrophic make chilling reading. It is hard to conceive of the sun wiping out a large amount of our hand-earned progress. Nevertheless, it is possible. The surface of the sun is a roiling mass of plasma- charged high energy particles-some of which escape the surface and travel through space as the solar wind. From time to time, that wind carries‘s billion-ton glob of plasma .If one should hit the Earth‘s magnetic shield, the result could be truly devastating.
在过去的几十年里，西方文明在迅速发展的同时也埋下了毁灭的种子。现代的生活方式以及所依赖的科学技术悄然把人们推向极其危险的境地-来自太阳表面喷射的等离子球将摧毁我们的电网，造成毁灭性的后果。单单想想这一大灾难就令人毛骨悚然。很难想象太阳就这么抹杀了我们含辛茹苦创造出来的大量成果。但是，这是很可能发生的。太阳表面释放着大量的等离子体-高能量粒子，一些从太阳表面逃逸，以太阳风的形式在太空中穿梭。有时太阳风携带着10亿吨的等离子球，即使一颗进入地球磁场，结果就可能是毁灭性的。
第七课Cell Phones 手机21-23
What would life look like without cell phones? Today‘s hottest selling mobile phones are now loaded with features such as MP3 music players, TV, music and wireless photo printing. Cell phones have changed so much in the past few years that with every new product launch comes another big dilemma for the cellular manufacturers. How do you create the next big hit? How does the manufacturer separate the hits from the gimmicks, while trying to decipher what cell phone users really want or need in the near future? Industry insiders say the most
popular phones will have advanced functions that are simple to customize for individual tastes.
没有手机的生活会变得怎么样呢？今天畅销的手机都有MP3播放器、电视、音乐、无线相片打印等功能。手机在过去疾风知劲草年里的变化非常大，随着每次新产品的问世，手机制造商们都会再次陷入苦恼之中。该怎么创造下一代人气商品呢？制造商该怎样做才能了解手机使用者们不久的将来真正想要的东西，并且区分畅销与滞销的产品呢？业内人士指出最受欢迎的手机是具有能够简单地迎合顾客个人喜好的尖端功能的手机。
Manufacturers believe that the success of the cell phone lies in the building and development of high-speed networks to deliver services like video, music and high speed Internet. While these networks are now in operation, the industry insiders are considering radical redesigns to phones, displays and services to ensure the new features are simple to use. Such developments, combined with software that allows users to customize their cell phone browser for services such as sports scores or news, could replace PDAs and other gadgets. Cellular companies are also vetting consumers will soon use phones for everything from watching TV to studying and writing school exams .Developers should now concentrate on designing exciting new looks for phones, since few things have more direct influence over a consumer‘s fick le buying behavior than the emotional response that the shape, color or look of a phone evokes.
制造商相信手机的成功取决于高速网络的构建和开发以提供如影像或视频、音乐、高速互联网的服务。在这些网络运营的同时，业内人士正在考虑将电话、显示屏以及服务进行彻底的重新设计，使其新的功能使用简化。这些开发产品结合了一种让使用者可以在手机浏览器上定制体育比赛得分或新闻等服务的软件，可以代替PDA（掌上电脑）和其它装置。手机制造商确信，在不久的将来，可消费者将用手机完成一切事务，从看电视到学习和学校考试。开发商们现在应当集中精力设计
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外形更吸引人的新手机，因为除了手机的外形、颜色或款式所引起的情绪反应外，还几乎没有别的东西对消费者多变的购买行为起到更直接的影响。
一、阅读理解：
1、What are the features of today‘s mobile phones?
They are loaded with (features such as ) MP3 music players ,TV, music and wireless photo printing.
2、What will manufactures face if they produce a new product ?
They will face a big dilemma.
3、What should the most popular phones have ?
The most popular phones should have advanced functions to customize for individual tastes.
4、What will people do with cell phones in the future ?
People will use phones for every thing from watching TV to studying and writing school exams.
5、Why does the writer mention ― the emotional response ― in the last sentence ?
Because he thinks that it affects customers‘ buying behavior.
二、汉译英：
1、如今不管男女老少几乎都拥有手机。
Today almost everyone, men and women, old and young has a cell phone.
2、这种新的网络连接形式能使大量的数据得以快速得传输。
The new type of Internet connection could carry much data at a very high speed.
3、电子邮件正在取代传真、电话、快速邮递。它缩短了科学合作者之间的距
离。
E-mail is starting to edge out the fax, the telephone, express mail, which shrinks distance between scientific collaborators.
4、手机从发明到现在已有很长的历史，而且在技术方面有了长足的进步。
Mobile phones have come a long way since their invention and have advanced by leaps and bounds in regard to technology.
5、快速的数据传输速度可以帮助解决网络传输量巨大增长的问题。
The high speed of data transmission can help solve the problem of how to handle the enormous growth in the Internet.
三、英译汉：
A group of scientists looked for many health threats from mobile phones.
They found that radio waves may affect biological cells but this may not necessarily lead to any particular harm to the adult mobile user. This can‘t be said for small children though. Because their skulls and cells are still growing, it is easier for radio waves from mobile phone to enter their heads and their skin tends to absorb more radiation compared to adults.
科学家们发现了手机对健康的多种危害.他们发现电磁波可以影响细胞,但是未必会对使用手机的成年人带来特别严重的危害,然而对小孩却并非如此.因为他们
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的头骨和细胞还在生长,手机的电磁波较容易进入他们的头颅,他们的皮肤比成年人更容易吸收辐射.
The hands-free phone has many benefits including the decrease in strength of radio wave radiation due to the increase in distance of your head to the handset. Rather than holding your mobile phone against your ear, which increases your exposure to radio waves, you can now place it on your lap and still talk to someone with an ear-piece cable.
免提式手机有很多好处,因为它使话机和头之间的距离更远,降低了电磁波的辐射强度.你不用把手机放到耳朵上通话,避免增加与电磁波的接触,只需要把手机放在膝盖上通过耳机就能与对方通话.
UNIT 8 第八课touch tech 触屏技术24-26
For mobile touch technology, it‘s only the beginning. Apple inc.‘s phone revolutionized the mobile phone with easy-to-use touch-screen technology that allows users to surf the Web, tap out messages or control any number of inventive applications.
就移动触摸技术而言，现在只是刚刚开始。苹果公司的电话产品使移动电话行业产生了突破性变革，其便利的触摸屏技术可以便于用户浏览网络、发送短信或者掌控许多新颖应用软件。
Developers are working on new applications for ?multi-touch‖ screens. Theses screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger, which broadens the possibilities for application. Other developers are working on advances in ?haptic‖ feedback-vibrations and other physical sensations that are now used, for instance, to let a gamer know she‘s reac hed a new level, but that can also be used to communicate emotions and may soon give a touch-screen
keyboard the feel of a physical keyboard. And for those who still prefer to work with keys on their phones, even some traditional keyboards will perform certain functions in response to touch commands.
开发人员正致力于新―多触点‖屏幕的应用研究。这些屏幕可以处理用户用多手指同时给出的指令，这也增加了这项技术被应用的可能性。其他开发人员正在研究―触觉‖反馈的升级技术—即现在所应用的震动和其它物理感知技术，它们不但可用来提醒游戏玩家已经过关，也可以用来进行情感交流，并且有可能很快就能使触摸屏具有真实键盘的触觉。对于那些更喜欢使用手机键盘的人来说，即便传统的键盘也将能发挥与触摸指令相对应的功能。
Software developers set to work on multi-touch applications. Some, for instance, allow users to play virtual musical instruments on he phone. But multi-touch developers have largely focused on games.
软件开发人员开始研究多触点应用软件。例如，有些软件可以使用户在电话上弹奏虚拟乐器。但是多触点开发人员主要以开发游戏为主。
Haptic technology already has many non-mobile applications. In videogames, for instance ,it can give gamers the sensation if actually steering a cr they‘re controlling on the screen, In medical training, it can make procedures like endoscopy performed on a simulator feel real, so that medical personnel can develop a better sense of how to perform them. The use of haptics in mobile phones is still in its infancy, but the wider deployment of haptic enabled phones will open the door to new applications.
触觉技术已经在非移动领域得到了广泛应用。例如，在视频游戏中，它可以让游戏玩家感到自己好像真的在驾驶他们所控制的荧屏赛车。在医疗培训中，它可以让在模拟器上操作的内窥镜检测法等程序感觉异常真实，从而使医疗人员能更自
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如地操作这些仪器。触觉技术在手机方面的使用仍然处于初创阶段，但是触觉技术手机的广泛运用将为这项技术得以更多、更新的应用开辟新的途径。
For now, at least many mobile users prefer the accuracy of a physical keyboard rather than a touch screen, A new technology is being designed to allow the best of both worlds: a keyboard that can also respond to touch commands.
目前看来，至少还有许多手机用户仍然偏爱物理键盘的准确性，他们对触摸屏并不十分感兴趣。开发人员正在设计一项可以兼顾这两种需求的新技术：即可以同时回应触摸指令的物理键盘。
一、阅读理解：
1、why do we say appl e‘s iphone is a revolution?
Because Apple is the first to develop a new technology called easy-to-touch-screen.
2、what is the advantage of multi-touch screen?
The screens can process commands the user gives with more than one finger.
3、what is the haptic feedback technology?
It is vibrations and physical sensations.
4、what do gamers feel if they use haptic technology in videogames?
The gamers fee that they have the actual senstion when they play games.
5、why do many people like a physical keyboard nowadays?
Because they like the accuracy of a physical keyboard.
三、英译汉：
The keyboard, being developed by he researchers, responds normally when a letter or number is pressed. But a user could scroll down a web page by running a finger lightly across the key board; pressing a little harder might be the command to scroll faster or zoom in on a page. The technology is expected to start being employed in mobile phones in 2010 or 2011.
研究人员在研制这样一种键盘，当用户按下一个字母或者数字的时候，它可以作出正常反应。用户可以通过手指轻轻地上下触摸键盘来滑动网页；如果用力稍重一点，则表明滑动得更快或者放大页面的指令。这项技术有望于2010年或者2011年运用在手机上。
二、汉译英：
1、这项技术使移动通讯行业产生了突破性变革。
This technology revolutionized mobile communication.
2、多触摸功能是其最大的卖点之一（eye-catching feature）.
The multi-touch capability is among its most eye –catching features.
3、戴尔是一家跨国技术公司，总部设在德克萨斯州。
Dell inc. based in Texas, is a multinational company.
4、制造商经常在用户购买新电脑的时候提供免费更换服务。
Manufactures often offer a free replacement service when users purchase
a new PC.
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5、很多多点触控界面（interfaces）的产品已经出现，而且正在广泛地应用。
Many products for multi-touch interfaces have already existed and are being widely applied.
第九课fossil fuels and our life 化石燃料与我们的生活27-29
Oil and natural gas are an important part of our everyday life. Not only do they give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. Millions of products are made from oil and gas, including plastics, life-saving medications, clothing, cosmetics, and many other items you may use daily.
石油与天然气是我们日常生活的重要组成部分。它们不仅使我们出行方便，它们还可以使我们的住所冬暖夏凉并且为我们提供电力。我们日常生活中的许多物品都是由石油和天然气制成的，如塑料、治病救人的药品、服务、化妆品等等。
In the United States, 97% of the energy that drives the transportation sector(cars, buses, subways, railroads, airplanes, etc)comes from fuels made from oil. Auto manufacturers are developing cars to run on alternate fuels such as electricity could be oil or gas. The hydrogen needed for fuel cells could also be generated from natural gas or petroleum-based products. Even as alternative fuels are developed, oil will be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.
在美国，交通运输系统（私人汽车、公共汽车、地铁、火车、飞机等）的运行所依赖的能源中有97%来自石油炼制的燃料。虽然汽车制造商们正在研制使用像电、氢气和乙醇这样的替代能源作为燃料的汽车，但是汽车电池需要充电而且电池发电所用的燃料仍可能是石油或天然气。燃料电池所需要的氢气也可能是由天然气或石油产品制成的。所以，尽管人们在研制开发替代燃料，在可预测的将来，能够确保人们出行便利的重要能源仍然是石油。
In areas of the world that are still developing, businesses and individuals are demanding greater mobility for themselves and their products. World vehicle ownership is projected to increase from 122 vehicles per thousand people in 1999 to 144 vehicles per thousand in 2020, with the growth occurring in developing nations. Airports are being added in these countries as well, expanding jet fuel demand. Oil is expected to remain the primary fuel source for transportation throughout the world for the foreseeable future, and transportation fuels are projected to account for almost 57%of total world oil consumption by 2020.
在全世界的发展中地区，不论企业业还是个人，不论是为了自己方便还是为销售公司的产品，对交通出行的需求都大大增加。据预测世界汽车保有量将由1999年的每千人122辆增加至2020年的每千人144辆，这些增加的部分都是来自发展中国家。同样在这些发展中国家，由于机场也在扩建，所以航空燃料的需求也在不断增长。在可预测的将来，石油仍将是世界各地交通的主要能源，预计到2020年交通燃料将占全世界石油消耗总量的57%。
World population is currently around 6 billion people, but is expected to grow to approximately 7.6 billion by 2020.That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.
目前世界人口为60亿，但是到2020年将会增至约76亿。这将意味着人们对石油和天气制成的交通燃料、电力以及其它消费产品需求的大量增加。
一、阅读理解
1、According to the text, how important is oil to our life?
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Oil and gas give us mobility, they heat and cool our homes and provide electricity. They can also be made into many products that we use every day .
2 、What is a disadvantage of electric batteries used in automobiles?
They must be charged and the fuel to generate the electricity could be oil or gas.
3、Can alternate energy completely replace oil and gas in the foreseeable future? Why?
No, it can‘t. Oil and gas will still be crucially important to assuring that people can get where they need to be and want to go for the foreseeable future.
4、Where in the world can we see the big increase in car ownership?
In the developing world.
5、What will the increase of world population indicate?
That will mean a huge increase in the demand for transportation fuels, electricity, and many other consumer products made from oil and natural gas.
二、汉译英
1、大多数替代能源不仅可以给我们带来清洁空气，它们还是可再生的。
Not only do the majority of the alternative energies give us clean air, they are renewable as well.
2、许多工作生活日用品都是由石油制成的。
Many of the products we use daily are made from petroleum.
3、尽管许多国家在研发并开始使用不同的替代能源，在未来很长的一段时间
化石燃料仍是占据主导地位的能源。
Though many countries are researching and developing and are applying different alternative energy, fossil fuels will remain crucially important for a long time in the future.
4、专家预计北京的汽车占有量将超过每千人200辆。
It is estimated(projected) that the car ownership in Beijing will exceed 200 per thousand people.
5、在未来几十年，世界人口仍将持续增长。这意味着能源需求将进一步增加。
World population will continue to grow in the next few decades. This will mean an increasing in the demand for energy.
三、英译汉
Energy is available in many forms. Some are renewable such as gravity, which can be converted to hydroelectricity. Another renewable, such as solar energy, can be used directly to heat water and swellings or be converted into electricity by photovoltaic methods(direct conversion) or by the production of steam using a system of mirrors. Solar energy can also be employed indirectly through the force of he wind and waves (an example is the tidal-power station on the Rance in France or by utilizing the difference in temperature between the surface and bottom of the ocea ns or between any two points on the Earth‘s crust.
The latter is known as geothermal energy.
能源的形式多种多样。有些能源可再生，如重力势能可转化为水电。另一种可再生能源，如太阳能可直接用于加热水和给住房供暖，也可通过光电方法（直接
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转化）或者利用一组反射镜系统产生蒸汽而转化成电力。太阳能也可借助风和波浪（例如法国兰斯大林的潮汐发电站），或者利用海底和海面或地壳任意两点之间的温差而被间接利用。后者又被称作地热能。
Other forms of energy are nonrenewable. These include fossil fuels such as coal, oil, oil sands, oil shale and natural gas. These fuels can in fact be considered to the product of the work of solar energy during millions of years and represent a king of stored solar energy.
其它形式的能源是不可再生的，包括化石燃料如煤、石油、油砂、油页岩和天然气。这些燃料其实可看作是经过几百万年太阳能作用的产物，是一种储存的太阳能。
第十课Carbon emissions 碳排放30-32
The task-in which carbon emissions are pumped into underground reservoir rather than released –is challenging for any fuel source, but particularly so for coal, which produces more carbon dioxide than oil or natural gas.
将燃料燃烧排放出的二氧化碳注入地下而不是排放到空气中这项任务对于任何一种燃料的碳排放处理都是一件艰巨的工作。尤其对于煤炭来说，这项任务就是更为困难，因为煤炭燃烧比石油和天然气燃烧所排放出的二氧化碳更多。
Under optimal current conditions, coal produces more than twice as much carbon dioxide per unit of electricity as natural gas the second most common fuel used for electricity generation. In the developing world, where ever new coal plants use lower grade coal and less efficient machinery, the equation is ever worse.
在最佳燃烧状况下，每发一个单位电所燃烧煤炭而产生的二氧化碳是燃烧天然气的两倍。天然气是发电使用的第二大燃料。在发展中国家，情况则更糟，因为那里所使用的煤炭及发电设备都是低档次的。
Without carbon capture and storage, coal cannot be green. But solving that problem will take global coordination and billions of dollars in investment, which no one country or company seems inclined to spend.
如果不进行碳集合封存，煤炭不可能成为绿色能源。但是解决这一问题不仅需要全球的共同努力，也需要花费数以十亿计甚至更多的投资，而没有任何一个国家和公司愿意花费这笔投资。
There are a few dozen small demonstration projects in Europe and in the united states, most in the early stages .But progress has not been promising.
虽然在欧洲和美国人们为此进行了一些小规模的试验项目，但这些项目都刚刚兴起，并没有取得什么实质性的进展。
The European union had pledged to develop 12 pilot carbon-capture projects for Europe .Many have likened carbon capture‘s road from the demonstration lab to a safe, cheap, available reality as a challenge equivalent to putting a man on the moon. Norway, which is investing heavily to test the technology, calls carbon capture its ?moon landing‘.
欧盟已经承诺在欧洲建设12个试验性碳捕获项目。很多国家也已经将碳捕获这项任务从实验室转化为安全、低价的实际应用，但他们都把这项任务比作把人送往月球那么难。挪威正在对此大量投资做技术测试，他们就把碳捕获称为―月球登陆计划‖。
Then there is the problem of storing the carbon dioxide, which is at some level an inherently local issue. Geologists have to determine if there is a suitable
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2020年职称英语考试真题及答案(综合类C级) US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world. Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. (46) 2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. (47) 3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack. (48)It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban. 4 (49) The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly 5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; about one-third of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year. 5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. (50)
试卷一 I. Vocabulary Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 1. It is possible to predict how much energy and water a building will consume, how much _______ will be needed. A. matter B. things C. material D. substance 2. They found that the positive thinkers sold 37 percent more insurance than did the_______ thinkers. A. negative B. positive C. active D. passive 3. In labs around the world, bad bugs are undergoing the ultimate rehabilitation, being _______ from life-threatening viruses and bacteria into lifesaving therapeutic agents. A. translated B. transported C. transformed D. transmitted 4. The fresh air is sometimes humid from the _______rainfall of this area. A. numerous B. abundant C. plenty D. substantive 5. We know that many animals _______ the deep seas at pressures of 15,000 pounds per square inch. A. live on B. live in C. live through D. live up to 6. Speakers and writers of the Germanic languages _______for a great deal of the world's output in everything from economics to literature to military to science and technology. A. account B. allow C. apply D. arrange 7. _______of the great state of Illinois, let me express my deepest gratitude for the privilege of addressing this convention. A. On account B. In honor C. In place D. On behalf 8. The companies that are finding ways to hang on to their older workers _______ from an intangible commodity: wisdom. A. obtain B. earn C. develop D. benefit 9. I raced to_______ Jill. A. keep on B. keep up with C. come up with D. come up to 10. Managers need to monitor inflation trends so they can make good _______. A. decisive B. decisions C. decide D. decided 11. Fluency can be _______ defined as "being able to communicate ideas without having to stop and think too much about what one is saying." A. simple B. simply C. similar D. simplify 12. The number of vehicles has been steadily increasing. _______, more than 100 cities in the United States still have levels of carbon monoxide that exceed legally established limits. A. Continuously B. Consequently C. Constantly D. Consistently 13. A(An) _______ is better than the text and may make the point clear. A. interpretation B. representation C. illustration D. draw 14. Some of the world's best mountain _______ is available within the 500-kilometer long chain of the Southern Alps. A. scene B. scenery C. scarce D. scare 15. After a through research, the police __ most of the missing jewels. A. retreated B. refreshed C. recovered D. reminded 16. A gold-rated building is estimated to have reduced its environmental impact by 50% compared with a(an) __ conventional building. A. equivalent B. alike C. uniform D. likely 17. When pessimists __ in their first attempt, they usually say, "I can't do this." A. feel B. fail C. defeat D. lost 18. Six years __ before she got another note from Teddy. A. went into B. went around C. went by D. went on 19. The company owns a large number of _______ stores. A. export B. bargain C. retail D. trade 20. The cost of self-education has fallen with the multitude of sources of knowledge and information _______ on CD-ROMs and the Internet. A. preferable B. ready C. available D. considerable II. Grammatical Structure Directions: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence and mark your answer on the Answer Sheet. 21. Put things back _______ you found them.
四川理工学院课程设计 对中国石油化工集团公司 ——财务报表分析 学生：杨永生 专业：应用统计学 班级：一班 指导教师：古力 四川理工学院理学院 二O一六年六月
摘要： 财务报表能够全面反映企业的财务状况，经营成果和现金流量，通过进行财务分析可以了解企业的经营管理现状和存在的问题，以便采取有效的竞争策略。本文以财务理论知识为依据，通过对中国石化的2013-2015年度的企业财务报表相关数据分析，指出企业在经营中存在的问题，提出解决方案，将财务报表数据转换为有用的信息，帮助报表使用人改善决策。 关键词：财务报表分析；问题；建议 ABSTRACT Financial statements to reflect comprehensively the financial position of an enterprise, operating results and cash flow, through financial analysis can understand the operation and management of enterprises the status quo and existing problems, in order to take effective competitive strategy. In this paper, based on the financial theory knowledge, through the 2013-2015 of China's petrochemical enterprises financial statements related to data analysis, points out the problems existing in the management of enterprises, put forward the solution, the financial statements data into useful information, help to improve decision making the report user. Key words：Financial statement analysis；Problem；advice 目录
财务分析 题目中国石化2010年财务报表分析 姓名李明法 学号 所在系部商学院 所在班级 10级电子商务班 指导教师 日期2010年12月25日
一、中国石化简介 中国石油化工集团公司(英文缩写Sinopec Group)是1998年7月国家在原中国石油化工总公司基础上重组成立的特大型石油石化企业集团，是国家独资设立的国有公司、国家授权投资的机构和国家控股公司。中国石化集团公司注册资本1306亿元，总经理为法定代表人，总部设在北京。 中国石化集团公司对其全资企业、控股企业、参股企业的有关国有资产行使资产受益、重大决策和选择管理者等出资人的权力，对国有资产依法进行经营、管理和监督，并相应承担保值增值责任。中国石化集团公司控股的中国石油化工股份有限公司先后于2000年10月和2001年8月在境外境内发行H股和A股，并分别在香港、纽约、伦敦和上海上市。目前，中国石化股份公司总股本867亿股，中国石化集团公司持股占%，外资股占%，境内公众股占%。 中国石化集团公司主营业务范围包括：实业投资及投资管理；石油、天然气的勘探、开采、储运(含管道运输)、销售和综合利用；石油炼制；汽油、煤油、柴油的批发；石油化工及其他化工产品的生产、销售、储存、运输；石油石化工程的勘探设计、施工、建筑安装；石油石化设备检修维修；机电设备制造；技术及信息、替代能源产品的研究、开发、应用、咨询服务；自营和代理各类商品和技术的进出口(国家限定公司经营或禁止进出口的商品和技术除外)。 中国石化集团公司的竞争实力主要体现为：在中国成品油生产和销售中的主导地位；中国最大的石化产品生产商；在中国经济增长最快的区域拥有战略性的市场地位；拥有完善、高效、低成本的营销网络；一体化的业务结构拥有较强的抗行业周期波动的能力；品牌着名，信誉优良。 中国石化集团公司在《财富》2010年度全球500强企业中排名第7位。
宁波大学科学技术学院考核答题纸 财 务 报 告 分 析 中石化2010财务报表分析 一、资产负债表的分析 1资产负债表
（一）资产负债表总体状况的初步分析 根据上述表格，从存量规模及变动情况看，中国石化集团2010年的货币资金比2009年增长了8122000000元，增长了81.07%，变动幅度较大，营业收入也增幅比较大，达到了42.24%，说明货币资金的增长是通过营业收入获得的,说明企业营运能力增强。从比重及变动情况看，中石化2010年的期末货币资金比重为1.84%，期初比重为1.13%，比重上升了0.71%，按一般标准判断，其实际比重并不高，结合公司货币资金的需求来看，其比重比较合理。 根据上述表格可以看出，中石化2010年的应收账款43093000000元，比2009年增加了16501000000元，增加了62.05%。其变动的主要原因是因为该公司经营规模的扩大及原油等商品价格比上年末上升。 根据上述表格可以看出，中石化2010年其他应收款为9880000000元，比2009年增加了5375000000，上升了119.31%，上升幅度比较高。 （二）资产负债表各主要项目的分析
1.对存货的质量分析 存货是企业最重要的流动资产之一，其核算的准确性对资产负债表和利润表有较大的影响，因此要特别重视对存货的分析。按存货总值来计算，2010年存货资产为156546000000元，比2009年增加了14819000000元，增长率为10.46%，表明存货资产实物量绝对的增加。其变动原因是经营规模扩大及原油价格比上年末上升。存货资产结构指各种存货资产在存货总额中的比重，各种存货资产在企业再生产过程中的作业是不同的。其中产品存货是存在于流通领域的存货，它不是保证企业再生产过程不间断进行的必要条件，必须压缩到最低水平。材料存货是维持再生产活动的物质基础，然而它只是生产的潜在因素，所以应把它限制在能够保证再生产正常进行的最低水平上。在产品存货是保证生产过程连续性的存货，企业的生产规模和生产周期决定了在产品存货的存量，在企业正常经营条件下，在产品存货应保持一个相对稳定的比例。存货资产的变动，不仅对流动资产的资金占用产生极大的影响，而且对经营活动也有较大影响。 2.对固定资产质量分析 固定资产是企业最重要的手段，对企业的盈利能力有重大的影响。主要从固定资产规模与变动情况分析、固定资产结构与变动情况分析、固定资产折旧分析和固定资产减值准备分析四方面展开分析。 在处理固定资产折旧时需注意，变更固定资产折旧政策是最常见的利润操作手法。因为，固定资产价值比较大，影响因素多，容易找到变更理由，操作弹性较大，准确性估计难；固定资产清理以及待处理固定资产净损失，可以认定为企业的不良固定资产；固定资产的累计折旧并不代表企业固定资产的实际变质程度，更不能反映企业固定资产的使用效能。根据上表可以看出，中石化2010年的固定资产为540700000000元，比2009年增加了55885000000元，增加了11.53%。说明了企业的固定资产不是很稳定。 3.对短期债权质量分析 （1）关于短期借款。短期借款数量的多少，往往取决于企业生产经营和业务活动对流动资金的需要量、现有流动资产的沉淀和短缺情况等。根据上述表格可以看出，中石化2010年的短期借款为29298000000元，比2009年减少了5602000000元，减少了16.05%，下降幅度不算大。集团通过对借款等负债加强
中国石化财务报表分析
目录 一、绪论 (2) 1.1研究目的 (2) 1.2研究意义 (2) 1.3分析方向 (2) 1.4分析方法 (2) 二、中国石化公司概况 (2) 2.1公司背景 (2) 2.2经营业绩回顾 (3) 2.3市场环境回顾 (3) 三、中国石化SWOT分析 (4) 3.1 “S”（优势）分析 (5) 3.2 “W”（弱势）分析 (6) 3.3 “O”（机会）分析 (7) 3.4 “T”（威胁）分析 (7) 3.5 SWOT分析结论 (8) 四、中石化综合财务报表分析 (8) 4.1 报表综合分析 (8) 4.2 偿债能力分析 (8) 4.3 营运能力分析 (16) 4.4 经营盈利能力分析 (20) 4.5 资产盈利能力分析 (21) 4.6 资本盈利能力分析 (21) 五、总结与建议 (23)
一、绪论 1.1研究目的 一是通过分析资产负债表，可以了解中石化公司的财务状况，对公司的偿债能力、资本结构是否合理、流动资金充足性等作出判断。 二是通过分析损益表，可以了解分析中石化公司的盈利能力、盈利状况、经营效率，对公司在行业中的竞争地位、持续发展能力作出判断。 三是通过分析现金流量表，可以了解和评价中石化公司获取现金和现金等价物的能力，并据以预测公司未来现金流量。 1.2研究意义 财务分析是对企业过去及现在的经营状况、财务状况以及风险状况进行的分析活动，它是企业生产经营管理活动的重要组成内容。通过对财务状况进行深入的分析，可以发现企业经营管理中存在的问题，并能为企业的经营决策提供依据。本文以中国石化为研究对象，以其2011——2013年的财务报表为基础，对中国石化的经营现状及其财务状况作深层分析（包括经营状况分析，以及偿债能力、营运能力、经营盈利能力、资产盈利能力）并在此基础上对其经营业绩做出评价。本文主要运用比较分析法、趋势分析法、比率分析法以及杜邦分析法等基本财务分析方法，详细分析了中国石化的财务状况，透视其存在的主要问题，并对此提出有益的建议，希望能对中国石化的进一步发展提供一点有价值的参考。 1.3分析方向 SWOT分析，偿债能力、营运能力、盈利能力 1.4分析方法 比较分析法、趋势分析法、比率分析法 二、中国石化公司概况 2.1公司背景 中国石油化工集团公司（简称"中国石化"或"中石化"，英文缩写Sinopec Group）是1998年7月国家在原中国石油化工总公司基础上重组成立的特大型石油石化企业集团，是国家独资设立的国有公司、国家授权投资的机构和国家控股公司。中国石化集团公司注册资本1820亿元，总经理为法定代表人，总部设在北京。2007年底，中国石化股份公司总股本867亿股，中国石化集团公司持股占75.84%，外资股占19.35%，境内公众股占4.81%。2010年中石化净利707亿。2014年1月21日，中石化获《中国企业社会责任报告白皮书(2013)》
英语分级测试 第一篇How to be Happy 如何获得幸福 (2) 第二篇City Design 城市设计 (4) 第三篇Population 人口 (6) 第四篇Earthquake 地震 (7) 第五篇The Aftermath of BP Fulf Oil Spill----英国石油公司墨西哥湾原油泄漏 (9) 第六篇Green Computers“绿色’’电脑 (11) 第七篇Cell Phones手机 (12) 第八篇Touch Tech触屏技术 (13) 第九篇Fossil Fuels and Our Life化石燃料与我们的生活 (15) 第十篇Carbon Emissions碳排放 (16) 第十一篇Marine Pollution海洋污染 (17) 第十二篇China's Growth and the Clean Energy Tech中国的经济增长与清洁能源技术 (18) 第十三篇Market Economy市场经济 (19) 第十四篇CPI消费者物价指数 (20) 第十五篇The Internet互联网 (21) 十六篇Apple Expands its Touchy-Feely Vision苹果公司用iPad延续梦想 (22) 十七篇3G Technology技术 (23) 十八篇Carbon Capture and Storage碳捕获和储存 (24) 十九篇GlobaIWarming全球变暖 (25) 二十篇Alternate Energies替代能源 (26) 二十一篇Biofuels生物燃料 (27) 二十二篇Coal Chemicallndustry煤化学工业 (28) 二十三篇Resource Curse资源诅咒 (30) 二十四篇Company Management公司管理 (31) 二十五篇Recruitment Drives Take Talent from Wide Pool人才库 (32) 二十六篇Tips for Job Seekers找工作的秘诀 (33) 二十七篇Chinese Oil Market中国石油市场 (34) 二十八篇0il Trade石油贸易 (35) 二十九篇How I Lost My Head in the Volcanic Ash Cloud令人发疯的火山灰 (36) 三十篇Project Management项目管理 (37)
2019年中国石化公司财务分析总结性研究 报告
目录 目录 (1) 前言 (1)
前言 中国石化公司2019年营业收入为296,619,300万元，与2018年的289,117,900万元相比有较大幅度增长，增长了2.59%。2019年净利润为7,212,200万元，与2018年的8,028,900万元相比有较大幅度下降，下降了10.17%。 公司2019年营业成本为248,885,200万元，与2018年的240,101,200万元相比有较大幅度增长，增长了3.66%。2019年销售费用为6,351,600万元，与2018年的5,939,600万元相比大幅增长，增长了6.94%。2019年管理费用为6,211,200万元，与2018年的7,339,000万元相比大幅下降，下降了15.37%。2019年财务费用为996,700万元，与2018年的负100,100万元相比成倍增长，增长了10.96倍。 公司2019年总资产为175,507,100万元，与2018年的159,230,800万元相比有较大幅度增长，增长了10.22%。2019年流动资产为44,585,600万元，与2018年的50,412,000万元相比有较大幅度下降，下降了11.56%。 公司2019年负债总额为87,816,600万元，与2018年的73,464,900万元相比大幅增长，增长了19.54%。2019年所有者权益为87,690,500万元，与2018年的85,765,900万元相比有较大幅度增长，增长了2.24%。 公司2019年流动比率为0.7736，与2018年的0.8921相比有较大幅度下降，下降了0.1185。2019年速动比率为0.4397，与2018年的0.5655相比有较大幅度下降，下降了0.1258。当期速动比率有较大下降，已经低于行业低线，公司偿债
高化公司2009年初级任职资格外语考试试卷 英语 （120分钟内完成） 单位：姓名： 一、阅读理解（每题3分，共30分） 短文1（15分） A breakthrouth in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades,if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC’s research effort in this field,according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC’s scientific laboratories at Ispra,near Milan. The senior West German scientist in charge of the Community’s solar energy program,Mr.Joachim Gretz,told journalists that at present levels of research spending,it was most unlikely that solar energy would provide as much as three per cent of the Community’s energy requirements even after the year2,000. But he said that with a modest increase in the present sums,devoted by the EEC to this work it was impossible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade. Mr.Gretz calculates that if solar energy only provided three per cent of the EEC’s need,this could still produce a saving of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year.And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be
[专题]中国石化财务报表分析 中国石油化工集团 财 务 报 表 分 析 班级,会计A1025班 组长,肖清 ,16号, 郑云辉,18号, 组员,文彬彬,17号, 张杏,19号, 桂茜 ,20号, 谢家琦,21号, 一、公司简介 中国石油化工集团公司是1998年7月国家在原中国石油化工总公司基础上重组成立的特大型石油石化企业集团，是国家独资设立的国有公司、国家授权投资的机构和国家控股公司。公司对其全资企业、控股企业、参股企业的有关国有资产行使资产受益、重大决策和选择管理者等出资人的权力，对国有资产依法进行经营、管理和监督，并相应承担保值增值责任。公司控股的中国石油化工股份有限公司先后于 2000 年10 月和 2001 年 8 月在境外、境内发行 H 股和 A 股，并分别在香港、纽约、伦敦和上海上市。 公司主营业务范围包括:实业投资及投资管理;石油、天然气的勘探、开采、储运(含管道运输)、销售和综合利用;煤炭生产、销售、储存、运输;石油炼制;成品油储存、运输、批发和零售;石油化工、天然气化工、煤化工及其他化工产品的生
产、销售、储存、运输;新能源、地热等能源产品的生产、销售、储存、运输;石油石化工程的勘探、设计、咨询、施工、安装;石油石化设备检修维修;机电设备研发、制造与销售;电力、蒸汽、水务和工业气体的生产销售;技术、电子商务及信息、替代能源产品的研究、开发、应用、咨询服务;自营和代理有关商品和技术的进出口;对外工程承包、招标采购、劳务输出;国际化仓储与物流业务等。 二、财务指标分析 (一)偿债能力分析 1(短期偿债能力分析 (1)流动比率流动比率=流动资产/流动负债 2010年 2011年 2012年流动资产合计 249,450,000,000.00 327,588,000,000.00 344,751,000,000.00 流动负债合计 325,627,000,000.00 429,073,000,000.00 493,109,000,000.00 流动比率 0.77 0.76 0.7 流动比率是用来衡量企业流动资产在短期债务到期以前，可以变为现金用于偿还负债的能力。一般情况下，该指标越大，表示短期偿还能力越强，债权人的权益越有保证;指标不能过低也不能过高，国际上通常认为最合理的指标应维持在200%较为合适，它表明企业财务状况稳定可靠。从以上计算结果表明，中国石化 10 年流动比率为 77%，11 年的流动比率为 76%， 12 年的流动比率为 70%就近三年的数据来看，中国石化对债务偿还能力还有待加强提高。 (2)速动比率速动比率=速动资产/流动负债 2010年 2011年 2012年流动资产249,450,000,000.00 327,588,000,000.00 344,751,000,000.00 合计 存货 156,546,000,000.00 203,417,000,000.00 218,262,000,000.00 速动资产92,904,000,000.00 124,171,000,000.00 126,489,000,000.00 合计
中国石化2008-2010年综合财务分析与诊断 公司财务分析与诊断 学号：###### 姓名：#### 日期：2011年1月2日
中国石化2008-2010年综合财务分析与诊断 中国石化年综合分析与诊断 中国石油化工股份有限公司（以下简称“中国石化”）是一家上中下游一体化、石油石化主业突出、拥有比较完备销售网络、境内外上市的股份制企业。中国石化是中国最大的一体化能源化工公司之一，主要从事石油与天然气勘探开发、开采、管道运输、销售；石油炼制、石油化工、化纤、化肥及其它化工生产与产品销售、储运；石油、天然气、石油产品、石油化工及其它化工产品和其它商品、技术的进出口、代理进出口业务；技术、信息的研究、开发、应用。中国石化是中国最大的石油产品（包括汽油、柴油、航空煤油等）和主要石化产品（包括合成树脂、合成纤维单体及聚合物、合成纤维、合成橡胶、化肥和中间石化产品）生产商和供应商，也是中国第二大原油生产商。中国石化自IPO以来在公司治理、投资者关系方面得到了境内外资本市场的认同，曾经数次荣获由权威机构评出的中国十佳上市公司、中国最佳公司治理公司、最有投资价值上市公司、最佳投资者关系奖等荣誉称号。 2009年，我国石化产业的格局未发生大的变化，重心仍在东部沿海一带，但部分产业正由东部向中西部地区转移。山东、江苏、广东和辽宁四省的行业产值合计已达全行业总产值的46.2%；内蒙、江西、四川和湖北等中西部省区的增速已位于全国前列。2009年全年石化行业工业增加值占全国工业增加值的12.00%，全行业规模以上企业3.46万家，实现总产值6.63万亿元，销售产值6.35万亿元；全行业固定资产投资1.01万亿元，比2008年增长12.9%；全行业进出口贸易总额3270.70亿美元。 受益成品油价格改革, 公司09年净利润大幅提升，实现营业收入1.35万亿元,归属母公司股东的净利润612.9亿元,同比增长115.5%。每股收益0.707元,每股派发红利0.11元。而中石油业绩出现连续两年下滑，全年盈利1033.87亿元，同比下跌89.7%。中海油，净利也出现了33.6%的跌幅。国际三大石油巨头埃克森美孚、壳牌以及BP 2009年的业绩均出现大幅倒退，分别下滑了57%、52%、21.6%。 2010年，全国石油和化工行业产值和主要石化产品产量继续大幅增长；对外贸易增速明显加快；石油和化工市场总体平稳，产销基本顺畅，价格保持稳中上扬态势。中国石化经营收入达1.9万亿元，同比增长40.7%，归属母公司股东的净利润752亿元，同比增长22.7%。增长的背后到底是什么隐藏着什么奥秘? “十二五”时期是保持我国经济平稳增长、实现石油和化学工业由大到强的关键时期。面对国际宏观经济形势复杂多变，中国石化良好的业绩能否持续增长？
UNIT 1 How to be Happy如何获得幸福 In the past two weeks we have looked at the happiness formula defined by positive psychologist Martin Seligman, where H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make). This week we look at the conditions in life that can improve our happiness quotient. 过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式，这是由乐观心理学家马丁·塞利格曼定义的。在这个公式中，H（幸福）=S（个人生理幸福感受的固定指数）+C（个人生活状态）+V（个人主观选择）。本周我们将着眼于能提升幸福指数的生活状态。 Step 1: Peace and quiet Jonathon Haidt in his excellent book, The Happiness Hypothesis, notes that research shows that we can never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution. Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses (the other is the fear of falling) and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise. It is essential to have some peace and quiet every day. If you are unfortunate enough to live somewhere noisy, persist with complaining to your local council. Additionally, try wearing wax earplugs to have some respite. If you need your TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates altruism to your neighbours, which will make you and them feel good. 第一步：平和宁静乔纳森·海迪在他的优秀著作《幸福假说》当中提到，研究调查显示，我们不可能完全适应噪音污染，无论是新近的还是长期的。巨大噪声会引发我们面对恐惧的某种本能反应（另一种是对于坠落的恐惧），如果周遭噪音喧闹，我们不可能完全放松。每日保持平和与宁静事关重要。如果你不幸生活在比较嘈杂的环境中，请一定要坚持去居委会投诉。另外，尝试使用耳塞，可能会缓解噪声。如果你需要用大音量看电视、听收音机或放音乐的话，记得戴上耳机，别影响邻里，这样可以使双方都感到舒适。 Step 2: Relationships This is the most important of all the external conditions that can improve your happiness quotient. Often our deepest sources of unhappiness are found in poor relationships with others. A cruelly conflictual relationship with a partner or lover leaves us feeling betrayed and abandoned. A relationship with our parents or children which is not based on compassionate, unconditional regard creates isolation and misery. When faced with such relationships, the most positive thing we can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on. 第二步：人际关系这是增加幸福指数的一条至关重要的外部条件。我们感到不快乐的最深层原因，往往就是人际关系欠佳。与搭档或者爱人的关系陷入激烈的冲突中，会让我们产生遭到背叛和遗弃的感觉。父母和孩子之间如果缺乏同情心和无私关怀，会产生隔阂与痛苦。当我们面临这类问题时，最好的办法就是直面难题，修复关系，或者学着继续前行。 Step 3: Share If you have discovered conditions or choices in life that have significantly improved your wellbeing, remember to share them with friends. Passing on what works is essential to improve the wellbeing of our own and others. 第三步：分享如果你发觉生活状态或者做的某项决定对幸福生活有重大帮助的话，记得与你的朋友们分享。将有用的发现与更多人分享，这对增进自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有积极作用。 1.What's the happiness formula according to the passage?(The formula refers to H (happiness) = S (your biological set point for feeling happy) + C (the conditions of your life) + V (the voluntary choices you make).) 2. Why can we never completely adapt to new or chronic noise pollution?(Loud noises trigger one of our most primitive fear responses and we can never fully relax if we are surrounded by intrusive noise.) 3. How could we make both ourselves and the neighbors feel good?(If we need our TV, radio or music up loud, wearing headphones demonstrates our kindness and can do is to either mend the relationship by confronting what is going wrong or learn to move on.) 1．吵闹的邻居的确对我们家庭不和(domestic upset)有很大影响。Noisy neighbors are one of the major causes of domestic upset. 2．在职场上，如果一个同事对我们表示威吓的话，会造成难以言表的抑郁情绪(unwretchedness)。A colleague at work who bullies or dismisses us creates untold wretchedness. 3．我们不可能适应这种敌对关系，这种不良的人际关系会损害身心健康。We can never fully adapt to hostile relationships, which inevitably damage our wellbeing. 4．如果这种坏情绪长时间留在人们的心里，会让人陷入无法解决的恶性心理困境。If this bad mood stays inside our mind, it will lead us to an unresolved destructive depression. 5．我们不应当回避这些问题，而是要正确面对它们。We should not avoid these problems but face them instead. There are many benefits to being happy. Happier people tend to be healthier, live longer and eam more. They also tend to volunteer more, be better at relationships and smile more of w hat psychologists call “Duchenne" or genuine smiles. What is less well understood is why happiness is contagious. 幸福有许多好处。越幸福的人往往越健康、越长寿、挣的钱越多。他们通常也会从事更多的志愿工作、更善于处理人际关系、发出更多心理学家所说的“杜兴微笑”，即真诚的微笑。我们了解不深的是，为什么幸福可以传染。 According to James Fowler and Nicholas Christakis, authors of the international bestseller Connected, people surrounded by many happy friends, family members and neighbours who are central to their social network become significantly happier in the future. More specificallyi they say we will become 25 per cent happier with our life if a friend who lives within a mile of us becomes significantly happier with his or her life. 全球畅销书《关联》的作者詹姆斯·福勒和尼古拉斯·克里斯塔基斯发现，如果你身边那些重要的人际网络中有许多幸福的朋友、家人与邻居，那么你将也会很幸福。他们表示，更准确地说，如果居住在离你1英里内的一个朋友生活幸福感得到显著提升，你的生活幸福感就会增加25%。 Similar effects are seen in co-resident spouses (8 per cent happier); siblings who live within a mile of each other (14 per cent); and next-door neighbours (34 per cent). What this implies is that the magnitude of happiness spread seems to depend more on frequent social contact (due to physical proximity) than on deep social connections. Alas, for some reason this doesn't translate to the workplace. 具有同样效果的还有同居配偶（幸福感提升8%）、居住在1英里之内的兄弟姐妹(14%)和邻居(34%)。这意味着，幸福传播的强度似乎更取决于交往的频繁度（与地域邻近相关），1而不是社会关系的深度。可惜由于某种原因，这并不适用于工作场合。 So, why is happiness contagious? One reason may be that happy people share their good fortune with their friends and family (for example, by being pragmatically helpful or financially generous). Another reason could be that happy people tend to change their behaviour for the better by being nicer or less hostile to those close to them. Or it could just be that positive emotions are highly contagious. 那么，为什么幸福能够传染？一个原因或许是，幸福的人会与亲朋好友分享好运气（例如，提供实际的帮助，或在经济上慷慨解囊）。另一个原因可能是，幸福的人往往会改善自己的行为，会对周围的人更加友好，或减少敌意。又或许只是因为正面情绪具有高度传染性。